Journal articles: 'Tympanum'

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Baudouin, R., F. Denoyelle, and F. Simon. "Shedding light on the tympanic membrane: a brief history of the description and understanding of its anatomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 136, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215121003844.

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AbstractObjectiveFor centuries, the tympanum has remained the only visible structure of the organ of hearing. This study aimed to trace the understanding of the tympanic membrane from antiquity to the early twentieth century.MethodsA review was conducted of primary and secondary historical and scientific literature describing the tympanic membrane anatomy.ResultsAlthough ancient polymaths sensed that sounds were vibrations that could spread in the air and be perceived by the hearing organ, there were numerous misconceptions about the tympanum until human dissections performed during the Renaissance. The tympanum was correctly described only centuries later when technological advances enabled otologists to understand it as a fundamental part of the hearing organ.ConclusionThe tympanic membrane history reflects key stages in medical knowledge; limited for centuries, a great technological leap was possible in the nineteenth century, contributing to the emergence of otologists and laying the foundations of modern otology.

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Hennig, R., T. Weber, F. Huber, H. Kleindienst, T. Moore, and A. Popov. "AUDITORY THRESHOLD CHANGE IN SINGING CICADAS." Journal of Experimental Biology 187, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.187.1.45.

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The hearing sensitivity in singing cicadas is reduced during sound production by a folding of the tympanal membranes. Using electrophysiological recording and nerve stimulation techniques, we have shown an effect of the folded tympanum on the auditory threshold of two species of cicadas, Tibicen linnei and Okanagana rimosa. Auditory thresholds of both species increased by about 20 dB when the tympana folded during singing. In T. linnei the increase in threshold affected the whole frequency range, from 1 to 16 kHz, in a similar way. Electrical stimulation of one or both auditory nerves resulted in a folding of both tympanal membranes in a way very similar to that seen in singing animals. We have demonstrated that a cicada male is able to adjust its auditory threshold within a range of about 20 dB by the tympanal folding mechanism.

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Ehret, G., E. Keilwerth, and T. Kamada. "The lung-eardrum pathway in three treefrog and four dendrobatid frog species: some properties of sound transmission." Journal of Experimental Biology 195, no. 1 (October 1, 1994): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.195.1.329.

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Frequency-response curves of the tympanum and lateral body wall (lung area) were measured by laser Doppler vibrometry in three treefrog (Smilisca baudini, Hyla cinerea, Osteopilus septentrionalis) and four dendrobatid frog (Dendrobates tinctorius, D. histrionicus, Epipedobates tricolor, E. azureiventris) species. The high-frequency cut-off of the body wall response was always lower than that of the tympanum. The best response frequencies of the lateral body wall were lower than those of the tympanum in some species (S. baudini, O. septentrionalis, D. tinctorius), while in the others they were rather similar. Best tympanic frequencies and best body wall response frequencies tended to differ more with increasing body size. Stimulation of the tympanum by sound transfer through 3.14 mm2 areas of the lateral body wall showed that the lung-eardrum pathway can be in two states, depending on breathing activity within the lungs: 44% (in Smilisca), 39% (in Hyla) and 31% (in Osteopilus) of the eardrum vibrations were 2.5-8 times (8-18 dB) larger when the frogs were breathing with the lungs compared with non-breathing conditions. The vibration amplitudes of the tympanum and lateral body wall of the treefrogs followed the same dependence on sound intensity, only absolute amplitudes differed between species. Our results suggest that the lung-eardrum pathway attenuates high-frequency components of species-specific calls and enhances low-frequency components. In addition, an amplitude modulation is imposed on the low frequencies during the rhythm of breathing.

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Thomas, KA, MV Savage, and GL Brengelmann. "Effect of facial cooling on tympanic temperature." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.1.46.

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BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, tympanic temperature is used as an estimate of body temperature. Theoretically, temperature recorded directly from the tympanum reflects the temperature of arterial blood circulating to the brain. However, some studies do not support this connection. Ear-based thermometers in clinical use, commonly called tympanic thermometers, detect heat emission from the aural canal and tympanum. Dissociation of core body temperature and tympanic temperature would suggest that factors other than arterial blood perfusion affect tympanic temperature. METHODS: In a controlled laboratory experiment with four adult volunteers, esophageal and tympanic temperatures were recorded repeatedly at 2-minute intervals during whole-body heating and cooling. Facial cooling, produced by a small electrical fan, was used in three subjects. RESULTS: The gradient between tympanic and esophageal temperature was inconsistent across subjects, with tympanic temperature both higher and lower than esophageal temperature. Correlations between esophageal and tympanic temperature varied widely across subjects. Fanning the face produced a decrease in tympanic temperature without an accompanying decline in esophageal temperature. CONCLUSIONS: Facial cooling in the form of fanning altered the relationship between tympanic and esophageal temperature. This result suggests the possible lowering of tympanic temperature by cooled facial venous blood flow. Use of tympanic temperature in circumstances in which facial temperature may be different from that of other regions of the body deserves further study.

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Deguine, Christian, and Jack L. Pulec. "Tympanic Membrane Perforation with Squamous Epithelium within the Tympanum." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 73, no. 7 (July 1994): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139407300702.

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Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob, Norman Lee, and Mark A. Bee. "Lung-to-ear sound transmission does not improve directional hearing in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 20 (September 6, 2020): jeb232421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232421.

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ABSTRACTAmphibians are unique among extant vertebrates in having middle ear cavities that are internally coupled to each other and to the lungs. In frogs, the lung-to-ear sound transmission pathway can influence the tympanum's inherent directionality, but what role such effects might play in directional hearing remains unclear. In this study of the American green treefrog (Hyla cinerea), we tested the hypothesis that the lung-to-ear sound transmission pathway functions to improve directional hearing, particularly in the context of intraspecific sexual communication. Using laser vibrometry, we measured the tympanum's vibration amplitude in females in response to a frequency modulated sweep presented from 12 sound incidence angles in azimuth. Tympanum directionality was determined across three states of lung inflation (inflated, deflated, reinflated) both for a single tympanum in the form of the vibration amplitude difference (VAD) and for binaural comparisons in the form of the interaural vibration amplitude difference (IVAD). The state of lung inflation had negligible effects (typically less than 0.5 dB) on both VADs and IVADs at frequencies emphasized in the advertisement calls produced by conspecific males (834 and 2730 Hz). Directionality at the peak resonance frequency of the lungs (1558 Hz) was improved by ∼3 dB for a single tympanum when the lungs were inflated versus deflated, but IVADs were not impacted by the state of lung inflation. Based on these results, we reject the hypothesis that the lung-to-ear sound transmission pathway functions to improve directional hearing in frogs.

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Alfano, Chiara. "A Scarred Tympanum." Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies, no. 1 (December 2, 2013): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/cjcs.v0i1.950.

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Philosophy is no stranger to autobiography. Yet, despite the fact that we know, thanks to Augustine and Descartes, to Rousseau and Nietzsche, that autobiography can be philosophically useful, the grounds for autobiography’s philosophical significance still evade us. Good detectives that we are, we rummage for clues, for biographical facts that may throw light on this or the other philosophical conundrum, when we have known all along that life told is more philosophically eloquent than life lived. In all of our attempts to recount our lives — to a loved one, to a therapist, to ourselves — there are incidents that seem almost naturally to take precedent over others. Memory, in this sense, works inconsistently, perhaps prejudicially; its retrospective light illuminating some events, which subsequently become important to us, whilst leaving others in the dark. The term that Freud might have used to describe this phenomenon is Nachträglichkeit, an untranslatable word announcing memory’s deferred action, the fact that some incidents only gain significance retrospectively. Nachträglichkeit in its widest possible sense thus describes the fact that whilst life is lived forwards, it can only be understood backwards. This is also true for Stanley Cavell’s autobiographical writings, in which one childhood event in particular emerges as philosophically decisive.

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Neborak, Victor. "A Drum-Tympanum." World Literature Today 79, no. 3/4 (2005): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40158925.

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Krotov, S. Yu, Yu T. Ignat’ev, and Yu A. Krotov. "Tympanic cavity ultraphonophoresis in cases of preserving integrity of tympanic membrane." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 20, no. 1 (2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2021-1-51-55.

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One of the most common treatments for the middle ear disorders is the injection of medications into the tympanic cavity through the acoustic meatus. This method has proven itself in treatment of the perforated forms of otitis. In cases of preserving the integrity of the tympanic membrane, its efficacy is arguable due to the impossibility of drug direct penetration via the membrane and contact with the mucous membrane. To increase the permeability of the tympanum, the authors used endaural phonophoresis of drugs. The drug penetration into the tympanum was confirmed by multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the temporal bones before and after contrasted ultraphonophoresis with tissue contrast. A 5% solution of potassium iodide was used as a contrast substance, as well as a solution of dexamethasone, which served as an intermediate medium in patients with external otitis and a chronic secretory otitis media. The mechanism of penetration was associated with the primary accumulation of the drug in the layers of the tympanic and adjacent mucous membranes with further dissemination into the deeper parts of the tympanic cavity. An additional confirmation of this is the reaction of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, the mastoid process and the airiness restoration during endaural phonophoresis with dexamethasone. Ultraphonophoresis of drugs through the imperforated eardrum can be used in the conservative treatment of protracted forms of secretory otitis media.

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Long, Sarah, Mark John Plested, Emma K. Mapletoft, Anette Loeffler, and Ross Bond. "Inadvertent catheterisation of the auditory tube during myringotomy in a dog." Veterinary Record Case Reports 8, no. 2 (June 2020): e001160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001160.

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A four-year-old female neutered Cocker Spaniel with a two-year history of relapsing bilateral otitis underwent general anaesthesia and myringotomy for the management of otitis media. This had been previously diagnosed using CT and video-otoscopy six weeks earlier. Due to the thickened and convex nature of the tympanum, the myringotomy incision was made in the caudodorsal quadrant of the tympanum and not the caudoventral quadrant as intended. The catheter advanced freely for several centimetres and air was aspirated. CT confirmed that the catheter had passed through the auditory tube and into the nasopharynx. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of inadvertent auditory tube catheterisation during myringotomy in the dog. It highlights the importance of accurate catheter placement and the difficulties associated with this in thickened or bulging tympanic membranes.

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SENGUPTA, SAIBAL, SAIPARI SAILO, H. T. LALREMSANGA, ABHIJIT DAS, and INDRANEIL DAS. "A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Mizoram, North-eastern India." Zootaxa 2406, no. 1 (March 23, 2010): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2406.1.3.

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A new species of megophryid frog of the genus Leptolalax is described from the Tamdil wetlands of Mizoram State, north-eastern India. L. tamdil new species, is compared with congeners from India and other parts of south-east Asia. The new species is diagnosable in showing the following combination of characters: SVL 32.3 mm in the only male and 31.8 mm in the only female known; dorsum tuberculate; eyelids with tubercles; tympanum and supratympanic fold distinct; supratympanic fold extending to posterior edge of tympanum; macroglands, including preaxillary, pectoral, femoral and ventrolateral glands present; Finger II > I; toe tips not dilated, bearing dermal fringes; relatively long hind limbs, with heels in contact when limbs are held perpendicular to body; dorsum with dark blotches; flanks with small dark blotches; dark tympanic mask present; venter pale; labial bars present and limbs with dark cross-bars.

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Wang, Tongliang, Handong Li, Jianguo Cui, Xiaofei Zhai, Haitao Shi, and Jichao Wang. "Auditory brainstem responses in the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans (Testudoformes: Emydidae) reveal sexually dimorphic hearing sensitivity." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 205, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01372-y.

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Abstract Hearing sensitivity is of general interest from the perspective of understanding the functionality and evolution of vertebrate auditory systems. Sexual dimorphism of auditory systems has been reported in several species of vertebrates, but little is known about this phenomenon in turtles. Some morphological characteristics, such as middle ear and tympanic membrane that influence the hearing sensitivity of animals can result in hearing sexual dimorphism. To examine whether sexual dimorphism in hearing sensitivity occurs in turtles and to compare hearing characteristics with respect to the shape of the tympanic membrane, we measured the hearing sensitivity and tympanum diameter in both sexes of Trachemys scripta elegans. The results showed that, with the exception of 0.9 kHz, auditory brainstem response thresholds were significantly lower in females than in males for frequencies in the 0.2–1.1 kHz range, indicating that the hearing of females shows greater sensitivity. No significant differences were detected in the tympanum diameter of both sexes. These results showed that sexually dimorphic hearing sensitivity has evolved in turtles; however, this difference does not appear to be related to differences in the size of the tympanic membrane. The possible origin and function of the sexual differences in auditory characteristic are discussed.

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Schneider, Rosio G., Dario E. Cardozo, Francisco Brusquetti, Francisco Kolenc, Claudio Borteiro, Célio Haddad, Nestor G. Basso, and Diego Baldo. "A new frog of the Leptodactylus fuscus species group (Anura: Leptodactylidae), endemic from the South American Gran Chaco." PeerJ 7 (October 11, 2019): e7869. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7869.

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A new species of Leptodactylus frog (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the South American Gran Chaco, morphologically similar and previously confused with the widespread Leptodactylus mystacinus, is described through the use of multiple sources of evidence (molecular, external morphology, coloration, osteology, bioacoustics, and behavior). The phylogenetic analysis with partial sequences of mitochondrial rDNA genes (12S and 16S) recovered the new species within the L. fuscus group, being highly divergent (>3% genetic distance in 16S). The new species was recovered as sister taxa of L. mystacinus, from which it is distinguished by tympanum coloration, cephalic index, dorsum and legs coloration, and some osteological differences in nasals and prevomers. This new frog is characterized by a moderate body size (SVL 46.80–66.21 mm), distinctive color pattern (reddish dorsal surfaces of body with noticeable black stripes in the dorsolateral folds), a circular and dark tympanum with dark tympanic annuli, and behavior of males that call on top of fallen logs and tree branches close to the ground.

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Turner, Lynn. "Tympan Alley: Posthumanist Performatives in Dancer in the Dark." Derrida Today 6, no. 2 (November 2013): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drt.2013.0065.

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While it is Derrida's late work on the ‘animal question’ that brought his insistence on limitrophy between species to wider attention, it is also named as the general condition of the limits in the much earlier text, ‘Tympan’. There, in dislocating the tympanum, the margins of philosophy are eaten. Equally, given the rhythmic address of the tympanum, we might say that the margins of philosophy are beaten. This paper considers the persistent play on rhythmic sounds in Lars von Trier's Dancer in the Dark as a ‘tympanising’ or derision of the limits, notably of the limits of the law in both juridical and symbolic senses, as they also work the edges of the film's two styles (broadly, realism and musical). In a provocative analysis of this film, Cary Wolfe suggests that we might understand Selma's vocal style (given singular expression by Bjork) as a refusal of the phallic imposition of language, and that her virtually suicidal submission to the death sentence allows for a notion of a ‘posthuman feminine’. ‘Tympan Alley’ redirects this tantalising term ‘posthuman feminine’ through a more consistently Derridean line of thought to sound out the implications of b/eating the limits through Selma's oblique ear.

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Malkin, Robert, Thomas R. McDonagh, Natasha Mhatre, Thomas S. Scott, and Daniel Robert. "Energy localization and frequency analysis in the locust ear." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 90 (January 6, 2014): 20130857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0857.

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Animal ears are exquisitely adapted to capture sound energy and perform signal analysis. Studying the ear of the locust, we show how frequency signal analysis can be performed solely by using the structural features of the tympanum. Incident sound waves generate mechanical vibrational waves that travel across the tympanum. These waves shoal in a tsunami-like fashion, resulting in energy localization that focuses vibrations onto the mechanosensory neurons in a frequency-dependent manner. Using finite element analysis, we demonstrate that two mechanical properties of the locust tympanum, distributed thickness and tension, are necessary and sufficient to generate frequency-dependent energy localization.

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RICHARDS, STEPHEN J. "A new species of treefrog (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1052, no. 1 (September 20, 2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1052.1.3.

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Litoria singadanae sp. nov. is described from lower montane rainforest on the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. It is a moderately small green frog (two males 29.0–29.1 mm, a female 34.6 mm SV) with long limbs (TL/SV 0.55–0.60), extensively webbed fingers, and a large and prominent tympanum. The new species is unique among Australopapuan hylid frogs in possessing a transparent tympanic membrane. It is known only from the type locality at an altitude of 1280 m asl.

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Liu, Zhaohui, Jingge Yu, Pengfei Zhao, Hanjuan Zhang, Qian Wang, and Zhenchang Wang. "Aberrant sylvian vein: A newly described cause of pulsatile tinnitus." Journal of International Medical Research 45, no. 5 (March 6, 2017): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517693422.

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We herein report a newly described cause of venous pulsatile tinnitus: protrusion of an aberrant sylvian vein into the tympanum. A 60-year-old woman presented with a 4-month history of objective persistent pulsatile tinnitus in the right ear with no other complaints. The pulsatile tinnitus diminished with rotation of the head to the right side or by compression of the right cervical vascular structures. The frequency and intensity of the tinnitus were 125 Hz and 20 dB HL, respectively. Audiometry and otoscopic examination findings were normal. Radiologic examination showed that the right sylvian vein protruded into the tympanum through the dehiscent anterior cortical plate of the tympanum.

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von May, Rudolf, Edgar Lehr, and Daniel L. Rabosky. "Evolutionary radiation of earless frogs in the Andes: molecular phylogenetics and habitat shifts in high-elevation terrestrial breeding frogs." PeerJ 6 (February 22, 2018): e4313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4313.

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The loss of hearing structures and loss of advertisement calls in many terrestrial breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) living at high elevations in South America are common and intriguing phenomena. The Andean frog genusPhrynopusPeters, 1873 has undergone an evolutionary radiation in which most species lack the tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus, yet the phylogenetic relationships among species in this group remain largely unknown. Here, we present an expanded molecular phylogeny ofPhrynopusthat includes 24 nominal species. Our phylogeny includesPhrynopus peruanus, the type species of the genus, and 10 other species for which genetic data were previously unavailable. We found strong support for monophyly ofPhrynopus, and that two nominal species—Phrynopus curatorandPhrynopus nicoleae—are junior synonyms ofPhrynopus tribulosus. Using X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, we demonstrate that the absence of external hearing structures is associated with complete loss of the auditory skeletal elements (columella) in at least one member of the genus. We mapped the tympanum condition on to a species tree to infer whether the loss of hearing structures took place once or multiple times. We also assessed whether tympanum condition, body size, and body shape are associated with the elevational distribution and habitat use. We identified a single evolutionary transition that involved the loss of both the tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus, which in turn is correlated with the absence of advertisement calls. We also identified several species pairs where one species inhabits the Andean grassland and the other montane forest. When accounting for phylogenetic relatedness among species, we detected a significant pattern of increasing body size with increasing elevation. Additionally, species at higher elevations tend to develop shorter limbs, shorter head, and shorter snout than species living at lower elevations. Our findings strongly suggest a link between ecological divergence and morphological diversity of terrestrial breeding frogs living in montane gradients.

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Larsen, O. N. "The cricket's anterior tympanum revisited." Science of Nature 74, no. 2 (February 1987): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366086.

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Bateman, Philip W., and Patricia A. Fleming. "Sex and the single (-eared) female: leg function, limb autotomy and mating history trade-offs in field crickets ( Gryllus bimaculatus )." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (November 22, 2005): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0408.

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Both male and female field crickets ( Gryllus bimaculatus ) autotomize front (tympanal) limbs more slowly than hind limbs. Arguably, this pattern could reflect possible differences in the mechanism of limb autotomy. However, we demonstrate that, for females, limb autotomy is also dependent on their mating status: virgin females autotomize front legs significantly more slowly than mated females. This response suggests a central control for leg autotomy in these animals, and less readiness to autotomize a front leg, possibly because the tympanum is crucial for mate location.

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Pulec, Jack L. "Sinus Tympani: Retrofacial Approach for the Removal of Cholesteatomas." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 75, no. 2 (February 1996): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139607500207.

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The epithelium basement membrane of cholesteatomas in cases of chronic otitis media often extends into the sinus tympani. In the majority of cases it can be safely and completely removed by dissection through the ear canal and tympanum. In 2% of cases, not all squamous epithelium basement membrane can be removed because the sinus tympani extends more than 3 or 4 mm posterior to the anterior edge of the facial nerve and because the membrane is adherent to the irregular bony surface. Surgical exposure of the sinus tympani through the mastoid posterior and medial to the facial nerve allows complete removal of all basement membrane with a direct view. The technique using a retrofacial approach to expose this obscure sinus is described and a series of 48 cases treated successfully by this method are reported.

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YOUNG, DAVID. "Do Cicadas Radiate Sound through their Ear-Drums?" Journal of Experimental Biology 151, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151.1.41.

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1. Sound output was investigated in males of two cicada species, Cyclochila australasiae Donovan and Macrotristria angularis Ståhl. These are large insects, about 4.5 cm in length, with a typical arrangement of sound-producing organs. 2. Songs produced by both species consist of continuous trains of sound pulses, with a fundamental frequency close to 4 kHz. Higher harmonics fall below the 4 kHz peak by 20–30 dB. These songs are the loudest yet recorded among insects: HOdBSPL at 20cm for the protest songs of both species, and values as high as 115 dB for the vigorous calling songs of C. australasiae (mean 113 dB). 3. The male tympanum (ear-drum) is between 3.3 (M. angularis) and 5.5 (C. australasiae) times greater in area than that of the female, which does not sing. The tympana and folded membranes, as well as the sound-generating tymbals, vibrate vigorously during singing; other parts of the insect do not vibrate. 4. Sound output is greatest at the gap between the tympana and their protective coverings, the opercula. High values are also found close to the tymbals but not over the rest of the body. When the gap between tympana and opercula is held closed, rather than open, sound output falls by 11 dB. In the field, calling males adopt a characteristic posture, which keeps this opercular gap wide open. 5. Ablating the tympana makes no difference to the sound output. But ablating the posterior half of the abdominal air sac produces a mean fall of 8.6 dB, together with a great broadening of the song's frequency content. 6. The above results support the conclusion that the majority of sound is radiated through the tympanal opening in typical cicadas, with the tympana being driven passively by the resonant vibrations of air in the air sac. This system can be modelled as a Helmholtz resonator, with the tympanal opening representing the neck of the resonator.

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Mallick, Ajay, Vijay Bhalla, and Ravi Roy. "Effect of Canalplasty on Outcome of Results in Type I Tympanoplasty." Bengal Journal of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47210/bjohns.2016.v24i1.67.

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Background: The aim of the surgical procedure of tympanoplasty is to strive to achieve an intact neo tympanum with normal hearing acuity. Widening of the external auditory canal, called canalplasty, helps in better visualization and hence better placement of the tympanic membrane graft. Aim of this study was to compare effect of canalplasty on the outcome of results of type I tympanoplasty. Methods: 50 cases of patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media mucosal disease with a central dry perforation involving two or more quadrants of the tympanic membrane were included in the study. One group of 25 cases underwent tympanoplasty with canalplasty and was grouped under Group I while the other group of 25 cases underwent tympanoplasty without canalplasty and was called group II. Results: Analysis was done for graft uptake, hearing improvement and time taken for the surgery. Group I achieved a success rate of 92% graft uptake as compared to group II, which achieved 84%. There was statistically significant improvement in post-operative hearing in cases with canalplasty. Time taken was between the two groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anatomical and technical factors diversely affect the functional outcome of tympanoplasties. Canalplasty helps in better visualization and placement of the graft. Time spent on drilling in canalplasty is compensated by the time gained in grafting of the neo tympanum. The procedure prevents lateralization of the graft due to the accurate exposure of the annulus. Post operative care is also easier in cases of tympanoplasty with canalplasty.

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Persoons, Dominique J. "The Role of the Spirit in Romanesque Iconography. Jaca’s Tympanum Reinterpretation." European Journal of Theology and Philosophy 1, no. 5 (September 13, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/theology.2021.1.5.31.

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The role of the Holy Spirit was considerable during the Romanesque period, and its importance remained unknown for a long time. Illuminations could contribute to restoring an appropriate understanding of church settings. The perspective of a powerful and hidden Spirit reveals a new perspective on the tympanums of some famous Romanesque churches. Résumé— Le rôle de l'Esprit Saint était considérable à l'époque romane, et son importance est restée longtemps inconnue. L'analyse de certaines enluminures contemporaines pourrait être précieuse, même pour interpréter certains décors d’église. La mise en perspective de la croyance médiévale en des esprits nombreux donne un nouveau regard sur les tympans de quelques églises romanes célèbres.

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Robert, Kylie A., Michael B. Thompson, and Frank Seebacher. "Facultative sex allocation in the viviparous lizard Eulamprus tympanum, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 4 (2003): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03016.

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Females of the Australian scincid lizard Eulamprus tympanum can manipulate the sex of their offspring in response to gender imbalances in the population using temperature-dependent sex determination. Here we show that when adult males are scarce females produced male-biased litters and when adult males were common females produced female-biased litters. The cues used by a female to assess the adult population are not known but presumably depend upon her experience throughout the breeding season. Maternal manipulation of the sex ratio of the offspring in E. tympanum illustrates a selective advantage of temperature-dependent sex determination in a viviparous species.

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FUNAI, HIROAKI, YASUHARU HORIUTI, TAKAHIKO KONISHI, TOSHITAKA IINUMA, and KAZUYUKI OYAMA. "High-resolution computed tomography of posterior tympanum." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 92, no. 1 (1989): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.92.61.

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27

NISHIDA, HIROAKI. "Electrode HN-7 for tympanum outside induction." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 39, no. 5 (1996): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.39.505.

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28

Kawabe, Fumiyo, Yuko Sasaki, Mamiko Yasuda, Mayumi Kobayashi, Yukiko Seto, and Hideo Edamatsu. "Endoscopic Observation of Normal and Diseased Tympanum." Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica. Suppl. 143 (2015): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirinsuppl.143.14.

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29

Miura, Tomohiro, Chiaki Suzuki, Iwao Otani, and Koichi Omori. "Marrow-Tympanum Connections in Fetuses and Infants." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 111, no. 1 (2008): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.111.14.

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30

Pulec, Jack L., and Christian Deguine. "Attic Cholesteatoma with Extension into the Tympanum." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 79, no. 5 (May 2000): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130007900502.

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31

Deguine, Christian, and Jack L. Pulec. "Tympanosclerosis with Squamous Epithelium in the Tympanum." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 78, no. 6 (June 1999): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139907800604.

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32

Strunski, V., C. Page, S. Ayache, and E. Stramandinoli. "Étude de l’anatomie endoscopique du rétro-tympanum." Morphologie 88, no. 281 (July 2004): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-0115(04)98019-8.

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33

Márquez, Rafael, and Jaime Bosch. "TYMPANUM FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY, BODY SIZE AND MATE CHOICE IN FEMALE MIDWIFE TOADS (ALYTES OBSTETRICANS)." Behaviour 137, no. 9 (2000): 1211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502600.

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AbstractWe address whether fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in an external ear element is correlated with the accuracy of location of a sound source (synthetic male advertisement calls) by female midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans). Fluctuating asymmetry in the tympanum was measured in gravid females. We studied the relationship between FA, snout - vent - length (SVL), and precision in approaching an acoustic stimulus through playback tests. Female mass was negatively correlated with jump length. Tympanum FA was negatively correlated with the accuracy of location of a sound source. Thus, FA can play an important role in sexual selection by conferring an advantage in access to available males by females with low values of asymmetry.

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34

Liu, Qiang, HuiFang Wang, and JiHuan Xing. "Efficacy of Mesotympanum Injection and Posterior Auricular Injection in Sudden Hearing Loss of Diabetes Patients." BioMed Research International 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8494868.

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The efficacy of tympanum injection and posterior auricular injection in diabetes with sudden hearing loss (SHL) was analyzed. A mobile terminal-based portable pure tone audiometry system and its processing method were established. Based on mobile terminals, a portable pure tone audiometry system including an Android system, pure sound signal generation, pure tone hearing threshold, and client module was established. A masking model and self-adaptive algorithm were used to detect and reduce noise. Besides, the performance of the portable pure tone audiometry system was detected. A total of 46 diabetes patients with SHL diagnosed at the otolaryngology department in BeiChen Hospital between August 2019 and November 2021 were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into the retroauricular group (posterior auricular injection) and the tympanic group (tympanum injection). Each group included 23 cases. All patients received pure tone audiometry (PTA) before and after the treatment. The changes in fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of the patients were monitored before and after the treatment. Besides, tinnitus loudness visual analog scale (VAS), pain VAS, efficacy, and the incidence of adverse reactions of the patients in two groups were compared. The results indicated that the hear threshold error detected by the medical audiometer and a portable pure tone audiometry system was within 2dB. Before the optimization, there was an error of about 10dB between the hear thresholds detected by the self-adaptive algorithm and a medical audiometer. After the treatment, the hear threshold and average PTA of the patients in the retroauricular and the tympanic groups under different frequencies were both reduced compared with those before the treatment ( P < 0.05 ). The tinnitus VAS score in the retroauricular group was decreased more notably than that in tympanic group ( P < 0.01 ), and the pain VAS score was much lower than that in the tympanic group ( P < 0.001 ). The comparison of FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, the proportions of cured, significantly effective, effective, ineffective patients, and the total effective rate in the patients in the retroauricular and the tympanic groups before and after the treatment all showed no statistical differences ( P > 0.05 ). The incidence of adverse reactions in tympanic group after the treatment was dramatically higher than that in retroauricular group ( P < 0.001 ). The above results demonstrated that posterior auricular injection showed potential application values in the treatment of SHL with diabetes and established a portable pure tone audiometry system as well as its noise processing method.

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MARCIANO-JR, EUVALDO, AMANDA SANTIAGO F. LANTYER-SILVA, and MIRCO SOLÉ. "A new species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil." Zootaxa 4238, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.11.

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We describe a new species of Phyllodytes from Ilhéus (15º04’S, 39º03’W; 95 m above sea level), south of state of Bahia, in the northeastern Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Phyllodytes megatympanum sp. nov. is diagnosable by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsum of body, arms, and legs uniformly light brown; (2) groin yellow; (3) snout pointed in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) tympanum large with a round distinct tympanic annulus; (5) adult males with two anterior large odontoids followed by a series of smaller odontoids on each side of the mandible; (6) well-developed tubercle near tibio-tarsal joint; (7) advertisement call composed of a series of 12 to 19 unpulsed notes, with harmonic structure and (8) mean dominant frequency of 3.98 kHz.

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ARROYO, SANDY B., PAOLA M. SÁNCHEZ, MARTHA PATRICIA RAMÍREZ-PINILLA, HENRY A. SUÁREZ, and DANIEL R. MIRANDA-ESQUIVEL. "Morphometric analysis to differentiate taxonomically seven species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from an Andean cloud forest of Colombia." Zootaxa 1018, no. 1 (July 15, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1018.1.1.

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The genus Eleutherodactylus contains a large number of species and species groups that have had a notoriously difficult taxonomy. Morphometric analyses open new approaches and perspectives to evaluate morphological characters in the taxonomic context. Morphometric and statistical analyses were applied to differentiate taxonomically seven Eleutherodactylus species that co-occur in an Andean cloud forest (six of these belonging to the unistrigatus group). Fifty one characters were evaluated to determine those characters that best separate the species and species groups. Using morphometric analyses we were able to discriminate among species and species groups defined a priori. Qualitative characters, particularly the colour patterns, allowed recognising the juveniles of two groups; however, the discriminant analyses could not differentiate them. Quantitative characters allowed easy recognition of those species with a large sample size. Ten of the eleven quantitative variables showed a good discriminatory power: Linear combination of tympanum-eye distance and eyelid width, tympanum-eye distance, tympanum diameter, phalangeal width of finger IV, head length, eyelid width, head width, eye diameter, snout-vent length, and interorbital distance. Distance between eye and nostril was excluded from the discriminant model because of its low discriminatory power. Thus, morphometric and qualitative variables proved be useful in differentiating among Eleutherodactylus species and species groups at adult and juvenile levels.

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37

Yung, Matthew Man Wah. "The use of rigid endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 108, no. 4 (April 1994): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100126611.

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AbstractThe existence of blind pockets in the middle ear during cholesteatoma surgery could compromise complete removal of the disease, e.g. from the sinus tympanum. The use of side-viewing rigid endoscopes in conjunction with the operating microscope to control and facilitate cholesteatoma removal during mastoid operation studied.Ninety-two primary operations for cholesteatoma over a four-year period were examined. Over one-third (35.9 per cent) of these cases had cholesteatoma extended into the sinus tympanum. Sixty-four operations were small cavity mastoidectomy. The others were either canal wall reconstruction or primary obliteration following open cavity mastoidectomy.Although residual cholesteatoma was found in three patients, only one was in the middle ear. It is concluded from this study that side-viewing endoscopes could be very useful in cholesteatoma surgery.

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38

Shiraki, K., S. Sagawa, F. Tajima, A. Yokota, M. Hashimoto, and G. L. Brengelmann. "Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.482.

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Temperature within the brain and the esophagus and at the tympanum were obtained in a 12-yr-old male in a series of experiments that began 8 days after surgery for implantation of a drainage catheter. Fanning the face did reduce tympanic temperature but not temperature in the brain; brain temperatures followed esophageal temperatures. In long-term monitoring, temperature in the lateral ventricle was 0.5 degree C above esophageal temperature and 0.2 degree C below that in white matter 1 cm above, with the offsets fixed throughout the overnight cycle. All temperatures went through similar excursions when the face was excluded from fanning applied to the body. These observations highlight the fact that in humans the defense against hyperthermia takes advantage of cooling distributed over the entire skin surface.

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39

Boyce, W. Thomas, Marilyn J. Essex, Abbey Alkon, Nancy A. Smider, Tyler Pickrell, and Jerome Kagan. "Temperament, Tympanum, and Temperature: Four Provisional Studies of the Biobehavioral Correlates of Tympanic Membrane Temperature Asymmetries." Child Development 73, no. 3 (May 2002): 718–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00434.

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40

AMBROSE, KIRK. "Attunement to the Damned of the Conques Tympanum." Gesta 50, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41550546.

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41

Bhalla, R. K., and T. H. J. Lesser. "Malleus osteotomy: improving access to the anterior tympanum." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 1 (January 2005): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215053222851.

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Access to the anterior tympanic cavity is often restricted by the handle of the malleus. The aim of this paper is to describe a surgical malleus osteotomy that allows the malleus handle to swing superiorly. The authors have found few problems related to this technique, especially with regard to restoration of normal post-operative hearing.

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42

LEHR, EDGAR, and ALESSANDRO CATENAZZI. "A new species of Bryophryne (Anura: Strabomantidae) from southern Peru." Zootaxa 1784, no. 1 (June 6, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1784.1.1.

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A new species of Bryophryne from southern Peru (Cusco Region) is described. Specimens were found in the leaf litter of cloud forest at elevations of 2350–3215 m. The new species has a maximum snout-vent length of 21.9 mm in adult females, 18.9 mm in adult males and is the smallest species of the genus. It lacks a tympanum and dentigerous processes of vomers, has dorsolateral folds, and males without vocal slits and without nuptial pads. The new species is most similar to B. bustamantei but differs in being smaller, having discontinuous dorsolateral folds, the males lacking vocal slits, and an overall darker ventral coloration. Bryophryne contains three species all of which lack a tympanum. The deep valley of the Río Apurímac as a distributional barrier separating Phrynopus from Bryophryne is discussed.

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DAS, INDRANEIL, RONALD K. LYNGDOH TRON, DUWAKI RANGAD, and RUPA N. K. HOOROO. "A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from the sacred groves of Mawphlang, Meghalaya, north-eastern India." Zootaxa 2339, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2339.1.2.

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A new species of megophryid frog of the genus Leptolalax is described from the sacred groves of Mawphlang, East Khasi Hills, north-eastern India. L. khasiorum new species, is compared with congeners from India and other parts of south-east Asia. The new species is diagnosable in showing the following combination of characters: SVL 24.5–27.3 (mean 25.63 ± 0.61 SE) mm in a sample of four adult males; 31.2–33.4 (mean 32.50 ± 0.67 SE) mm in a sample of three females; dorsum with fine scattered tubercles; eyelids with tubercles; tympanum and supratympanic fold distinct; macroglands, including preaxillary, pectorals and ventrolateral glands present; Finger I > II; toe tips not dilated, bearing dermal fringes; dorsum with dark blotches; flanks with large dark blotches; dark tympanic mask present; venter lacking dark blotches; labial bars present and limbs with dark cross-bars.

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44

Jonsson, Thorin, Fernando Montealegre-Z, Carl D. Soulsbury, Kate A. Robson Brown, and Daniel Robert. "Auditory mechanics in a bush-cricket: direct evidence of dual sound inputs in the pressure difference receiver." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 122 (September 2016): 20160560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0560.

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The ear of the bush-cricket, Copiphora gorgonensis, consists of a system of paired eardrums (tympana) on each foreleg. In these insects, the ear is backed by an air-filled tube, the acoustic trachea (AT), which transfers sound from the prothoracic acoustic spiracle to the internal side of the eardrums. Both surfaces of the eardrums of this auditory system are exposed to sound, making it a directionally sensitive pressure difference receiver. A key feature of the AT is its capacity to reduce the velocity of sound propagation and alter the acoustic driving forces at the tympanum. The mechanism responsible for reduction in sound velocity in the AT remains elusive, yet it is deemed to depend on adiabatic or isothermal conditions. To investigate the biophysics of such multiple input ears, we used micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry and micro-computed X-ray tomography. We measured the velocity of sound propagation in the AT, the transmission gains across auditory frequencies and the time-resolved mechanical dynamics of the tympanal membranes in C. gorgonensis . Tracheal sound transmission generates a gain of approximately 15 dB SPL, and a propagation velocity of ca 255 m s −1 , an approximately 25% reduction from free field propagation. Modelling tracheal acoustic behaviour that accounts for thermal and viscous effects, we conclude that reduction in sound velocity within the AT can be explained, among others, by heat exchange between the sound wave and the tracheal walls.

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Su, Haijun, Shengchao Shi, Yanqing Wu, Guangrong Li, Xiaogang Yao, Bin Wang, and Shize Li. "Description of a new horned toad of Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt, 1822 (Anura, Megophryidae) from southwest China." ZooKeys 974 (October 7, 2020): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.974.56070.

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A new species of the genus Megophrys is described from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses supported the new species as an independent clade nested into the Megophrys. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size moderate (SVL 49.3–58.2 mm in males); vomerine ridges present distinctly, vomerine teeth present; tongue feebly notched behind; tympanum distinctly visible, oval; two metacarpal tubercles in hand; toes with one-third webbing and wide lateral fringes; heels overlapped when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum and eye when leg stretched forward; an internal single subgular vocal sac present in male; in breeding male, the nuptial pads with large and sparse black nuptial spines present on the dorsal bases of the first two fingers.

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46

Kropachev, Ivan I., Alexey A. Evsyunin, Nikolai L. Orlov, and Tao Thien Nguyen. "A New Species of <i>Rhacophorus</i> Genus (Anura: Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorinae) from Lang Son Province, Northern Vietnam." Russian Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2022-29-1-35-46.

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We describe a new species of the Rhacophorus genus, which differs from its congeners on the basis of a combination of the following morphological characters: (1) medium body size (SVL of adult female — 50.4 mm); (2) head slightly wider than long (HW/HL 1.01); (3) HW/SVL 0.35; (4) HL/SVL 0.35; (5) third finger disk diameter much smaller than tympanum diameter (FTD/TD 0.70); (6) tympanum large, the lower edge of the tympanic annulus almost reaches the edge of the upper lip (TJ/TD 0.27, TJ/OJ 0.48, TJ/NJ 0.39); (7) high ratio TD/ED 0.73; (8) ratio TFL/FLL2 1.62; (9) vomerine odontophores oblique, and widely separated, between choanae (gap is equal to the length of one odontophore), touching anterior edge of choanae, vomerine teeth well developed; (10) triangular calcar absent; (11) color pattern of dorsal surface of head, body, shoulders, forearms, thighs, and shanks looks like a cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers and other parts of a network of two general kinds of color: of reddish-brown and beige with small sparsely arranged individual black spots; (12) ventral surfaces of belly, throat, chest, femur and all forelimbs light gray, on the throat, chest and femur pigmentation is somewhat much intensive; (13) belly, throat and chest are smooth; (14) pair of tubercles ventrolaterally from the cloacal opening absent; (15) iris is brown; (16) fingers-webbing formula: I2+ – 3II12/3 – 21/2III2+ – 2IV; (17) toes-webbing formula: I11/2 – 2II1 – 2+III1+ – 21/2IV2+ – 1+V. At present, Rhacophorus trangdinhensis sp. nov. is known only by a single specimen (female) from the type locality in an evergreen forest on limestone karst from 200 m a.s.l. elevation.

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MURATA, KIYOTAKA, and FUMIHIKO OHTA. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE AND THE ANTERIOR TYMPANUM." Laryngoscope 95, no. 3 (March 1985): 333???334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198503000-00019.

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48

Linthicum, Fred H., Qing Tian, and William Slattery. "Marrow-Mesenchyme Connections in the Fetal and Newborn Tympanum." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 6 (June 1997): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600604.

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Examinations of 41 human fetal, 8 infant, and 8 juvenile temporal bones prepared for light microscopic evaluation revealed direct connections between the hematopoietic bone marrow and the unresolved mesenchyme in the middle ear. The connections first appeared at 15 weeks of gestation and became bridged by fibrous tissue, in most cases, by the postpartum age of 10 months. Between 16 and 18 months after birth, the marrow-mesenchyme connections gradually disappeared. The areas in which the connections were most numerous were the anterior epitympanum, the sinus tympani medial to the stapedius muscle, and transitory bone that occupies the area that will become the aditus of the antrum. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the existence of mature leukocytes in these connections. These connections may help protect the middle ear against bacterial invasion during the postnatal period.

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Sosa, M., A. A. O. Carneiro, O. Baffa, and J. F. Colafemina. "Human ear tympanum oscillation recorded using a magnetoresistive sensor." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 10 (October 2002): 3695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1502444.

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50

Deguine, Christian, and Jack L. Pulec. "Dry Central Perforation with Squamous Epithelium in the Tympanum." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 76, no. 4 (April 1997): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139707600402.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tympanum'

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