Relevant bibliographies by topics / Two year B

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Two year B'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Two year B"

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Moore, Wendy. "Hunterian Museum reopens after a two year closure." BMJ 330, no. 7485 (2005): 214.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7485.214-b.

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Kasperlik-Zaluska, Anna A., Barbara Czarnocka, Wojciech Jeske, and Lucyna Papierska. "Addison's Disease Revisited in Poland: Year 2008 versus Year 1990." Autoimmune Diseases 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/731834.

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This study aimed at comparing two groups of patients with Addison's disease: A, including 180 patients described in 1991 and B, consisting of 138 patients registered since 1991. The incidence of coexisting autoimmune disorders was evaluated and etiological factors were analyzed. Immunological and imaging studies (computed tomography in group B) were performed. Adrenal autoantibodies were examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in group A, and by the assay measuring autoantibodies against steroid 21-hydroxylase in group B. Adrenal autoantibodies were revealed in 37% of patients examined by the immunofluorescence method and in 63% investigated by the modern technique. Tuberculosis was found in 52 patients in the group A and in two patients in the group B; metastatic infiltrations of the adrenals in CT were detected in 16 patients. Probable autoimmune Addison's disease was diagnosed in 125/180 patients (69%) in the group A and in 116/138 patients (84%) in the group B.
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Jelena, Ninić Todorović, Čukanović Jelena, Kurjakov Aleksandar, et al. "Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) seedling Characteristics as rootstock for hazelnut cultivar grafting." Contemporary Agriculture (2012) 61, no. 3-4 (2012): 240–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7266712.

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In the Faculty of Agriculture plant nursery at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Common hazel (<em>Corylus avellana</em> L.) cultivars were grafted on the Turkish hazel (<em>Corylus colurna</em> L.) rootstock. To produce highquality planting material, seeding success, growth and development of one-year-old seedling was followed. This paper presents results of Turkish hazel A<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>4</sub>, B<sub>7</sub> and C<sub>3</sub> genotype nut germination from sowing performed in 2009. The results indicate high percentage of germinated nuts and a high plant survival rate. One-year-old seedlings measured during a vegetation rest period in 2010 and two-year-old seedlings measured in 2011 were better developed compared to the seedlings examined in the previous years, indicating that the application of the drip irrigation system in seedling development yields positive results.
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Van Meerbeek, B., M. Braem, P. Lambrechts, and G. Vanherle. "Two-year clinical evaluation of two dentine-adhesive systems in cervical lesions." Journal of Dentistry 21, no. 4 (1993): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(93)90126-b.

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Garner, Stanton B. "History in the Year Two: Trevor Griffiths's Danton." New Theatre Quarterly 11, no. 44 (1995): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00009313.

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For British dramatists nurtured in and by the hopes for socialism which characterized the 'sixties and the 'seventies, the Thatcherite period – with the eclipse of a fatally flawed communist system as its international dimension – demanded not only new thinking, but at least the consideration of a new dramaturgy. Stanton B. Garner, Jr., here explores the ways in which one of the most consistently committed of contemporary writers, Trevor Griffiths, confronts in Hope in the Year Two, his play about the death of the French Revolutionary Danton, the dilemma not only of the revolutionary hero, but of the dramatist confronted with attacks upon the concept of history itself, whether from the gurus of post-modernism or of the New Right. Stanton B. Garner, Jr., teaches modern drama in the English Department at the University of Tennessee. He is the author of The Absent Voice: Narrative Comprehension in the Theater (1989) and Bodied Spaces: Phenomenology and Performance in Contemporary Drama (1994). His current research interests include post-Cold War British drama.
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Pescovitz, M. D., C. J. Greenbaum, B. Bundy, et al. "B-Lymphocyte Depletion With Rituximab and -Cell Function: Two-Year Results." Diabetes Care 37, no. 2 (2013): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0626.

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Malik, Pinki. "Two Year B. Ed. Programme: An Overview of School Internship Programme." Shikshan Anveshika 7, no. 2 (2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2348-7534.2017.00023.x.

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Zielinski, S. L. "Press Release: Study Examines Impact of Two-Year Screening Interval for Breast Cancer." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96, no. 24 (2004): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/96.24.1799-b.

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Witkowski, ETF, BB Lamont, CS Walton, and S. Radford. "Leaf Demography, Sclerophylly and Ecophysiology of Two Banksias With Contrasting Leaf Life Spans." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 6 (1992): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920849.

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Leaf demography, sclerophylly and ecophysiology were assessed on Banksia petiolaris (ground creeper, large vertical leaves) and B. baueri (shrub, smaller horizontal leaves) in the dry mediterranean scrub-heath of Western Australia. Leaves survived for up to 13 and 5 years respectively (50% survival was 5.9 and 2.0 years). Leaf specific mass increased with age for both species, due to increase in leaf density. Shading was negligible for 1-year-old B. baueri leaves but increased sharply with age, whereas shading was moderate and similar for leaves of all ages in B. petiolaris. Transpiration rates and stomatal conductance during cloudy autumn weather were higher in B. petiolaris, whereas photosynthesis was lower. Stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis declined with leaf age in both species, but more steeply in B. baueri. Dawn and midday xylem pressure potentials and hydraulic conductance decreased with leaf age and were higher and declined more gradually in B. Petiolaris. Water-use efficiency declined slightly with age. The water potential at zero turgor, osmotic potential at 100% relative water content and bulk elastic modulus values were closer to zero in B. Petiolaris and changed little with age, while the relative water content at zero turgor and bound water were higher in older leaves of B. petiolaris. No trends in chlorophyll concentrations or fluorescence kinetics were observed with aging except that the oldest leaves of B. baueri had lowest activity. Area based leaf N decreased in B. baueri with leaf age, but was unchanged in B. petiolaris up to 10 years. K and Mg did not vary with leaf age, but P decreased and Ca increased in both species. P levels were extremely low, yet 70% resorption prior to leaf death was apparent. Photosynthetic-N and -P use efficiencies were high in the 1-year-old relative to the 2-year-old leaves, and declined gradually with further aging, but more steeply in B. baueri. We conclude that the exceptionally long-lived leaves of B. Petiolaris are consistent with the substantial investment they represent (large surface area, mass and total nutrient store) and low levels of physiological activity associated with low soil nutrient and moisture availability and moderate illumination at all leaf ages.
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Zukauskas, G., H. Ulevicius, and V. Triponis. "Sequential Aortofemoropopliteal/Distal Bypass for Treatment of Critical Lower-Limb Ischaemia." Cardiovascular Surgery 3, no. 6 (1995): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721099500300622.

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Multilevel arterial occlusive disease is often the main cause of critical ischaemia of the lower limb. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic criteria that could help select patients for sequential aortofemoropopliteal/distal reconstruction and to compare the results after simultaneous and two-stage surgery. Some 1953 aortofemoral reconstructions were performed during a 6-year period (1987-1992). In 245 cases (12.5%) sequential aortofemorodistal (popliteal or tibial) procedures were performed for critical limb ischaemia Fontaine classification grade III and IV. Two-segment reconstructions were performed in one stage in 161 cases (group A), and two separate operations were performed, the outflow procedure usually following within 12 months after inflow surgery, in 84 cases (group B). The perioperative mortality rates were 3.2% in group A (five deaths) and 5.9% in group B (five deaths). Limb salvage rates were 95.6% at 1 year and 90.4% at 5 years for group A and 88.8% at 1 year and 80.0% at 5 years for group B. Primary inflow bypass patency rates were 97.7% at 1 year and 91.3% at 5 years for group A and 93.4% at 1 year and 76.3% at 5 years for group B, while secondary inflow bypass patency rates were 98.8% at 1 and 5 years for group A, and 95.3% and 88.3% at 1 and five years respectively for group B. Primary outflow bypass patency rates were 91.4% at 1 year and 65.5% at 5 years for group A, and 84.9% at 1 year and 59.4% at 5 years for group B. Secondary outflow bypass patency rates were 92.2% at 1 year and 81.8% at 5 years for group A, and 86.1% at 1 year and 65.9% at 5 years for group B. The data demonstrate that single-stage multisegment reconstruction for multilevel arterial occlusive disease is a safe and effective method of treating critical limb ischaemia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two year B"

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Woods, Jackie R. Witte James E. "An investigation of two-year community college students' involvement in extracurricular activities." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Dissertations/WOODS_JACKIE_56.pdf.

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Krügel, Rhelda. "The predictive power of two measures on academic success of first year B Ed English major students / Rhelda Krügel." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10287.

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The research focused on the importance of and the problem of English proficiency/literacy regarding Grade 12 learners exiting the school system and seeking entry at Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs). Grade 12 learners’ final results have been used as a benchmark for admission into tertiary education for many years. These results have come under scrutiny over the past few years. IHLs are faced with the problem to generate ways to address the access of ill-prepared learners exiting Grade 12 and then to solve the problem of low levels of throughput and high drop-out rates among first year students, therefore the multi-faceted nature of access into South African IHLs was discussed, as well as alternative routes to enter IHLs. The researcher has experienced that the dropout rates of first year BEd English major students have been rather high. The purpose of this research was to determine what the predictive power of two measures, the English matric results of the National Senior Certificate (NSC) and the English Literacy Skills Assessment (ELSA) were on the academic success of first year BEd English major students of the North-West University on the Vaal Triangle Campus. This was primarily done to improve first year BEd English major students’ English proficiency/literacy, as well as to increase their throughput rate. The major findings of this study pointed to the lack of English language proficiency/literacy of first year BEd English major students and the low throughput rate of these students. Although the ELSA proved to be the best predictor of academic success for first year BEd English major students, the Grade 12 English results also showed a statistical significant prediction capability. The results showed that there was no significant difference between ELSA 1 (which was used as pre-test) and ELSA 2 (which was used as post-test). An improvement in the ELSA 2 results was expected, as it was written as a post-test at the end of the first year BEd English major modules, indicating that the curriculum of the first year BEd English major students had little or no positive influence on the results of the ELSA 2. This resulted in the recommendation that it would be to the advantage of first year BEd English major students to change the current first year BEd English major curriculum in order to improve students’ English proficiency/literacy, as well as their throughput rate, which will result in improved academic success.<br>PhD, Teaching and Learning, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012
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Šmihula, Michal. "Kulturně společenské centrum u brněnské přehrady - architektonická studie objektů pro kulturně společenské i sportovní akce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215678.

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The design of cultural centre is situated in part Kozia Hôrka( well-known city swimming pool), in its advantage takes natural scenery and calm atmosphere of place. Into action of performance brings a message in form of body of reservoir, function of centre is divided into small parts placed in area Kozia Hôrka. Orientation of objects comes mainly from local natural ispirations. Complex is multifunctional in concept, counts with several sorts of culture - sports events. Whereby the main function of swimming pool is preserved and added for higher comfort of inhabitants. Architecture of objects comes from idea of floating leaf on water level and body of reservoir. Objects stylizely illustrate this idea. The design takes the game of solids of organic and strictly ortogonal shapes. Two mutual opposites, in interaction. Objects smoothy and with respect encroach the environment, which is enough marked by human. Simplicity in used materials ( glass, steel, wood ) give transparency and purity to whole solution.
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Books on the topic "Two year B"

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Brough, Larry B. Larry B. Brough's fifty-two year family collection, 1710-2009. Llumina Press, 2009.

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Brough, Larry B. Larry B. Brough's fifty-two year family collection, 1710-2009. Llumina Press, 2009.

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Ronald, Reagan. Fiscal year 1988 supplemental budget of the District of Columbia: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting two requests for fiscal year 1988 budget supplementals for the District of Columbia, pursuant to Public Law 93-198, section 446; Public Law 98-473, section 101(b). U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Ronald, Reagan. Fiscal year 1988 supplemental budget of the District of Columbia: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting two requests for fiscal year 1988 budget supplementals for the District of Columbia, pursuant to Public Law 93-198, section 446; Public Law 98-473, section 101(b). U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Palmer, Ben. The hunter and the hunted: Two years in a rifle company, WWII : Italy, France, Germany, February 5, 1943-October 20, 1945. B. Palmer, 2002.

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Palmer, Ben. The hunter and the hunted: Two years in a rifle company, WWII : Italy, France, Germany, February 5, 1943-October 20, 1945. B. Palmer, 1999.

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Montana. Dept. of Family Services. Child welfare services plan (IV-B) for the period October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994, federal fiscal year. The Dept., 1993.

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Montana. Dept. of Family Services. Child welfare services plan (IV-B) for the period October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1995, federal fiscal year 95. The Dept., 1994.

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Bagnoli, Luca, and Massimo Cini, eds. La cooperazione sociale nell'area metropolitana fiorentina. Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-415-6.

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This study proposes a reading of the financial statements of co-operatives operating within the Florentine metropolitan area, with a view to underscoring business aspects of a quantitative and monetary nature. The entrepreneurial nature of the co-operatives is taken as read, focusing as with any other corporate entity on assets and economic results as indicators of success. The financial statements were collected from co-operatives with their registered offices in the provinces of Florence, Prato and Pistoia for the financial years 2004-2007, and the accounts were then aggregated, reclassified and analysed. The observations on the resulting data are then broken down by province and by type of co-operative (A or B).
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Kentucky. Auditor of Public Accounts. Report of the auditor of public accounts: Audit of the Kentucky Lottery Corporation : performed by Coopers & Lybrand for the year ended June 30, 1989. B. Babbage, Auditor of Public Accounts, Commonwealth of Kentucky, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Two year B"

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Glass, Bertram, and Marie José Kersten. "Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma and Primary Mediastinal Lymphoma." In The EBMT/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_12.

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AbstractThe outcome of patients with large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) who did not respond to a classical immunochemotherapy regimen at any time or relapsed within 1 year following chemoimmunotherapy is poor. The Scholar-One-Study showed long-term event-free survival for less than 20% of these patients (Crump et al. 2017). The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T) is a substantial advancement for these patients, offering long-term remission and a curative prospect for 30 to 40% of patients (summarized in Table 12.1), (Abramson et al. 2020; Neelapu et al. 2017; Schuster et al. 2019b). To date, in Europe, two products (axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel) have been licenced by the European Medical Agency, and a third product (lisocabtagene maraleucel) will become available in 2021. All these products are licenced for patients who have failed at least two prior lines of systemic therapy. This initially defines, however broad, a range of possible situations in which the application of CART is indicated. The following considerations may help to further define the patient population that should be offered CAR-T cells as the next line of treatment. Studies addressing the potential benefit of CAR-T cells compared to high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for second-line treatment of LBCL have been fully recruited, but the results are still pending.
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Faragher, Rhonda M. "Individual Student Characteristics, Abilities and Personal Qualities and the Teacher’s Role in Improving Mathematics Learning Outcomes." In The Evolution of Research on Teaching Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31193-2_8.

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AbstractTeachers of students in general mathematics classrooms accept and welcome the learners they are assigned to teach. The characteristics of students influence the planning teachers undertake, the learning activities they provide, and the learning outcomes achieved by their students as a result. This chapter explores the impact of student characteristics that are beyond the control of teachers, and yet are within their powers through their actions to make a considerable difference to the mathematics learning outcomes of their students. In recent times, two significant developments—the recognition of streaming as harmful and the recognition of inclusive education as beneficial—have changed the nature of general mathematics classrooms. In practice, these developments mean that teachers can expect to teach students across the breadth of human variation. Addressing an area of research focused on units of analysis that are not under the direct control of a teacher, this chapter explicitly relates to learners with intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties and learned difficulties in the context of mathematics education research. Intellectual disability and mathematics learning difficulties are learner qualities while learned difficulties are not; these are traits acquired through the course of education, such as mathematics anxiety. Two recent studies of the inclusion in general primary and secondary mathematics classes of students with Down syndrome provide data that is analysed through the lens of the framework of Manizade et al. (2019) and Medley (1987), and expanded in the first chapter of this volume. Type G (individual student traits) variables and their interaction with particularly Type B (Student mathematics learning activities) and A (Student mathematics learning outcomes) are studied. Through this analysis, it is clear that the mathematical experiences teachers plan for their students are adjusted in complex ways. Where teachers provided year-level adjusted mathematics curriculum, students were able to demonstrate learning outcomes aligned with the school year-level and often many years ahead of their deemed level of mathematics accomplishment. As a way out of low attainment, the possibilities of year-level adjusted curriculum is a critical aspect of mathematics education and an imperative of mathematics education research.
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Pattankar, Sanjeev, and Basant K. Misra. "Avoidance and Management of Complications in Retrosigmoid Approach to Vestibular Schwannomas." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61601-3_16.

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AbstractAn experience with two rare complications during surgery of vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is presented, and measures to avoid and manage the complications are discussed.Case A: Spinal cord ischemia in semi-sitting position: A 47-year-old with a giant vestibular schwannoma (VS) underwent surgery through a retrosigmoid approach in the semi-sitting position. The intraoperative phase was uneventful, except for an episode of moderate hypotension. Postoperatively, the patient woke up with quadriparesis. MRI on the cervical spine revealed restricted diffusion from C4 to C7 suggestive of cord ischemia. Complete neurological recovery occurred over the following 3 months. Awareness of this potential complication, preoperative screening for degenerative spine disease, avoiding excessive intraoperative cervical flexion, using sensory &amp; motor evoked potentials, and diligently avoiding intraoperative hypotension can prevent such occurrences.Case B: High-riding jugular bulb (HRJB) injury: A 42-year-old male patient underwent a retrosigmoid approach for a right-sided VS in the lateral position. During internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling, there was an injury to the HRJB, resulting in torrential bleeding. It was managed successfully with the sequential application of Gelfoam, fibrin glue, and Surgicel. The drilling was carefully continued by using a diamond drill, and the complete excision of VS was achieved with no injury to cranial nerve 7 (CN7) while maintaining normal facial symmetry. Awareness of an HRJB reduces the risk, and in case of injury, sequential hemostatic measures ensure adequate IAC drilling and the total excision of the tumor.
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Zarzo, José-Luis Baró, María-Antonia Serrano, Juan-Carlos Moreno Esteve, and Fernando-Juan García-Diego. "Museums Zenithal Lighting: Studies of the Skylight in Museo De l’Almoina in Valencia (Spain)." In Springer Proceedings in Archaeology and Heritage. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85655-6_6.

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Abstract This work makes a brief description of zenithal lighting used in museums, and other heritage sites. This type of lighting has interesting advantages: it produces a good level of illuminance with a correct color spectrum. In addition, it allows the observer to perceive the sensation of being outdoors, while protecting from wind and rain. However, skylights can also filter radiation that can be detrimental to the preservation of the assets below, as well as causing very marked gradients between the illuminance of the areas just below and those further away. Using l’Almoina Archaeological Museum (Valencia, Spain) as a case study, the aim of the present study consists of evaluating the transmittance of visible, ultraviolet and near infrared solar radiation through the large skylight that illuminates much of the interior space. This transmittance varies throughout the year and time of day. Empirical data were taken on summer and winter at three different times around noon using two spectrometers: one for the ultraviolet bands (A: 280–315 nm; B: 315–400 nm), and other for both visible (400–700 nm) and near infrared (700–1000 nm) bands. Several points under the skylight inside the museum were measured and quantified by the percentage of transmittance. A discussion in how this kind of illumination can affect the cultural heritage that houses, and the results of other zenithal lighting used in architecture is done.
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Rezaee, Arman. "Monitoring the Monitors in Punjab, Pakistan." In Introduction to Development Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_19.

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AbstractAbsenteeism of government frontline health workers can prevent access to primary care, including outpatient care, pre- and postnatal care, deliveries, and vaccinations. As rates of absenteeism tend to be higher in lower-income areas, this issue has the potential to exacerbate the socioeconomic divide. Specifically in Punjab, Pakistan, government doctors posted to rural health clinics, called Basic Health Units (BHUs), were found to be absent two-thirds of the time. Health inspectors are employed to visit BHUs at least once a month to collect data from a paper-based register located at each BHU and ensure doctors are present. However, absenteeism of the government inspectors causes this system to break down. This case study follows the implementation of the “Monitoring the Monitors” program, which aimed to replace the paper-based record-keeping system with an app-based system that feeds an online dashboard system (for real-time aggregation and presentation of data). Conducting a large-scale randomized controlled trial, inspection rates increased from 25.5% to 51.9% after 6 months. After a year of operation, inspection rates were 33.8% in the treatment districts and 23.5% in control districts. An A/B test was used to measure the effect of a simple flagging system that notified senior health officials when health workers were absent during an inspection and showed an increase in doctor attendance from 23.6% to 41.3%. The government eventually adopted this system (rebranded as HealthWatch), and it is now one of the many apps being used to monitor frontline service providers.
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Toth, Christie, Jessica Nastal, Holly Hassel, and Joanne Baird Giordano. "Chapter 7. Writing Assessment, Placement, and the Two-Year College." In Considering Students, Teachers, and Writing Assessment: Volume 1, Technical and Political Contexts. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/per-b.2024.2166.2.07.

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Chen, Xin. "Identity and Professional Development of First-year NNES Teachers: Two Case Studies." In Nonnative English-Speaking Teachers of U.S. College Composition: Exploring Identities and Negotiating Difference. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/int-b.2024.2142.2.10.

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Bix, Brian H. "B." In A Dictionary of Legal Theory. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244621.003.0002.

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Abstract bad man The term usually refers to a brief statement in Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ‘s (1841-1935) 1897 lecture, ‘The Path of the Law ’, published in the Harvard Law Review the same year. Holmes offers, in contrast to a moralistic view of the law or one viewing it as a matter of logical deduction, ‘the view of our friend the bad man ’, who ‘does not care two straws for the axioms or deductions ’, but who ‘does want to know what the ... courts are likely to do in fact. ‘ Holmes adds: ’I am much of his mind. The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by law. ’
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Holter, Desir�e, Amanda Martin, and Jeffrey Klausman. "Chapter 15. Hitting the Wall: Identity and Engagement at a Two-Year College." In Contingency, Exploitation, and Solidarity: Labor and Action in English Composition. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/per-b.2017.0858.2.15.

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Nugent, Jim, Reema Barlaskar, Corey Hamilton, et al. "�Not the Boss of Us:� A Study of Two First-Year Writing Program Boss Texts." In Institutional Ethnography as Writing Studies Practice. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/per-b.2023.2029.2.03.

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Conference papers on the topic "Two year B"

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Powell, Daniel, and Moavin Islam. "Monitoring Experiences – Contrasting the Practices of Two Crude Oil Producers." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04441.

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Abstract This paper describes the corrosion monitoring practices of two crude oil producers, identified as Producer A and Producer B, and has been based on extensive personal experiences at the facilities of both producers. Producer A has an effective program for being able to detect and monitor corrosion, and to implement corrosion control programs. In contrast, Producer B has a limited number of corrosion monitoring points, many of which are incorrectly positioned, such that the coupons or electronic probes are not inserted into the most corrosive fluids passing through the pipeline. Producer A uses the results from corrosion monitoring as the basis for adjusting corrosion inhibitor treatments. In contrast, Producer B continues to use inhibitor injection rates that were based on the original recommendations from the chemical manufacturer many years earlier. Producer A has very few corrosion related leaks, whereas Producer B has a significantly higher number of leaks per year. The quality of the corrosion monitoring programs has an obvious effect upon the ability to identify potentially corrosive conditions, and to implement the appropriate corrosion mitigation programs, which are necessary to reducing the incidents of leaks and maintaining the integrity of the production systems.
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Byron, Frank. "Corrosion Behaviors of API 5 L Carbon Steel Pipelines in Trinidad’s Soil Environment." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16866.

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Abstract This study involved evaluating the corrosion resistance of American Petroleum Institute (API) (1) 5L grade B, X52 and X70 carbon steel coupons in localized areas of Trinidad’s soil environments, to determine the most suitable pipeline to be used in different soils. The investigation was inspired by the fact that pipeline life in soils varied throughout the country. A comparison was made between the results of the laboratory electrochemical techniques and the field gravimetric weight loss method. It revealed that corrosion rate trends between coupons in similar types of soil were comparable and corroborative. However, the corrosion rate values did not compare well with the two methods, but they both revealed that the API X70 steel had the greatest corrosion resistance in all soils, at the same time no appreciable statistical difference in corrosion rates. This was followed by the X52 and finally the 5L grade B steel. The analysis showed that microstructures having finer grain sizes with less pearlite gave better corrosion performance. The analysis also indicated that the most corrosive soil was peaty clay soil followed by the Silty clay soil, and finally the sandy soil. After one-year retrieval of coupons, all displayed general and pitting corrosion. Additionally, coupons from the silty clay and the peaty clay soils showed irregular shaped pit morphology typical of Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB).
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Zsigmond, Istvan, and Agnes Balint. "DEVELOPING METACOGNITION WITH AN ACTION RESEARCH INTERVENTION: RESULTS FROM HUNGARIAN ENVIRONMENTS." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s08/51.

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Metacognition has been acknowledged as a key component of self-regulation and has also a multidimensional nature, with at least three components: (a) metacognition as theory of mind, (b) metacognition as epistemic thinking, and (c) metacognition as knowledge and regulation of our cognitive self. In an Erasmus+ collaborative project a multicomponent metacognitive training course for teachers was developed incorporating metacognitive knowledge and skills, adopting the principles of action research. The intervention�s aim with respect to developing metacognitive skills was to inform teachers of recent research findings showing the importance of metacognitive abilities for learning and critical thinking and to present possible teaching approaches that can be incorporated into their everyday teaching practice to support the development of metacognitive thinking. Results indicate that 9�12-year-old children benefit from a two-week training in metacognitive knowledge and comprehension as indicated by the increased number of children with higher metacognitive monitoring skills.
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Rana, Ahmad Raza Khan, Joel Chapman, Touqeer Sohail, Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari, and Graham Brigham. "Deviations in CUI Corrosion Rate Predictions for TSA Coated Carbon Steel – A Comparison of Experimental vs RBI Approach." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00179.

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Abstract Thermally Sprayed Aluminum (TSA) coatings are used in industry for the protection against corrosive environments. Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) programs often deploy TSA as it has improved physical properties (hardness, adhesion, etc.) as well as higher corrosion resistance in comparison to traditional epoxy coatings. Unlike Epoxy coatings, in-service inspections of TSA can be challenging due to the heterogenous thickness profile and surface porosity. This study presents an outlook of corrosion rates of TSA coating from an experimental and Risk-based inspection (RBI) standpoint. The corrosion rates of TSA coating from a published experimental study were compared with RBI calculated corrosion rates. Corrosion rates that were extracted from the experimental studies were under two sets of testing conditions namely (a) CUI simulation test based on ASTM G189-07 test at high temperature (170°C) over a duration of 3 days and (b) quick immersion in fresh water (for 48 hours) followed by outdoor ageing test at ambient temperature over a duration of 1 year. Followed by the comparisons between experimental and RBI calculated corrosion rates, it highlights the deviations reasonings and possible ways for the alignment of the TSA corrosion rates as observed from experimental studies to those assumed with RBI models.
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Shouse, Lee, Matt Logan, Gene Brock, and H. G. (Butch) McCormick. "Corrosion Prevention Technology Break-Through." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01611.

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Abstract In today’s pipeline market, operators have limited choices for controlling internal corrosion with conventional amine based inhibitors. Amine inhibitors are applied by one of two methods; continuously injected through atomization, or batched as a slug between pigs. Traditional inhibitors and application methods have two major short comings and limitations. The first short coming being a very limited performance lifespan, and the other is inadequate chemical coverage as well as treatment of the top of the line. The first short coming results in a very expensive approach due to extensive labor and injection equipment costs along with dosing issues that can occur with changing product flow rates. The second approach has inherent coverage problems where critical areas that are most susceptible to internal corrosion is, (i.e. elevation changes) may not be properly treated. A solution to the problem’s is the proper application of a recently developed two-part corrosion inhibitor. This binary corrosion inhibitor is applied by modified batch methods using spray pig technology that ensures full circumferential coverage of the internal pipe wall. Field performance and film persistency tests have proven that the active lifespan far exceeds that of existing conventional pipeline corrosion inhibitors. Field applications have shown that the performance life can provide corrosion protection and other flow benefits for periods up to one year with a single application depending on operational and contamination exposure factors. The binary corrosion inhibitor is typically applied as a two part system where Part A bonds molecularly with the metallic pipeline wall and then Part B reacts and bonds with the Part A allowing it to be applied to pipelines with limited cleaning and surface preparation requirements. Proper application of the binary corrosion inhibitor delivers superior internal corrosion protection for the pipeline operator/owner at a better economic cost performance benefit over traditional corrosion inhibitor treatment methods. This binary corrosion inhibitor has also been proven to significantly reduce wax deposition problems in crude oil lines which results in lower maintenance and improved flow characteristics.
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Kraaij, Tineke, E. J. Arends, Laura van Dam, et al. "OP0042 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SYNERGETIC B CELL IMMUNOMODULATION WITH RITUXIMAB AND BELIMUMAB COMBINATION TREATMENT IN SEVERE, REFRACTORY SLE: TWO YEAR RESULTS." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5664.

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Bejko, Ethem, Rrapo Ormeni, Bledar Sina, Eduart Blloshmi, and Dionald Mucaj. "MONITORING OF TECTONIC MOVEMENTS IN THE ADRIATIC REGION THROUGH NATIONAL PERMANENT SATELLITE NETWORKS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/2.1/s09.30.

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The purpose of this study is the analysis of the dynamics of tectonic movements accompanied by two strong seismic events that occurred in the Durres area (Albania) in September-November 2019, through the use of GNSS technology, applied to national permanent satellite geodetic networks. Previous studies have been carried out on our study area by foreign authors from Croatia, Greece, and Italy. For our study case, we relied on geodetic weekly data secured from the Bulletins of Italian and Austrian stations, BSW52, of some of the constituent points of the two national permanent satellite networks of Italy (5 points) and Albania (6 points), located on both sides of the dividing line between the Eurasian tectonic plate and the Adriatic microplate. The analysis of the data secured in 7 campaigns was carried out by grouping them into 3 main analysis periods: the period before the September earthquake (F1-F4, called A), the period during the earthquakes (F4-F5, called B), and the period after the November earthquake (F5-F7, called C). It turns out that in plan the speed of movement in the area is: -0.00294m/year for period (A), -0.01912m/year for period (B), and -0.00305m/year for period (C). While in height, the speeds of movement are: 0.00130m/year for period (A), -0.04268m/year for period (B), and 0.00273m/year for period (C). These vectors also show us that the intensity T between period (B) and the average periods (A, C) is about 17 times in plan and 42 times in height. Combined this analysis with data that includes strong consecutive seismic events in the area, we believe that this intensity T can lead us to the most accurate predictability of the moment of the occurrence of the next tectonic energy release, thus of the next earthquake.
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Gil-Doménech, Dolors, Jasmina Berbegal-Mirabent, and Marta Mas-Machuca. "B-SMART: A university-industry teaching innovation project." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9323.

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The present work aims at presenting a teaching innovation project, the B-SMART, which has been implemented at UIC Barcelona in the academic year 2018/19. Conceived as a project to respond to social demands, the B-SMART project aims at creating a collaborative environment and at strengthening the ties between companies (mainly targeted to SMEs, start-ups and NGOs) and the university. To do so, students work on real challenges or projects posed by companies. This approach helps students to better understand the theoretical concepts taught in class as well as to boost soft skills that will be required in their daily practice. In turn, companies gain access to new talent (students), fresh ideas, and the knowledge and infrastructures available at the university. In this study we explain the project and pay special attention to the first two projects solved through the B-SMART project. We use design thinking as the teaching method. Preliminary results show that both students and companies benefit from this experience.
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Cofie, Nathaniel G., Dilip Dedhia, Scott T. Chesworth, Do Jun Shim, and Robert Grizzi. "Technical Basis for Inspection Optimization and Deferral of PWR Steam Generator Component Examinations." In ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2023-105958.

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Abstract Pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator (SG) Class 1 and Class 2 components are required to be inspected every ten years by ASME Code, Section XI. A comprehensive survey of over forty years of examination results showed that no known degradation has occurred in these components. A comprehensive study involving stress analyses and probabilistic and deterministic fracture mechanics analyses indicated that the components are flaw tolerant and determined that the inspection of these components can be deferred beyond the current 10-year requirement without compromising plant safety. A proposed Code Case has been introduced in ASME Code, Section XI that would allow the inspection of SG components to be deferred to 30 years from the date of the last inspection. Specifically, the Code Case addresses the following ASME Code, Section XI Examination Categories and Item Numbers: • Class 1, Category B-B, pressure-retaining welds in vessels other than reactor vessels (Item Nos. B2.31, B2.32 and B2.40). • Class 1, Category B-D, full penetration welded nozzles in vessels (Item No. B3.130). • Class 2, Category C-A, pressure-retaining welds in pressure vessels (Item Nos. C1.10, C1.20 and C1.30). • Class 2, Category C-B, pressure-retaining nozzle welds in pressure vessels (Item Nos. C2.21 and C2.22). The technical bases for the proposed Code Case are provided in three EPRI reports (3002014590, 3002015906 and 3002023713). The first two reports were used by lead plants to request relief from the NRC for a 30-year deferral of the examination of the subject components. After many interactions with the NRC, relief was granted to the lead plants; however, the NRC also identified key parameters that should be considered in future requests. Lessons learned from interactions with the NRC were incorporated into the third report, which specifically addressed the 30-year deferral period with consideration of the key parameters identified by the NRC. This third report was only recently published and has not yet been used by a plant to seek relief for the 30-year deferral. This paper provides the technical basis for the 30-year deferral of the examination of SG components in support of the proposed Code Case using the results of the evaluations in the three EPRI technical basis documents plus additional evaluations specifically addressing the 30-year deferral and the lessons learned through the Request for Alternative process by the lead plants.
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Jakkinapalli, Aravind, Balaji Baskar, and Sy-Bor Wen. "Femtosecond Two-Photon 3D Lightfield Lithography." In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-62290.

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Abstract Based on the successful single-photon 3D light field photolithography we demonstrated in the last year, we extend the methodology to femtosecond 3D light field lithography. Compared with our previous single-photon work with UV LED light, using femtosecond light and the associated two-photon light absorption in 3D light field lithography can cure photoresist only around designed voxel locations in a 3D space. Such a two-photon scheme can prevent the unwilling curing of photoresists along the optical paths of rays before arriving at designed voxel locations, which is observed in our previous UV LED-based single-photon 3D light field lithography. The experimental scheme of femtosecond two-photon 3D light field lithography starts from delivering uniform femtosecond laser pulses to a spatial light modulator. The designed pixel map is presented on the spatial light modulator and then delivered to a microlens array to construct a 3D virtual image in the free space. By compressing the 3D virtual image in a photoresist layer with a microscope system, we can successfully generate different microscale 3D patterns without relying on scanning processes as in traditional 3D lithography. In this study, we present preliminary results of (a) algorithms developed to generated 3D patterns with femtosecond light, which should satisfy additional constraints when femtosecond light is used, and (b) 3D patterns generated in photoresists with femtosecond two-photon 3D light field lithography.
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Reports on the topic "Two year B"

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Smalley. L51500b Crankshaft Stress Reduction through Improved Alignment B Vol 2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010661.

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Four-volume report covering a two-year investigation of factors affecting crankshaft stress due to engine alignment conditions including foundation/grouting effects, unpredictable thermal growth and case load deflections. Two volumes are year-end reports, and two volumes are topical reports covering field tests (one sole-plate mounted and one grouted engine).
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Mourtada, Rima. Results from the Basmeh & Zeitooneh (B&Z) intervention to empower adolescent girls and young women at risk of child marriage and poor reproductive health among the Syrian refugee population in Lebanon. Population Council, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2023.1042.

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This report presents results from the final evaluation of a social, health, and economic asset-building program implemented by the Lebanon-based non-governmental organization (NGO) Basmeh &amp; Zeitooneh (B&amp;Z) and aimed at reducing the social isolation of vulnerable adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 10–21 years old living in the Shatila and Burj al Barajneh refugee camps in South Beirut. The program sought to help girls gain the skills and knowledge they need to avoid child marriage and adolescent pregnancy and to make a healthy transition to adulthood despite the numerous challenges they face. The program focused on two sub-populations of girls at heightened risk of poor health and social outcomes: 10–15- year-old girls who are out of school and 13–21 year-old girls who are married. The report presents findings from the most recent iteration of this program, which took place in two phases—Round 2 between May and September 2022 and Round 3 between November 2022 and March 2023—and built upon a previous round of the program—Round 1—which was also conducted in partnership with Population Council (between May and September 2021).
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Chauhan and Wood. L52007 Experimental Validation of Methods for Assessing Closely Spaced Corrosion Defects. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011167.

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A full-scale burst test program was devised and agreed with the PRCI Materials Technical Committee Ad Hoc group. The work was undertaken over a two year period, 2003 and 2004. Due to budget constraints, only one pipe diameter and material was chosen for the test program. This was 24� (610 mm) outside diameter (OD) by 7.9 mm wall thickness, welded ERW steel linepipe of material API 5L grade B/X42. The criterion that defects separated by a distance of 6t or less will interact is over conservative. New rules for interaction, derived using non-linear finite element analyses and validated using full scale burst testing, have been derived for closely spaced metal loss interacting defects in pipelines. New, robust interaction rules for assessing corrosion metal loss defects in pipelines have been formulated for use by the pipeline industry.
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Attwood. PR-339-093702-R03 Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage Milestone 2 Identify and Define Issues. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010700.

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The members of the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) have identified Human Factors (HF) as a major component influencing the number and severity of pipeline damage incidents. PRCI has initiated a two-year program whose objectives include: A) Understand the contribution of HF to pipeline damage from all sources (i.e., first, secondand third party contributions) B) Identify the most important Human Factors involved in pipeline damage Recommend HF interventions for the high priority issues that will reduce damage incidents C) Propose next steps to implement these high priority interventions and to monitor their performance D) The final project deliverable is a Guide that will identify practical ways to address potentially adverse effects of HF on the performance of damage prevention measures, including examples of how they can be implemented and continuously improved. During the period 2009 to 2010, the project will complete six milestones, including: 1. Review available Human Factors literature (2009) 2. Identify and define issues (2009) 3. Categorize and prioritize issues (2010) 4. Develop intervention strategies (2010) 5. Propose next steps to implement strategies (2010) 6. Develop guide to use HF for damage prevention (2010) This report documents the results of Milestone 2, Identify and Define Issues. Appendices posted seperate
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Marshall, Leslie, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Seth Sienkiewicz, et al. Grand Challenges in Resilience & Sustainability: A 10-Year Plan for Strategic Cooperation in Research and Education to Advance Fire Engineering. SFPE Foundation, 2023. https://doi.org/10.64167/2ec2-70d1.

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This paper presents a summary of the work done by the Resilience &amp; Sustainability Working Group. It begins with information about the working group, the methodology used, and the priority topics selected. An analysis of the priority topics follows in terms of (a) existing knowledge and research gaps, (b) education and workforce development needs, and (c) existing challenges and barriers. Next, we outline a proposed implementation plan for the next 10 years, which considers priority tasks for the areas the WG identified as critical. Finally, the paper concludes with a draft strategic outreach and communications mapping exercise to accompany the 10-year vision for implementation.
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Angrist, Noam, Amanda Beatty, Claire Cullen, and Moitshepi Matsheng. A/B testing in education: rapid experimentation to optimise programme cost-effectiveness. What Works Hub for Global Education, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-whatworkshubforglobaleducation-ri_2024/06.

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A/B testing offers a practical approach to improving education programmes in low-and middle-income countries. This insight note delves into how it allows implementers to quickly, affordably and effectively optimise interventions. Drawing on seven years of A/B testing experience from Youth Impact, the authors explore how this approach differs from traditional Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) by focusing on rapid, iterative programme adjustments that boost impact and scalability. By embracing A/B testing, the social sector can harness its potential to drive data-informed decisions, improve student learning and enhance programme efficiency at scale.
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Figueredo, Luisa, Liliana Martinez, and Joao Paulo Almeida. Current role of Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas. A 10-year Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Comparison with the Open Transcranial Approach. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0045.

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Review question / Objective: To identify and review studies published in the last ten years, presenting the efficacy and outcomes of EEA and TCA for patients with cranio-pharyngiomas. Eligibility criteria: Studies meeting the following criteria were included: (a) retrospective and prospective studies and (b) observational studies (i.e., cross-sectional, case-control, case-series). The outcomes included visual outcomes (improvement, no changes, worsening), endocrinological outcomes (permanent diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism), operatory site infection, meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid leak, stroke, hemorrhage, and mortality. Studies were excluded if they were determined to be: (a) case-report studies, (b) studies testing genetic disorders, (c) poster presentation abstracts without full-text availability, (d) systematic reviews, and (e) metanalyses.
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Roberts, Tony, Judy Gitahi, Patrick Allam, et al. Mapping the Supply of Surveillance Technologies to Africa: Case Studies from Nigeria, Ghana, Morocco, Malawi, and Zambia. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2023.027.

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African governments are spending over 1US$bn per year on digital surveillance technologies which are being used without adequate legal protections in ways that regularly violate citizens’ fundamental human rights. This report documents which companies, from which countries, are supplying which types of surveillance technology to African governments. Without this missing detail, it is impossible to adequately design measures to mitigate and overcome illegal surveillance and violations of human rights. Since the turn of the century, we have witnessed a digitalisation of surveillance that has enabled the algorithmic automation of surveillance at a scale not previously imaginable. Surveillance of citizens was once a labour and time-intensive process. This provided a practical limit to the scope and depth of state surveillance. The digitalisation of telephony has made it possible to automate the search for keywords across all mobile and internet communications. For the first time, state surveillance agencies can do two things: (a) conduct mass surveillance of all citizens’ communications, and (b) micro-target individuals for in-depth surveillance that draws together in real-time data from mobile calls, short message service (SMS), internet messaging, global positioning system (GPS) location, and financial transactions. This report was produced by qualitative analysis of open-source data in the public domain. The information presented is drawn from a diverse range of sources, including open government data sets, export licence portals, procurement notices, civil society databases of surveillance contracts, press releases from surveillance companies, academic articles, reports, and media coverage. The research is organised using a typology of five categories of surveillance technology. We did not set out to detail every technology available, every company, or every supply contract. Instead, we document the main companies and countries selling digital surveillance technologies to African governments. Rather than focus on the technical functionality distinguishing each product offering, we highlight five of the most important types of surveillance technology: internet interception, mobile interception, social media surveillance, ‘safe city’ technologies for the surveillance of public spaces, and biometric identification technologies.
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David, Aharon. Controlling Aircraft—From Humans to Autonomous Systems: Rise of the Machines. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2024020.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Paris, June 18, 1914: Crowds gathered at the “Concours de la Sécurité en Aéroplane” to witness 21-year-old Lawrence Sperry demonstrate his newly invented gyroscopic stabilizer. With his hands in the air, the device flew his Curtiss C-2 flying boat. Only a decade after the Wright brothers’ initial flight, the first n “autopilot” made its public debut. As impressive as this public demonstration was, it was merely a humble, although spectacular moment of foreshadowing. Even today—110 years later—the process of automating aspects of flight has not yet fully concluded, leading to deteriorating insight into the automatic behavior of aircraft systems, and even the waning of human instincts and intuition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Controlling Aircraft—From Humans to Autonomous Systems: Rise of the Machines&lt;/b&gt; covers the distancing of humans from their flying machines through more than a century-long process of “assisting” systems introduction, the positive and negative consequences of this process, and mitigation solutions for the negative consequences.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"&gt;Click here to access the full SAE EDGE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"&gt; Research Report portfolio.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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