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Bao, May Xiaoyan, Xiaoyan Cheng, John Geppert, and David B. Smith. "Reexamination of Whether Accrual Quality Is a Price Factor." Accounting and Finance Research 8, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n3p103.
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In this study we investigate whether accrual quality is a factor in capital asset pricing. Our analysis consists of two parts. First, we use a panel data regression that controls for cross-section fixed effects to implement the second stage of the Fama-MacBeth regression (Petersen 2009). In the second part, we use the Campbell (1991) return decomposition and vector autoregressive model (VAR) to decompose the two-stage cross-sectional regressions. This allows us to investigate whether accrual quality is a priced factor in terms of the three components of the return, which include one-period expected return, cash flow news and discount-rate news.
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Wang, Mu Shun. "Could Innovation Capital Impact on Firm Performance? Study by Panel Data Two Stage Regression with Board Composition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.430.
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This paper found that the concepts of innovation capital are related to management performance, thereby supporting our hypothesis. Similar results are also obtained with two stage regression, which uses instrumental variables of corporate governance. The results demonstrate that independent directors have influence on innovation capital and management performance. This paper finds the coefficient of value-added innovation capital is negatively related to the grwth rate by return on assets and positively related to total production in two stages least square method. The results also show that Agency cost are reversal with innovation variables such as research and development expenditure are more accurate than personal contribution rate in measuring innovation capital. We therefore suggest a new measurement to estimate market performance using cross-sectional analysis, with the renew method to calculate the capital required to be redesigned.
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Kim, Byounghwa, Jewoo Lee, and Jiyoung Ra. "Factors Influencing Upper Airway Dimensions in Skeletal Class Ⅱ Children and Adolescents: A CBCT Study." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 48, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2021.48.1.1.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing the upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class Ⅱ children and adolescents. In total, 67 patients were selected. Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Craniofacial morphology and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. The measurements were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Upper airway dimensions were significantly smaller in pre-peak stage group, and positively associated with age. Anterior facial height and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume. Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area. Upper airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity and craniofacial morphology in all three planes.
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López-Soto, Olga, Juan Orellana-Cáceres, Francia Restrepo de Mejía, and Raúl Aguilera-Eguía. "Comparison between sleep disorders and polysomnographic records of young adults with and without sleep bruxism: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Oral Research 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2020.074.
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Objectives: To compare sleep disorders and polysomnographic records among a group of young adults with sleep bruxism (SB) and a control group (C). Material and methods: This cross-sectional study considered a consecutive sampling of students from the target population, searching for cases of SB until 20 individuals with and without SB were obtained. Sleep disorders were determined by applying both medical records and physiological records during sleep which were gathered from a polysomnography exam. To establish the difference of the means according to SB, the T-Student or Mann-Whitney U tests were used, depending on the data. A Logistic Regression analysis was also applied. Results: The study found differences (p-value<0.05) in the variables related to the sleep disorder: the possibility of major depressive episode (SB: 30% - C: 5%), degree of nasal airway obstruction (SB: 20% - C: 10%) and in polysomnographic registers: sleep time stage 1 (SB: 9 min - C: 18 min), Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage (SB: 123 min C: 93 min ), number of periodic movement of the limbs (SB: 84.2 - C: 49.7), bruxism index (SB: 40.2 - C: 10.1) and average of total arousals (SB: 71.9 - C: 57.5). According to the logistic regression model, the Odds Ratio (OR) of SB, in relation to the periodic movement of the limbs and the degree of airway obstruction, it showed a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: There were significant differences recorded in two sleep disorders between the two groups: the degree of airway obstruction and the possibility of having a major depressive episode. Differences were found in sleep and REM time stages, periodic movement of limbs and bruxism events.
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Krupa, Thomas, Kirils Farbarzevics, and Bassam Salame. "INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY OF LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN GERMANY: APPLICATION OF A TWO-STAGE SBM." Współczesna Gospodarka 10, no. 1 (32) (March 31, 2019): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/wg.2019.1.08.
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Purpose – To prove the robustness of the efficiency-measuring model against potentially system-relevant disturbances to company variables such as SIZE, ROA, solvency and organizational form.
Methodology – In the first stage, the established model is applied using the SBM to measure insurance efficiency. The underlying data sets are from the twenty biggest life insurance companies (2008-2017) in Germany. In the second stage, the established model is examined for its robustness against disturbance variables. Several disturbance variables are introduced individually to the system and examined for their influence by three econometric methods, Tobit regression, OLS and the fixed-effect model. This approach allows a comparative analysis of the results with respect to the systemic relevance of every added variable. In the end, the accuracy of the second stage is compared through the Spearman test.
Findings – The comparative analysis of all three econometric techniques brought ROA as an efficiency-influencing variable. Furthermore, both proved econometric models Tobit and OLS are SBM-suitable with cross-sectional data. Further evidence for SBM compatibility are found for Tobit and the fixed-effect model with panel data.
JEL classification: C510, C520
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de Vet, Emely, Jascha de Nooijer, Nanne K. de Vries, and Johannes Brug. "Determinants of Forward Stage Transition from Precontemplation and Contemplation for Fruit Consumption." American Journal of Health Promotion 19, no. 4 (March 2005): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.278.
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Purpose. To examine associations between decisional balance, self-efficacy, fruit intake, and stage of change transition from precontemplation and contemplation with cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Design. A longitudinal cohort study with the use of electronic questionnaires was conducted. Three measurements were analyzed cross-sectionally, and the two intervals between the measurements were analyzed longitudinally. Setting. A random sample of 1500 individuals from an existing Dutch Internet panel resulted in a cohort of 735 individuals. Of the cohort, 648 (response rate 88%), 592 (response rate 81%), and 570 (response rate 78%) respondents completed questionnaires at the start of the present study (T1), 53 days after T1 (T2), and 106 days after T1 (T3), respectively. Subjects. Mean age was 37.5 years, 51% were women, and 57% ate less than the recommended intake of 250 g of fruit per day. Measures. Questionnaires included items measuring stage of change, factors favoring (pros) or working against (cons) behavior change, and self-efficacy. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess fruit intake. Results. Logistic regression analyses showed that pros, fruit intake, and self-efficacy predicted forward stage transition from precontemplation. Self-efficacy predicted forward stage transition from contemplation. Cons did not predict stage transitions. Results from longitudinal analyses were similar to cross-sectional results, except for self-efficacy: no differences between early stages in self-efficacy were found, whereas self-efficacy predicted these early stage transitions. Conclusions. Within the limitations posed by the sampling frame, results provided support for the Transtheoretical Model, although determinants might not always be stage specific.
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Bartels, Larry M. "Panel Effects in the American National Election Studies." Political Analysis 8, no. 1 (1999): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029802.
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Parallel panel and fresh cross-section samples in recent National Election Study surveys provide valuable leverage for assessing the magnitude of biases in statistical analyses of survey data due to panel attrition and panel conditioning. My analyses employing a variety of typical regression models suggest that substantial panel biases are likely to be fairly rare in these data, even when panel and cross-section respondents have markedly different characteristics. However, two of the dependent variables considered here—campaign interest and turnout—do appear to be sufficiently sensitive to panel effects to warrant significant discounting or adjustment of panel data. I propose adjustments for panel effects in both cross-sectional and dynamic analyses, based upon variants of the “fractional pooling” (Bartels 1996) and “two-stage auxiliary instrumental variables” (Franklin 1990) methods.
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Yao, Liming, Yuhong Shuai, Xudong Chen, and Anran Xiao. "A two-stage EBM-based approach to evaluate operational performance of unattended convenience store." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, no. 6 (April 9, 2020): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-09-2019-0321.
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PurposeDue to recent technological advances, the retail industry has changed significantly. This paper examines a novel unmanned retail mode-unattended convenience store to identify the possible operational problems and develop appropriate managerial recommendations.Design/methodology/approachA data-driven two-stage epsilon-based measure (EBM) data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was developed to evaluate operational performance data from 33 unattended convenience stores and assess the impacts on efficiency of the internal factors, and a Tobit regression analysis was employed to examine the external environment.FindingsIt was found that the overall economic performances were relatively low and fluctuated significantly; however, the social performances were slightly higher. The out-of-stock rate was found to have a negative impact on efficiency, and regional characteristics were found to have significant effects on performance.Practical implicationsThis study sought to identify current operational problems with unattended convenience stores to provide managerial insights. The cross-sectional assessment suggested that to achieve better performance, particular attention needed to be paid to store locations and surrounding store environments.Originality/valueFirst, this paper establishes a novel theoretical framework to evaluate the economic and social operational performances at unattended convenience stores. Second, it contributes to research on unattended convenience stores and the unmanned retail industry and offers significant guidance on detecting operational deficiencies and improving future performances.
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Huyen, Bui Thanh, Pham Thi Van Anh, Le Dai Duong, Than Ha Ngoc The, Ping Guo, Pham Van Thuc, Luong Ngoc Khue, Eric L. Krakauer, and Richard Harding. "Quality of life among advanced cancer patients in Vietnam: a multicenter cross-sectional study." Supportive Care in Cancer 29, no. 8 (February 3, 2021): 4791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06012-3.
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Abstract Purpose Cancer is a leading cause of death in Vietnam. To maximize quality of life (QOL) at the end of life, valid and clinically useful instruments are needed to assess palliative care needs and the effectiveness of palliative care interventions. Methods We aimed to (i) determine psychometric properties of the Vietnamese version of the WHO abbreviated quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREFVN) among advanced cancer patients, (ii) measure HR-QOL, and (iii) identify predictors of HR-QOL. We collected demographic, clinical, and HR-QOL data from stage III/IV adult cancer patients at two major Vietnamese cancer centers. We determined the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), and discriminant validity (known-groups comparison) of the Vietnamese instrument. HR-QOL was analyzed descriptively. Multinomial logistic regressions identified predictors of HR-QOL. Results A total of 825 patients participated. Missing data were completely at random (MCAR) (chi-square = 14.270, df = 14, p = 0.430). Cronbach’s alpha for all items was 0.904. CFA loadings of physical, psychological, social relationship, and environment domains onto HR-QOL were 0.81, 0.82, 0.34, and 0.75, respectively. Prediction of scores differed significantly by functional status (Wilks’ lambda = 0.784, chi-square = 197.546, df = 4, p < 0.01, correct prediction = 74.6%). HR-QOL was reported as very bad/bad by n = 188 patients (22.8%) and general health as very bad/bad by n = 430 (52.1%). Multinomial logistic regression (likelihood ratio test: chi-square = 35.494, df = 24, p = 0.061, correct prediction = 62.2%) and the Pearson correlations revealed worse HR-QOL was associated with inpatient status, high ECOG score, and having dependent children. Conclusion The Vietnamese version of the WHOQOL-BREF has excellent internal consistency reliability and sound construct and discriminant validity in advanced cancer patients. Advanced cancer inpatients, those with dependent children, and those with poorer physical function appear to have the greatest palliative care needs.
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Ray, Evan L., Jing Qian, Regina Brecha, Muredach P. Reilly, and Andrea S. Foulkes. "Stochastic imputation for integrated transcriptome association analysis of a longitudinally measured trait." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280219852720.
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The mechanistic pathways linking genetic polymorphisms and complex disease traits remain largely uncharacterized. At the same time, expansive new transcriptome data resources offer unprecedented opportunity to unravel the mechanistic underpinnings of complex disease associations. Two-stage strategies involving conditioning on a single, penalized regression imputation for transcriptome association analysis have been described for cross-sectional traits. In this manuscript, we propose an alternative two-stage approach based on stochastic regression imputation that additionally incorporates error in the predictive model. Application of a bootstrap procedure offers flexibility when a closed form predictive distribution is not available. The two-stage strategy is also generalized to longitudinally measured traits, using a linear mixed effects modeling framework and a composite test statistic to evaluate whether the genetic component of gene-level expression modifies the biomarker trajectory over time. Simulations studies are performed to evaluate relative performance with respect to type-1 error rates, coverage, estimation error, and power under a range of conditions. A case study is presented to investigate the association between whole blood expression for each of five inflammasome genes with inflammatory response over time after endotoxin challenge.
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Khongboon, Pattaraporn, Sathirakorn Pongpanich, and Viroj Tangcharoensathien. "Risk Factors of Income Inadequacy among Thai Elderly: A National Cross-Sectional Study for 2007 and 2011." Asian Social Science 12, no. 6 (May 20, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n6p70.
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<p>Thailand’s population is aging rapidly. As of 2011, statistics have shown that there has been a constant increase in the percentage of the population aged 60 and older. This study evaluates the causal issues of income deficiency among the elderly in Thailand. The timeline for the study includes two national representative surveys of elderly people, one in 2007 and another in 2011, with double-stage sampling techniques being utilized. The sample is comprised of 30,427 and 34,173 participants in 2011 and 2007, respectively, all aged 60 years and older. SPSS 18 was employed for logistic regression and cross-tabulation analysis. A general decrease in income deficiency was observed in 2011 (38.6%) compared to 2007 (41.9%). The northern region exhibited a higher prevalence of income insufficiency compared to the southern region. Regardless of the prevailing benefit policies for the elderly, the current results demonstrate the need for an augmented government policy that supports elderly individuals facing income deficiency. </p>
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Costa-Requena, Gema, MaCarmen Espinosa Val, and Ramon Cristòfol. "Caregiver burden in end-of-life care: Advanced cancer and final stage of dementia." Palliative and Supportive Care 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951513001259.
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AbstractObjective:Considering two advanced illnesses, cancer and end-stage dementia, the aim of this study was to describe the symptoms of caregiver psychological distress and burden.Method:In this cross-sectional study, regression analyses were calculated to explain the influence of psychological distress in caregiver burden. A t test was employed to compare differences between the symptoms of caregiver burden.Results:The percentage of psychological distress was similar between caregivers of cancer patients (77.6%) and caregivers of dementia patients (72.4%). In the regression analysis, cancer caregiver distress accounted for 27.9% of the variance in symptoms of burden, while dementia caregiver distress accounted for 24.4% of the variance in symptoms of burden. No significant differences were revealed when comparing caregiver burden symptoms between caregivers of the two advanced illnesses (t = 0.06; p = 0.94).Significance of Results:In end-of-life care for patients with dementia, due to significant levels of caregiver distress and burden symptoms, there is a need to support caregivers in the same way as is done for caregivers of cancer patients.
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Dogui, Darine, Radhouene Doggui, Jalila El Ati, and Myriam El Ati-Hellal. "Association between Overweight and Diet Diversity Score: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted among Tunisian Children." Children 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8070536.
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Aim: This study explored the association between the diet diversity score (DDS) and overweight among Tunisian children. Methods: A representative sample of children living in Greater Tunis was selected based on a two-stage clustered sampling design. A total of 1200 children (3–9 years) were recruited. Dietary assessment was realized using a 24 h dietary recall. Anthropometric measurements were realized, and overweight was defined according to the World Health Organization standards. Logistic regression was used for the association between DDS with overweight. Results: A quarter of children were found to be overweight. Overweight prevalence was found to decrease with the increase of mother education level (p = 0.010) among children < 6 years. Crude DDS score was higher among non-overweight children irrespective of the age class (p = 0.002). Tunisian children appeared to consume much more than six food groups, corresponding to a more than recommended intake of most nutrients. Intriguingly, DDS was positively associated with the occurrence of overweight children < 6 years, adjusted odd ratio = 1.37, 95% CI (1.03–1.82). Conclusion: Overweight is a public health problem among Tunisian children. A high DDS signifies adequate nutrient intake. An increase of DDS was found to be a positive predictor of overweight only in pre-school children.
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Elalfy, Mohsen Saleh, Iman Fadhli, Shaimaa Mohammad, Aida Ali, Naema Shibli, Farah Kindi, Sultan Almaskari, and Yasser Wali. "Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Sickle Cell Disease in Egypt and Oman: A Cross Sectional Study." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116683.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Avascular necrosis (AVN) especially of the femoral head has long been recognized as a morbidity of sickle cell disease (SCD). AVN might be of gradual onset and silent or run a more acute course with severe pain and limping.The clinical presentations and risk factors of this complication among Egyptian and Omani children and young adults with SCD were not fully studied. We aimed to determine the patterns of presentation, risk factors, diagnosis and management of avascular necrosis of the hip in SCD in the 2 centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS : A cross sectional study carried out at the Pediatric Hematology clinics of Ain Shams and Sultan Qaboos University Hospitals. All young SCD patients diagnosed with hip AVN during the period between Jan. 2010-Jan. 2018 were included. Age of 1st presentation with SCD, symptoms or signs of AVN, frequency of VOCs, hospital admissions and transfusion, spleen status, hydroxyurea administration (dose and compliance ), radiological findings (X-ray and MRI using FICAT and Arlet Staging) and serum ferritin were recorded. Therapeutic options included physiotherapy, autologous bone marrow stem cell injection in the affected joint, hip coring, and hip replacement. RESULTS :Sixty-eight children, adolescents and young adults with SCD and AVN; aged 8-22 years of both sexes were recruited from two centers; Egypt; n= 22, and Oman; n= 46. Twenty patients (29.4%) had hemoglobin SS while 48 (70.6%) had Sickle-βThalassemia. Thirty-seven (54%), were males with a median age of 16 years, five out of the 22 Egyptians have in addition to hip AVN, femoral shaft necrosis in one patient and 2 have lumbar vertebra necrosis. According to FICAT and Alert classification of AVN; 22 patients had stage 0, 2 patients had stage I, 13 patients had stage II, 14 had stage III and 17 patients were at stage IV; 64% of patients had stage II and above at diagnosis. Sixty percent of the studied population were on Hydroxyurea; of them 25% were non-compliant. Multivariate regression analysis didn't show a significant risk factor for development of AVN in these patients. Management was different in the 2 centers; Half of the patients in Oman were managed with physiotherapy alone; while only 25% in Egypt. Stem cell injection in the bone marrow of the affected hip was tried in 25% of Omani patients with good success while none in the Egyptian patients. Hip replacement in was performed in a total of 7 patients and Bone marrow transplantation in two. CONCLUSION: Avascular necrosis of the hip is a significant cause of morbidity in SCD in this part of the world. Majority of patients had an advanced disease at diagnosis, which emphasizes the need of early screening to avoid complications of the advanced disease. Injection of bone marrow in the affected hip might be a promising tool to prevent disease progression and improve the symptoms. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Thomas, Lucretia, Renate Reniers, Lénie Torregrossa, and Clara Humpston. "Exploring unusual bodily experiences, basic self disturbances and multimodal hallucinations in the non-clinical population: a cross-sectional study." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.784.
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AimsPsychosis research has largely focused on symptoms which are easier to define. Symptoms which are challenging to detect and articulate, including disturbances in the basic- and bodily-self, may not be volunteered by patients, despite causing significant distress. Increased understanding of such symptoms, which may present in the prodromal phase of psychosis and persist following the remission of positive symptoms, may allow patients who experience these to be better supported.This study aims to explore how disturbances in the basic- and bodily-self relate to multimodal hallucinations. Through sampling a non-clinical population, this study takes the continuum approach to psychosis, where individuals experience sub-clinical psychotic symptoms which do not cause distress or functional impairment.It is hypothesised that individuals with greater hallucination proneness will exhibit greater severity of ambiguous and imprecise mapping of bodily experiences, and will report greater levels of basic and bodily-self disturbance. This project also aims to evaluate Audiograph as a newly developed tool for creating representations of visual hallucinations.MethodThis is a two-stage cross-sectional study. In stage one, participants completed the Multi-Modality Unusual Sensory Experiences Questionnaire to assess hallucination-proneness. In stage two, all participants were invited to complete seven further validated questionnaires which assessed basic- and bodily self-disturbances alongside co-variates including anxiety and depression symptoms, delusion-proneness and loneliness. Participants also completed emBODY, a computer-based task which allows participants to map the bodily sensations they experience during 13 different emotional states. Participants with high-hallucination proneness also completed the Audiograph task. Hierarchical linear regression, conducted using Stata, will be used to model the influence of hallucination proneness on measures of basic- and bodily-self disturbance. MATLAB will be used to generate topographical maps of the data from emBODY; maps will be compared between different emotional states using linear discriminant analysis, and between high and low hallucination proneness groups using Spearman's test.ResultCurrently, 50 of the 104 stage one participants have completed stage two.Since this project comprises a compulsory component of the presenting author's intercalated degree, data collection will cease on the 29th of March in advance of their poster and write-up submission deadlines in May.ConclusionAlthough basic- and bodily-self disturbances have been assessed in previous studies using various techniques, no single study has assessed these alongside multimodal hallucinations to link these concepts together as a whole, especially not in a general population sample. The added value of this project is to precisely address this gap in knowledge.
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Massenga, Joseph, Rita Noronha, Bayoum Awadhi, Dunstan R. Bishanga, Oliva Safari, Lusekelo Njonge, Young-Mi Kim, Jos van Roosmalen, and Thomas van den Akker. "Family Planning Uptake in Kagera and Mara Regions in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Community Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041651.
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In Tanzania, 27.1% of all women of reproductive age are currently using modern contraception and 16.8% have an unmet need for family planning. We therefore examined factors associated with family planning uptake after giving birth in two regions of Tanzania. The survey, which collected information beyond that collected in the Tanzania Demographic Health Survey, used a two-stage, stratified-cluster sampling design, conducted in April 2016 in Mara and Kagera regions in Tanzania. A total of 1184 women aged 15–49 years, who had given birth less than two years prior to the survey were included. Logistic regression mixed effect modelling was used to examine factors associated with family planning uptake. A total of 393 (33.2%) women used family planning methods and 929 (79%) required prior approval from their partners. Participation of men in utilization of maternal health care was low, where 680 (57.8%) women responded that their partners accompanied them to at least one antenatal care (ANC) counselling visit and 120 (10%) responded that their partners participated in family planning counselling. Women who did not want to disclose whether they had discussed family planning with their partners, strikingly had the highest percentage of using family planning methods after birth. Factors independently associated with family planning uptake included: having discussed family planning with the partner (aOR 3.22; 95% CI 1.99–5.21), having been counselled on family planning during antenatal care (aOR 2.68; 95% CI 1.78–4.05), having discussed family planning with a community health worker (CHW) (aOR 4.59; 95% CI 2.53–8.33) and with a facility health care worker (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.29–2.90), having primary or higher educational level (aOR 1.66; 95% CI 1.01–2.273), and being in union (aOR 1.86; 95% CI 1.02–3.42). Educational interaction with community and facility health workers, as well as having a supportive partner as facilitator increased uptake of family planning. This needs to be prioritized in regions with similar socio-cultural norms in Tanzania and beyond.
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Choi, Ja Sung, Hee Man Kim, Yun-Jung Yang, Sangheun Lee, Seok-Hoo Jeong, and Ki Jun Han. "Fatty liver disease and the risk of erosive oesophagitis in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e023585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023585.
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ObjectivesTo investigate an association between fatty liver disease (FLD) and erosive oesophagitis.Design and settingThis was a cross-sectional study of subjects selected from examinees who underwent health check-up, including oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in one hospital between 2004 and 2011. Erosive oesophagitis was classified according to the Los Angeles classification and FLD was diagnosed with ultrasonography. The anthropometric and laboratory data of the subjects were analysed using χ2test and multivariate logistic regression. Additionally, we have analysed our data with two-stage least square estimation using the Baltagi-Chang one-way model to clarify unobserved confounding variable.Primary outcome measureThe effect of FLD on erosive oesophagitis.ResultsAmong the 14 723 eligible subjects, 4232 (28.7%) subjects diagnosed with FLD were classified into the fatty liver group and 10 491 (71.3%) subjects without FLD were classified into the non-fatty liver group. The incidence rate of erosive oesophagitis was significantly higher in the fatty liver group than in the non-fatty liver group (10.4%vs6.1%, p<0.0001). The multivariate analysis revealed that the fatty liver group was significantly associated with erosive oesophagitis (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.37, p=0.016).ConclusionFLD diagnosed by ultrasonography is an independent risk factor of erosive oesophagitis. It suggests that FLD-related metabolic abnormality may be associated with erosive oesophagitis.
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Liversidge, Helen M. "Demirjian Stage Tooth Formation Results from a Large Group of Children." Dental Anthropology Journal 23, no. 1 (September 2, 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v23i1.66.
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The aim of this study is to present further data on the timing and variation of individual permanent mandibular teeth using Demirjian stages from a large collaboration. Seven mandibular permanent teeth were assessed from dental radiographs of healthy dental patients from Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, Finland, France, South Korea and Sweden (cross-sectional study; n = 9,371, 4,710 males, 4,661 females; aged 2–18). Data are presented in three ways, namely by tooth stage for males, females, and pooled sex. Mean age at entry of each tooth formation stage (maturity data) was calculated using logistic regression and modified for age prediction. The 51% confidence interval for age within stage of individual tooth stages was calculated for use in forensic age estimation where the burden of proof is on the balance of probabilities. Average age, standard deviation, standard error, 3rd and 97th percentile within tooth stage was calculated from a uniform age sample (171 for each year of age from 3 to 16, n = 2,394). Modified maturity data and average age within stage from the uniform age distribution are two new methods of age estimation.
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Zhang, Fuhong, Apurbo Sarkar, and Hongyu Wang. "Does Internet and Information Technology Help Farmers to Maximize Profit: A Cross-Sectional Study of Apple Farmers in Shandong, China." Land 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040390.
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The adoption of Internet and Information Technology (IIT) in organizations has been growing at a staggering pace. In agriculture, IIT has emerged from the prospects of modern agricultural structure, which profoundly bring revolution in the way of agribusiness. While the impacts of IIT for selecting productive sales and marketing channels is evidenced by the substantial literature in the field, there is a crucial research scope of inclusive analytical views, especially in an economics context. The prime objective of the article is to assess the impacts of IIT for choosing a productive sales and marketing channel. Moreover, we tend to find whether the usage of IIT can eventually foster the profitability of the farmers. The empirical set of data is collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Shandong province, China. We utilize the Ordinary Least-Squares (OLS) regression, propensity score matching (PSM), and Heckman’s two-stage regression approaches to craft the findings. The greater extent of the use of IIT, the more significant and positive the impact of agricultural income is. After using the Heckman regression and PSM model, IIT’s use significantly increases the efficiency for selecting the sales channel, and the impact on agricultural income is also prominent (around 40%). We also find that the supporting and nonagricultural income exceeded 30%. Finally, the outcomes of the study reveal significant positive impacts for selecting productive sales and marketing channels. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the government and relevant departments should strengthen the construction of agricultural information platforms and websites. Authorities should also extend the training facilities of fruit farmers regarding the use of IIT, which could be useful to boost the capability of fruit farmers to develop markets and promote the value chain.
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Pearson, Clare, Veronique Poirier, Karen Fitzgerald, Greg Rubin, and Willie Hamilton. "Cross-sectional study using primary care and cancer registration data to investigate patients with cancer presenting with non-specific symptoms." BMJ Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): e033008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033008.
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IntroductionPatients presenting to primary care with site-specific alarm symptoms can be referred onto urgent suspected cancer pathways, whereas those with non-specific symptoms currently have no dedicated referral routes leading to delays in cancer diagnosis and poorer outcomes. Pilot Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Centres (MDCs) provide a referral route for such patients in England.ObjectivesThis work aimed to use linked primary care and cancer registration data to describe diagnostic pathways for patients similar to those being referred into MDCs and compare them to patients presenting with more specific symptoms.MethodsThis cross-sectional study linked primary care data from the National Cancer Diagnosis Audit (NCDA) to national cancer registration and Route to Diagnosis records. Patient symptoms recorded in the NCDA were used to allocate patients to one of two groups - those presenting with symptoms mirroring referral criteria of MDCs (non-specific but concerning symptoms (NSCS)) and those with at least one site-specific alarm symptom (non-NSCS). Descriptive analyses compared the two groups and regression analysis by group investigated associations with long primary care intervals (PCIs).ResultsPatients with NSCS were more likely to be diagnosed at later stage (32% stage 4, compared with 21% in non-NSCS) and via an emergency presentation (34% vs 16%). These patients also had more multiple pre-referral general practitioner consultations (59% vs 43%) and primary care-led diagnostics (blood tests: 57% vs 35%). Patients with NSCS had higher odds of having longer PCIs (adjusted OR: 1.24 (1.11 to 1.36)). Patients with lung and urological cancers also had higher odds of longer PCIs overall and in both groups.ConclusionsDifferences in the diagnostic pathway show that patients with symptoms mirroring the MDC referral criteria could benefit from a new referral pathway.
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Zhang, Jing, Yan Zhuang, Nan-sheng Wan, Xin Tang, Wei Zhou, Liang Si, Yan Wang, Bao-yuan Chen, and Jie Cao. "Slow-wave sleep is associated with incident hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a cross-sectional study." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 9 (September 2020): 030006052095468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520954682.
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Objective This study aimed to examine the association between slow-wave sleep ([SWS] N3 stage) and the risk of hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or primary snorers. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1145 participants who were evaluated for suspected OSA at our Sleep Medical Center were included. Among these participants, 1022 had OSA and 123 were primary snorers. Logistic regression modeling was performed to evaluate the association between the prevalence of hypertension and combined OSA and SWS based on polysomnographic measurements. Results Patients with OSA in the lowest SWS quartile (quartile 1, < 2.0%) showed a two-fold increased risk of hypertension after adjustment for confounding factors compared with primary snorers (odds ratio, 2.13 [95% confidence interval 1.54–2.06]). In logistic analysis stratified according to SWS quartiles, there was no significant difference in the risk of hypertension between patients with OSA and primary snorers in quartile 1. However, in the highest quartile (quartile 4), SWS was significantly associated with incident hypertension in patients with OSA rather than primary snorers. Conclusion SWS is associated with prevalent hypertension in patients with OSA. Notably, a low proportion of SWS confers a stronger association with incident hypertension than OSA.
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Althomali, Omar W., Junaid Amin, Wael Alghamdi, and Daria Hussain Shaik. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Secondary Schoolteachers in Hail, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 6632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126632.
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Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational health hazards and serious health concerns among teachers. About 39% to 95% of teachers suffer from musculoskeletal pain that can lead to a decline in their performance, frequent sick leaves and early retirement, and can have a negative impact on their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MSDs among secondary schoolteachers in Hail, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an electronic survey. A self-reported and validated Arabic version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used. Participants were recruited randomly through a two-stage sampling technique. A total of 251 respondents (57.8% males and 42.2% females) returned the questionnaire. The overall prevalence of MSDs was 87.3%. Female teachers (95.3%) suffered more than their male counterparts (81.4%). The most common site was the lower back (62.55%), followed by the shoulders (53.39%) and knees (41.04%). Most of the participants (72.7%) reported MSDs in multiple sites. Binomial logistic regression predicted that smoking is a significant risk factor for lower back disorders (p < 0.05). A high prevalence of MSDs can be due to a substantial lack of awareness and practice of ergonomics, which warrant the development of preventive strategies and educational programs.
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Hudu, Shuaibu A., and Nabil S. Hamal. "Cross-Sectional Household Survey of Risk Behaviors Related to Viral Hepatitis among Adults in Sokoto-Nigeria." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.3.883.
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Background: Viral hepatitis is a deadly disease which can manifest as acute, chronic, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure and responsible for 1.34 million deaths globally, a number comparable to deaths caused by tuberculosis and higher than those caused by HIV.
Objectives: The goal of this survey was to find the vastness of different risk factors associated with Viral Hepatitis and to describe the connection between these risk and sociodemographic factors among adults in Sokoto-Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried in nine local government areas in the state. A two-stage cluster sampling was utilized and adults who were living in the selected household were interviewed. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic indicators and different viral hepatitis risk factors.
Results: Seven hundred and twenty eight respondents were recruited for this survey. Sharing nail cutters, body piercing, and razor blade use were the most pervasive risk factors among respondents. Males, married couples, respondents somewhere in the range of 27 and 40 years of age, and people with low educational achievement were more likely to be exposed to risk factors associated with Viral Hepatitis.
Conclusion: The risk of viral hepatitis was moderately high among the survey subject. Consequently, explicit projects like forum, classes and persistent instruction on preventive measures for viral hepatitis ought to be custom fitted to these forums. These projects could be directed by government specialists like the Ministry of Health Sokoto and other support agencies and non-governmental organizations.
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Jang, Jong-Hag. "An Empirical Analysis of the Property Catastrophe Reinsurance." International Business Research 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n1p170.
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Following a series of costly catastrophes, including Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in 2017 and the Sichuan Earthquake in 2017, the purchase of property catastrophe reinsurance has become a major topic of debate. Many techniques for selecting an optimal retention and upper limit level have been proposed, but no entirely satisfactory method has been devised. Therefore, in practice, the setting of retentions and upper limits is still more a matter of judgment than science. In this study, we examine the determinants of property catastrophe excess-of-loss reinsurance retentions and limits for property-liability insurance companies in the U.S. insurance industry. A cross-sectional model is estimated using two-stage least squares regression. The regression analysis shows that most coefficients have the hypothesized signs and are significant. This study is the first research that provides clear evidence to support the relationship among retentions, upper limits, and co-reinsurance rates.
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Xiang, Hui, Xiaojun Tang, Meng Xiao, Lin Gan, Kun Chu, Shan Li, Yu Tian, and Xun Lei. "Study on Status and Willingness towards Hepatitis B Vaccination among Migrant Workers in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 22, 2019): 4046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204046.
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Background: Rural-to-urban migrant workers may serve as a bridge population for the cross-regional spread of hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) due to frequent shifts between their work areas and homelands, and they are less likely to be covered by the national hepatitis B (HB) immunization program. This study aimed to investigate the current inoculation status of HB vaccine among migrant workers and the willingness to be vaccinated among non-vaccinated ones. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using anonymous interviews with migrant workers selected by two-stage cluster sampling from July to December 2018. Binary logistic regression models were adopted to detect influencing factors associated with HB inoculation status and vaccination willingness. Results: 1574 respondents were recruited in the surveys, and 773 (49.11%) respondents reported that they had been inoculated with HB vaccine. Only 285 (35.58%) non-vaccinated respondents were willing to be inoculated. Logistic regression indicated that younger age, higher education level, less wearing of condoms, higher knowledge scores of HB, and higher risk perception of HBV infection were positively associated with inoculation of HB vaccine. Respondents who were more highly educated, and drinkers, with higher knowledge scores of HB and with higher risk perception of HBV infection were more willing to be vaccinated. Conclusions: the HB vaccination rate of migrant workers in Chongqing was relatively low and only a small section of non-vaccinated migrant workers had vaccination willingness. Health interventions and policies are needed to improve knowledge and cognition of HB among migrant workers, particularly for those who are older, less educated, poor in HB knowledge, less likely to wear condoms, and non-drinkers. Peer education, as well as the combination of traditional and new media, would be accessible and effective ways to disseminate HB related knowledge for migrant workers.
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Demir, T., G. Karacetin, D. Eralp Demir, and O. Uysal. "Prevalence and Some Psychosocial Characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder in an Urban Population of Turkish Children and Adolescents." European Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (April 25, 2012): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.12.003.
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AbstractPurposeTo define the prevalence and some of the psychosocial characteristics of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in an urban population of Turkish children and adolescents.Subjects and methodsThis was a two-stage cross-sectional urban-based study conducted in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. The initial sample included 1,482 students between the 4th and 8th grades. The first stage involved screening using the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R) and the Capa Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents (CSPSCA). According to the test results, 324 children were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) in the second stage.ResultsThe SAD prevalence rate was 3.9%. According to the multiple regression analysis, low paternal education and trait anxiety were associated with SASC-R scores, whereas female gender and trait anxiety were associated with CSPSCA scores. According to logistic regression analysis, the anxiety subscale of the self-concept scale and trait anxiety were associated with SAD.ConclusionSAD is a relatively common disorder that is associated with lower self-concept in children and adolescents. Low paternal education, trait anxiety, and low self-concept may be the intervention targets for SAD prevention and treatment.
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Bang, Young Rong, and Jae Hong Park. "Psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts among adolescents victimized by school bullying." Australasian Psychiatry 25, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217715987.
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Objective: We conducted a cross-sectional school-based study to investigate psychiatric disorders and suicide risk among adolescents victimized by bullying. Method: The study was designed in two stages. In the screening stage, 33,038 middle school students were screened for psychopathology. Next, in the face-to-face interview stage, 1196 participants were assessed for psychiatric disorders using a structured diagnostic instrument. We also collected information about the participants’ experiences of bullying and history of suicidal ideation/attempts. Results: The results indicate that adolescents with a history of bullying victimization were more likely to be diagnosed with depression and psychosis than those without such a history. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that bullying victimization was significantly associated with suicide attempts even after adjusting for demographic characteristics, depression and psychosis. Conclusions: Bullying victimization is a risk factor for depression, psychosis, and suicide ideation and attempts. The findings warrant an early intervention and suicide prevention program for victimized students and anti-bullying policies in schools.
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Herliana, Putri, and Abdel Douiri. "Determinants of immunisation coverage of children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e015790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015790.
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ObjectivesDespite the adoption of WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation in Indonesia since 1977, a large proportion of children are still completely unimmunised or only partly immunised. This study aimed to assess factors associated with low immunisation coverage of children in Indonesia.SettingChildren aged 12–59 months in Indonesia.ParticipantThe socioeconomic characteristics and immunisation status of the children were obtained from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey, the 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Participants were randomly selected through a two-stage stratified sampling design. Data from 14 401 children aged 12–59 months nested within 1832 census blocks were included in the analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed to account for hierarchical structure of the data.ResultsThe mean age of the children was 30 months and they were equally divided by sex. According to the analysis, 32% of the children were fully immunised in 2012. Coverage was significantly lower among children who lived in Maluku and Papua region (adjusted OR: 1.94; 95% CI 1.42 to 2.64), were 36–47 months old (1.39; 1.20 to 1.60), had higher birth order (1.68; 1.28 to 2.19), had greater family size (1.47; 1.11 to 1.93), whose mother had no education (2.13; 1.22 to 3.72) and from the poorest households (1.58; 1.26 to 1.99). The likelihood of being unimmunised was also higher among children without health insurance (1.16; 1.04 to 1.30) and those who received no antenatal (3.28; 2.09 to 5.15) and postnatal care (1.50; 1.34 to 1.69).ConclusionsSocioeconomic factors were strongly associated with the likelihood of being unimmunised in Indonesia. Unimmunised children were geographically clustered and lived among the most deprived population. To achieve WHO target of protective coverage, public health interventions must be designed to meet the needs of these high-risk groups.
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Meng, Huaxing, Shanshan Wang, Junhong Guo, Yarong Zhao, Shuhui Zhang, Yuqing Zhao, and Qiao Niu. "Cognitive impairment of workers in a large-scale aluminium factory in China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e027154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027154.
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ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and the relationship with plasma aluminium among aluminium workers.DesignThis was a cross-sectional case-control study in the SH Aluminium Factory, China.SettingThe university and affiliated hospital cooperated in the study.ParticipantsThere were 910 aluminium workers on duty, among whom 853 participated in our study. Participants, such as those with cerebral vascular disease, epilepsy, brain trauma, Parkinson’s and mental diseases, aluminium-containing drug and mental drug use, and any family history of dementia in first-degree relatives were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresBlood samples were collected, and plasma aluminium was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. For each case, four age-matched controls were evaluated to determine the relationship between aluminium exposure and mild cognitive impairment. Conditional logistic regression was used to explore influential factors in mild cognitive impairment.ResultsAmong 910 workers, 93.74% participated in stage 1; 53 cases were finally diagnosed. The crude prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among aluminium workers on duty was 6.21%. There was a significant difference in plasma aluminium concentration between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, we found that a higher level of plasma aluminium was associated with a high risk of cognitive impairment when compared with a lower aluminium level (AOR=2.24, 95% CI=1.17 to 4.26), and a high education level was a protective factor (AOR=0.36, 95% CI=0.18 to 0.70). No other factor was statistically significant.ConclusionsMild cognitive impairment is no longer a disease specific to elderly people. High plasma aluminium exposure might be associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment, but a reduced risk was observed with a high education level. The cognitive function of aluminium workers on duty must be considered seriously.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Sharmin Mizan, Razitasham Safii, and Sk Akhtar Ahmad. "FACTORS AFFECTING DELIVERY CARE OF URBAN MOTHERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF THE URBAN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROJECT IN BANGLADESH." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i1.2021.1-11.
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Maternal mortality and its associated complications can be avoided by ensuring safe and supervised delivery. In this paper, the authors examined the factors associated with the utilisation of institutional delivery care at the Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) clinic in Bangladesh. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in selecting the ever-married women aged 15-49 years in the catchment areas of the UPHCP in Bangladesh. A total of 3,949 women’s data were analysed. The authors collected data through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to determine the potential factors associated with the utilisation of delivery care, in which ‘place of delivery care’ was considered as a dependent variable. Data entry and analysis were done in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0. This study found that 30% of the women delivered their most recent child at the UPHCP clinic, and 45.9% of the women delivered their most recent child at other institutions. However, one-fifth of the women delivered at home. Doctors attended two-thirds of the deliveries. A small proportion of women were tended to by nurses, paramedics, FWV, and FWA. Traditional birth attendants attended one-fifth (20%) of deliveries. The multinomial logistic regression analysis found that respondents from poor catchment areas were 33.677 times more likely to utilise delivery care at the UPHCP when compared to 12.052 times by the respondents who took previous antenatal care from the non-poor catchment area. This study also found that women who had entitlement cards were 6.840 times more likely to utilise delivery care at the UPHCP in the poor catchment area, which was almost twice the women from the non-poor catchment area. Although the maternal mortality rate in Bangladesh has notably reduced,Bangladesh still needs to address the issue of safe delivery for marginalised women in order to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. A red card approach might increase access to the UPHCP for marginalised women to have safe deliveries.Keywords: poor, urban, red card, delivery care, Urban Primary Health Care Project, Bangladesh
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Darma, Yuki Dwi. "Mampukah Model Multi Faktor APT Memberikan Gambaran Hubungan Return Harapan Portofolio Saham LQ45 Dengan Resiko Sistematik Pada Pasar Modal Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Stratejik dan Simulasi Bisnis 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/mssb.1.2.1-22.2020.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji model APT sebagai model keseimbangan harga pasar modal dalam memprediksi return saham-saham yang tergabung dalam indeks LQ45. Desaim penelitian menggunakan penggujian multipass Regression dalam menguji validitas dan keandalam model CAPM dengan data-data yang digunkan dalam penelitian ini merupakan harga penutupan saham-saham LQ45 dan return bulanan indeks LQ45, varibel digunakan menggunakan kurs US Dollar, Inflasi dan risiko pasar. Untuk analisis data menggunakan two Stage Regresion menggunakan regresi time Series pada tahap satu dan regresi Cross Sectional pada regresi tahap dua. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa model APT kurang berkerja dengan baik dalam memprediksi harga saham di pasar modal Indonesia, terutama saham-saham yang tergabung dalam LQ45. Risiko Pasar tidak mampu menjelaskan hubungan risiko ekonomi makro terhadap imbal hasil rata-rata portofolio yang dibentuk dalam penelitian ini.
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Bako, I. A., J. O. Anyanti, and A. Roca-Feltrer. "Correlates of HIV Risky Sexual Behaviours in an Era of Antiretroviral Therapy Scale‐Up: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Adult General Population in Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jbrcp.101.
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Analyses of HIV incidence in Nasarawa State Nigeria estimate that most of the new HIV infections occur among persons who reported low HIV risk including couples. The study was aimed at identifying the factors that predict risky sexual behavior among the general population in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Data analysis was carried on a total of 801 respondents sampled from the general population of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The original sample was obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling technique using probability proportionate to size. The primary outcome variable was risky sexual behavior. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between the outcome and selected Sociodemographic and other independent variables. Females were 54.2% of the total sampled population analysed, the mean age of the respondents was 29.8 years (SD: 10.3). About two-third of the respondents engaged in risky sexual behaviours (65.9%) but only 4.7% considered themselves to be at high risk of HIV. The multivariable regression analysis showed that factors associated with risky sexual behaviour included : been male sex [OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.436-0.915], married [OR: 0.26: 95% CI: 0.163 - 0.419], rural resident [OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.775 to 1.871 ], age 20-24 [OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.113 - 3.360] and 25-29 years [OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.267-1.308]; and knowledge of HIV [OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.056-2.108].There is a need to urgently intensify media campaigns, community-based interventions including one on one communications to reduce risky sexual behaviours.
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Bako, I. A., J. O. Anyanti, and A. Roca-Feltrer. "Correlates of HIV Risky Sexual Behaviours in an Era of Antiretroviral Therapy Scale‐Up: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Adult General Population in Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jbrcp.v2.i1.2019.101.
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Analyses of HIV incidence in Nasarawa State Nigeria estimate that most of the new HIV infections occur among persons who reported low HIV risk including couples. The study was aimed at identifying the factors that predict risky sexual behavior among the general population in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Data analysis was carried on a total of 801 respondents sampled from the general population of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The original sample was obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling technique using probability proportionate to size. The primary outcome variable was risky sexual behavior. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between the outcome and selected Sociodemographic and other independent variables. Females were 54.2% of the total sampled population analysed, the mean age of the respondents was 29.8 years (SD: 10.3). About two-third of the respondents engaged in risky sexual behaviours (65.9%) but only 4.7% considered themselves to be at high risk of HIV. The multivariable regression analysis showed that factors associated with risky sexual behaviour included : been male sex [OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.436-0.915], married [OR: 0.26: 95% CI: 0.163 - 0.419], rural resident [OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.775 to 1.871 ], age 20-24 [OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.113 - 3.360] and 25-29 years [OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.267-1.308]; and knowledge of HIV [OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.056-2.108].There is a need to urgently intensify media campaigns, community-based interventions including one on one communications to reduce risky sexual behaviours.
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Bako, I. A., J. O. Anyanti, and A. Roca-Feltrer. "Correlates of HIV Risky Sexual Behaviours in an Era of Antiretroviral Therapy Scale‐Up: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Adult General Population in Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jbrcp2i1.2019101.
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Analyses of HIV incidence in Nasarawa State Nigeria estimate that most of the new HIV infections occur among persons who reported low HIV risk including couples. The study was aimed at identifying the factors that predict risky sexual behavior among the general population in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Data analysis was carried on a total of 801 respondents sampled from the general population of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The original sample was obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling technique using probability proportionate to size. The primary outcome variable was risky sexual behavior. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between the outcome and selected Sociodemographic and other independent variables. Females were 54.2% of the total sampled population analysed, the mean age of the respondents was 29.8 years (SD: 10.3). About two-third of the respondents engaged in risky sexual behaviours (65.9%) but only 4.7% considered themselves to be at high risk of HIV. The multivariable regression analysis showed that factors associated with risky sexual behaviour included : been male sex [OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.436-0.915], married [OR: 0.26: 95% CI: 0.163 - 0.419], rural resident [OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.775 to 1.871 ], age 20-24 [OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.113 - 3.360] and 25-29 years [OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.267-1.308]; and knowledge of HIV [OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.056-2.108].There is a need to urgently intensify media campaigns, community-based interventions including one on one communications to reduce risky sexual behaviours.
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Anand, Ruban, and Prakash Somi Sankaran. "Factors influencing the career preferences of medical students and interns: a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey from India." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 16 (May 15, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.12.
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Purpose: The study aimed to identify the motivational factors and demographic variables influencing the career preferences of medical students in India.Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. The participants were 368 of the 460 medical students and interns enrolled at the institution from October 2015 to August 2016. We designed the questionnaire to collect demographic data, students’ preferences for career specialties, and the motivational factors influencing them. Then, we analyzed the influence of these factors and demographic variables on career preferences using regression analysis.Results: Of the 368 respondents, 356 (96.7%) expressed their intention to pursue a residency program after the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program, and about two-thirds indicated their preference to do so in India. The specialties most preferred by students were general surgery, general medicine (internal medicine), and pediatrics, while the least preferred were anatomy, obstetrics and gynecology, and community medicine. Factor analysis yielded three motivational factors, which we named ‘personal growth,’ ‘professional growth,’ and ‘personal satisfaction’ based on the items loaded in each. The motivational factors were predicted by demographic variables (gender, geographical background, current stage in the MBBS program, and the presence of relatives in the health professions). Demographic variables and the motivational factors also had significant influences on career preferences.Conclusion: This study provides insights into the motivational factors that influence the career preferences of Indian medical students and interns. A robust longitudinal study would be required to study intra-individual variations in preferences and the persistence of choices.
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Hosseingholizadeh, Nasrin, Roya Sadeghi, Hassan Eftkhar Ardebili, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani, and Mohammad Hossein Taghdisi. "The Correlation of Self-efficacy and Social Support with Social Participation: A Cross Sectional Study among the Elderly." Journal of Medicine and Life 12, no. 3 (July 2019): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2019-0010.
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There is ample evidence that a key contributor to healthy aging is social participation; thus, identifying its determinants can help to improve it. The current study aimed at assessing the relationship between social support and general self-efficacy with social participation. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 456 (male: 237, female: 219) older adults, aged 60-74 years, who were the member of community centers in Tehran, Iran, in 2016. The multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to select the participants. Primarily, Tehran was divided into five areas (i e, North, South, East, West, and Center). Then, two community centers were randomly selected from each area. Participants with the ability to perform their daily activities independently were enrolled in the study. Participants responded to four self-report questionnaires: socio-demographic, social participation, social support, and general self-efficacy. The majority of the participants were within the age range of 62–68 years with the maximum proportion of social participation (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 37.69 ± 8.34). Findings of the current study indicated that gender, education level, reading books, newspapers, or magazines (p <0.001), living area, living arrangement, and occupational status (p<0.05) were associated with social participation. Multiple linear regression adjusted for living area, sex, and educational level showed that self-efficacy (β= .08; p<.001) and social support (β= .64; p<.001) predicted social participation. Findings showed the importance of social support and self-efficacy in social participation. Also enhancing the literacy of seniors should be given priority.
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Souza, Anissa M., Ingrid W. L. Bezerra, Gabriela S. Pereira, Karina G. Torres, Raiane M. Costa, and Antonio G. Oliveira. "Relationships between Motivations for Food Choices and Consumption of Food Groups: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey in Manufacturing Workers in Brazil." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051490.
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Motivations for food choices may determine consumption, and understanding that relationship may help direct strategies for formulating diets. This study aimed to identify associations between motivations for food choices and consumption of food groups. An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted in 921 manufacturing workers from 33 companies in Brazil, based on a stratified two-stage probability sample. Motivations for food choices were assessed with the Food Choice Questionnaire, and intake of food groups was measured using 24-h dietary recall. Consumption was classified into 31 food groups defined according to their nutritional value and the NOVA classification. Data were analyzed with multilevel mixed-effects regression. The results showed that sensory appeal and price were the most important motivations for food choices, while ethical concern was less important. Sensory appeal was positively associated with consumption of industrialized condiments (p = 0.022), price showed a negative correlation with consumption of plant oils (p = 0.022), ethical concern showed positive correlation within consumption white meat (p = 0.065) and negative correlation within pasta dishes (p < 0.001). Regarding the NOVA classification, health correlated with an increase in consumption of unprocessed foods (p = 0.017) and weight control with a decrease in consumption of processed culinary ingredients (p = 0.057).
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Holly, J. M. P., C. P. Smith, D. B. Dunger, J. A. Edge, R. A. Biddlecombe, A. J. K. Williams, R. Howell, et al. "Levels of the small insulin-like growth factor-binding protein are strongly related to those of insulin in prepubertal and pubertal children but only weakly so after puberty." Journal of Endocrinology 121, no. 2 (May 1989): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1210383.
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ABSTRACT We have looked at the relationship between fasting levels of insulin and a small insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein (IBP-1) in a cross-sectional study of 116 normal subjects aged 5–48 years. The relationship between IBP-1 and insulin was also examined within individual normal children in over-night profiles of IBP-1 and insulin obtained from two children at each stage of puberty (Tanner stages 1–5). In the cross-sectional study high levels of IBP-1 were found in early childhood and these fell throughout puberty as fasting levels of insulin rose. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both these changes were predominantly due to pubertal development rather than to age. After the age of 16 IBP-1 levels remained low despite fasting insulin levels returning to prepubertal levels. A strong negative correlation was obtained between IBP-1 and insulin in children of 5–16 years (r = −0·63; n = 60; P <0·001), no such relationship being found after the age of 16. In the second study, IBP-1 underwent a marked circadian variation in all cases and an inverse correlation with insulin, measured at the same time, was obtained at pubertal stages 1 to 4, but not at stage 5 (pooled data stages 1–4, r = −0·69; n = 53; P <0·001). We have demonstrated that a potential inhibitor of IGF-activity is inversely related to insulin throughout the period of active GH-related growth and that this relationship weakens after puberty. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 383–387
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Widiyanti, Mirna, Moch Irfan Hadi, Mei Lina Fitri Kumalasari, Evi Iriani Natalia, Dedi Ananta Purba, and Setyo Adiningsih. "Body mass index increases CD4+ count in HIV/AIDS patients on first-line therapy." Universa Medicina 39, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2020.v39.121-127.
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Background<br />The body mass index (BMI) may contribute somewhat to drug metabolism, thus affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). CD4+ counts in people infected with HIV are essential in determining the stage of the disease, initiation of antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections and evaluating treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the association of BMI and clinical stage with CD4+ counts in HIV patients seeking treatment using first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).<br /><br />Methods<br />An analytic study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted involving 251 HIV/AIDS patients who had received first-line antiretrovirals over six months. BMI, clinical staging according to WHO and CD4 + were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between BMI, clinical stage and CD4+.<br /><br />Results<br />Among the enrolled patients, the median age was 36 years, 135 (55%) of the patients was female, 102 (40.6%) was overweight/obese, 161 (64.1%) was in stage 3 of the disease, and the median CD4+ count was 389 cells/mm3. Multiple linear regression test showed two variables with a significant effect on CD4+ count, namely BMI (B=69.247; 95 % CI : 42.886-95.608) and clinical stage (B=61.590; 28.910-94.270). BMI was the most influencing factor for CD4+ count (β=0.307) compared to clinical stage (β=0.216). <br /><br />Conclusions<br />Body mass index was the most influencing factor for CD4 + counts of HIV/AIDS patients. Regular ART can increase CD4+ counts and maintain the health of HIV/AIDS patients.
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Exum, Natalie G., Emma M. Gorin, Goutam Sadhu, Anoop Khanna, and Kellogg J. Schwab. "Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 3 (March 2020): e002277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002277.
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BackgroundThe most ambitious sanitation campaign to end open defecation (OD) in India came to a close on 2 October 2019 and there are limited independent, robust data to measure its success. We aimed to evaluate Rajasthan’s claim of open defecation free status in March 2018 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or ‘Clean India Mission’ by measuring OD trends from 2016 to 2018.MethodsWe used publicly available data from Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020, a representative survey with two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Enumeration areas were the primary sampling units selected by the probability proportional to size method. The repeated cross-sectional surveys independently collected household water and sanitation data in Rajasthan (n=20 485). Among households reporting toilet access, the data were pooled across the four rounds for an observational analysis using logistic regression. The primary outcome measure was regular OD among households with access to toilet facilities.FindingsBetween October 2016 and July 2018 main OD practices in rural Rajasthan households decreased from 63.3% (95% CI 57.0% to 69.6%) to 45.8% (95% CI 38.4% to 53.2%) and in urban households from 12.6% (95% CI 6.0% to 19.1%) to 9.4% (95% CI 4.0% to 14.7%). Households with regular OD occurring despite access to a toilet made up 21.7% (95% CI 16.9% to 26.6%) of rural and 12.1% (95% CI 3.6% to 20.7%) of urban Rajasthan as of July 2018. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that factors related to water stress and sanitation sharing were associated with household members regularly practising OD.ConclusionsThese data highlight the importance of a continued focus on constructing toilets that are affordable with low water requirements during the next phase of SBM. An independent survey that can provide robust estimates of OD is needed to monitor progress of toilet construction and use.
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Bai, Xuan, Shibin Sheng, and Julie Juan Li. "Governance mechanism alignment at the top and operating levels of alliance hierarchy: reconciling two competing schools of thought." European Journal of Marketing 55, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1873–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2019-0863.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine alliance governance at different hierarchical levels. Design/methodology/approach The data is collected from both top-level and operating-level managers in 286 strategic alliances in China (a total of 572 managers). Hierarchical moderated regression models are adopted to test the hypotheses and two-stage regression analyzes are used to correct for endogeneity. Findings This paper finds that relational governance has a greater impact on alliance performance than contract utilization at the top level. Furthermore, the simultaneous use of relational governance at the top and operating levels have a detrimental impact on alliance performance. Finally, top-level contract utilization has a negative interaction with operating-level relational governance but a positive interaction with operating-level contract utilization. Research limitations/implication First, the cross-sectional nature of the data collection approach provides only a snapshot of how each type of governance mechanism and its interactions affect alliance performance. Second, the sample is limited to firms located in emerging markets. Practical implications Managers should realize that the effectiveness of contract and relational governance mechanisms varies across different management levels and they should be cautious about the cross-level governance mechanism alignment. Originality/value This study advances the interfirm governance literature in that this paper examined alliance governance at different hierarchical levels and provides new insights into the ongoing debate on whether the contract and relational governance mechanisms function as complements or substitutes by exploring the governance alignment across different alliance hierarchies.
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Carlson, Daniel L. "Time Availability: Assessing Causal Ordering in the Performance of Paid Labor and Unpaid Housework." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 52, no. 2 (June 2021): 180–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-52-2-003.
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Key to understanding gender inequality in families, the time availability hypothesis implies that one’s time in paid work negatively affects one’s time in unpaid housework. Although dozens of studies have demonstrated an association between husbands’ and wives’ time in the paid labor force and their performance of housework, most suffer from numerous limitations, especially the use of unidirectional modeling and cross-sectional data. This is problematic since these methods cannot assess causal directionality and since human capital theory suggests that housework responsibilities affect time in paid work. Using structural equation modeling and two stage least squares regression—two methods that can help parse causal ordering—and data from the 1987–88 and 1992–94 waves of the U.S. National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) this study finds no support for the time availability hypothesis regarding the association between paid work hours and unpaid housework. Consistent with human capital theory, husbands’ housework time affects their own time in paid work. No association is found among wives.
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Ge, Zhengyan, Linshan Li, Lynne Lohfeld, Chunjie Lu, Nathan Congdon, Sigeng Lin, Yuxuan Deng, et al. "Validity and feasibility of a self-administered home vision examination in Yueqing, China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 4 (April 2020): e030956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030956.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the validity and feasibility of a self-administered home vision examination programme in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingYueqing, China.ParticipantsA two-stage convenience sampling procedure was used to randomly select 600 households from 30 communities participating in the Yueqing Eye Study (YES). The aim of YES is to encourage home-based vision screening, reporting of visual acuity (VA) annually through social media and encouraging people to attend follow-up clinic appointments as a way to improve eye care access for adults with VA ≤+0.5 log of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR).InterventionsHousehold screeners (one per household) who tested other family members’ VA completed a questionnaire on family structure, demographic information and knowledge about screening procedures. Other family members then underwent confirmatory VA testing by researchers.Outcome measuresThe completion rate of home-based VA screening, its sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate validity. Factors that determined whether families participated in the self-VA screening were used to evaluate feasibility.Results345 (66%) of the 523 (87.2%) households with valid data form their home-based vision examinations also were retested by researchers. There was no statistically significant difference in scores on the family-administerd or researcher-administerd VA test (VA≤+0.5 logMAR, p=0.607; VA >+0.5 logMAR, p=0.612). The sensitivity and specificity of home-based vision screening were 80.5% (95% CI 70.2% to 86.9%) and 95.1% (95% CI 92.6% to 96.8%), respectively. 14.7% (77/523) of tested respondents had VA ≤+0.5 logMAR. Predictors of performing home screening for VA remaining in regression models included higher economic status (‘fair and above’ vs ‘poor’: OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.76; p=0.022), age (<45 years vs ≥45 years: OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.85; p=0.014) and living in a nuclear (OR 5.17; 95% CI 2.86 to 9.36; p<0.001) or extended family (OR 8.37; 95% CI 4.93 to 14.20; p<0.001).ConclusionSelf-administered home vision screening is reliable and highly accepted by Chinese adults.
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Jin, Ivan, Diana Tang, Jessica Gengaroli, Kathryn Nicholson Perry, George Burlutsky, Ashley Craig, Gerald Liew, Paul Mitchell, and Bamini Gopinath. "Cross-sectional study evaluating burden and depressive symptoms in family carers of persons with age-related macular degeneration in Australia." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e048658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048658.
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ObjectivesWe aimed to analyse the degree of carer burden and depressive symptoms in family carers of persons with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and explore the factors independently associated with carer burden and depressive symptoms.MethodsCross-sectional study using self-administered and interviewer-administered surveys, involving 96 family carer–care recipient pairs. Participants were identified from tertiary ophthalmology clinics in Sydney, Australia, as well as the Macular Disease Foundation of Australia database. Logistic regression, Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were used to investigate associations of explanatory factors (family caregiving experience, carer fatigue, carer quality of life and care-recipient level of dependency) with study outcomes—carer burden and depressive symptoms.ResultsOver one in two family carers reported experiencing mild or moderate-severe burden. More than one in five and more than one in three family carers experienced depressive symptoms and substantial fatigue, respectively. High level of care-recipient dependency was associated with greater odds of moderate-severe and mild carer burden, multivariable-adjusted OR 8.42 (95% CI 1.88 to 37.60) and OR 4.26 (95% CI 1.35 to 13.43), respectively. High levels of fatigue were associated with threefold greater odds of the carer experiencing depressive symptoms, multivariable-adjusted OR 3.47 (95% CI 1.00 to 12.05).ConclusionsA substantial degree of morbidity is observed in family carers during the caregiving experience for patients with AMD. Level of dependency on the family carer and fatigue were independently associated with family carer burden and depressive symptoms.Trial registration numberThe trial registration number is ACTRN12616001461482. The results presented in this paper are Pre-results stage.
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Gebremedhin, Haftom Tesfay, Hagos Mehari Mezgebo, Gessessew Teklebrhan Geberhiwot, Tesfay Tsegay Gebru, Yowhans Ashebir Tesfamichael, Hailu Belay Ygzaw, Mulu Ftwi Baraki, et al. "Erectile dysfunction and its associated factors among the male population in Adigrat Town, Tigrai Region, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): e0242335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242335.
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Background Erectile dysfunction is one of the common sexual dysfunctions, but it is generally misunderstood as it is not a condition that threatens life. It affects an individual’s physical as well as psychosocial health and has a significant impact on sufferers and their families’ quality of life. No data are suggesting the prevalence of erectile dysfunction at the population level in Ethiopia. This research aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of erectile dysfunction among the male population. Methods We employed a community based cross-sectional study among 802 study participants. A two-stage random sampling method was used for enrolling study participants. Including the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire-5 (IIEF-5) for erectile dysfunction, data were collected using pretested and a structured questionnaire administered by an interviewer. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with erectile dysfunction. Result Out of the total of 802 individuals, 25.4%(95% CI:(22.4, 28.3%)) (n = 204) reported erectile dysfunction. The mean age of the participants was 34.3 ± 9.6 years. Age of 40years and above [AOR = 10.74, 95% CI: (7.07, 16.35)], physical inactivity [AOR = 3.62, 95% CI: (2.40, 5.45)], depression [AOR = 4.01, 95% CI: (2.22, 7.21)], poor quality of life [AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: (1.07, 2.36)] were significantly associated with erectile dysfunction. Conclusions In this study, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction was high. Therefore, it is recommended that erectile dysfunction treatment be integrated into the health care system that focuses on educating and inspiring people on healthy eating, physical activity, and behavior enhancing wellbeing.
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Geirdal, Amy K. Østertun, Daicia Price, Mariyana Schoultz, Hilde Thygesen, Mary Ruffolo, Janni Leung, and Tore Bonsaksen. "The Significance of Demographic Variables on Psychosocial Health from the Early Stage and Nine Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. A Cross-National Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 4345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084345.
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This cross-national study explored stability and change in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness during the early stage and nine months after the implementation of COVID-19 pandemic social distancing measures and periodic lockdowns as adjusted by demographic variables. In the USA, the UK, Australia and Norway, 7284 individuals responded to the invitation to take part in two cross-sectional web-based surveys (April and November 2020), including questions about sociodemographic variables and psychosocial outcomes. Independent t-tests and generalized linear models (GLM) and estimated marginal means were used to analyze differences between subgroups and countries, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on the psychosocial outcome measures by demographic variables and time in each country and mean responses presented by time after adjusting for all demographic variables in the model. Age, gender, civil status, education, employment, place of work and living area were all significant factors for psychosocial health across the countries. Differences in mental health, quality of life, well-being and loneliness were found between the countries in both April and November 2020, while time did not contribute to reducing the toll in any of the four countries over the nine-month period.
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Celenza, Domenico, and Fabrizio Rossi. "Intellectual capital and performance of listed companies: empirical evidence from Italy." Measuring Business Excellence 18, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-10-2013-0054.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate performance and Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAICTM) on the one hand, and the relationship between the variations in market value and the variations in VAIC on the other hand. Design/methodology/approach – Starting from the VAIC model, 23 Italian listed companies were examined with the aim of investigating the relationship between VAIC and the performance of the firms in the sample. The analysis was divided into two stages. In the first stage, eight models of linear regression were estimated to verify the presence of a positive and statistically significant relationship between M/BV and VAIC and between accounting performance indicators (ROE, ROI, ROS) and the VAIC. In the second stage, six other models were tested, considering as an independent variable the variations in VAIC and the variations in profitability indicators. Findings – The outcomes of the application stress the importance of VAIC in the explanation of the variations in MV and its role as “additional coefficient” in the analysis of equity performance. Originality/value – This methodology highlights some very interesting aspects. In particular, whereas the relationship between M/BV and VAIC and between profitability indicators (ROI, ROE, ROS) and VAIC is statistically insignificant, the subsequent analysis highlights the importance of VAIC as a variable capable of increasing the explanatory power of the regression in a cross-sectional perspective.
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Sipetic-Grujicic, Sandra, Dragan Miljus, Ivan Soldatovic, Aleksandra Nikolic, and Isidora Vujcic. "Prehypertension and hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Republic of Serbia: A cross-sectional study." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 6 (2020): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp180330114s.
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Background/Aim. Prehypertension and hypertension are an important public health problem worldwide and although they can be modified, they are often a risk for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and associated risk factors in the adult population (15+ years) of Serbia. Methods. The cross-sectional study covered 14,623 adult respondents, but 14,422 volunteered to measure their blood pressure according to a pre-defined protocol. A stratified two-stage national representative random sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. Results. In 2013, 17.7% of Serbian population, aged 15 and over, was normotensive, every third (33.1%) person had prehypertension, and every second (49.3%) had hypertension. The standardized prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 40.6% and 34.5%, respectively; 57.8% of the hypertensive population were receiving medical treatment. Among those receiving medical treatment, 35.2% (36.4% males and 33.2% females) had a blood pressure within the normal range. According to the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, independently significant risk factors for hypertension compared to persons with normotension were older age (50 and more) (p < 0.001), overweight (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001), moderate (p < 0.001) and large (p < 0.001) waist circumference in both sexes, and nonurban place of residence in females (p = 0.006). In females, independently significant risk factors for prehypertension compared to persons with normotension were older age (50 and more) (p < 0.001), overweight (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001), moderate (p < 0.001) and large (p < 0.001) waist circumference, but high level of physical activity was significantly protective (p = 0.014). In males, overweight (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001) were independently significant risk factors for prehypertension. Conclusion. Serbia belongs to countries with a high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension. Our results emphasize the need for a new public health strategy for the prevention, detection and treatment of prehypertension and hypertension.
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Hobbins, Anna, Luke Barry, Dan Kelleher, and Ciaran O'Neill. "The health of the residents of Ireland: Population norms for Ireland based on the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system – a cross sectional study." HRB Open Research 1 (September 4, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.12848.1.
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Background: The EQ-5D descriptive system has become a widely used generic instrument to measure population health. In this study we use the EQ-5D-5L system to describe the health of residents in Ireland in 2015/16 and examine relationships between health and a range of socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A representative sample of residents in Ireland was established in a two-stage random sampling exercise in 2015/16. Self-reported health, together with a range of socio-demographic characteristics, were collected using a computer-assisted-personal-interview survey. Self-reported health was captured using the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system including a visual analogue scale. Data were presented as descriptive statistics and analysed using a general linear regression model and ordered logistic regression models in the case of specific health domains. Socio-economic gradients in health were also examined using concentration curves and indices. Results: A usable sample of 1,131 individuals provided responses to all questions in the survey. The population in general reported good health across the five domains with roughly 78%, 94%, 81%, 60% and 78% reporting no problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression respectively. Differences in health with respect to age, and socio-economic status were evident; those who were older, less well-educated of lower income and without private health insurance reported poorer health. Differences in health between groups differentiated by socio-economic status varied across domains of health, and were dependent on the measure of socio-economic status used. Conclusion: Residents of Ireland appear to rate their health as relatively good across the various domains captured by the EQ-5D-5L system. A pro-affluent gradient in self-reported health is evident though the sharpness of that gradient varies between domains of health and the measures of socio-economic status used. The study provides baseline data against which the health of the population can be measured in the future as demography and economic conditions change.
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Hu, Jinshuai, Albert Kwame Mensah, and Albert Tsang. "Foreign Institutional Ownership and the Choice between Public and Private Debt." Journal of International Accounting Research 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-52384.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine the role of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) in firms' choice of debt. Using a large sample of firms from 40 countries, we find that FIIs are positively associated with the propensity of firms to access the public debt market and the subsequent issuance of new public debt. In contrast, we find no relationship between domestic institutional ownership and public debt. Our results are robust to various specifications, including a 2SLS regression model, a change model, a Heckman two-stage model and propensity score matching model, and a quasi-natural experiment using the exogenous relaxation of foreign equity restrictiveness. Cross-sectional tests further show that findings are stronger for firms with poorer accruals quality, with higher levels of information asymmetry, and firms domiciled in countries with weaker creditor protection. Collectively, our findings suggest that FIIs play a vital role in facilitating firms' public debt financing.