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1
Patel, Krupaben D., and Siddhesh B. Pandya. "Ayurveda Management of Pruritus Vulvae and Vulvovaginitis in Diabetic Patient: A Case Study." International Journal of AYUSH Case Reports 9, no. 1 (2025): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.70805/ija-care.v9i1.668.
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Pruritus vulvae, a common complaint, affect approximately 10% of patients attending the gynecologic clinic. The most common cause of this condition is infections of the vulva caused by Candida albicans or Trichomonas vaginalis. Diabetes is among the potent risk factors that causes Candidiasis. Present report provides details of management of this condition with Ayurveda in a 40-year-old woman with severe itching and burning in the vulvar region for a month while concurrently managing her diabetes with allopathic medication. Clinical examination revealed significant inflammation and discoloration of the vulva and vaginitis. As per Ayurveda the case can be diagnosed as Acharna Yonivyapada as the main symptom given is itching vulvae. The treatment included internal medicines like Ashwagandhadi Choorna, Mamejak Ghanavati and Avipattikar Choorna along with local therapies comprised of Avagahana using Panchavalkala Kwatha and Lepana with Gandhak Malam, chosen for their properties to alleviate itching, combat infections, and restore healing and balance of Dosha. The patient was treated with Sthanik chikitsa for a period of 45 days, except menstrual days. Over the period of two months, the patient was recovered with complete cessation of pruritus vulvae and normalization of skin color in the affected areas. These encouraging results highlight the potential efficacy of Ayurvedic interventions in addressing pruritus vulvae, especially in patients with diabetes who are prone to such conditions due to factors like elevated sugar levels in urine.
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Clark, S. G., X. Lu, and H. R. Horvitz. "The Caenorhabditis elegans locus lin-15, a negative regulator of a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, encodes two different proteins." Genetics 137, no. 4 (1994): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.4.987.
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Abstract The Caenorhabditis elegans locus lin-15 negatively regulates an intercellular signaling process that induces formation of the hermaphrodite vulva. The lin-15 locus controls two separate genetic activities. Mutants that lack both activities have multiple, ectopic pseudo-vulvae resulting from the overproduction of vulval cells, whereas mutants defective in only one lin-15 activity appear wild-type. lin-15 acts non-cell-autonomously to prevent the activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase/ras signaling pathway. We report here the molecular characterization of the lin-15 locus. The two lin-15 activities are encoded by contiguous genomic regions and by two distinct, non-overlapping transcripts that may be processed from a single mRNA precursor by trans-splicing. Based on the DNA sequence, the 719- and 1,440-amino acid lin-15 proteins are not similar to each other or to known proteins. lin-15 multivulva mutants, which are defective in both lin-15 activities, contain deletions and insertions that affect the lin-15 genomic region.
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Sal Moyano, M. P., M. A. Gavio, and E. I. Cuartas. "Copulatory system of the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 8 (2011): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000257.
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Functional morphology of the male gonopods, female holding systems and vulvae of Libinia spinosa are described using scanning electron microscopy and histological sections, establishing differences between immature and mature individuals. The first gonopod of mature males, larger than 35.1 mm of carapace width (CW), is long, slender, and ending in two wing-like processes; abdominal, characterized by the presence of a sub-terminal seminal canal, and sternal, closed and where the cuticle holds setae. In immature males, smaller than 29.9 mm CW, both processes are shorter, and the tip of the abdominal process closed. Six different types of setae are described for both gonopods. Internally, the gonopods have rosette glands in immature and mature individuals. The presence of secretions, which may be involved in the moulting process, was observed in immature males towards the external cuticle corresponding to the rosette glands. The rosette glands may be related to reproduction in mature males. Females presented a press-button holding system and a biconcave vulva. In immature females, smaller than 36.1 mm CW, the vulva aperture was closed by integument bulging to the outside. In mature females, larger than 42.6 mm CW, the locking system was almost fused to the cuticle, and the vulvae showed an open biconcave form with a more inner flexible membrane. Morphological characteristics shown by the gonopods of mature males develop synchronously with the acquisition of physiological maturity, not with morphometrical maturity. The mature holding systems and vulvae of females are developed synchronously with physiological and morphometrical maturity.
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Barsi, László. "Two anomalies in a population of Longidorus sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Serbia." Biologia Serbica 42, no. 2 (2020): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4534055.
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Summary. Two anomalies in a population of <em>Longidorus</em> sp. from Serbia have been described and illustrated. Several females and males had extra odontostyles, and one female had extra odontostyle and two vulvae.
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Kinyó, Ágnes, Nikoletta Nagy, Judit Oláh, Lajos Kemény, and Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő. "Ulcus vulvae acutum Lipschütz in two young female patients." European Journal of Dermatology 24, no. 3 (2014): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2014.2311.
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Gafur, Abdul, and Mike Hodda. "First Records of Male and Swollen Females of Two Species of Achlysiella (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 30, no. 4 (2023): 757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.4.757-769.
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Males and swollen mature females of Achlysiella trilineata and Achlysiella magniglans were discovered for the first time in Australia. These life stages confirmed that both species show well-marked sexual dimorphism in the anterior region of the body, with the males having reduced cephalic frameworks, stylets, and oesophagi. Males of A. magniglans displayed an extreme reduction in the style such that only the cone could be seen, and the rest of the esophagus was barely visible. In both species, the swollen females had postmedian vulvae, and the anterior branch of the ovary was longer than the posterior branch. In A. magniglans, the disparity in length was more pronounced, and the vulva was more posterior. The finding of swollen females confirmed the classification of both species in Achlysiella rather than Radopholus. Vermiform females of both species have large dorsal oesophageal glands and short ovaries. Justifiably, other species of Radopholus with these latter features (R. brevicaudatus, R. capitatus, and R. vacuus) should also be moved to Achlysiella.
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Tan, Qi-Hong, Xiao-Juan Zhou, and Jie-Xin Zou. "Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) from Yunnan, China." ZooKeys 1056 (August 20, 2021): 149–71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1056.63755.
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Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamid Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 are described from Yunnan Province, southwest China. Morphological comparisons were made between the two new species and type materials of other 11 species of Aparapotamon. Aparapotamon binchuanense sp. nov. and A. huizeense sp. nov. can be separated from their congeners by the shape of the epibranchial tooth, the frontal view of the cephalothorax, the male first gonopod, and the female vulvae. The molecular analyses based on partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene are also included. This study brings the number of Aparapotamon species to 13.
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Tan, Qi-Hong, Xiao-Juan Zhou, and Jie-Xin Zou. "Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Aparapotamon Dai & Chen, 1985 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) from Yunnan, China." ZooKeys 1056 (August 20, 2021): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1056.63755.
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Two new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamid Aparapotamon Dai &amp; Chen, 1985 are described from Yunnan Province, southwest China. Morphological comparisons were made between the two new species and type materials of other 11 species of Aparapotamon. Aparapotamon binchuanensesp. nov. and A. huizeensesp. nov. can be separated from their congeners by the shape of the epibranchial tooth, the frontal view of the cephalothorax, the male first gonopod, and the female vulvae. The molecular analyses based on partial mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene are also included. This study brings the number of Aparapotamon species to 13.
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Bresciani, Carla, Pietro Parma, Lisa De Lorenzi, et al. "A Very Rare Clinical Case of a Holstein Heifer with Two Vulvae and a Scrotum." Sexual Development 9, no. 2 (2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000375457.
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Wang, Ruxiao, Da Pan, Hui Chen, Binqing Zhu, and Hongying Sun. "Revision of two species of Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) endemic to China: a new combination and a new synonym." ZooKeys 1112 (July 14, 2022): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1112.85278.
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The systematics of two problematic potamid species, Sinopotamon koatenense (Rathbun, 1904) and Sinopotamon wuyiensis Li, Lin, Cheng & Tang, 1985, both originally described from the Wuyi Mountains are resolved in this study. Sinopotamon koatenense is transferred to the genus Huananpotamon Dai & Ng, 1994, as the new combination Huananpotamon koatenensecomb. nov. The new combination differs from its congeners in the form of the carapace, male pleon, male first gonopod, and vulvae. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences support the identification of Huananpotamon koatenensecomb. nov. and a redescription is also provided. In addition, S. wuyiensis is confirmed as a junior synonym of Sinopotamon fukienense Dai & Chen, 1979 based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic lineages.
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Wang, Ruxiao, Da Pan, Hui Chen, Binqing Zhu, and Hongying Sun. "Revision of two species of Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae) endemic to China: a new combination and a new synonym." ZooKeys 1112 (July 14, 2022): 179–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1112.85278.
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The systematics of two problematic potamid species, Sinopotamon koatenense (Rathbun, 1904) and Sinopotamon wuyiensis Li, Lin, Cheng & Tang, 1985, both originally described from the Wuyi Mountains are resolved in this study. Sinopotamon koatenense is transferred to the genus Huananpotamon Dai & Ng, 1994, as the new combination Huananpotamon koatenense comb. nov. The new combination differs from its congeners in the form of the carapace, male pleon, male first gonopod, and vulvae. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences support the identification of Huananpotamon koatenense comb. nov. and a redescription is also provided. In addition, S. wuyiensis is confirmed as a junior synonym of Sinopotamon fukienense Dai & Chen, 1979 based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic lineages.
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Kalpana, B., S. G. Balamurugan, and Soumya Ranjan Panda. "Vulval carcinoma at the site of recent Bartholin gland excision: a rare case report." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 5 (2020): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201821.
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Around 2-7% of all vulvar cancers are represented by primary carcinomas of Bartholin gland. Here we are presenting such a rare case of carcinoma of Bartholin gland. 45/F P2L2 presented in our OPD with non-healing lesion in vulva for 2 months. She had history of Bartholin’s cyst excision (elsewhere), 2 months back (the exact time since when she is having the non-healing lesion in vulva). Diagnostic biopsy revealed it to be vulval squamous cell carcinoma. She was given two cycles of Neo adjuvant chemotherapy (Inj. Paclitaxel and Carboplatin). In view of better response to the treatment patient was planned for surgery. Patient underwent wide local excision with bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Although the majority of vulvar lesions are benign, especially in women younger than 50 years of age, any solid mass should be carefully evaluated for malignancy. Preferably biopsy of Bartholin gland should be considered if the patient is more than 40 years of age and should be mandatory in a menopausal woman.
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Felix, M. A., and P. W. Sternberg. "Two nested gonadal inductions of the vulva in nematodes." Development 124, no. 1 (1997): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.1.253.
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How do intercellular signals that pattern cell fates vary in evolution? During nematode vulva development, precursor cells acquire one of three fates in a pattern centered around the gonadal anchor cell. Non-vulval fates are at the periphery, outer and inner vulval fates are towards the center. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the three fates are specified around the same time by an induction by the anchor cell and lateral signaling between the vulva precursor cells. We find that, in three other nematode species (Panagrolaimus, Oscheius and Rhabditella spp.) spanning two families, the centered pattern is obtained by two temporally distinct gonadal inductions. The first induction specifies vulval fates; the second induction specifies the inner vulval fates in a subset of the precursors' daughters. This evolutionary change in the spatiotemporal connectivity of cell interactions allows centering of the pattern between two precursors in Panagrolaimus.
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Delattre, Marie, Marie-Laure Dichtel, and Marie-Anne Félix. "Comparative developmental studies using Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae)." Nematology 2, no. 1 (2000): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100508809.
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AbstractIn order to study the evolution of nematode vulva development, we focus on Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae) in comparison with Caenorhabditis elegans. In this species, the fates of the vulval precursor cells are determined by two successive nested inductions by the uterine anchor cell (instead of a single one in C. elegans). This hermaphroditic species can be cultured and handled like C. elegans. We review vulva development in this species. We present some molecular tools and the sequence of the Ras gene. This species is amenable to genetic analysis and we discuss the isolation of morphological markers. Afin d’étudier l’évolution du développement de la vulve des nématodes, nous nous concentrons sur l’espèce Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 (Rhabditidae) en la comparant à Caenorhabditis elegans. Dans cette espèce, les destinées des cellules précurseurs de la vulve sont déterminées par deux inductions emboîtées provenant de la cellule ancre de l’utérus (au lieu d’une seule chez C. elegans). Cette espèce hermaphrodite peut être élévée et manipulée comme C. elegans. Nous décrivons le développement de la vulve dans cette espèce. Nous présentons des outils moléculaires et la séquence du gène Ras. Les analyses génétiques sont possibles dans cette espèce et nous discutons l’isolement de marqueurs morphologiques.
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SHIH, HSI-TE, TOHRU NARUSE, and PETER K. L. NG. "Uca jocelynae sp. nov., a new species of fiddler crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) from the Western Pacific." Zootaxa 2337, no. 1 (2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2337.1.4.
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A new species of fiddler crab, Uca jocelynae sp. nov., belonging to the U. vocans complex, is described from the islands in Western Pacific on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The new species was previously identified with U. neocultrimana (Bott, 1973) (= U. vocans pacificensis Crane, 1975). The two species can be readily distinguished by characters of the male major chelae, carapace features, and the form of the vulvae. The molecular data of parts of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes support that both are sister taxa but nevertheless distinct enough to be regarded as separate species. Uca jocelynae is widely distributed from the islands in the Western Pacific, while U. neocultrimana occurs in Fiji and eastwards.
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Kumari, Shesh, and Wilfrida Decraemer. "A female of Xiphinema vuittenezi (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with two vulvae and abundant numbers of males in a soil sample." Nematology 8, no. 6 (2006): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106779799196.
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Maculan, R., R. G. Rosa, R. R. Bonfim, et al. "133 ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT, VULVA WIDTH, AND FERTILITY TRAITS IN BOS TAURUS INDICUS CATTLE (TABAPUÃ)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab133.
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The intense selection of characteristics related to animal production may affect negatively the reproductive efficiency of beef cattle. Thus, the search for characteristics that indicate fertility is readily justifiable in the selection of bovine females. The aim was to evaluate possible associations between the antral follicle counts (AFC), external genitalia measurements, and reproduction efficiency in Tabapuã (a Zebu breed from Brazil) females. The AFC was evaluated in Nulliparous heifers (n = 162) and cows (n = 429) by directly counting all follicles ≥3 mm in diameter with ultrasound. From the frequency distribution of the AFC, animals were divided into groups of high (>50 follicles), average (28–50 follicles), and low (<28 follicles), according to Burns et al. (2005). The vulva width was determined by measuring the distance between the lateral borders of the vulva with a digital caliper placed at a 90-degree angle from the half point of the rima vulvae. Two official reproductive efficiency indexes, adopted by the Brazilian Zebu Breeders Association (ABCZ), were used: age at first calving and calving interval. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). An initial complete model was submitted to logistic regression and all body measurements, such as weight, rump height, and width at pins and hooks, were later excluded because they had no relationships with AFC. The AFC class and parity effects of vulva width were submitted to the PROCGENMOD procedure and the reproductive efficiency indexes were regressed onto age, vulva width and the AFC using the PROCREG procedure. Vulva width was greater (P = 0.05) in the high-AFC class cows (8.81 ± 0.12 cm) in comparison to those of the low (8.38 ± 0.13 cm) and average (8.42 ± 0.11 cm) classes, and was not influenced (P = 0.08) by parity (8.37 ± 0.11 and 8.77 ± 0.14 cm for heifers and cows, respectively). Vulva width was larger in cows with lower calving intervals (r2 = –0.21 P = 0.0008), but was not correlated with age at first calving (P = 0.78). Antral follicle counts were similar (P = 0.71) between heifers (38.6 ± 23.96) and cows (38.9 ± 28.00). Calving intervals were shorter in females with higher AFC (r2 = –0.17 P = 0.0064). Age was slightly related to a decrease in the AFC (r2 = –0.066 P < 0.0001). Vulva width and antral follicle count were correlated and were indicators of reproductive efficiency in females of the Tabapuã breed under the present experimental conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report where vulva width, a fairly simple to detectable phenotype, was correlated with fertility.
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ANTIĆ, DRAGAN, ANA MARGALITADZE, and MIRKO ŠEVIĆ. "Four new cavernicolous species of the genus Acanthophorella Antić & Makarov, 2016 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae) from Georgia, Caucasus." Zootaxa 5609, no. 1 (2025): 41–69. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.1.3.
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Four new, presumably troglobiotic species of the chordeumatidan genus Acanthophorella Antić & Makarov, 2016 are described from several Georgian caves. Acanthophorella didi sp. nov. and A. gaumarjos sp. nov. were discovered in three and one cave in the Racha karst massif, respectively, while A. eto sp. nov. and A. spinicoxa sp. nov. are known each from two caves in the Sataplia-Tskaltubo karst massif and Zemo Imereti plateau, respectively. All four species are properly diagnosed, described, and richly illustrated. Vulvae are described for the first time in Acanthophorella barjadzei Antić & Makarov, 2016, and new records are added for A. valerii Antić in Antić et al., 2023. Notes on the ecology and localities are given for new species. The distribution map and a key to all 10 species of the genus are presented. Distribution and troglomorphism within the genus are briefly discussed.
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Ueda, Yutaka, Takayuki Enomoto, Toshihiro Kimura, Kiyoshi Yoshino, Masami Fujita, and Tadashi Kimura. "Two Distinct Pathways to Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva." Journal of Skin Cancer 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/951250.
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 95% of the malignant tumors of the vaginal vulva and is mostly found in elderly women. The future numbers of patients with vulvar SCC is expected to rise, mainly because of the proportional increase in the average age of the general population. Two different pathways for vulvar SCC have been put forth. The first pathway is triggered by infection with a high-risk-type Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Integration of the HPV DNA into the host genome leads to the development of a typical vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), accompanied with overexpression of and . This lesion subsequently forms a warty- or basaloid-type SCC. The HPV vaccine is a promising new tool for prevention of this HPV related SCC of the vulva. The second pathway is HPV-independent. Keratinizing SCC develops within a background of lichen sclerosus (LS) through a differentiated VIN. It has a different set of genetic alterations than those in the first pathway, including p53 mutations, allelic imbalances (AI), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Further clinical and basic research is still required to understand and prevent vulvar SCC.Capsule. Two pathway for pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the value are reviewed.
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Koh, Kyunghee, Sara M. Peyrot, Cricket G. Wood, et al. "Cell fates and fusion in theC. elegansvulval primordium are regulated by the EGL-18 and ELT-6 GATA factors — apparent direct targets of the LIN-39 Hox protein." Development 129, no. 22 (2002): 5171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.22.5171.
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Development of the vulva in C. elegans is mediated by the combinatorial action of several convergent regulatory inputs, three of which,the Ras, Wnt and Rb-related pathways, act by regulating expression of thelin-39 Hox gene. LIN-39 specifies cell fates and regulates cell fusion in the mid-body region, leading to formation of the vulva. In the lateral seam epidermis, differentiation and cell fusion have been shown to be regulated by two GATA-type transcription factors, ELT-5 and -6. We report that ELT-5 is encoded by the egl-18 gene, which was previously shown to promote formation of a functional vulva. Furthermore, we find that EGL-18(ELT-5), and its paralogue ELT-6, are redundantly required to regulate cell fates and fusion in the vulval primordium and are essential to form a vulva. Elimination of egl-18 and elt-6 activity results in arrest by the first larval stage; however, in animals rescued for this larval lethality by expression of ELT-6 in non-vulval cells, the post-embryonic cells(P3.p-P8.p) that normally become vulval precursor cells often fuse with the surrounding epidermal syncytium or undergo fewer than normal cell divisions,reminiscent of lin-39 mutants. Moreover, egl-18/elt-6reporter gene expression in the developing vulva is attenuated inlin-39(rf) mutants, and overexpression of egl-18 can partially rescue the vulval defects caused by reduced lin-39activity. LIN-39/CEH-20 heterodimers bind two consensus HOX/PBC sites in a vulval enhancer region of egl-18/elt-6, one of which is essential for vulval expression of egl-18/elt-6 reporter constructs. These findings demonstrate that the EGL-18 and ELT-6 GATA factors are essential, genetically redundant regulators of cell fates and fusion in the developing vulva and are apparent direct transcriptional targets of the LIN-39 Hox protein.
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Sommer, R. J., A. Eizinger, K. Z. Lee, B. Jungblut, A. Bubeck, and I. Schlak. "The Pristionchus HOX gene Ppa-lin-39 inhibits programmed cell death to specify the vulva equivalence group and is not required during vulval induction." Development 125, no. 19 (1998): 3865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.19.3865.
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In the two nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus the vulva equivalence group in the central body region is specified by the Hox gene lin-39. C. elegans lin-39 mutants are vulvaless and the vulval precursor cells fuse with the surrounding hypodermis, whereas in P. pacificus lin-39 mutants the vulval precursor cells die by apoptosis. Mechanistically, LIN-39 might inhibit non-vulval fate (cell fusion in C. elegans, apoptosis in P. pacificus), promote vulval fate or do both. To study the mechanism of lin-39 function, we isolated P. pacificus cell death mutants and identified mutations in ced-3. Surprisingly, P. pacificus ced-3; lin-39 double mutants form a functional vulva in the absence of LIN-39 activity. Thus, in P. pacificus lin-39 specifies the vulva equivalence group by inhibiting programmed cell death. Furthermore, these data reveal an important difference in a later function of lin-39 between the two species. In C. elegans, LIN-39 specifies vulval cell fates in response to inductive RAS signaling, and in P. pacificus LIN-39 is not required for vulval induction. Thus, the comparative analysis indicates that lin-39 has distinct functions in both species although the gene is acting in a homologous developmental system.
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Al-Obaidy, Khaleel I., Chia-Sui Kao, and Muhammad T. Idrees. "P16 Expression in Extramammary Paget’s Disease of the Vulva and Scrotum Is Not Human Papillomavirus Related." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 26, no. 7 (2018): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918775513.
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Introduction. Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) of the vulva has been shown to express p16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), however, p16 expression in the vulva and scrotum has not been extensively studied in relation to human papillomavirus (HPV) within EMPD of both the vulva and scrotum. Design. Twenty-two cases of EMPD (vulva, 16; scrotum, 6) were found in our laboratory information system. P16 and HPV IHC were performed. Any p16 reactivity less than 10% was considered negative. HPV in situ hybridization for both low- and high-risk HPV was also performed on all cases. Results. Of the 6 scrotal EMPD, 3 (50%) showed weak to moderate positive reactivity for p16 by IHC. Of the 16 vulvar EMPD, 13 (81%) were positive for p16, with at least moderate (2+) intensity with a mean expression of 33.3% (range = 10% to 80%) and 62% (range = 20% to 95%) in scrotal and vulvar EMPD, respectively. None of the scrotal or vulvar cases showed positive reactivity for HPV either by IHC or in situ hybridization. Conclusion. Both vulvar and scrotal EMPD can express p16 by IHC, more commonly vulvar than scrotal; however, no HPV was detected either by IHC or in situ hybridization. EMPD of vulva and scrotum does not appear to be related to HPV, and p16 expression may be regulated through a different mechanism.
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Pati, Sameer K., Darren C. J. Yeo, and Peter K. L. Ng. "Krishnamon, a new genus for the cavernicolous crab Telphusa austeniana Wood-Mason, 1871 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Meghalaya state, northeastern India." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 3 (2020): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa009.
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Abstract Telphusa austeniana Wood-Mason, 1871 is a poorly known potamid crab described from a single female specimen from Meghalaya state, northeastern India, and its position in Tiwaripotamon Bott, 1970 has been questioned. Its systematic position is now clarified based on the examination of the female holotype and a male specimen recently collected from a cave near the type locality. The species is transferred from Tiwaripotamon to a new genus, Krishnamongen. nov. on the basis of the differences in the structures of the epigastric cristae, male pleon, male sixth pleonal somite, male telson, gonopods, and vulvae. The geographic distributions of the two genera are some 1,000 km apart. The new genus has affinities with Doimon Yeo & Ng, 2007, and Indochinamon Yeo & Ng, 2007, but can be distinguished mainly by its extremely slender and elongated ambulatory legs. While Krishnamon austenianum (Wood-Mason, 1871) comb. nov. is now recorded from limestone caves, it does not, however, possess the troglomorphic features of an obligate troglobite.
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BAYER, STEFFEN. "The lace-sheet-weavers—a long story (Araneae: Psechridae: Psechrus)." Zootaxa 3379, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3379.1.1.
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Various publications of the last twelve years have shown that the species richness of the genus Psechrus is much higherthan was assumed 30 years ago. Based upon trends in the structures of the copulatory organs, for the first time, eight spe-cies groups are recognised and, including the present study, 46 species are now known. 20 species are recognised anddescribed as new: P. ulcus sp. nov., P. aluco sp. nov., P. decollatus sp. nov., P. elachys sp. nov., P. norops sp. nov., P.arcuatus sp. nov., P. laos sp. nov., P. inflatus sp. nov., P. pakawini sp. nov., P. demiror sp. nov., P. jaegeri sp. nov., P.vivax sp. nov., P. obtectus sp. nov., P. fuscai sp. nov., P. clavis sp. nov., P. hartmanni sp. nov., P. zygon sp. nov., P. tauri-cornis sp. nov., P. crepido sp. nov. and P. schwendingeri sp. nov. Two species are removed from synonymy with P. sin-gaporensis Thorell, 1894: P. annulatus Kulczyński 1908 (stat. nov.) and P. libelti Kulczyński 1908 (stat. nov.). One juniorsynonym of P. tingpingensis Yin, Wang & Zhang, 1985 is recognised: P. xinping Chen, Zhang, Song & Kim, 2002 (syn.nov.). New records are reported: P. libelti from Thailand, Malaysia & Brunei; P. ancoralis Bayer & Jäger, 2010 from Thai-land; P. himalayanus Simon, 1906 from Bhutan; P. ghecuanus Thorell, 1897 from Laos. Pre-epigynes/pre-vulvae of 20Psechrus species are examined and illustrated. In these species they apparently exhibit consistent and species-specificcharacters. However, since in several species only one subadult female was available for examination and in 57% of thePsechrus species even none at all, the characters of the pre-epigyne/pre-vulva are not included in the Psechrus identifica-tion key introduced herein. Additional information on the biology of Psechrus—for which the trivial name “lace-sheetweavers” is introduced herein—is provided.
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Dichtel, Marie-Laure, Sophie Louvet-Vallée, Mark E. Viney, Marie-Anne Félix, and Paul W. Sternberg. "Control of Vulval Cell Division Number in the Nematode Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1." Genetics 157, no. 1 (2001): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.1.183.
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Abstract Spatial patterning of vulval precursor cell fates is achieved through a different two-stage induction mechanism in the nematode Oscheius/Dolichorhabditis sp. CEW1 compared with Caenorhabditis elegans. We therefore performed a genetic screen for vulva mutants in Oscheius sp. CEW1. Most mutants display phenotypes unknown in C. elegans. Here we present the largest mutant category, which affects division number of the vulva precursors P(4-8).p without changing their fate. Among these mutations, some reduce the number of divisions of P4.p and P8.p specifically. Two mutants omit the second cell cycle of all vulval lineages. A large subset of mutants undergo additional rounds of vulval divisions. We also found precocious and retarded heterochronic mutants. Whereas the C. elegans vulval lineage mutants can be interpreted as overall (homeotic) changes in precursor cell fates with concomitant cell cycle changes, the mutants described in Oscheius sp. CEW1 do not affect overall precursor fate and thereby dissociate the genetic mechanisms controlling vulval cell cycle and fate. Laser ablation experiments in these mutants reveal that the two first vulval divisions in Oscheius sp. CEW1 appear to be redundantly controlled by a gonad-independent mechanism and by a gonadal signal that operates partially independently of vulval fate induction.
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Vinothini, R. Pon Vigna, Trilok Prasad Singh Bhandari, Ajesh Raj Saksena, and Meenakshi Swain. "Molecular Classification of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions Using Immunohistochemistry." Journal of Colposcopy and Lower Genital Tract Pathology 2, no. 2 (2024): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jclgtp.jclgtp_9_24.
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Abstract Introduction: Vulvar malignancies are very rare. Two pathogenic pathways have been described in the development of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.One is related to HPV infection and the other is related to TP 53 mutation. HPV infection related squamous cell carcinomas have a good prognosis and squamous cell carcinomas related to TP 53 mutation have the worst prognosis. Recently a third pathway which is neither HPV dependent nor p53 mutant has been identified. This pathway is found to have intermediate prognosis with better clinical outcome. Aims: The aim of this study was to classify vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions molecularly using two immunohistochemical stains p16 and p53 in a cohort of South Indian population. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2011 and December 2020 in the department of histopathology at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, India. A total of 22 cases including all the vulval biopsies with suspected squamous cell carcinoma or precursor lesions and excision specimens operated for squamous cell carcinoma were included in this study. Paraffin blocks of representative cases were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains. Results: Out of 22 cases, two cases (9.0%) were precursor lesions of the vulva and 20 cases (90.9%) were invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Eleven (50%) of these cases were p53 mutant (p53+/p16−), 10 (45.4%) of these cases were HPV positive (p16+/p53−), and one of these cases (4.5%) was neither HPV positive nor p53 mutant (p16−/p53−). Conclusions: Classification of vulvar squamous cell lesions molecularly using simple immunohistochemical stains in routine diagnostic workup will aid in risk stratification of patients and help in their management and prognostication.
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Nishiyama, T., K. Narita, S. Tsumagari, and M. Takeishi. "Shrinkage in the horizontal dimensions of the vulva (vulvar shrinkage) as an indicator of standing heat in the beagle." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36, no. 6 (2000): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-6-556.
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During the proestrous and estrous periods in 12 beagles, the following parameters were measured daily: the horizontal dimensions of the vulva, vaginal cytology, and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone concentrations. Measurements of serum LH concentrations allowed for the identification of the LH surge and the optimal time for artificial insemination (AI). Nine out of the 12 beagles became pregnant through AI and completed a gestation. Shrinkage in the horizontal dimensions of the vulva (i.e., vulvar shrinkage) was primarily observed prior and subsequent to the LH surge. In six of the nine (66.7%) beagles that became pregnant, vulvar shrinkage was observed on the days in which the LH surge was confirmed, and the rate of vulvar shrinkage tended to be greater at higher serum LH concentrations. Further vulvar shrinkage was identified in all nine beagles within two days of the LH surge. An increase in the serum progesterone concentration was observed after the LH surge in each of the beagles that became pregnant, together with clinical signs of estrous behavior (i.e., standing heat) as well as a change in vulva condition from swollen to soft. This demonstrates that vulvar shrinkage is induced in response to the onset of the LH surge and that the LH surge can be predicted through the measurement of the horizontal dimensions of the vulva, vaginal cytology, and the assessment of serum progesterone concentrations in beagles.
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Berriozabal, Cristina. "Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 19, no. 04 (2024): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/590.
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Primary tumors of the vulva are a rare entity, accounting for only 3-5% of all gynecologic malignancies. However, metastatic tumors of the vulva are even rarer, constituting 5-8% of all vulvar tumors. These metastases can be the first manifestation of another primary tumor or may appear years after initial treatment. This case presents a 78-year-old woman treated for rectal adenocarcinoma who developed vulvar metastases a year and a half after completing treatment. Previously, she had a liver metastasis that was treated with laparoscopic resection. On physical examination, two firm vulvar masses were detected, and the histopathological analysis revealed adenocarcinoma infiltration, likely of rectal origin. After a negative extension study via CT scan, a local resection of the vulvar metastases was performed. Two new masses were detected a month later, leading to a second local resection. This case underscores the importance of an accurate diagnosis of vulvar lesions, particularly in women with a history of another primary tumor. Vulvar metastases can easily be misdiagnosed as a primary vulvar tumor or even as a benign condition. Despite their low incidence, they should be considered, as an accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management and prognosis. Immunohistochemical techniques play a key role in identifying the origin of the primary tumor. Due to the limited number of cases, the optimal management of metastatic tumors to the vulva remains uncertain, this is the reason why multidisciplinary discussion is essential to determine the most appropriate treatment. Finally, the prognosis remains poor due to distant metastatic spread.
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Jungblut, B., and R. J. Sommer. "The nematode even-skipped homolog vab-7 regulates gonad and vulva position in Pristionchus pacificus." Development 128, no. 2 (2001): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.2.253.
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In free-living nematodes, developmental processes like the formation of the vulva, can be studied at a cellular level. Cell lineage and ablation studies have been carried out in various nematode species and multiple changes in vulval patterning have been identified. In Pristionchus pacificus, vulva formation differs from Caenorhabditis elegans with respect to several autonomous and conditional aspects of cell fate specification. To understand the molecular basis of these evolutionary changes, we have performed a genetic analysis of vulva formation in P. pacificus. Here, we describe two mutants where the vulva is shifted posteriorly, affecting which precursor cells will form vulval tissue in P. pacificus. Mutant animals show a concomitant posterior displacement of the gonadal anchor cell, indicating that the gonad and the vulva are affected in a similar way. We show that mutations in the even-skipped homolog of nematodes, vab-7, cause these posterior displacements. In addition, cell ablation studies in the vab-7 mutant indicate that the altered position of the gonad not only changes the cell fate pattern but also the developmental competence of vulval precursor cells. Investigation of Cel-vab-7 mutant animals showed a similar but weaker vulva defective phenotype to the one described for Ppa-vab-7.
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Sommer, Ralf J., Lynn K. Carta, and Paul W. Sternberg. "The evolution of cell lineage in nematodes." Development 1994, Supplement (1994): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.85.
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The invariant development of free-living nematodes combined with the extensive knowledge of Caenorhabditis elegans developmental biology provides an experimental system for an analysis of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. We have collected a number of new nematode species from soil samples. Most are easily cultured and their development can be analyzed at the level of individual cells using techniques standard to Caenorhabditis. So far, we have focused on differences in the development of the vulva among species of the families Rhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae. Preceding vulval development, twelve Pn cells migrate into the ventral cord and divide to produce posterior daughters [Pn.p cells] whose fates vary in a position specific manner [from P1.p anterior to P12.p posterior]. In C. elegans hermaphrodites, P(3-8).p are tripotent and form an equivalence group. These cells can express either of two vulval fates (1° or 2°) in response to a signal from the anchor cell of the somatic gonad, or a non-vulval fate (3°), resulting in a 3°-3°-2°-1°-2°-3° pattern of cell fates. Evolutionary differences in vulval development include the number of cells in the vulval equivalence group, the number of 1° cells, the number of progeny generated by each vulval precursor cell, and the position of VPCs before morphogenesis. Examples of three Rhabditidae genera have a posterior vulva in the position of P9-P11 ectoblasts. In Cruznema tripartitum, P(5-7).p form the vulva as in Caenorhabditis, but they migrate posteriorly before dividing. Induction occurs after the gonad grows posteriorly to the position of P(5-7).p cells. In two other species, Mesorhabditis sp. PS 1179 and Teratorhabditis palmarum, we have found changes in induction and competence with respect to their presumably more C. elegans-like ancestor. In Mesorhabditis, P(5-7).p form the vulva after migrating to a posterior position. However, the gonad is not required to specify the pattern of cell fates 3°-2°-1°-2°-3°. Moreover, the Pn.p cells are not equivalent in their potentials to form the vulva. A regulatory constraint in this family thus forces the same set of precursors to generate the vulva, rather than more appropriately positioned Pn.p cells.
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Garriga, G., C. Desai, and H. R. Horvitz. "Cell interactions control the direction of outgrowth, branching and fasciculation of the HSN axons of Caenorhabditis elegans." Development 117, no. 3 (1993): 1071–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.1071.
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The two serotonergic HSN motor neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans innervate the vulval muscles and stimulate egg laying by hermaphrodites. By analyzing mutant and laser-operated animals, we find that both epithelial cells of the developing vulva and axons of the ventral nerve cord are required for HSN axonal guidance. Vulval precursor cells help guide the growth cone of the emerging HSN axon to the ventral nerve cord. Vulval cells also cause the two HSN axons to join the ventral nerve cord in two separate fascicles and to defasciculate from the ventral nerve cord and branch at the vulva. The axons of either the PVP or PVQ neurons are also necessary for the HSN axons to run in two separate fascicles within the ventral nerve cord. Our observations indicate that the outgrowth of the HSN axon is controlled in multiple ways by both neuronal and nonneuronal cells.
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Shah, Ankita Siddharth, Monal Sadhwani, Dhanashree Santosh Bhide, Vinay Kulkarni, Pradyumna Prakash Vaidya, and Anil H. Patki. "Innocence in Disguise: Vulvar Hidradenoma Papilliferum." Indian Journal of Postgraduate Dermatology 3 (February 7, 2025): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpgd_224_2024.
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The vulvar region contains a high concentration of apocrine, eccrine, anogenital mammary-like glands and pilosebaceous units. Vulvar hidradenomas are benign tumours originating from anogenital mammary-like glands and typically manifest as small, painless nodules on the vulva. They can clinically resemble pyogenic granulomas or granuloma inguinale. The preferred treatment method is local surgical excision. This case report discusses two cases of women diagnosed with vulvar hidradenomas, highlighting their characteristic clinical presentation and management approach. These cases serve as a reminder for clinicians to consider this rare tumour in differential diagnoses of nodular lesion on vulva with beefy red erosive surface, alongside conditions such as sexually transmitted infections and other benign or malignant tumours.
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House, J., K. R. Barrand, and P. Cornillie. "A case of epigastric heteropagus twinning with other congenital abnormalities in a Chihuahua puppy." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 3 (2012): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i3.18354.
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A two-year-old Chihuahua was presented on day 58 of pregnancy due to very marked abdominal distension. A cesarean section was performed and five normal and one clearly abnormal puppy were delivered. Examination of the abnormal puppy revealed a combination of congenital anomalies including epigastric heteropagus twinning. The autosite showed focal cranial aplasia cutis, anasarca, lissencephaly, palatoschisis, sternal agenesis and eventeratio (gastroschisis/schistocoelia). The partly formed parasitic twin was attached at the sternal region of the autosite and demonstrated four formed limbs, atresia rectum, atresia ani, a single kidney, tail agenesis and atresia vulvae. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the third reported case of heteropagus conjoined twinning in the dog and the first reported case of canine epigastric heteropagus twinning. In addition, there appear to be no reports in the veterinary literature noting an association with conjoined twinning in the dog with focal cranial aplasia cutis, eventeratio, lissencephaly, palatoschisis and anasarca. An in-depth literature review was hampered by the lack of a uniform nomenclature to identify this type of conjoined twinning.
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Dwanisya, Joshan, and Yanita Tri Setiyaningsih. "Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Vulva Hgiene dengan Kejadian Pruritus Vulva Pada Saat Menstruasi Di SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul." HEALTHY BEHAVIOR JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30989/hbj.v1i2.991.
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Background: Adolescence is often said to be the transition period from childhood to adulthood, where the reproductive organs become physically, socially, and psychologically mature. These changes occur when two hormones, estrogen and progesterone, begin to work properly. One of the characteristics of puberty in adolescent girls is the start of menstruation. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about vulva hygiene and the incidence of vulvar pruritus during menstruation at SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul. Method: This research is a quantitative research that uses correlation analysis with a cross sectional research design. The population in this study was 73 grade VII and VIII teenage girls, taken using total sampling technique. The measuring instrument used a knowledge of vulva hygiene questionnaire and the incidence of pruritus vulva. The data analysis used univariate and bivariate using Somer’s d test. Result: The results of the study said that the majority of young women at SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul had a level of knowledge about vulva hygiene included in the sufficient category of 43 female students 58.9%. Young women at SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul who experience vulvar pruritus are included in the medium category as many as 43 female students 58.9%. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about vulva hygiene and the incidence of vulvar pruritus in SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul with a p value of 0.011. There is a closeness between the level of knowledge about vulva hygiene and the incidence of vulvar pruritus in SMP PGRI Kasihan Bantul with an r value of -0.240.
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Samara, Mariam, Ema Somen, and Davor Mijatovic. "Patient with malignant vulvar neoplasm: case report." Acta Chirurgica Croatica 1 (November 3, 2019): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3517775.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Vulvar carcinoma most often occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitalia. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina, including the clitoris and labia. It is quite rare cancer of the female reproductive system and accounts for 3-4% of all genitourinary tract neoplasms. Though it can occur at any age, vulvar cancer is most common in older adults. When present in young women it is mostly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV)–related dysplasia. The most common histology is squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. <strong>Case study:</strong> This report presents a patient with verified planocellular vulvar carcinoma who underwent radical hysterectomy with adnexectomy and lymphadenectomy due to cervical neoplasm (squamous cell carcinoma). After chemo-radio therapy, the patient underwent radical vulvectomy and two months later, resection of the distal urethra and vulvar and vaginal reconstruction with gracilis muscle. Full-thickness skin graft was used to reconstruct the distal part of the urethra. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combination of flaps and full-thickness skin graft can be used in reconstruction of vulva and urethra.
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Abolafia, Joaquín, and Reyes Peña-Santiago. "On the identity of Chiloplacus magnus Rashid & Heyns, 1990 and C. insularis Orselli & Vinciguerra, 2002 (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae), two confusable species." Nematology 19, no. 9 (2017): 1017–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003104.
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Two very similar species of the genus Chiloplacus, namely C. magnus and C. insularis, are re-described and compared based on type material as well as Iberian specimens. Relevant new information is obtained for their characterisation and for elucidating their identity with more accuracy. Special mention is deserved by the findings regarding: i) the morphology of the lateral field at vulval level; and ii) the location of the vulva, which is either midventral or subventral, two remarkable traits that were originally overlooked. Chiloplacus magnus is distinguished by having the left lateral field expanded at vulval level and the vulva displaced to a subventral position, whereas C. insularis displays the usual pattern of the genus. The evolutionary relationships of the Iberian C. magnus are explored by means of D2-D3 sequence analysis. Chiloplacus similis is regarded as identical to C. magnus and is proposed as a new junior synonym of the latter.
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Apa, Jessa Karyl Rubenecia, and Jericho Thaddeus P. Luna. "Recurrent vulvar dysplasia after a prior carcinoma of the cervix: A case of field effect." Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 48, no. 3 (2024): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pjog.pjog_28_24.
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Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a dysplastic condition of the squamous epithelium of the vulva. There are two types of VIN: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the vulva and VIN differentiated type (dDVIN). Management includes excision, laser ablation, and topical therapy. An excisional procedure used in VIN is simple local excision and partial or total skinning vulvectomy. Despite treatment, its recurrence is high. A G5P5 (5004) woman in her 60s presented with vulvar pruritus and vulvar pain of 2 years. She was treated for cervical adenocarcinoma Stage IB1 with surgery and complete radiotherapy 27 years prior. She was diagnosed twice with vulvar dysplasia 12 and 21 years after the diagnosis of cervical malignancy, both times presenting as vulvar pruritus. She was subsequently managed with vulvectomy with bilateral groin node dissection and with wide local excision, respectively. A 3 cm × 2 cm well-circumscribed, irregular erythematous plaque at the introitus’s 11–1 o’clock region was noted on physical examination. She was managed as a case of recurrent VIN III and underwent wide local excision and distal urethrectomy with split-thickness skin graft. The final histological examination of the submitted specimen showed human papillomavirus-associated classic VIN II.
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Guinot, Danièle, and Paula A. Rodríguez Moreno. "Schubartamon serenum new genus and species, a troglobitic crab from Laos, new records of Erebusa calobates Yeo & Ng, 1999 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae), and insights on the potamid genera of Indochina." Crustaceana 97, no. 5-9 (2024): 733–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10408.
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Abstract A new genus and species of troglobitic potamid crab, Schubartamon serenum gen. nov., sp. nov., is described based on an adult female from Vientiane province, Central Laos, found in Vang Vieng karst in the cave Tham Nang Oua (also called Tham Nang Hua). The new genus can be clearly distinguished morphologically from Erebusa, another troglobitic genus known from the single species E. calobates, also from Central Laos, in the Khammouan karst, and for which we now have additional material collected by two French expeditions in several caves scattered around this province, enabling the species to be better documented. The immense karst of Khammouan is not very fragmented, so that the dispersal of species can be quite possible, which explains why E. calobates can be found there dispersed across distant caves. Schubartamon serenum gen. nov., sp. nov. has been collected much further north, in the Vang Vieng karst, Vientiane province, more than 400 km north of Thakhek, the capital of Khammouan. The two species share similar troglobitic adaptations, but the morphological differences between them are significant at a generic level. In particular, compared to those of E. calobates, the differently shaped vulvae of S. serenum gen. nov., sp. nov. alone represent an excellent character for generic distinction. A review of the potamid genera of Indochina is also presented.
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Olaofe OO. "Vulva lesions seen at a tertiary health centre in southwest Nigeria." Ibom Medical Journal 7, no. 2 (2024): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.61386/imj.v7i2.458.
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Background: Some researchers have emphasised the need for more studies on vulvar cancers. The aim of our study is to describe the vulvar lesions identified in biopsies seen in our department over a five-year period to serve as baseline data for future studies. Methods: We conducted a five-year cross-sectional study on all vulva specimens received by the department of Morbid Anatomy and Forensic medicine at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. From the departmental records, we retrieved data on the patients' biodata, medical history, and vulva lesion diagnosis. Results: We recorded 15 vulva biopsies during the study period, with an age range of 13 to 80 years. Two cases were benign tumours, and two cases were inflammatory in nature. A case of a pre-malignant lesion was seen. Nine cases were malignant tumours, all of which are epithelial in origin. We saw two non-neoplastic lesions. These are acute on chronic inflammation and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Of the malignant tumours seen, five were well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), two were moderately differentiated SCC, and two were cases of verrucous carcinoma. One case of verrucous carcinoma and a well-differentiated SCC had a background HIV. Conclusion: Vulva lesions are rarely seen at our centre. The absence of preinvasive lesions in our study may be due to the late presentation of cases in clinics or the reluctance of gynaecologists to take biopsies of non-tumoral lesions of the vulva. HIV may be associated with an increased risk of HPV-related cancers.
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Eisenmann, David M., and Stuart K. Kim. "Protruding Vulva Mutants Identify Novel Loci and Wnt Signaling Factors That Function During Caenorhabditis elegans Vulva Development." Genetics 156, no. 3 (2000): 1097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.3.1097.
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Abstract The Caenorhabditis elegans vulva develops from the progeny of three vulval precursor cells (VPCs) induced to divide and differentiate by a signal from the somatic gonad. Evolutionarily conserved Ras and Notch extracellular signaling pathways are known to function during this process. To identify novel loci acting in vulval development, we carried out a genetic screen for mutants having a protruding-vulva (Pvl) mutant phenotype. Here we report the initial genetic characterization of several novel loci: bar-1, pvl-4, pvl-5, and pvl-6. In addition, on the basis of their Pvl phenotypes, we show that the previously identified genes lin-26, mom-3/mig-14, egl-18, and sem-4 also function during vulval development. Our characterization indicates that (1) pvl-4 and pvl-5 are required for generation/survival of the VPCs; (2) bar-1, mom-3/mig-14, egl-18, and sem-4 play a role in VPC fate specification; (3) lin-26 is required for proper VPC fate execution; and (4) pvl-6 acts during vulval morphogenesis. In addition, two of these genes, bar-1 and mom-3/mig-14, are known to function in processes regulated by Wnt signaling, suggesting that a Wnt signaling pathway is acting during vulval development.
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Shaw, Roberta, Kiran Masaun, James Liston, Christine Bates, and Emily Clarke. "Missed opportunities: misconceptions and lack of knowledge about vulval skin care in women attending a sexual health clinic." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 11 (2020): 1102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420945961.
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Vulval skin care is an important part of women’s health, and this evaluation aimed to explore vulval care among women attending our sexual health clinic. A questionnaire was completed by 135 women over a five-week period. Forty-three women (32%) washed their vulva two to three times a day, with 93 (69%) using a detergent-containing product. Thirty-eight women (28%) used sanitary products when not menstruating. Ninety-five women (70%) reported at least one previous vulvo-vaginal condition. One hundred and two women (76%) reported being confident in vulval care; however, 60 women (44%) wished to receive more information. The mismatch between women’s confidence and knowledge may reflect mixed sources of education used by women. We recommend that sexual health clinics review the information they provide to patients on vulval care.
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Dunaevska, V. V., and O. M. Savluk. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCLEROSING HULL OF THE VULVA IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE." Клінічна та профілактична медицина 1, no. 19 (2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.1(19).2022.07.
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Sclerosing lichen (SL) of the external genitalia is a chronic slowly progressive disease with pronounced focal atrophy of the skin of the perineum and visible mucous membranes of the vulva and has two main peaks of clinical manifestations: childhood and perimenopausal age. It is associated with an increased risk of developing vulvar cancer, even though it is not a malignancy in itself. The true precursor of SL-associated cancer is intraepithelial vulvar neoplasia (VIN). The diagnosis is usually clinical, but in some cases a biopsy may be performed, especially to rule out VIN or cancer. In this study, 180 patients with SL vulva were examined on the basis of two clinical bases (National Cancer Institute, MC "Verum"). After examining the patients, the diagnosis was made on the basis of examination, complaints, advanced biochemical blood test, detailed blood test, hormonal examination and ultrasound. In most cases, the diagnosis of SL vulva is clinical. As a result of a number of examinations of patients of reproductive age in patients with SL vulva, it was found that SL vulva is a consequence of thyroid disease (82.2%) of different types compared with patients in the control group (32.7%). The diagnosis of SL vulva was established in young patients mainly with AIT (48.6%) and with AIT accompanied by hypothyroidism or nodular thyroid disease (27%). When comparing the diagnostic findings of thyroid disease in patients with SL vulva and the control group, no significant differences were found. Therefore, timely detection of latent forms of AIT, hypothyroidism, nodular goiter, adequate treatment of thyroid dysfunction will allow to normalize changes in the reproductive system and prevent the formation of pathological lesions of the reproductive organs of women.
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Louvet-Vallée, Sophie, Irina Kolotuev, Benjamin Podbilewicz, and Marie-Anne Félix. "Control of Vulval Competence and Centering in the Nematode Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1." Genetics 163, no. 1 (2003): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.1.133.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract To compare vulva development mechanisms in the nematode Oscheius sp. 1 to those known in Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed a genetic screen for vulva mutants in Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1. Here we present one large category of mutations that we call cov, which affect the specification of the Pn.p ventral epidermal cells along the antero-posterior axis. The Pn.p cells are numbered from 1 to 12 from anterior to posterior. In wild-type Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1, the P(4-8).p cells are competent to form the vulva and the progeny of P(5-7).p actually form the vulva, with the descendants of P6.p adopting a central vulval fate. Among the 17 mutations (defining 13 genes) that we characterize here, group 1 mutations completely or partially abolish P(4-8).p competence, and this correlates with early fusion of the Pn.p cells to the epidermal syncytium. In this group, we found a putative null mutation in the lin-39 HOM-C homolog, the associated phenotype of which could be weakly mimicked by injection of a morpholino against Osp1-lin-39 in the mother’s germ line. Using cell ablation in a partially penetrant competence mutant, we show that vulval competence is partially controlled by a gonadal signal. Most other mutants found in the screen display phenotypes unknown in C. elegans. Group 2 mutants show a partial penetrance of Pn.p competence loss and an abnormal centering of the vulva on P5.p, suggesting that these two processes are coregulated by the same pathway in Oscheius sp. 1. Group 3 mutants display an enlarged competence group that includes P3.p, thus demonstrating the existence of a specific mechanism inhibiting P3.p competence. Group 4 mutants display an abnormal centering of the vulval pattern on P7.p and suggest that a specific mechanism centers the vulval pattern on a single Pn.p cell.
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RHEIMS, CRISTINA A. "Caayguara, a new genus of huntsman spiders from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Araneae: Sparassidae)." Zootaxa 2630, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2630.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Caayguara gen. nov. is described to include Olios albus Mello-Leitão, 1918 and eleven new species, namely Caayguara pinda sp. nov., from Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; C. juati sp. nov. and C. apiaba sp. nov., from Bahia, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo; C. ajuba sp. nov., from Bahia and Espírito Santo; C. cupepemassu sp. nov., from Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul; C. cupepemayri sp. nov. and C. atyaia sp. nov., from Rio de Janeiro; C. itajucamussi sp. nov., C. ybytyriguara sp. nov., C. poi sp. nov. and C. catuoca sp. nov., from São Paulo. The genus seems to be restricted to the Atlantic Forest biome and can be easily distinguished from other Neotropical huntsman genera by the presence of intermarginal denticles on the chelicerae, only two pairs of spines on ventral tibiae and one lateral spine on metatarsi I–II, by the male palps with RTA arising from medial to basal retrolateral tibiae and emboli with keels and projections, and by the female vulvae with the median part of copulatory ducts expanded, forming a sac-like structure, and the posterior part with several linearly arranged lobes. In addition, Olios albus is redescribed and the female described for the first time.
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Sharma-Kishore, R., J. G. White, E. Southgate, and B. Podbilewicz. "Formation of the vulva in Caenorhabditis elegans: a paradigm for organogenesis." Development 126, no. 4 (1999): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.4.691.
Full textAbstract:
The genes involved in the inductive interactions that specify cell fates in the vulva of Caenorhabditis elegans are known in some detail. However, little is known about the morphogenesis of this organ. Using a combination of cell biological and anatomical approaches, we have determined a complete morphogenetic pathway of cellular events that lead to the formation of the vulva. These events include reproducible cell divisions, migrations, remodeling of adherens junctions, cell fusions and muscle attachments. In the course of these events, an epithelial channel comprising a stack of 7 toroidal cells is formed that connects the internal epithelium of the uterus with the external body epithelium, forming the vulva. Vulval muscles attach to the epithelial channel and the whole structure everts during the final molt. The mature vulva has rotational, two-fold symmetry. Using laser microsurgery, we found that the two halves of the vulva develop autonomously.
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Nilsson, L., X. Li, T. Tiensuu, R. Auty, I. Greenwald, and S. Tuck. "Caenorhabditis elegans lin-25: cellular focus, protein expression and requirement for sur-2 during induction of vulval fates." Development 125, no. 23 (1998): 4809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.23.4809.
Full textAbstract:
Induction of vulval fates in the C. elegans hermaphrodite is mediated by a signal transduction pathway involving Ras and MAP kinase. Previous genetic analysis has suggested that two potential targets of this pathway in the vulva precursor cells are two novel proteins, LIN-25 and SUR-2. In this report, we describe further studies of lin-25. The results of a genetic mosaic analysis together with those of experiments in which lin-25 was expressed under the control of an heterologous promoter suggest that the major focus of lin-25 during vulva induction is the vulva precursor cells themselves. We have generated antisera to LIN-25 and used these to analyse the pattern of protein expression. LIN-25 is present in all six precursor cells prior to and during vulva induction but later becomes restricted to cells of the vulval lineages. Mutations in genes in the Ras/MAP kinase pathway do not affect the pattern of expression but the accumulation of LIN-25 is reduced in the absence of sur-2. Overexpression of LIN-25 does not rescue sur-2 mutant defects suggesting that LIN-25 and SUR-2 may function together. LIN-25 is also expressed in the lateral hypodermis. Overexpression of LIN-25 disrupts lateral hypodermal cell fusion, suggesting that lin-25 may play a role in regulating cell fusions in C. elegans.
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Austin, Publishing Group. "The Pedicled Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap for Vulva Reconstruction." Austin Journal of Clinical Case Reports 8, no. 2 (2021): 1196. https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjclincaserep.2021.1196.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pain, scar contracture and soft tissue defects are common late sequel of acne inversa and Fournier’s gangrene. Aesthetical as well as functional reconstruction of the external vulva and labia majora can be very challenging. We present two cases where a pedicled Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap for vulva reconstruction was implemented. In order to reconstruct both labia majora, we partially split the flap and raised a bilaterally pedicled DIEP flap. Many local flap techniques have been published on vulvar reconstruction. The aim of this paper is a discussion of the present literature and a review of current strategies for soft tissue restoration with the DIEP flap for vulva reconstruction. Wepresent and discuss two cases which were successfully reconstructed using the described surgical technique <strong>Keywords:</strong> Vulva reconstruction; Pedicled flap; Hemi-DIEP; DIEP flap; Fournier gangrene; Acne inversa
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Saravanamuthu, J., A. M. Seifalian, W. M. Reid, and A. B. Maclean. "A new technique to map vulva microcirculation using laser Doppler perfusion imager." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 6 (2003): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311000-00012.
Full textAbstract:
The location of the vulva has had limited technologic progress in the assessment of the skin microcirculation and its application to clinical practice. Our group previously demonstrated increased perfusion in vulvar cancer compared to adjacent uninvolved skin with the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The LDF is severely limited by its low spatial resolution (∼1 mm2) and pressure involved in positioning of the probe, which may affect value of the underlying tissue perfusion. Topographic perfusion mapping of the whole vulvar skin using LDF is also time consuming and is not clinically practical. We describe for the first time the application of the novel laser Doppler perfusion imager (LDPI) to map vulvar skin blood flow and give example in two cases with well-defined vulvar pathology—psoriasis and lichen sclerosus with invasive neoplasia—and discuss the potential of LDPI to study vulvar skin blood flow.
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Kienbaum, Katja, Gerhard Scholtz, and Carola Becker. "The morphology of the male and female reproductive system in two species of spider crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea) and the issue of the velum in majoid reproduction." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 75, no. 2 (2017): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.75.e31901.
Full textAbstract:
The reproductive system of spider crabs (Majoidea) has raised considerable interest due to the complexity of female sperm storage organs. In several majoid species, the seminal receptacle has been described as being divided into a dorsal storage chamber and a ventral fertilization chamber separated by a muscular velum. The velum is supposed to control the amount of sperm used for fertilization and to play an important role in sperm competition. Here, we present a study on the reproductive systems of the two majoid species, Mithraculus sculptus (Lamarck, 1818) and Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst, 1788) using various morphological techniques such as μCT scans and 3D-reconstructions, complemented by paraffin histology. The male gonopods of the herein investigated species are similar in their general morphology and in the presence and distribution of setae. The tubular first gonopod holding the ejaculatory canal is much longer than the short and stout second gonopod, which is supposed to function as a piston in the transport of sperm into the female ducts. The female reproductive system of M. sculptus and S. seticornis conforms to that of other Eubrachyura in possessing paired ovaries, oviducts, seminal receptacles, vaginae, and vulvae. Based on our 3D-reconstructions we demonstrate that there is no division of the seminal receptacle into two chambers separated by a velum. In contrast to this, we observed a spatially restricted invagination of the seminal receptacle. A comparison of our data with those of previous studies, allows for the conclusion that the invagination of the seminal receptacle may have been misinterpreted and mistaken for a velum by other authors. Thus, the division of the seminal receptacle into two chambers separated by a velum is a character which needs to be re-evaluated.
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Kienbaum, Katja, Gerhard Scholtz, and Carola Becker. "The morphology of the male and female reproductive system in two species of spider crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea) and the issue of the velum in majoid reproduction." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 75 (August 30, 2017): 245–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.75.e31901.
Full textAbstract:
The reproductive system of spider crabs (Majoidea) has raised considerable interest due to the complexity of female sperm storage organs. In several majoid species, the seminal receptacle has been described as being divided into a dorsal storage chamber and a ventral fertilization chamber separated by a muscular velum. The velum is supposed to control the amount of sperm used for fertilization and to play an important role in sperm competition. Here, we present a study on the reproductive systems of the two majoid species, Mithraculus sculptus (Lamarck, 1818) and Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst, 1788) using various morphological techniques such as μCT scans and 3D-reconstructions, complemented by paraffin histology. The male gonopods of the herein investigated species are similar in their general morphology and in the presence and distribution of setae. The tubular first gonopod holding the ejaculatory canal is much longer than the short and stout second gonopod, which is supposed to function as a piston in the transport of sperm into the female ducts. The female reproductive system of M. sculptus and S. seticornis conforms to that of other Eubrachyura in possessing paired ovaries, oviducts, seminal receptacles, vaginae, and vulvae. Based on our 3D-reconstructions we demonstrate that there is no division of the seminal receptacle into two chambers separated by a velum. In contrast to this, we observed a spatially restricted invagination of the seminal receptacle. A comparison of our data with those of previous studies, allows for the conclusion that the invagination of the seminal receptacle may have been misinterpreted and mistaken for a velum by other authors. Thus, the division of the seminal receptacle into two chambers separated by a velum is a character which needs to be re-evaluated.