Academic literature on the topic 'Two-word utterances three-word utterances'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two-word utterances three-word utterances"
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Smith, Mary R., Anne Cutler, Sally Butterfield, and Ian Nimmo-Smith. "The Perception of Rhythm and Word Boundaries in Noise-Masked Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 4 (1989): 912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3204.912.
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The present experiment tested the suggestion that human listeners may exploit durational information in speech to parse continuous utterances into words. Listeners were presented with six-syllable unpredictable utterances under noise-masking, and were required to judge between alternative word strings as to which best matched the rhythm of the masked utterances. For each utterance there were four alternative strings: (a) an exact rhythmic and word boundary match, (b) a rhythmic mismatch, and (c) two utterances with the same rhythm as the masked utterance, but different word boundary locations. Listeners were clearly able to perceive the rhythm of the masked utterances: The rhythmic mismatch was chosen significantly less often than any other alternative. Within the three rhythmically matched alternatives, the exact match was chosen significantly more often than either word boundary mismatch. Thus, listeners both perceived speech rhythm and used durational cues effectively to locate the position of word boundaries.
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Myers, Scott, and Jaye Padgett. "Domain generalisation in artificial language learning." Phonology 31, no. 3 (2014): 399–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000207.
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Many languages have restrictions on word-final segments, such as a requirement that any word-final obstruent be voiceless. There is a phonetic basis for such restrictions at the ends of utterances, but not the ends of words. Historical linguists have long noted this mismatch, and have attributed it to an analogical generalisation of such restrictions from utterance-final to word-final position. To test whether language learners actually generalise in this way, two artificial language learning experiments were conducted. Participants heard nonsense utterances in which there was a restriction on utterance-final obstruents, but in which no information was available about word-final utterance-medial obstruents. They were then tested on utterances that included obstruents in both positions. They learned the pattern and generalised it to word-final utterance-medial position, confirming that learners are biased toward word-based distributional patterns.
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LIEVEN, ELENA, HEIKE BEHRENS, JENNIFER SPEARES, and MICHAEL TOMASELLO. "Early syntactic creativity: a usage-based approach." Journal of Child Language 30, no. 2 (2003): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000903005592.
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The aim of the current study was to determine the degree to which a sample of one child's creative utterances related to utterances that the child previously produced. The utterances to be accounted for were all of the intelligible, multi-word utterances produced by the child in a single hour of interaction with her mother early in her third year of life (at age 2;1.11). We used a high-density database consisting of 5 hours of recordings per week together with a maternal diary for the previous 6 weeks. Of the 295 multi-word utterances on tape, 37% were ‘novel’ in the sense that they had not been said in their entirety before. Using a morpheme-matching method, we identified the way(s) in which each novel utterance differed from its closest match in the preceding corpus. In 74% of the cases we required only one operation to match the previous utterance and the great majority of these consisted of the substitution of a word (usually a noun) into a previous utterance or schema. Almost all the other single-operation utterances involved adding a word onto the beginning or end of a previous utterance. 26% of the novel, multi-word utterances required more than one operation to match the closest previous utterance, although many of these only involved a combination of the two operations seen for the single-operation utterances. Some others were, however, more complex to match. The results suggest that the relatively high degree of creativity in early English child language could be at least partially based upon entrenched schemas and a small number of simple operations to modify them. We discuss the implications of these results for the interplay in language production between strings registered in memory and categorial knowledge.
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Takasuka, Naoto. "Early Two-Word Utterances in Autistic Children." Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica. Suppl. 1992, Supplement59 (1992): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl1986.1992.supplement59_116.
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Drienkó, László. "Word-based largest chunks for Agreement Groups processing: Cross-linguistic observations." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 6 (December 30, 2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.11831.
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The present study reports results from a series of computer experiments seeking to combine word-based Largest Chunk (LCh) segmentation and Agreement Groups (AG) sequence processing. The AG model is based on groups of similar utterances that enable combinatorial mapping of novel utterances. LCh segmentation is concerned with cognitive text segmentation, i.e. with detecting word boundaries in a sequence of linguistic symbols. Our observations are based on the text of Le petit prince (The little prince) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in three languages: French, English, and Hungarian. The data suggest that word-based LCh segmentation is not very efficient with respect to utterance boundaries, however, it can provide useful word combinations for AG processing. Typological differences between the languages are also reflected in the results.
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Kwong, S., Q. H. He, K. F. Man, K. S. Tang, and C. W. Chau. "Parallel Genetic-Based Hybrid Pattern Matching Algorithm for Isolated Word Recognition." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 12, no. 05 (1998): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001498000348.
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Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a common technique widely used for nonlinear time normalization of different utterances in many speech recognition systems. Two major problems are usually encountered when the DTW is applied for recognizing speech utterances: (i) the normalization factors used in a warping path; and (ii) finding the K-best warping paths. Although DTW is modified to compute multiple warping paths by using the Tree-Trellis Search (TTS) algorithm, the use of actual normalization factor still remains a major problem for the DTW. In this paper, a Parallel Genetic Time Warping (PGTW) is proposed to solve the above said problems. A database extracted from the TIMIT speech database of 95 isolated words is set up for evaluating the performance of the PGTW. In the database, each of the first 15 words had 70 different utterances, and the remaining 80 words had only one utterance. For each of the 15 words, one utterance is arbitrarily selected as the test template for recognition. Distance measure for each test template to the utterances of the same word and to those of the 80 words is calculated with three different time warping algorithms: TTS, PGTW and Sequential Genetic Time Warping (SGTW). A Normal Distribution Model based on Rabiner23 is used to evaluate the performance of the three algorithms analytically. The analyzed results showed that the PGTW had performed better than the TTS. It also showed that the PGTW had very similar results as the SGTW, but about 30% CPU time is saved in the single processor system.
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DEUCHAR, MARGARET, and SUZANNE QUAY. "One vs. two systems in early bilingual syntax: Two versions of the question." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 3 (1998): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000376.
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This paper identifies two versions of the question as to whether there is a single initial system in the syntax of developing bilinguals. Version 1 asks whether there are early mixed utterances, and if so, attributes this to a single initial system. Version 2 asks whether the utterances containing words from one of the child's languages exhibit the same syntax as the utterances containing words from the child's other language. We argue with reference to our own data (from an English-Spanish bilingual from ages 1;7 to 1;9) that Version 1 is not tenable because of the paucity of lexical resources when the child begins to produce two-word utterances. However, we argue that the early two-word utterances in our data do seem to exhibit a single rudimentary syntax, based on a predicate-argument structure found in all utterance types, mixed and non-mixed. We then argue in relation to Version 2 of the question, that it can only be answered once the child's utterances can be identified as language-specific in the two languages, and that this is not possible before the emergence of morphological marking. This is illustrated by an analysis of our data from ages 1;8 to 2;3. We argue that language-specific morphology allows us to identify the language of the utterances in our data and to see evidence for the appearance of two differentiated morphosyntactic systems.
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Bazan, Bartolo. "The Construction and Validation of a New Listening Span Task." Shiken 25.1 25, no. 1 (2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.teval25.1-4.
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The listening span task is a measure of working memory that requires participants to process sets of increasing numbers of utterances and store the last word of each utterance for recall at the end of each set. Measures to date have contained an exceedingly demanding processing component, possibly leading to insufficient resources to meet the word recall requirement, which may have affected the sensitivity of the measure to distinguish different levels of working memory. Further, tasks thus far have asked participants to verify the content utterances based on knowledge, which may have confounded the measurement of working memory capacity with world knowledge. An additional weakness is that they lack sound psychometric construct validity evidence, which clouds what these tools actually measure. This pilot study presents a listening span task that accounts for preceding methodological shortcomings, which was administered to 31 Japanese junior high school students. The participants listened to ten sets (two sets of equal length of two, three, four, five and six utterances) of short casual utterances, judged whether they made sense in Japanese, and recalled the last word of each utterance in the set. Performance was assessed through a scoring procedure new to listening span tasks in which credit is given for the words recalled in order of appearance until memory failure. The data was analyzed through the Rasch model, which produces evidence for different aspects of validity and indicates if the items in a test measure a unidimensional construct. The results provided validity evidence for the use of the new listening span task and revealed that the instrument measured a single unidimensional construct.
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Bazan, Bartolo. "The Construction and Validation of a New Listening Span Task." Shiken 25.1 25, no. 1 (2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.teval25.1-4.
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The listening span task is a measure of working memory that requires participants to process sets of increasing numbers of utterances and store the last word of each utterance for recall at the end of each set. Measures to date have contained an exceedingly demanding processing component, possibly leading to insufficient resources to meet the word recall requirement, which may have affected the sensitivity of the measure to distinguish different levels of working memory. Further, tasks thus far have asked participants to verify the content utterances based on knowledge, which may have confounded the measurement of working memory capacity with world knowledge. An additional weakness is that they lack sound psychometric construct validity evidence, which clouds what these tools actually measure. This pilot study presents a listening span task that accounts for preceding methodological shortcomings, which was administered to 31 Japanese junior high school students. The participants listened to ten sets (two sets of equal length of two, three, four, five and six utterances) of short casual utterances, judged whether they made sense in Japanese, and recalled the last word of each utterance in the set. Performance was assessed through a scoring procedure new to listening span tasks in which credit is given for the words recalled in order of appearance until memory failure. The data was analyzed through the Rasch model, which produces evidence for different aspects of validity and indicates if the items in a test measure a unidimensional construct. The results provided validity evidence for the use of the new listening span task and revealed that the instrument measured a single unidimensional construct.
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CAINES, Andrew, Emma ALTMANN-RICHER, and Paula BUTTERY. "The cross-linguistic performance of word segmentation models over time." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 6 (2019): 1169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000485.
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AbstractWe select three word segmentation models with psycholinguistic foundations – transitional probabilities, the diphone-based segmenter, and PUDDLE – which track phoneme co-occurrence and positional frequencies in input strings, and in the case of PUDDLE build lexical and diphone inventories. The models are evaluated on caregiver utterances in 132 CHILDES corpora representing 28 languages and 11.9 m words. PUDDLE shows the best performance overall, albeit with wide cross-linguistic variation. We explore the reasons for this variation, fitting regression models to performance scores with linguistic properties which capture lexico-phonological characteristics of the input: word length, utterance length, diversity in the lexicon, the frequency of one-word utterances, the regularity of phoneme patterns at word boundaries, and the distribution of diphones in each language. These properties together explain four-tenths of the observed variation in segmentation performance, a strong outcome and a solid foundation for studying further variables which make the segmentation task difficult.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-word utterances three-word utterances"
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Hedberg, Amanda, and Sara Löfstrand. "Språkscreening med Westerlunds 3-årsmetod vid 2 ½ års ålder : En utvärdering med inriktning på tillägnandet av treordssatser." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Logopedi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-313559.
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In 2015 a new national Child Health Care Program was introduced in Uppsala County, Sweden. Due to this, the Child Health Center’s speech-language screening for 3-year old’s was moved to 2½ years. The same method of screening - ‘Westerlunds 3-årsmetod’ - is maintained, though there have been a few changes. The children are only expected to use two-word utterances for a passable result, contrary to the earlier requirement for three-word utterances. The absence of three-word utterances now means a follow-up at the age of three. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the part in “Westerlunds 3-årsmetod” which examines length of utterances, by examining if the absence of three-word utterances could be used as an indicator for language difficulties and whether a postponement of the screening (with approximately a month) could ensue in fewer children being called for a follow-up. The participants were recruited through mail to families with children just above the age for the 2½ year speech-language screening. It proved difficult to find participants for the study with the chosen recruitment method and on that account an additional recruitment was implemented. Despite that, none of the possible participants met all the inclusion criteria in the end, which meant that the prospective analyses could not be performed and therefore the research questions could not be entirely answered. A choice was made to analyze the already collected data, meaning that the entire group of children screened in the right age range (2:6-2:9) were examined. The group consisted of 26 children, 14 girls and 12 boys. The average age was 2:6 years (min: 2:6, max: 2:8). Of these 8% (2 children) were not using three-word utterances, although they also had other difficulties. Based on this group vague indications could be seen suggesting that a connection between age and the time of screening does not exist. Most of the children, 95%, screened at the age of 2:6 years passed the screening without remarks. Furthermore, it turned out that some children were screened as early as 2:5 with passable results. Consequently, no data in this study supports the notion that a postponement of the screening would result in fewer follow-ups. It should be noted that due to insufficient data no clear conclusions can be drawn.<br>År 2015 infördes det nya nationella barnhälsovårdsprogrammet i Uppsala. Det resulterade i en förflyttning av språkscreeningen på barnavårdscentralen (BVC), från 3 års ålder till 2 ½ år. Samma screeningmetod - Westerlunds 3-årsmetod - används fortfarande, med vissa mindre ändringar. En förändring som skett i och med förflyttningen är att barnen vid 2 ½ år inte längre förväntas tala i treordssatser för godkänt resultat. Istället räcker det att barnen använder tvåordssatser. Avsaknad av treordssatser vid screeningen innebär dock en uppföljning av språkutvecklingen vid 3 år. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera hur delmomentet Språkanvändning (som undersöker satslängd) i screeningmetoden fungerar vid 2 ½ års ålder. Detta för att undersöka om avsaknad av treordssatser vid 2 ½ år kan vara en indikation för språkliga svårigheter samt om en senareläggning av screeningen (med någon månad) kan bidra till att färre barn behöver följas upp. Deltagare rekryterades genom brevutskick till familjer med barn som nyligen passerat åldern för 2 ½ -årsscreening på BVC. Det visade sig vara svårt att hitta deltagare till studien med den valda metoden, därav genomfördes en kompletterande rekrytering. Efter fullgjord rekrytering framkom det ändå att ingen av de möjliga deltagarna uppfyllde alla studiens inklusionskriterier, vilket medförde att de tilltänkta analyserna inte kunde genomföras och frågeställningarna inte kunde besvaras. På grund av detta gjordes valet att titta på alla barn som screenats i rätt åldersintervall (2:6 - 2:9 år). Därmed undersöktes 26 barn (14 flickor och 12 pojkar, ålder 2:6 – 2:8 år, medelålder 2:6 år). Av dem var det 8 % (2 barn) som inte talade i treordssatser, dock i kombination med andra svårigheter. Utifrån dessa 26 barn kunde vissa indikationer ses som tyder på att ett samband mellan ålder på barnet och tidpunkt för screening inte existerar. Majoriteten, 95 %, av barnen som screenades vid 2:6 år klarade den helt utan anmärkning. Det visade sig även att ett antal barn screenats så tidigt som vid 2:5 år och ändå presterat utan anmärkning. Därmed ses ingen data i den här studien tala för att en senareläggning av screeningen skulle medföra att färre barn kallas för uppföljning. På grund av bristande data bör det dock påpekas att inga faktiska slutsatser kan dras utifrån den här studien.
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Shoaf, Lisa Contos. "The contribution of phonotactic and lexical information in the segmentation of multi-word utterances." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1028727910.
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Walker, Katie Lynn. "Modeling Children's Organization of Utterances Using Statistical Information from Adult Language Input." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7378.
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Previous computerized models of child language acquisition have sought to determine how children acquire grammatical word categories (GWCs). The current study seeks to determine if statistical structure can be corroborated as a factor in GWC acquisition. Previous studies examining statistical structure have dealt with word order rather than GWC order and only examined an overall success rate. The present study examines how well a computer model of child acquisition of GWCs was able to reorganize scrambled sentences back into the correct GWC order using transitional probabilities extracted from adult language input. Overall, a 50% success rate was obtained, but when broken down by utterance length, utterances up to eight words in length had a success rate much higher than chance. Thus, it is likely that statistical structure informs children's acquisition of GWCs.
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Goursaud, Bastien. "Du spoken word à la parole publique : inscrire la performance dans la poésie britannique contemporaine." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL132.
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Depuis les années 1980, la poésie britannique contemporaine se caractérise par l’émergence de voix minoritaires et la diversité des formes et des pratiques. Cette expansion de la carte poétique est souvent lue à l’aune de ce que Sean O’Brien a décrit comme une dérégulation, en référence aux changements politiques et sociaux qui ont affecté la société britannique depuis le thatchérisme. Cette thèse se propose d’examiner un facteur essentiel de ce phénomène, à savoir la centralité accrue d’une conception du poème comme parole publique. En s’appuyant sur un corpus de poètes présentant des voix minoritaires ou invisibilisées, à mi-chemin entre la poésie spoken word et d’autres pratiques de performance, elle souligne que le pluralisme poétique est le fruit d’une pluralisation du poème même. Le texte poétique se transforme sur d’autres médiums et d’autres formes artistiques (musiques populaires, cinéma, peinture), permettant un décentrement et une remise en question de toute forme de centralité. Le poème hors du livre devient un geste à la fois esthétique et politique. La figure publique du poète que construisent les œuvres est un jeu de masques qui tente de défaire les assignations, entre fiction et parole lyrique. Le poème comme parole publique problématise le rapport du corps au texte en performance, mais aussi la matérialité du poème sur la page. Ce faisant, il interroge donc nos modes de réception de la poésie contemporaine. De même, le rapport structurel de cette poésie à la présence d’une communauté durant la performance suppose d’envisager des figures du commun et de la parole collective malgré la multiplication, voire l’éclatement, du poème sur une pluralité de médiums<br>Since the 1980s, contemporary British poetry has been characterized by the emergence of minority voices and a diversity of forms and practices. That expansion of the poetic map is often read through what Sean O’Brien called a deregulation, in reference to the social and political changes which have influenced British society since Thatcherism. This thesis looks at a central aspect of that phenomenon: the development of a conception of the poem as public utterance. By focusing on a range of poets representing minority backgrounds or unheard voices and working across spoken word poetry and other types of performance poetry, it demonstrates that poetic diversity is the result of a pluralization of the poem itself. Poems are transformed by other mediums and by exchanges with other art forms (popular music, cinema, painting) which in turn questions hierarchies and dominant poetic forms. Poetry off the page becomes both an aesthetic and political experiment. The poet’s public figure constructed by the poems is an elusive mask which oscillates between fiction and lyrical poetry. The poem as public utterance interrogates the relationship of the body to the text in performance, as well as the materiality of the poem on the page. In so doing, it also questions the way contemporary poetry is received and discussed. Similarly, in spite of the multiplication or atomization of the poem on several mediums, the structural relationship of this type of poetry with the presence of a community in performance creates representations of the community and collective utterance
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Sacoman, Kelly Cristina Bognar. "Eventos de produção de texto em sala de aula: em busca do primado da palavra outra." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5754.
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-11<br>This work is an investigation about the texts productions written by children of the second year of elementary school in a public school located in the city of Bauru, in order to seek in the process of construction of the sense of the texts the singularities that point to the relation of the word itself with the word another. To this end, we based ourselves on the theory and design of language of Mikhail Bakhtin, as well as on the ponziana and geraldiana theories with respect to the enunciative treaty of language. In this context, we aimed to understand how occurred the literacy process in what circumscribes the practices of texts production and reading, as well as investigate the conceptions of subject that underlie the different practices of reading and writing in literacy. In addition, we conceive the production practice of written text as a discursive activity that correlates sense (implied) and situation (life) in a unique and singular event. We had as goal, also, think about the senses and subject formation processes in the production of language. With basis on the investigative principles of indiciary paradigm and the methodological reflections in Bakhtin Humanities, we try to highlight in a written narrative production, namely, the children's tale Little Red Riding Hood, how the child assumes a active responsive position on its re-telling. In the narrated discourse there are displacement movements that point to a emotive-valuation work, in which stands out the uniqueness of the child; in the meeting between reported word and word that reports, the child's production is characterized as a translation work.<br>Este trabalho é uma investigação acerca das produções de textos escritos por crianças do 2° ano do Ensino Fundamental, de uma escola pública do município de Bauru, tendo em vista buscar, no processo de construção do sentido dos textos, as singularidades que apontam para a relação palavra própria com a palavra outra. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos na teoria e concepção de linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, bem como nas teorias ponziana e geraldiana no que tange ao tratado enunciativo da linguagem. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se compreender como se deu o processo de alfabetização no que circunscreve as práticas de produção e leitura de textos, bem como investigar as concepções de sujeito que subjazem as diferentes práticas de leitura e escrita na alfabetização. Além disso, conceber a prática de produção de texto escrito como atividade discursiva, que correlaciona sentido (subentendido) e situação (vida) em um evento único e singular. Foi objetivado, ainda, refletir sobre os processos de constituição de sentidos e sujeito na produção da linguagem. Com base nos princípios investigativos do paradigma indiciário e nas reflexões metodológicas em ciências humanas bakhtinianas, procuramos evidenciar em uma produção escrita de narrativa, a saber, o conto infantil Chapeuzinho Vermelho, o modo como a criança assume uma posição responsiva ativa no seu reconto. No discurso narrado há movimentos de deslocamento que apontam para um trabalho emotivo-valorativo, em que sobressai a singularidade da criança; no encontro entre palavra reportada e palavra que reporta a produção da criança se caracteriza como um trabalho de tradução.
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Sörensen, Susanne. "Five English Verbs : A Comparison between Dictionary meanings and Meanings in Corpus collocations." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-6091.
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In Norstedts Comprehensive English-Swedish Dictionary (2000) it is said that the numbered list of senses under each headword is frequency ordered. Thus, the aim of this study is to see whether this frequency order of senses agrees with the frequencies appearing in the British National Corpus (BNC). Five English, polysemous verbs were studied. For each verb, a simple search in the corpus was carried out, displaying 50 random occurrences. Each collocate was encoded with the most compatible sense from the numbered list of senses in the dictionary. The encoded tokens were compiled and listed in frequency order. This list was compared to the dictionary's list of senses. Only two of the verbs reached agreement between the highest ranked dictionary sense and the most frequent sense in the BNC simple search. None of the verbs' dictionary orders agreed completely with the emerged frequency order of the corpus occurrences, why complementary collocational learning is advocated.
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Park, Young-Ok. "L'ordre des éléments de la phrase en coréen : esquisse de syntaxe énonciative." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL3001/document.
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L’enjeu de la présente étude est de montrer que l'ordre des mots acquiert un rôle métalinguistique important dans le système des opérations internes de la langue : il connote la manière de penser le monde phénoménal. Pour cette étude sur le coréen, la théorie que nous avons choisie est la systématique énonciative. Cette théorie met en œuvre une analyse qui ne sépare pas le Discours des conditions linguistiques de sa production. Dépassant le cadre d’une systématique des langues, elle rappelle qu’un énoncé n'est jamais isolé du contexte linguistique et situationnel où se trouve le sujet parlant. Nous commencerons par l’observation de l'énoncé fondamental, afin de dégager ses unités constitutives fonctionnelles ; en d’autres termes, nous adopterons la démarche sémasiologique, mais à partir des conditions d'énonciation et de la situation de production de l'énoncé. Nous examinerons ensuite l'ordre interne des éléments de l'unité constitutive fonctionnelle, qui relève aussi bien du domaine morpho-syntaxique que sémantique. Nous verrons que l’ordre à l’intérieur du syntagme et le choix du mot formel en coréen constituent un mécanisme majeur de la syntaxe coréenne, mécanisme qui dépend de la visée d’effet du locuteur. Si chaque langue a sa manière d’organiser les éléments au sein d’une unité donnée, c’est que chaque langue analyse à sa façon la perception du monde expérientiel. Quel est alors l’ordre prescrit par le système linguistique du coréen, au niveau du mot, du syntagme et de la phrase ? Quelle est la liberté de manœuvre du locuteur au moment de la construction de la phrase dans l’acte de langage ? C’est à ces deux questions que ce travail a tenté d’apporter une réponse. La présente étude comporte quatre parties. La première partie propose d’examiner la structure de l’énoncé : de l’énoncé au syntagme. La deuxième partie explique la disposition des constituants dans l’énoncé. La troisième partie étudie l’ordre des éléments au sein du syntagme nominal, en fonction de la place du déterminant. Cela concerne la logique combinatoire du mot matériel et du mot formel qui relève essentiellement de la syntaxe interne d’une unité constitutive fonctionnelle de l'énoncé. Enfin, la quatrième partie se consacre à une syntaxe de l’adverbe, basée sur sa mobilité au sein de l’énoncé, mobilité qui affecte l’incidence adverbiale<br>The aim of this study is to show how, in deep structure operations, word order in Korean takes on an important metalinguistic dimension, affecting the way the speakers see the world. Guillaume's psycho-mechanical theory, insofar as it does not cut off the speech act from the speaker and the context of communication is particularly well-equipped to examine this question.The study starts with the identification of the immediate constituents of the simple sentence in Korean (semasiological approach). Next, with a view to highlighting the morpho-syntactical and semantic organization of the language, the variations in meaning obtained by the different internal ordering of each functional constituent unit is examined at word level, at phrase level and at sentence level. To what extent is the speaker free to choose the order in which he arranges the elements of the sentence he instantiates in the speech act? These are just some of the questions that this study tries to answer. This study comprises four parts. The first examines the structure of Korean sentence: from the sentence to the phrase. The second focuses on the disposition of sentence constituents. The third part investigates the order of the constituents within the noun phrase, comparing relative positions of the determinant in the phrase. This relates to the rules governing the combination of lexical words and grammatical words; this sheds light on the internal syntax of each functional constituent of the utterance. Finally, the last part is devoted to syntax of the adverb, based on its mobility and the way that position affects adverbial incidence
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Hadji, Moradlou Sara. "Early child grammars." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/HADJI_MORADLOU_Sara_va2.pdf.
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Cette thèse combine le travail sur corpus, la spécification formelle et l'investigation expérimentale, pour caractériser les étapes initiales de l'apprentissage des langues - l'étape mono-mot. Dans la première moitié de cette thèse, nous développons une taxonomie des énoncés d'un mot en nous inspirant de travaux sur les Énoncés non phrastiques des adultes et d'études antérieures sur la pragmatique du langage des jeunes enfants. Nous fournissons des descriptions formelles pour les types de notre taxonomie qui permettent de représenter le contenu sémantique des énoncés d'un seul mot en utilisant les mêmes outils que ceux utilisés dans les grammaires pour adultes. Comme dans les énoncés non phrastiques de l'adulte, la signification des énoncés d'un seul mot de l'enfant repose fortement sur des éléments contextuels. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous examinons de plus près les interactions questions--réponses. Nous décrivons la structure dialogique de ces interactions parent-enfant et donnons une théorie sur la façon dont le sens des questions peut être appris de façon interactive. Nous comparons ensuite l'émergence des réponses aux questions partielles (wh-questions en anglais: où, quoi, qui, etc.) et questions totales (polar questions en anglais, les questions dont la réponse est oui ou non), à l'aide d'études de corpus et d'expériences de lecture de livres partagés en allemand et en mandarin. Nous montrons qu'une sous-catégorie de questions partielles émerge (en tant que réponses) avant les questions totales, et discutons des facteurs contribuant à cette conclusion contre-intuitive, à la lumière de nos propositions antérieures fortement dépendantes du contexte sur la façon dont les significations des questions sont acquises<br>This thesis combines corpus work, formal specification, and experimental investigation, to characterize the beginning stages of language learning---the single-word stage. In the first half of this thesis, we develop a taxonomy of one word utterances drawing inspiration from work on adult non-sentential utterances, and previous studies of early child language pragmatics. We provide formal descriptions for the types in our taxonomy that allow representation of semantic content of single-word utterances using the same tools employed in adult grammars. As in adult non-sentential utterances, meaning in children's one-word utterances relies heavily on contextual elements. In the second half of the thesis, we take a closer look at question--answer interactions. We describe the dialogical structure of such parent--child interactions, and provide a theory of how question meanings might be learned interactively. We then compare emergence of answers to wh- and polar questions, using corpus studies, and shared book reading experiments in German and Mandarin. We show that a subclass of wh-questions emerge (as answerable) before polar questions, and discuss factors contributing to this counter-intuitive finding, in light of our earlier heavily context-dependent proposals for how question meanings are acquired
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Wang, Yu-Hsuan, and 王育軒. "Segmental Audio Word2Vec: Representing Utterances as Sequences of Audio Word Vectors." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3zy3z6.
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Hsieh, Li-Chin, and 謝莉卿. "Word-learning strategies and mean length of utterances in Mandarin-English bilingual children." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70577804085839889263.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>幼兒保育系碩士班<br>93<br>In this study, we set three experiments on detecting Mandarin-English bilingual children and monolingual children’s use of word-learning strategies and mean length of utterances. In these experiments, we use 4-year-old and 6-year-old Mandarin-English bilingual and Mandarin monolinguals children to discuss these experiments. In the first experiment, we focus on the mutual exclusivity constraint across children’s word-learning and compare the different performance between two groups of children. We found that both monolinguals and bilingual children would choose the referent objects correctly when different language inputs and 6-year-old children tendency stronger to use the mutual exclusivity constraint than 4-year-old children. In the second experiment, we add social context in a sentence to investigate whether influence inference of the word-meaning in monolinguals and bilingual or not. We found that both monolinguals and bilingual children would choose the referent objects correctly when they encountered stronger referential intention. These results show that Mandarin-English bilingual and Mandarin monolinguals children would adopt both the mutual exclusivity constraint and social-pragmatic cues to interpret the meanings of new words. In the final experiment, we show picture to children and to detecting children’s mean length of utterances. Results indicate that performance of speech productivity in 6-year-old children are better then 4-year-old and 4-year-old Mandarin-English bilingual children’s MLU are better than 4-year-old Mandarin children’s, but 6-year-old Mandarin children’s MLU are better than 6-year-old Mandarin-English bilingual children''s.
Books on the topic "Two-word utterances three-word utterances"
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Siemon, James R. Word against word: Shakespearean utterance. University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.
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Word against word: Shakespearean utterance. University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.
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The last word: A sparkling collection of put-downs, epitaphs, final utterances, touching tributes and damining dismissals. Warner, 1995.
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Sinden, Donald. The last word: A sparkling collection of put-downs, epitaphs, final utterances, touching tributes and damning dismissals. Robson Books, 1993.
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The last word: A sparkling collection of put-downs, epitaphs, final utterances, touching tributes and damning dismissals. Robson Books, 1994.
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Goyet, Louise, Séverine Millotte, Anne Christophe, and Thierry Nazzi. Processing Continuous Speech in Infancy. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.8.
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The present chapter focuses on fluent speech segmentation abilities in early language development. We first review studies exploring the early use of major prosodic boundary cues which allow infants to cut full utterances into smaller-sized sequences like clauses or phrases. We then summarize studies showing that word segmentation abilities emerge around 8 months, and rely on infants’ processing of various bottom-up word boundary cues and top-down known word recognition cues. Given that most of these cues are specific to the language infants are acquiring, we emphasize how the development of these abilities varies cross-linguistically, and explore their developmental origin. In particular, we focus on two cues that might allow bootstrapping of these abilities: transitional probabilities and rhythmic units.
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Wagner, Michael. Information Structure and Production Planning. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.39.
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Utterances are planned and realized incrementally. Which information is salient or attended to prior to initiating an utterance has influences on choices in argument structure and word order, and affects the prosodic prominence of the constituents involved. Many phenomena that the linguistic literature usually treats as reflexes of the grammatical encoding of information structure, such as the early ordering of topics, or the prosodic reduction of old information, are treated in the production literature as a consequence of how contextual salience interacts with production planning. This article reviews information structural effects that arise as a consequence of how syntactic and phonological information is incrementally encoded in the production process, and how we can tell these effects apart from grammatically encoded aspects of information structure that form part of the message.
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Cobbing, Bob, Lawrence Upton, and Ro Sheppard. Word Score Utterance Choreography: In Verbal and Visual Poetry. Writers' Forum, 1999.
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Ridouane, Rachid, and Pierre A. Hallé. Word-initial geminates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0004.
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This study investigates the relationship between the production and perception of word-initial gemination in stops and fricatives in Tashlhiyt Berber. Gemination in this language is primarily implemented through longer duration, even for utterance-initial voiceless stops. This timing information is sufficient for native listeners to identify geminate fricatives and voiced stops and distinguish them from their singleton counterparts. For voiceless stops, however, native listeners’ discrimination performance is only slightly above chance level. Native speakers can thus encode a phonemic contrast at the articulatory level and yet be unable to fully decode it at the perceptual level. Implications of these results for the general issue of phonological representation of gemination are briefly discussed.
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Sinden, Donald. The Last Word: A Sparkling Collection of Put-Downs, Epitphs, Final Utterances, Touching Tributes and Damning Dismissals. Robson Books, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Two-word utterances three-word utterances"
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Lleó, Conxita, and Martin Rakow. "The prosody of early two-word utterances by German and Spanish monolingual and bilingual children." In Interfaces in Multilingualism. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.4.02lle.
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Rose, Richard C. "Word Spotting from Continuous Speech Utterances." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1367-0_13.
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Corballis, Michael C. "The word according to Adam." In From Gesture in Conversation to Visible Action as Utterance. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.188.09cor.
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Isomura, Naoki, Fujio Toriumi, and Kenichiro Ishii. "Statistical Utterance Selection Using Word Co-occurrence for a Dialogue Agent." In Principles of Practice in Multi-Agent Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11161-7_5.
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Jackson-Maldonado, Donna, and Barbara T. Conboy. "Chapter 11. Utterance Length Measures for Spanish-speaking Toddlers: The Morpheme versus Word Issue Revisited." In Communication Disorders in Spanish Speakers, edited by José G. Centeno, Raquel T. Anderson, and Loraine K. Obler. Multilingual Matters, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781853599736-014.
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Dynel, Marta. "When Both Utterances and Appearances are Deceptive: Deception in Multimodal Film Narrative." In Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56696-8_12.
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AbstractThis article gives a comprehensive theoretical account of deception in multimodal film narrative in the light of the pragmatics of film discourse, the cognitive philosophy of film, multimodal analysis, studies of fictional narrative and – last but not least – the philosophy of lying and deception. Critically addressing the extant literature, a range or pertinent notions and issues are examined: multimodality, film narration and the status of the cinematic narrator, the pragmatics of film construction (notably, the characters’ communicative level and the one of the collective sender and the recipient), the fictional world and its truth, the recipient’s film engagement and make believing, as well as narrative unreliability. Previous accounts of deceptive films are revisited and three main types of film deception are proposed with regard to the two levels of communication on which it materialises, the characters’ level and the recipient’s level, as well as the intradiegetic and/or the extradiegetic narrator involved. This discussion is illustrated with multimodally transcribed examples of deception extracted from the American television seriesHouse.In the course of the analysis, attention is paid to how specific types of deception detailed in the philosophy of language (notably, lies, deceptive implicature, withholding information, covert ambiguity, and covert irrelevance) are deployed through multimodal means in the three types of film deception (extradiegetic deception, intradiegetic deception, and a combination of both when performed by both cinematic and intradiegetic narrators). Finally, inspired by the discussion of Hitchcock’s controversial lying flashback scene inStage Fright, as well as films relying on tacit intradiegetic, unreliable narrators (focalising characters) an attempt is made to answer the thorny question of when the extradiegetic (cinematic) narrator can perform lies (through mendacious multimodal assertions) addressed by the collective sender to the recipient, and not just only other forms of deception, as is commonly maintained.
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Wan, I. Ping, and Marc Allassonnière-Tang. "The Effect of Word Frequency and Position-in-Utterance in Mandarin Speech Errors: A Connectionist Model of Speech Production." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81197-6_42.
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Matthews, P. H. "Parts of utterances and their constructions." In What Graeco-Roman Grammar Was About. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830115.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on syntax. The term suntaxis was a compound with the meaning of ‘arrangement together’, which referred, in the context of language, to the arrangement of words in utterances. To study how they were arranged together was to study the connections between one part and another within utterances as wholes. The noun and verb are essential for the completion of an utterance. Others are successively related to them: a pronoun, for example, is a word that can be substituted, with the same role in an utterance, for a noun. The list of the parts of an utterance ended with the conjunction, which is a type of word that can join any of the others. Another type of word includes forms of two different parts of an utterance. These are the interrogatives, which are rationally either ‘nominal’ or ‘adverbial’.
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Smith, Ronnie W., and D. Richard Hipp. "Experimental Results." In Spoken Natural Language Dialog Systems. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091878.003.0009.
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One of the main goals of this research was to develop a computational model that could be implemented and tested. Testing could serve at least two purposes: (1) Demonstrate the viability of the Missing Axiom Theory for dialog processing; and (2) Determine the ways that varying levels of dialog control influence the interaction between user and computer. Consequently, an experiment involving use of the system was constructed to test the effects of different levels of dialog control. The format and results of this experiment are reported in this chapter. The following hypotheses are proposed as performance differences by users as they gain experience and have the initiative. • Task completion time will decrease. • The number of utterances per dialog will decrease. • The percentage of “non-trivial” utterances will increase (a nontrivial utterance is any utterance longer than one word). • The average length of a non-trivial utterance will increase. • The rate of speech (number of utterances per minute) will decrease. These hypotheses are consistent with the intuition that as the user has more initiative, the user will put more thought into the process, reducing the rate of interaction. In addition, it is expected that when the user has more initiative, there would be an attempt to convey more detailed information in each non-trivial utterance. Finally, it is also believed that increased user initiative will be more helpful when the user gains experience and has more knowledge about performing the task independent of computer guidance. Two graduate students in computer science volunteered to use the system. Each subject received about 75 minutes of training on the speech recognizer with the 125 word vocabulary. The subjects then participated in three sessions on differing days. Each session consisted of four different problems where each problem consisted of a single missing wire. The results from these subjects tended to support our hypotheses. However, the experimental control for this testing was not well-defined. The two subjects are involved in AI and NL research and consequently have strong preconceptions about NL systems and what constitutes “proper” behavior toward such systems.
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Cederborg, Thomas, and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer. "Learning Words by Imitating." In Theoretical and Computational Models of Word Learning. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2973-8.ch013.
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This chapter proposes a single imitation-learning algorithm capable of simultaneously learning linguistic as well as nonlinguistic tasks, without demonstrations being labeled. A human demonstrator responds to an environment that includes the behavior of another human, called the interactant, and the algorithm must learn to imitate this response without being told what the demonstrator was responding to (for example, the position of an object or a speech utterance of the interactant). Since there is no separate symbolic language system, the symbol grounding problem can be avoided/dissolved. The types of linguistic behavior explored are action responses, which includes verb learning but where actions are generalized to include such things as communicative behaviors or internal cognitive operations. Action responses to object positions are learnt in the same way as action responses to speech utterances of an interactant. Three experiments are used to validate the proposed algorithm.
Conference papers on the topic "Two-word utterances three-word utterances"
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Shestera, Elena, Nikolay Urtegeshev, Iraida Selutina,, and Anton Shamrin. "Prosody of focus in statements of the Altai language." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0046/000461.
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The prosody of verbal word forms in the narrative utterances of the Altai language is under consideration in the article. In this work, in addition to the acoustic analysis in the Praat program, we took into account the subjective perception of native speakers. In the simple statements the intonation declines on the predicate when realizing the topic of the utterance. The focus of the utterance may be expressed by pitch and intensity peak.
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Nirwan. "I Call You through Fire: A Pakkado Love Magic Parallelism." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.6-3.
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The main concern of this article is to elaborate on the magic of Pa’issangang Baine 'knowledge about women’ within ‘Pakkado’ (people who speak I) in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. More specifically, the article focuses on this spell in individual ritual contexts, not in ordinary activity. The spell is performed by certain actors, and focuses on the characteristics of the utterances. The type of knowledge is categorized as a spell and is practiced by men who want to attract beloved women. Albeit, it also used by women to gain beloved men. The techniques used are recordings and field notes. The utterances are taken from a single informant. The rationale of the research is to give a better understanding of spells within the society who speak I. Nowadays, this spell lives only within the heads of aged populatons. Some people are worried about the death of this magic language, but only some attention has been directed at its preservation. The research also contributes in two ways; practice and academic. Practically, it is one way for revitalizing the magic word into written text; academically, it shows fascinating language use from semantic and pragmatic points of view. The writer applies some linguistic tools to analyze the utterances and the activity of performers in producing words such as in the poetic function of language use (Jakobson 1960), and in the deictic field (Hank, 2005). The features of this spell show the act of using parallelism and sentences repeated many times (Fox, 1988). In addition, it also shows the variety within a deictic system. Mandar is an ethnicity located in West Sulawesi—on the island of Sulawesi.
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Makarova, Elena. "Comprehention Of Written Utterances’ Communicative Structure By Russian Learners Of English." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.22.
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Gavrilova, Elena V. "Utterances As Grammatical Tangles. Using Subject-Centered Sentence Models In Translation." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.40.
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Porshneva, Elena. "Word And Utterance In The Texts Of Federal State Educational Linguistic Standards." In X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.87.
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Hamai, Yuya, Mitsunori Mizumachi, Yoshihisa Nakatoh, and Kenji Matsui. "Study of Word Prediction for Utterance Support System." In the 1st IEEE/IIAE International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Image Processing 2013. The Institute of Industrial Applications Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/icisip2013.015.
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Abildinova, Zhanara. "Concept ‘Father’ In Linguistic Consciousness Of Russian, Kazakh And English People." In X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.1.
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Lyapkova, E. M. "Special Aspects Of Formation Of The Famous Public Men Surnames." In X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.10.
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Labutina, Vera. "Conventional Communication Strategy Implementation In Discourse Practice On The Network Media-Content Commentary." In X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.100.
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Ivchenko, Maxim. "The Method Of Mathematical Statistics In A Pragmalinguistic Experiment." In X International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.08.101.
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