Academic literature on the topic 'Type area. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Al-Mistarehi, Bara’ W., Ahmad H. Alomari, and Mohamad S. Al Zoubi. "Investigation of saturation flow rate using video camera at signalized intersections in Jordan." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0021.
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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate a potential list of variables that may have an impact on the saturation flow rate (SFR) associated with different turning movements at signalized intersections in Jordan. Direct visits to locations were conducted, and a video camera was used. Highway capacity manual standard procedure was followed to collect the necessary traffic data. Multiple linear regression was performed to classify the factors that impact the SFR and to find the optimal model to foretell the SFR. Results showed that turning radius, presence of camera enforcement, and the speed limit are the significant factors that influence SFR for shared left- and U-turning movements (LUTM) with R2 = 76.9%. Furthermore, the presence of camera enforcement, number of lanes, speed limit, city, traffic volume, and area type are the factors that impact SFR for through movements only (THMO) with R2 = 69.6%. Also, it was found that the SFR for LUTM is 1611 vehicles per hour per lane (VPHPL),which is less than the SFR for THMO that equals to 1840 VPHPL. Calibration and validation of SFR based on local conditions can improve the efficiency of infrastructure operation and planning activities because vehicles’ characteristics and drivers’ behavior change over time.
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Khalid H. Almitani, Khalid H. Almitani. "https://marz.kau.edu.sa/Files/320/Researches/70650_43625.pdf." journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 7, 2017): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.28-1.5.
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A crack is a type of damage that can lead to catastrophic failure when it grows in a structure. Thus prediction of cracks is a very important problem that has to be addressed. Some studies have been done on non-destructive techniques to identify cracks. Research interest in this area has been growing up quickly. In this study, a beam made of aluminum was used for detecting cracks using vibration characteristics. A method to identify cracks in an aluminum beam was derived from the equation of the dynamic stiffness. Rotational springs were used to model the cracks in the beam and the frequency response function was calculated using a spectral element model using Finite Element Model (FEM). This procedure provides a relationship between the frequency response and crack structure. The inverse problem was solved repetitively for crack positions and sizes using the Newton-Raphson method. The finite element model was formulated to simulate the results and to provide vibration overall amplitude measurements. The results showed at certain crack size, the amplitude increases with increasing crack depth for all crack positions. At crack size of 12 mm, an increase of 4.5% in amplitude was obtained for 60 mm crack position at a depth of 1.6 mm compared to its value at a depth of 0.16 mm. Similarly, it was 8.4% at crack size of 16 mm. Also, the amplitude varies inversely with position. Furthermore, at certain crack position, the amplitude increases with increasing crack depth for all crack sizes. At crack position of 75 mm, an increase of 12.6% in amplitude was obtained for 20 mm crack size at a depth of 1.6 mm compared to its value at a depth of 0.16 mm. Similarly, it was 5.4% at crack position of 150 mm. Finally, the amplitude increases as crack size increases at a certain depth.
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Nik Daud, Nik Norsyahariati, Nur Safrah Anuar, Zainuddin Yusoff, and Amimul Ahsan. "Assessment of Lake Sediments Properties and Contaminations Level." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2100.
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Sediments are principal carriers of the trace elements in the hydrosphere. Properties of the sediment (such as grain size, specific surface area and pore volume) decide the concentration level of the pollutant contain in water. The properties of sediment differed in each lake according to the normal geological phenomenon and source of discharge wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties and contamination level of the sediment collected from lakes in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Sediment samples are taken from three different lakes; Lake IT, Lake ENG and Lake PK. These locations are selected due to the type of wastewater has been discharged into the lakes which are from colleges and academic buildings. The sediments were tested in terms of physical, chemical properties and contaminant concentration (Pb, P and Cu). Using the contaminant concentration results; the sediment concentration level of the pollutant of each lakes were referred to the Consensus- Based Sediment Quality Guidelines (CBSQG-2003). The dominant grain sizes of the sediments were found in the range of silt/clay; with the size fraction in the range 12.74% to 12.83%. The specific surface areas of sediments were in the range of 16.3 to 22.5 m2/g with a pore size distribution in the range of 20 to 29 mm3/g. The chemical properties show that the pH values are in normal range; pH 7, TOC values in the range of 10.84 to 12.39% and salinity values in the range of 0.05 to 0.06 dS/m. The contaminant concentrations show that the main heavy metal presents in Lake IT, Lake ENG and Lake PK as Lead (Pb) with 0.033 mg/l, 0.036 mg/L and 0.038 mg/L, respectively. According to the CBSQG-2003, due to the concentration of Lead presents in lakes sediment in UPM area, the sediments were categorised as non-polluted.
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Major, Tamás, Réka Gindele, Zsuzsanna Szabó, Natália Jóni, Zsuzsanna Kis, László Bora, Péter Bárdossy, Tamás Rácz, Tamás Karosi, and Zsuzsanna Bereczky. "A herediter haemorrhagiás teleangiectasia (Osler–Weber–Rendu-kór) genetikai diagnosztikája." Orvosi Hetilap 160, no. 18 (May 2019): 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2019.31380.
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Abstract: Introduction: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant multisystemic vascular disease with a worldwide prevalence of 1 : 5000 – 1 : 10 000. Diagnosis is based on clinical Curacao criteria. Approximately 85% of HHT cases have heterozygous family-specific mutations in the ENG or ACVRL1 genes. Aim: We investigated 23 Hungarian HHT families, established the genetic diagnosis, executed family-screening and confirmed founder effects. Method: Probands were identified by the stratified population screening of the primary attendance area of our institution and from individuals contacting our study group voluntarily. Diagnosis is based on the otorhinolaryngological physical examination completed with characteristic telangiectasis sites, a visceral arteriovenous malformation screening and the sequence analysis of ENG and ACVRL1 genes. The family screening consists of physical examination and genetic screening for the family-specific mutation, followed by the arteriovenous malformation screening in patients with definite/suspected HHT and/or in individuals with the mutation. Results: Sixty-three individuals with family-specific mutations were identified in 22 families, 48 of them with definite and 12 with suspected HHT. Seven ENG and ACVRL1 mutations were detected, respectively; most of these are pathogenic. Three founder mutations were observed. One proband with definite HHT had wild-type alleles in all tested HHT-specific loci. Conclusions: The significance of genetic testing is confirming or excluding HHT in young asymptomatic individuals in families with pathogenic mutations. As ENG and ACVRL1 mutations result in overlapping fenotypes, the genetic testing lacks any prognostic value. The identification of founder effects might simplify the genetic diagnosis of new HHT patients from a given region. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(18): 710–719.
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Vilar, Polona, and Vlasta Zabukovec. "Research data management and research data literacy in Slovenian science." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-03-2018-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences between scientific disciplines (SDs) in Slovenia in research data literacy (RDL) and research data management (RDM) to form recommendations regarding how to move things forward on the institutional and national level.Design/methodology/approachPurposive sample of active researchers was used from widest possible range of SD. Data were collected from April 21 to August 7, 2017, using 24-question online survey (5 demographic, 19 content questions (single/multiple choice and Likert scale type). Bivariate (ANOVA) and multivariate methods (clustering) were used.FindingsThe authors identified three perception-related and four behavior-related connections; this gave three clusters per area. First, perceptions – skeptical group, mainly social (SocS) and natural sciences (NatS): no clear RDM and ethical issues standpoints, do not agree that every university needs a data management plan (DMP). Careful group, again including mainly SocS and NatS: RDM is problematic and linked to ethical dilemmas, positive toward institutional DMPs. Convinced group, mainly from humanities (HUM), NatS, engineering (ENG) and medicine and health sciences (MedHeS): no problems regarding RDM, agrees this is an ethical question, is positive toward institutional DMP’s. Second, behaviors – sparse group, mainly from MedHeS, NatS and HUM, some agricultural scientists (AgS), and some SocS and ENG: do not tag data sets with metadata, do not use file-naming conventions/standards. Frequent group – many ENG, SocS, moderate numbers of NatS, very few AgS and only a few MedHeS and HUM: often use file-naming conventions/standards, version-control systems, have experience with public-domain data, are reluctant to use metadata with their RD. Slender group, mainly from AgS and NatS, moderate numbers of ENG, SocS and HUM, but no MedHeS: often use public-domain data, other three activities are rare.Research limitations/implicationsResearch could be expanded to a wider population, include other stakeholders and use qualitative methods.Practical implicationsResults are useful for international comparisons but also give foundations and recommendations on institutional and national RDM and RDL policies, implementations, and how to bring academic libraries into the picture. Identified differences suggest that different educational, awareness-raising and participatory approaches are needed for each group.Originality/valueThe findings offer valuable insight into RDM and RDL of Slovenian scientists, which have not yet been investigated in Slovenia.
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Kolta, A., J. P. Lund, and S. Rossignol. "Modulation of activity of spindle afferents recorded in trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of rabbit during fictive mastication." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1067.
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1. These experiments were based on the findings that antidromic firing is observed in first-order sensory afferents during fictive locomotion and were designed to test the hypothesis that a similar central modulation of afferent discharge occurs during mastication. To do this, spindle afferents were recorded in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Mes V) of anesthetized and paralyzed rabbits during fictive mastication. The cortical masticatory area was stimulated to induce mastication, and activity of the XIIth or the Vth nerves were recorded to monitor the masticatory motor rhythm. 2. Although we could find little evidence that antidromic discharges invade the somatic region of this class of sensory afferents, we did discover a previously unrecognized type of modulation of afferent firing. 3. Of 83 slowly adapting muscle spindle afferents, 33 were modulated during fictive mastication. In 28 cases, the modulation consisted of a phasic inhibition, whereas for the remaining units it could be either a phasic excitation (n = 2) or an excitation alternating with an inhibition (n = 3). 4. Rapidly adapting units were also tested when encountered. Tonic or phasic excitation was never observed. The presence of inhibition could not be verified for this population because tonic activity could not be maintained by passive stretch. 5. The main electroneurogram (ENG) burst of the XIIth and Vth cranial nerves occurred during the opening phase of the masticatory cycle, and in all cases where the records were clear (22 out of 33), phasic inhibition of the afferents coincided with the ENG burst. 6. There was no difference in the distributions of the modulated and of the unmodulated units along the length of the Mes V nucleus. 7. Approximately 40% of trigeminal spindle afferent cell bodies have dendrites, and we suggest that these are the ones rhythmically modulated during fictive mastication. The possible role of this modulation is discussed.
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Pfaff, Alexander, Juan Robalino, Catalina Sandoval, and Diego Herrera. "Protected area types, strategies and impacts in Brazil's Amazon: public protected area strategies do not yield a consistent ranking of protected area types by impact." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1681 (November 5, 2015): 20140273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0273.
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The leading policy to conserve forest is protected areas (PAs). Yet, PAs are not a single tool: land users and uses vary by PA type; and public PA strategies vary in the extent of each type and in the determinants of impact for each type, i.e. siting and internal deforestation. Further, across regions and time, strategies respond to pressures (deforestation and political). We estimate deforestation impacts of PA types for a critical frontier, the Brazilian Amazon. We separate regions and time periods that differ in their deforestation and political pressures and document considerable variation in PA strategies across regions, time periods and types. The siting of PAs varies across regions. For example, all else being equal, PAs in the arc of deforestation are relatively far from non-forest, while in other states they are relatively near. Internal deforestation varies across time periods, e.g. it is more similar across the PA types for PAs after 2000. By contrast, after 2000, PA extent is less similar across PA types with little non-indigenous area created inside the arc. PA strategies generate a range of impacts for PA types—always far higher within the arc—but not a consistent ranking of PA types by impact.
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Hosoishi, Shingo, Mamunur Rahman, Takahiro Murakami, Sang-Hyun Park, Yuzuru Kuboki, and Kazuo Ogata. "Winter Activity of Ants in an Urban Area of Western Japan." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.4374.
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During winter, foraging activity of ants is considered low in temperate regions. Winter activity of ground-dwelling ants was investigated using bait traps and quadrat sampling in an urban area of Fukuoka City, western Japan. Six study sites were grouped into two categories: 4 open land types and 2 forest types. A total of 18 ant species were recorded between the end of January and beginning of March. The foraging activity of ants was generally low, except during relatively warm periods when the surface ground temperature was above 6℃–7℃ or soil temperature was above 4℃–5℃. Tetramorium tsushimae, Messor aciculatus, and Pheidole noda were the most abundant in the open land type, whereas Nylanderia flavipes, P. noda, and Crematogaster osakensis were the most abundant in the forest type. Bait preference varied among the different species, e.g., P. noda preferred tuna over honey, whereas N. flavipes similarly responded to tuna and honey. This is the first detailed study on the relationship between temperature and ant activity in Japanese mainland fauna.
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Urgilés, Gabriela, Rolando Célleri, Katja Trachte, Jörg Bendix, and Johanna Orellana-Alvear. "Clustering of Rainfall Types Using Micro Rain Radar and Laser Disdrometer Observations in the Tropical Andes." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050991.
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Lack of rainfall information at high temporal resolution in areas with a complex topography as the Tropical Andes is one of the main obstacles to study its rainfall dynamics. Furthermore, rainfall types (e.g., stratiform, convective) are usually defined by using thresholds of some rainfall characteristics such as intensity and velocity. However, these thresholds highly depend on the local climate and the study area. In consequence, these thresholds are a constraining factor for the rainfall class definitions because they cannot be generalized. Thus, this study aims to analyze rainfall-event types by using a data-driven clustering approach based on the k-means algorithm that allows accounting for the similarities of rainfall characteristics of each rainfall type. It was carried out using three years of data retrieved from a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and a laser disdrometer. The results show two main rainfall types (convective and stratiform) in the area which highly differ in their rainfall features. In addition, a mixed type was found as a subgroup of the stratiform type. The stratiform type was found more frequently throughout the year. Furthermore, rainfall events of short duration (less than 70 min) were prevalent in the study area. This study will contribute to analyze the rainfall formation processes and the vertical profile.
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Sitohang, Irma Bernadette S., Benny Nelson, Melani Marissa, Wresti Indriatmi, and Wismandari Wisnu. "Evaluation of Modified Melasma Area and Severity Index in Hyperthyroid Patients Receiving Anti-thyroid Drugs." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (May 16, 2021): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6082.
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BACKGROUND: Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder, which causes brownish discoloration of the face. Despite unclear mechanisms, thyroid hormones were thought to play a role in melasma. AIM: This study aims to determine and compare the clinical improvement of melasma in hyperthyroid patients receiving anti-thyroid drugs. METHODS: An interventional study with a quasi-experimental design (pre-post-intervention study) was conducted at the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic and Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, from July 2019 to March 2020. A comparative analysis was done to compare the modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) in hyperthyroid patients before and after 12 weeks of anti-thyroid drugs. All subjects did not receive any additional topical therapies for their melasma. The clinical features were evaluated objectively at baseline and 12th-week visit, by mMASI score on different areas of the face (forehead, left-right malar, and chin) and Wood’s lamp examination. RESULTS: All areas showed a decline in mMASI score components (e.g., involvement areas and darkness degree) after 12 weeks of treatment. However, only the malar area showed a significant decline (p < 0.05). Wood’s lamp examination at baseline revealed dermal type melasma on 17 subjects, mixed type on six subjects, and epidermal type on one subject. All types remained unchanged after 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that mMASI score in malar area improved significantly, this might be because malar area included this study were comprised of epidermal, dermal, and mixed type. On the other hand, based on Wood’s lamp examination, all types of melasma remained unchanged after 12 weeks of treatment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Macedo, Júnior João Batista de. "Diagramação : um sistema para previsão e improviso na mancha de texto /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86948.
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Orientador: Sérgio Mauro RomagnoloBanca: Norberto Stori
Banca: Clice de Toledo Sanjar Mazili
Resumo: A pesquisa procura entender o processo de elaboração do projeto gráfico de um livro, focando esforços no estudo do formato de sua mancha de texto. Parte-se do pressuposto pós-moderno de que o design gráfico pode estabelecer uma conexão diferenciada entre conteúdo e leitor, não apenas na função de facilitador da leitura. Portanto, apresenta-se, de forma experimental, um sistema de diagramação que harmoniza questões ligadas à previsão e ao imprevisto da elaboração do projeto gráfico com a possibilidade de uma fruição diferenciada do conteúdo do texto por parte do leitor
Abstract: This research aims the understanding the process of developing of a book graphic design, focusing efforts on the study of the type area shape. It starts from the postmodern assumption that graphic design can establish a connection between content and reader, not just as easy facilitator of reading. Therefore, we present experimentally a system that harmonizes layout issues to the prediction and the adaptation and the development of graphic design with the possibility of a different reader's enjoyment for the content of the text
Mestre
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Janoušková, Dominika. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Pardubice a Prosetín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233148.
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Marta, Terteli Telek. "Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (Razvijanje sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja različitih tipova tekstova u nastavi maternjeg jezika)." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Doktorske disertacije iz interdisciplinarne odnosno multidisciplinarne oblasti na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100707&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (Razvijanje sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja različitih tipova tekstova u nastavi maternjeg jezika) tretira metode i procese kojima se razvija čitanje sa razumevanjem (čitalačka pismenost). Ukazuje na to da su preduslov za razumevanje teksta razvijena tehnika čitanja, leksički fond, razumevanje sintagme i rečenice, izvođenje zaključaka, razuđenost teksta, prepoznavanje strukture teksta, unutrašnja slika (mentalna mapa) tipa teksta, u pisanom tekstu poznavanje vizuelnog upravljanja (forma teksta) i jezičkog upravljanja, retorike, uvažavanje vizuelnog konteksta (slike i ilustracije, tumačenje uzajamno komplementarnih tekstova i slika), prepoznavanje stila (stilskog registra), veći kapacitet radne memorije, monitoring okvirnog znanja (poznavanje sveta), procesa razumevanja itd. U radu se prikazuju oblici ispoljavanja deficita pri razumevanju teksta, a objašnjavaju se i uzroci.Autorka analizira strategije razvijanja čitalačke pismenosti sa razumevanjem različitih tipova tekstova počev od beletristike (bajki i poezije), preko naučno-popularne literature (udžbenika) do adekvatnog tumačenja multimedijalnih, pa i digitalnih tekstova. Usput spominje kreativno-produktivne vežbe, ilustruje njihovu ulogu, značaj u stvaranju značenja, prikazuje mehanizam za postizanje efekata kod vežbi kreativnog pisanja i bavi se metodikom vaspitavanja čitalaca.U doktorskoj disertaciji, nakon razmatranja teoretsko-metodološke osnove čitanja sa razumevanjem različitih tipova tekstova, sledi prezentacija rezultata empirijskog istraživanja, kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza sa matematičko-statističkom obradom podataka. U istraživanju je korišćen test za razumevanje teksta koji nije formalan (standardni), odnosno upitnik o čitalačkim navikama. Uzorak obuhvata 800 učenika: iz naselja u kojima Mađari žive u homogenim sredinama, u rasejanju, odnosno u izolovanim manjim zajednicama.Tokom istraživanja autorka je ispitivala u kojoj meri jezička sredina učenika (Mađari u homogenim naseljima, u rasejanju ili izolovanim zajednicama) utiče na nivo razvoja njihove sposobnosti razumevanja teksta, kao i da li postoji statistički značajna povezanost (pozitivna korelacija) između socijalno-kulturne sredine učenika i nivoa razvoja njihove sposobnosti razumevanja teksta. Istraživanje obuhvata i aspekat postojanja statistički značajne razlike među polovima što se tiče sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja i da li ima razlike u procentima rešenih zadataka vezanih za razne tipove tekstova, odnosno u kojoj meri učinak u razumevanju teksta zavisi od tipa teksta. Tokom kvalitativne analize dobija se odgovor i na to, kako su mediji promenili tradicionalnu strukturu korišćenja slobodnog vremena, odnosno kako se menja profil čitanja po žanrovima i struktura traženog štiva.Koristeći metode deskriptivne, istorijske, statističke i teorijske analize doktorska disertacija daje uvid u nivo razvoja učenika 4. razreda osnovne škole ‒ na teritorijama gde Mađari žive homogeno, u rasejanju ili u izolovanim zajednicama ‒ što se tiče sposobnosti razumevanja teksta, odnosno čitalačkih navika. Disertacija može poslužiti kao osnova za dalja istraživanja, dajući podlogu za komparativne analize.The doctoral dissertation entitled Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (English translation: The development of creative reading of texts with a different type in native language teaching) examines the methods, procedures enhancing text comprehending reading. It sheds light on the fact that the condition of text comprehending is the developed reading technique, the vocabulary, syntagm- and sentence understanding, drawing the conclusions, the articulateness of the text, the recognition of text structure, the inner picture of the text type (its mental map), the visual control (the text form) and the lingual control in the written text, the knowledge of the rhetoric, taking into consideration (the interpretation of a text and figure being complementary with each other) the visual context (figures and illustrations), identification of the style (the style register), bigger work memory capacity, the knowledge framework (world knowledge), monitoring the understanding process, etc. Furthermore, it presents the forms of manifestation of the text comprehending deficits, and brings the reasons to light.By analysing the development strategies of comprehending reading of texts with a different type, the author starts from the literary texts (from the tale and the poem), through the educational (course book) texts gets to the adequate interpretation of the multimedia and digital texts. Meanwhile flashes the creative-productive practices by illustrating their role, significance in meaning creation, presents the mode of action of the creative writing practices, and touches upon the methodology of educating for reading.In the doctoral dissertation, the theoretical-methodological establishment of the comprehending reading of different type of texts is followed by the presentation of the results of the empirical research, respectively the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the statistical data. The research was not carried out with the examination of a random sample, it is not a formal (not standard) text comprehending test, and it is based on the questionnaire surveying the reading habits. 800 students belong to the sample: the students living on areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population (compact areas), students living in a diaspora environment, and students from scattered areas.In the course of her research the author examines whether the students' lingual environment (living on areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population, in a diaspora environment, and on scattered areas) influences the development level of text comprehending ability, furthermore whether statistically there exists considerable connection (positive correlation) between the students' sociocultural background and the development level of text comprehending ability. The research also extends to whether, as regard the genders, there can be observed statistically considerable difference regarding the level of creative reading ability, and whether the resolution proportions of the tasks being attached to different type of texts show a difference, namely to what extend does text comprehending performance depend on the text type. In the course of the qualitative analysis we have also got an answer of how did the media modify the traditional structure of free time spending, and how did the aspect of reading change regarding the read genres, the reading structure.By the descriptive, historical, statistical and theoretical analysis, the doctoral dissertation draws a picture ‒ on the areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population (compact areas), the diaspora environment, and on scattered areas ‒ with regard to the primary school fourth grade students, on the development level of text comprehending ability, and maps the reading habits as well. The dissertation may serve as the basis of additional researches, providing the basis for comparative analyses.
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Bachmann, Beatrice Yvonne. "Extraction and Analysis of Baseline Data for Protected Area Management Using Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing and Ecological Niche Modeling Case Study: Armando Bermúdez National Park in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B306-4.
Full textBooks on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Wilson, Gregory P. Through the end of the Cretaceous in the type locality of the Hell Creek formation in Montana and adjacent areas. Boulder, Colorado, USA: The Geological Society of America, 2014.
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Mitrofanova, Aleksandra, Dmitriy Zaharov, and Rafik Ashurbekov. HR risks and their assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058942.
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The textbook is devoted to actual problems of management of human risk in organisations for timely, adequate and flexible response to potential threats.
A brief theoretical overview of the main topics of the course "human resource risks and their assessment;" at the end of each Chapter are given control questions for self-preparation of students for intermediate and final knowledge control. At the end of the training manual the basic types of tasks and test questions on selected topics of the course.
May be of interest to students, postgraduates and specialists in the field of personnel management, labor Economics, management, etc.
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Thompson, Phillip D., Hiroshi Shibasaki, and Mark Hallett. The Neurophysiological Basis of Myoclonus. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0037.
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There are several types of myoclonus, with a variety of classification schemes, and the clinician must determine what type of myoclonus a patient has and what type of neurophysiological assessment can facilitate diagnosis. The electromyographic (EMG) correlate of the myoclonus should be examined, including the response to sensory stimuli (C-reflex). The electroencephalographic (EEG) correlate of the myoclonus should then be examined, possibly including back-averaging from the myoclonus or looking at corticomuscular (EEG–EMG) coherence. The somatosensory evoked response (SEP) should be obtained. Such studies will help determine the myoclonus origin, most commonly cortical or brainstem. One form of cortical myoclonus has the clinical appearance of a tremor (cortical tremor). Brainstem myoclonus includes exaggerated startle (hyperekplexia). Other forms of myoclonus include spinal myoclonus and functional myoclonus, which have their own distinct physiological signature. Several causes of myoclonus are reviewed, including rare types such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
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Wilson, Gregory P., William A. Clemens, John R. Horner, and Joseph H. Hartman. Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe503.
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Barold, S. Serge. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis. Edited by Giuseppe Boriani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0453.
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The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both
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Herrero, Rolando, and Raul Murillo. Cervical Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0048.
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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases and 250,000 deaths per year. The disease is characterized by marked regional differences, with more than 80% of the cases and deaths occurring in developing countries. The etiology and natural history of the disease are very well studied, with persistent infection with one of thirteen human papillomavirus (HPV) types now considered to be a necessary cause. The molecular mechanisms have also been elucidated and are mediated mainly by the expression of viral oncogenes that interfere with cellular pathways. The two most common HPV types, namely HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with about 70% of all cases around the world. Immunologic (e.g., HIV infection), hormonal (e.g., high parity), environmental (e.g., smoking), and genetic (e.g., HLA type) cofactors determine the risk of persistence and cancer among women harboring HPV infection.
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Drislane, Frank W., Susan T. Herman, and Peter W. Kaplan. Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0021.
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The clinical presentation and encephalographic (EEG) findings of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can be complicated, making diagnosis difficult. There are generalized (e.g., absence status) and focal (e.g., aphasic status, complex partial status) forms. Some patients are responsive but have cognitive or other neurologic deficits; others are less responsive or even comatose. Increasingly, the diagnosis of NCSE is considered in intensive care unit patients. Here, without clinical signs of seizures such as convulsions, EEG is critical in diagnosis, but there is uncertainty about which EEG patterns represent seizures and which clinical situations and EEG patterns warrant aggressive treatment. Antiseizure medications are tailored to the NCSE type and the clinical condition. Treatment is often easier for NCSE, and the outcome better, than for convulsive SE, but this is not always true for critically ill patients with NCSE in the ICU, for whom continuous EEG monitoring is often crucial for diagnosis and management.
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Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.
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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
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Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaette reverses the scale of the gradable predicate and conventionally implies that the opposite situation is generally true. It is also proposed that there are two types of counter-expectational expressions that use scalarity: a relative type, which represents “above expectation” (e.g. yoppodo), and a reversal type, which expresses counter-expectation via polarity reversal (e.g. kaette). Comparison with wh-exclamatives, sentence exclamation, and the counter-expectational but is also discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Pientka, Brigitte, and Ulrich Schöpp. "Semantical Analysis of Contextual Types." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 502–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_26.
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AbstractWe describe a category-theoretic semantics for a simply typed variant of Cocon, a contextual modal type theory where the box modality mediates between the weak function space that is used to represent higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) trees and the strong function space that describes (recursive) computations about them. What makes Cocon different from standard type theories is the presence of first-class contexts and contextual objects to describe syntax trees that are closed with respect to a given context of assumptions. Following M. Hofmann’s work, we use a presheaf model to characterise HOAS trees. Surprisingly, this model already provides the necessary structure to also model Cocon. In particular, we can capture the contextual objects of Cocon using a comonad $$\flat $$ ♭ that restricts presheaves to their closed elements. This gives a simple semantic characterisation of the invariants of contextual types (e.g. substitution invariance) and identifies Cocon as a type-theoretic syntax of presheaf models. We express our category-theoretic constructions by using a modal internal type theory that is implemented in Agda-Flat.
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Nishida, Yuki, Hiromasa Saito, Ran Chen, Akira Kawata, Jun Furuse, Kohei Suenaga, and Atsushi Igarashi. "Helmholtz: A Verifier for Tezos Smart Contracts Based on Refinement Types." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 262–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14.
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AbstractA smart contract is a program executed on a blockchain, based on which many cryptocurrencies are implemented, and is being used for automating transactions. Due to the large amount of money that smart contracts deal with, there is a surging demand for a method that can statically and formally verify them.This tool paper describes our type-based static verification tool Helmholtz for Michelson, which is a statically typed stack-based language for writing smart contracts that are executed on the blockchain platform Tezos. Helmholtz is designed on top of our extension of Michelson’s type system with refinement types. Helmholtz takes a Michelson program annotated with a user-defined specification written in the form of a refinement type as input; it then typechecks the program against the specification based on the refinement type system, discharging the generated verification conditions with the SMT solver Z3. We briefly introduce our refinement type system for the core calculus Mini-Michelson of Michelson, which incorporates the characteristic features such as compound datatypes (e.g., lists and pairs), higher-order functions, and invocation of another contract. Helmholtz successfully verifies several practical Michelson programs, including one that transfers money to an account and that checks a digital signature.
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Reinders, James, Ben Ashbaugh, James Brodman, Michael Kinsner, John Pennycook, and Xinmin Tian. "Vectors." In Data Parallel C++, 259–76. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_11.
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Abstract Vectors are collections of data. These can be useful because parallelism in our computers comes from collections of compute hardware, and data is often processed in related groupings (e.g., the color channels in an RGB pixel). Sound like a marriage made in heaven? It is so important, we’ll spend a chapter discussing the merits of vector types and how to utilize them. We will not dive into vectorization in this chapter, since that varies based on device type and implementations. Vectorization is covered in Chapters 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_15 and 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_16.
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Mamouras, Konstantinos. "Semantic Foundations for Deterministic Dataflow and Stream Processing." In Programming Languages and Systems, 394–427. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_15.
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AbstractWe propose a denotational semantic framework for deterministic dataflow and stream processing that encompasses a variety of existing streaming models. Our proposal is based on the idea that data streams, stream transformations, and stream-processing programs should be classified using types. The type of a data stream is captured formally by a monoid, an algebraic structure with a distinguished binary operation and a unit. The elements of a monoid model the finite fragments of a stream, the binary operation represents the concatenation of stream fragments, and the unit is the empty fragment. Stream transformations are modeled using monotone functions on streams, which we call stream transductions. These functions can be implemented using abstract machines with a potentially infinite state space, which we call stream transducers. This abstract typed framework of stream transductions and transducers can be used to (1) verify the correctness of streaming computations, that is, that an implementation adheres to the desired behavior, (2) prove the soundness of optimizing transformations, e.g. for parallelization and distribution, and (3) inform the design of programming models and query languages for stream processing. In particular, we show that several useful combinators can be supported by the full class of stream transductions and transducers: serial composition, parallel composition, and feedback composition.
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Tassi, Laura, and Roberto Mai. "Invasive EEG in Cortical Dysplasia." In Invasive Studies of the Human Epileptic Brain, edited by Samden D. Lhatoo, Philippe Kahane, and Hans O. Lüders, 185–97. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198714668.003.0015.
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Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are among the most frequent causes of focal, drug-resistant epilepsy. Recently, a new histopathological international consensus classification recognized three different types of FCDs, encompassing various anatomo-electro-clinical characteristics, associated with diverse connotations of architectural disruption and cytological abnormalities. These exhibit dissimilar patterns of clinical onset, seizure frequency, cognitive and neurological impairment, neuroradiological aspects, cortical localization, EEG characteristics, and surgical outcome. In the presurgical workup, the presence, localization, and possibility of identifying the limits of an anatomical lesion strongly influence the choice of investigations. Consequently, in FCDs type II and III, in which the dysplasia (particularly in type IIb) or the associated lesion (type III) are unambiguously evident, invasive monitoring is not mandatory. In contrast, FCDs type I, and a fraction of type II (varying between from 10% to 50%) show no or minor abnormalities on neuroradiological investigations. Here, invasive recordings are usually necessary.
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Govindarajulu, Chittibabu, and Bay Arinze. "End User Types." In Advances in End User Computing, 142–58. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-687-7.ch008.
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Contemporary end users are more knowledgeable about computing technologies than the end users of the early ’80s. However, many researchers still use the end user classification scheme proposed by Rockart and Flannery (1983) more than two decades ago. This scheme is inadequate to classify contemporary end users since it is based mainly on their knowledge and ignores other crucial dimensions such as control. Cotterman and Kumar (1989) proposed a user cube to classify end users based on the development, operation, and control dimensions of end user computing (EUC). Using this cube, users can be classified into eight distinct groups. In this research, a 10-item instrument is proposed to operationalize the user cube. Such an instrument would help managers to identify the status of EUC in their firms and to take appropriate action. Based on the data collected from 292 end users, the instrument was tested for construct, convergent, and discriminant validities. Researchers can use this instrument to study the interaction between constructs such as development and control with end user computing satisfaction (EUCS).
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Rastogi, Rohit, and Devendra Kumar Chaturvedi. "IoT Applications to Cure TTH Using Different Biofeedback." In Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases, 174–224. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2139-7.ch010.
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The most common type of primitive headache is the tension type headache (TTH). The focus of complete research work was to compare the impression of EMG, GSR and EEG integrated biofeedback on stress due to headache and quality-of-life of the subjects under consideration. EMG biofeedback (BF) and galvanic skin resistance (GSR) are considered effective therapy for headaches. There are no such comparative effects of visual and auditory EMG biofeedback for headaches. Twenty subjects were subjected to EEG therapy. The variables for stress (pain) and SF-36(Quality of life) scores were recorded at starting point, 30 days and 90 days after the starting of GSR and EMG-BF therapy.
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Schenck, Douglas, and Peter Wilson. "Symbols." In Information Modeling: The EXPRESS Way. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195087147.003.0026.
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EXPRESS-G has three basic kinds of symbol; defintion, relation, and composition. Definition and relation symbols are used to define the contents and structure of an information model. Composition symbols enable the diagrams to be spread across many physical pages. A definition symbol is a rectangle enclosing the name of the thing being defined. The type of the definition is denoted by the style of the box. Symbols are provided for EXPRESS simple types, defined types, entity types and schemas. The EXPRESS language offers a number of predefined simple types, namely Binary, Boolean, Integer, Logical, Number, Real and String. These are the terminal types of the language. The symbol for them is a solid rectangle with a double vertical line at its right end. The name of the type is enclosed within the box, as shown in Figure 18.1. The EXPRESS Generic pseudotype is not represented in EXPRESS-G as it is only used as a formal parameter to a function or procedure, and EXPRESS-G does not have these. The symbols for the select, enumeration and defined data type are dashed boxes as shown in Figure 18.2. • The symbol for a defined data type is a dashed box enclosing the name of the type. • The symbol for a select type is a dashed box with a double vertical line at the left end, enclosing the name of the select. • The symbol for an enumeration type is a dashed box with a double vertical line at the right end, enclosing the name of the enumeration. Although an enumeration is not a terminal of the EXPRESS language (because its definition includes the enumerated things), it is a terminal of the EXPRESS-G language. Figure 18.3 shows the symbol for an entity, which is a solid rectangle enclosing the name of the entity. The symbol for a schema is shown in Figure 18.3. It is a solid rectangle divided in half by a horizontal line. The name of the schema is written in the upper half of the rectangle. The lower half of the symbol is empty. EXPRESS-G does not support any notation for either function or procedure definitions.
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Betarte, Gustavo, and Alvaro Tasistro. "Extension of Martin-Löf’s type theory with record types and subtyping." In Twenty Five Years of Constructive Type Theory. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198501275.003.0004.
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Our starting point, to which we refer hereafter as type theory, is the formulation of Martin-Löf’s set theory using the theory of types as a logical framework (Martin-Löf 1987; Nordström et al. 1990). The question that we address is that of the representation of systems of structures such as algebraic systems or abstract data types. In order to provide a general means to this end, we extend type theory with a new mechanism of type formation, namely that of dependent record types. This allows us to form types of tuples in such a manner as to allow any arbitrary set (i.e. not restricted to be among those generated by a fixed repertoire of set forming operations) to be used as a component of tuples of those types. Such types of tuples cannot be formed in the original theory. Moreover, as is well known from the theory of programming languages, a natural notion of inclusion arises between record types. Given two record types p and p′, if p contains every label declared in p′ (and possibly more) and the types of the common labels are in the inclusion relation then p is included in p′ in symbols, p ⊑ p′. This is justified because then every object of type p is also an object of type p’, since it contains components of appropriate types for all the fields specified in p′. Our extension contains the form of judgement α ⊑ β expressing that the type α is included in the type β and corresponding proof rules, which generalize record type inclusion to dependent record types and propagate it to the rest of the types of the language. In the present formulation, no proper inclusion between ground types is allowed. Having type inclusion represents a considerable advantage for the formalization of the types of structures in which we are interested. In particular, systems of algebras will be represented as record types and, according to the subtyping rule explained above, any algebraic system obtained by enriching another with additional structure will be a subtype of the original system.
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Maria Dascalu, Ana, Dragos Serban, Nikolaos Papanas, Peter Kempler, Manfredi Rizzo, Daniela Stana, Gabriela Roman, and Anca Pantea-Stoian. "Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU)." In Type 2 Diabetes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96548.
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Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot ulcer are the most frequent, but also the most disabling complications of diabetes mellitus, with a sinister impact on patients’ quality of life. Microvascular changes related to the deleterious effect of chronic hyperglycemia play an important role in the pathophysiology of both clinical entities by multiple molecular pathways. Vision-threating diabetic retinopathy may be treated by laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreoretinal surgery. Diabetic foot lesions are best treated by revascularization if needed, off-loading, infection control and therapeutic adjuncts (e.g. special dressings). Treatment should ideally be offered by a multidisciplinary expert team. Prevention and early detection, along with adequate control of glucose, lipids and arterial hypertension are of paramount importance to avoid and mitigate these fearful complications.
Conference papers on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Mompart, L. "Timing, Amount and Type of Generated Hydrocarbons in the Perija Area, Maracaibo Basin, Western Venezuela." In 5th Simposio Bolivariano - Exploracion Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.116.052eng.
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Carvalho, F. P., J. M. Oliveira, O. Neves, M. M. Abreu, and E. M. Vicente. "Agriculture in an Area Impacted by Past Uranium Mining Activities." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7370.
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The shallow aquifer near the old Cunha Baixa uranium mine (Viseu, Portugal) was contaminated by acid mine drainage. Concentration of radionuclides in water from irrigation wells and in the topsoil layer of the agriculture fields nearby display enhanced concentrations of uranium, radium and polonium. Two types of agriculture land in this area were selected, one with enhanced and another with low uranium concentrations, for controlled growth of lettuce and potatoes. Plants were grown in replicate portions of land (two plots) in each soil type and were periodically irrigated with water from wells. In each soil, one plot was irrigated with water containing low concentration of dissolved uranium and the other plot with water containing enhanced concentration of dissolved uranium. At the end of the growth season, plants were harvested and analysed, along with soil and irrigation water samples. Results show the accumulation of radionuclides in edible parts of plants, specially in the field plots with higher radionuclide concentrations in soil. Radionuclides in irrigation water contributed less to the radioactivity accumulated in plants than radionuclides from soils.
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Фролов, Петр, Вера Ильина, Александр Завёрткин, Екатерина Климовская, and Александр Савицкий. "Karelian talc as a raw material: practical application and potential contribution to Russian mineral raw material reserves." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_6.
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Talc is a unique natural material. Some talc-bearing rocks, e.g. soapstone, are also useful minerals. There are talc deposits on the Fennoscandian Shield. The main potential talc resources and reserves are in the Karelian Craton, which is part of the shield. Talc deposits in the Finnish extension of the craton are being mined in the Kainuu Schist Belt and soapstone deposits in the Suomussalmi-Kuhmo Greenstone Belt. The Karelian portion of the craton seems to be more promising for talc-bearing deposits, because favourable rock complexes of greenstone belts are more common there. The revival of Karelia’s economic, scientific and industrial potential for the prospecting, exploration, study, appraisal and exploitation of the talc deposits could provide an impetus to Russsia’s and Karelia’s industrial development on a new higher level.
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Sadeghian, Hamed, Ghader Rezazadeh, Ebrahim Abbaspour, A. Tahmasebi, and I. Hosainzadeh. "The Effect of Residual Stress on Pull-In Voltage of Fixed-Fixed End Type MEM Switches with Variative Electrostatic Area." In 2006 1st IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2006.334644.
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Do, Hyundong, and Kyoung-Su Park. "Vibration Analysis of Cable-Driven Parallel Robot for Asymmetric Tension and Position." In ASME 2016 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2016-9554.
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Cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) consists of three parts: an end-effector, a number of cables and actuators. CDPRs are a type of parallel manipulators which the end-effector is supported in parallel by cables. CDPRs have two types. One is the fully-constrained type, and the other is the under constrained type. Fully-constrained type cable robot require n+1 wires, where n is the number of freedom to be constrained [1].
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Bausman, Anita R., and A. Fitzgerald (Jerry) Waterland. "Practical Sealing for Common Gasket Materials and Construction Types." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97432.
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This paper surveys common gasket materials and construction types evaluated against sealing conditions. The end-user often asks the question, “Which type of gasket should I use for this application?” While much attention has been recently focused on temperature/pressure performance, other end-user concerns include whether or not a particular joint is capable of achieving a desired leakage range (e.g., tightness) and how well a gasket may compensate for some non-ideal flange issues. Different gasket materials/constructions are more forgiving than others. Selected gaskets often used in the chemical process industry will be compared for minimum gasket seating stress to achieve various tightness levels, the required “chemical service tightness” gasket stress against the “max out” component stress for a typical joint, and associated gasket compression. This paper compares ASME Class 150 NPS 3” and 4” joints using gaskets of various materials and constructions. Materials include fiber, filled and expanded PTFEs, flexible vermiculite, and flexible graphites. Construction types include sheet-based rings, spiral wounds, groove-profiles, and corrugated metal. Comparing typical stress and compression ranges for the various materials and constructions will help the end-user learn to narrow the selection of available gaskets and achieve a more economical bolted joint design.
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Hassanpour, Pezhman A. "Nonlinear Forced Vibration of a Beam-Type Resonator With Attached Eccentric Mass." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38509.
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In this paper, the nonlinear model of an asymmetric micro-bridge resonator with an attached eccentric mass is investigated. The resonator is treated using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The attached mass represents the electrostatic comb-drive actuator in micro-electromechanical applications. The center of mass of the actuator is assumed to be off the neutral axis of the beam. The governing equations of motion are derived assuming that a concentrated harmonic force is applied to the attached mass. The nonlinear forced vibration of the system is studied using the method of multiple scales. It has been demonstrated that the eccentricity of the mass may lead to different types of nonlinear resonance, e.g., superharmonic and internal resonance. The end application of the structure under investigation is in resonant sensing and energy harvesting applications.
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Ramrkahyani, Deepak S., Mary I. Frecker, and George A. Lesieutre. "Hinged Beam Elements for the Topology Design of Compliant Mechanisms Using the Ground Structure Approach." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99439.
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The design obtained from a topology optimization problem can largely depend on the type of the ground structure used. A new type of ground structure containing hinged beam elements is described in this paper that reduces the dependence of the optimal design on the ground structure. Apart from the beam and truss elements that have traditionally been used, two new types of elements are introduced: 1) a beam with a hinge on one end and a solid connection on the other end, 2) beam element with hinges on both ends. These elements are particularly useful when applied to a compliant mechanism design using a truss/beam type ground structure. A couple of compliant mechanism problems are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of these elements.
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Momeni, Amir Farid, Robert J. Peterman, B. Terry Beck, Chih-Hang John Wu, and Naga Narendra B. Bodapati. "Effect of Prestressing Wire Indentation Type on the Development Length and Flexural Capacity of Pretensioned Concrete Crossties." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5739.
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Load tests were conducted on pretensioned concrete prisms cast with 13 different 5.32-mm-diameter prestressing wire types that are used in the manufacture of pretensioned concrete railroad ties worldwide. The tests were specifically designed to evaluate the development length and bonding performance of these different reinforcements. The prestressing wires were denoted “WA” through “WM” and indentation types included smooth, spiral, chevron, diamond, and 2-dot and 4-dot. Four wires were embedded into each concrete prism, which had a 3.5″ (88.9 mm) × 3.5″ (88.9 mm) square cross section. The wires were initially tensioned to 7000 pounds (31.14 KN) and gradually de-tensioned when the concrete compressive strength reached 4500 psi (31.03 Mpa). A consistent concrete mixture with type III cement, water-cement ratio of 0.32 and a 6-in. slump was used for all prisms. Prisms were tested in 3-point-bending at different spans to obtain estimations of the development length of each type of reinforcement. Two identical 69-in.-long (175.26 cm) prisms were load tested, at both ends, for each reinforcement type evaluated. First prisms were tested at 20-in. (50.8 cm) from one end and 13-in. (33.02 cm) from the other end, whereas the second prisms were loaded at 16.5-in. (41.9 cm) from one end and 9.5-in. (24.13 cm) from the other end. Thus, a total of 52 load tests (13 wire types × 4 tests each) were conducted in this study. During each test, a concentrate load with the rate of 300 lb/min (1334 N/min) was applied at mid-span until failure occurred, and values of load, mid-span deflection, and wire end-slip were continuously monitored and recorded. Plots of load-vs-deflection were then compared for prisms with each wire type and span, and the maximum sustained moment was also calculated for each test. The load tests revealed that there is a very large difference in the development length of the different wire types currently used in the manufacture of pretensioned concrete railroad ties. The results imply that there would also likely be large differences in the reserve capacity (beyond first cracking) for pretensioned concrete crossties fabricated with these different reinforcements.
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Kockelmann, Hans, and Rolf Hahn. "Consequences of the German TA Luft for Bolted Flange Connections and Valves in Industrial Plants." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71282.
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The high grade performance of gaskets for bolted flange connections in terms of TA Luft and VDI guideline 2440 assumes the fulfilment of the following requirements: Long-term suitability of the gasket particularly with regard to the exposure to the operating temperature and the medium; this requires the investigation of the long-term behaviour, e.g. according to DIN 28090-2 and DIN 28090-3 The design of flange connections (strength and tightness proof) on the basis of realistic gasket characteristics determined experimentally, e. g. according to DIN 28090-1 or prEN 13555 Compliance with the specific leakage rate of 10-4 mbar 1 / (s·m) in a type test at 1 bar test pressure. Similar requirements are effective for packings of stuffing boxes, in which the type test is carried out under more intensive boundary conditions compared to the flange connections: real operating pressure and stem strokes. In the frame of a research project sponsored by the German chemical industry a choice of gaskets were tested which cover all gasket types in the European gasket standard EN 1514 part 1 to 7. The gasket types were classified in view of their high grade performance potential. Similar investigations and analyses were carried out for standard packings for stuffing boxes. These results and their consequences are presented. In addition to the explicitly mentioned requirements in VDI 2440 further requirements should be seen as important in view of the assurance of high grade performance: Quality control during gasket production This can be ensured by manufacturers quality management and by compliance with requirements of corresponding quality standards, e.g. DIN 28091 (an European quality standard (prEN 14772) for gaskets is in preparation) Controlled assembly, which is necessary to realise the design assembly bolt load with limited scattering High grade performance proof of gaskets, more correctly of gasketed bolted flange connections has to be regarded as a complex matter in opposition to common interpretations and involves more than just the compliance with a certain leakage rate criterion of a special type test.
Reports on the topic "Type area. eng"
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Deo, Salil, David McAllister, Naveed Sattar, and Jill Pell. The time-varying cardiovascular benefits of glucagon like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-RA)therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of multinational randomized trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0097.
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Review question / Objective: P - patients with type 2 diabetes melllitus already receiving routine medical therapy; I - patients receiving glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1 receptor agonist) therapy (semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, abiglutide); C - patients receiving standard therapy for diabetes mellitus but not receiving GLP1 agonist therapy; O - composite end point as per invididual trial, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stoke. Condition being studied: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study designs to be included: Randomised controlled trials which enroll a large number of patients (defined as > 500) and are multinational in origin. Studies included will need to have published Kaplan and Meier curves for the end-points presented in the manuscript.
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Hodgdon, Taylor, Anthony Fuentes, Jason Olivier, Brian Quinn, and Sally Shoop. Automated terrain classification for vehicle mobility in off-road conditions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40219.
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The U.S. Army is increasingly interested in autonomous vehicle operations, including off-road autonomous ground maneuver. Unlike on-road, off-road terrain can vary drastically, especially with the effects of seasonality. As such, vehicles operating in off-road environments need to be in-formed about the changing terrain prior to departure or en route for successful maneuver to the mission end point. The purpose of this report is to assess machine learning algorithms used on various remotely sensed datasets to see which combinations are useful for identifying different terrain. The study collected data from several types of winter conditions by using both active and passive, satellite and vehicle-based sensor platforms and both supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. To classify specific terrain types, supervised algorithms must be used in tandem with large training datasets, which are time consuming to create. However, unsupervised segmentation algorithms can be used to help label the training data. More work is required gathering training data to include a wider variety of terrain types. While classification is a good first step, more detailed information about the terrain properties will be needed for off-road autonomy.
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Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.
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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (<12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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Malej, Matt, and Fengyan Shi. Suppressing the pressure-source instability in modeling deep-draft vessels with low under-keel clearance in FUNWAVE-TVD. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40639.
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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) documents the development through verification and validation of three instability-suppressing mechanisms in FUNWAVE-TVD, a Boussinesq-type numerical wave model, when modeling deep-draft vessels with a low under-keel clearance (UKC). Many large commercial ports and channels (e.g., Houston Ship Channel, Galveston, US Army Corps of Engineers [USACE]) are traveled and affected by tens of thousands of commercial vessel passages per year. In a series of recent projects undertaken for the Galveston District (USACE), it was discovered that when deep-draft vessels are modeled using pressure-source mechanisms, they can suffer from model instabilities when low UKC is employed (e.g., vessel draft of 12 m¹ in a channel of 15 m or less of depth), rendering a simulation unstable and obsolete. As an increasingly large number of deep-draft vessels are put into service, this problem is becoming more severe. This presents an operational challenge when modeling large container-type vessels in busy shipping channels, as these often will come as close as 1 m to the bottom of the channel, or even touch the bottom. This behavior would subsequently exhibit a numerical discontinuity in a given model and could severely limit the sample size of modeled vessels. This CHETN outlines a robust approach to suppressing such instability without compromising the integrity of the far-field vessel wave/wake solution. The three methods developed in this study aim to suppress high-frequency spikes generated nearfield of a vessel. They are a shock-capturing method, a friction method, and a viscosity method, respectively. The tests show that the combined shock-capturing and friction method is the most effective method to suppress the local high-frequency noises, while not affecting the far-field solution. A strong test, in which the target draft is larger than the channel depth, shows that there are no high-frequency noises generated in the case of ship squat as long as the shock-capturing method is used.
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Kennedy, Alan, Jonathon Brame, Taylor Rycroft, Matthew Wood, Valerie Zemba, Charles Weiss, Matthew Hull, Cary Hill, Charles Geraci, and Igor Linkov. A definition and categorization system for advanced materials : the foundation for risk-informed environmental health and safety testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41803.
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Novel materials with unique or enhanced properties relative to conventional materials are being developed at an increasing rate. These materials are often referred to as advanced materials (AdMs) and they enable technological innovations that can benefit society. Despite their benefits, however, the unique characteristics of many AdMs, including many nanomaterials, are poorly understood and may pose environmental safety and occupational health (ESOH) risks that are not readily determined by traditional risk assessment methods. To assess these risks while keeping up with the pace of development, technology developers and risk assessors frequently employ risk-screening methods that depend on a clear definition for the materials that are to be assessed (e.g., engineered nanomaterial) as well as a method for binning materials into categories for ESOH risk prioritization. In this study, we aim to establish a practitioner-driven definition for AdMs and a practitioner-validated framework for categorizing AdMs into conceptual groupings based on material characteristics. The definition and categorization framework established here serve as a first step in determining if and when there is a need for specific ESOH and regulatory screening for an AdM as well as the type and extent of risk-related information that should be collected or generated for AdMs and AdM-enabled technologies.
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Wadman, Heidi, and Jesse McNinch. Elevation of underlying basement rock, Ogdensburg Harbor, NY. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40843.
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Over six linear miles of shallow acoustic reflection geophysical data were collected in an 800 ft by 300 ft survey region at Ogdensburg Harbor, Ogdensburg, NY. To better accommodate modern commercial vessels and expand the harbor’s capacity, the current navigable depth of -19 ft Low Water Depth (LWD) needs to be increased to -28 ft LWD, and an accurate map of the nature of the riverbed material (e.g., unconsolidated sediment, partially indurated glacial till, or bedrock) is required to effectively plan for removal. A total of 28 boreholes were previously collected to map the stratigraphy, and the effort revealed significant spatial variability in unit thickness and elevation between adjacent boreholes. To accurately map this variable stratigraphy, chirp sub-bottom profiles were collected throughout the region, with an average line spacing of 13 ft. These sub-bottom data, validated and augmented by the borehole data, resulted in high-resolution spatial maps of stratigraphic elevation and thickness for the study area. The data will allow for more accurate assessment of the type and extent of different dredging efforts required to achieve a future uniform depth of -28 ft LWD for the navigable region.
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Kelly, Luke. Threats to Civilian Aviation Since 1975. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.019.
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This literature review finds that the main malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975 are attacks by terrorist groups, deliberate or accidental damage arising from conflicts, and incidents caused by people who work for airlines or airports. While the sector has responded to hijackings and bombings with increasing security since the 1970s, actors seeking to attack aircraft have modified their tactics, and new threats such as liquid explosives and cyber attacks have emerged. Civilian aviation has seen relatively fewer accidents and deaths over the years, but threats remain. The review focuses on malicious threats to civilian aviation. It, therefore, excludes weather events or accidents. The first section lists major malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975. It includes both actual and planned events (e.g. hijackings that were prevented) that are recorded in open-source documents. Each threat is listed alongside information on its cause (e.g. terrorism, state actions, crime), the context in which it occurred (broader factors shaping the risk including geography, regime type, technology), and its impact (on passengers, policy, security, economic). The second section discusses some of the trends in threats to aviation. Motives for malicious threats include terrorism, crime, asylum-seeking, and insider attacks by aggrieved or mentally ill airline staff. Hijacking has been the most common form of threat, although bombing or suicide attacks have killed more people. Threats may also take the form of accidental attacks on civilian planes misidentified as threats in conflict zones. Experts suggest that growing threats are cyberattacks and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, although neither has yet caused a major incident.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin, and Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Chidsey, Thomas C., David E. Eby, Michael D. Vanden Berg, and Douglas A. Sprinkel. Microbial Carbonate Reservoirs and Analogs from Utah. Utah Geological Survey, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ss-168.
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Multiple oil discoveries reveal the global scale and economic importance of a distinctive reservoir type composed of possible microbial lacustrine carbonates like the Lower Cretaceous pre-salt reservoirs in deepwater offshore Brazil and Angola. Marine microbialite reservoirs are also important in the Neoproterozoic to lowest Cambrian starta of the South Oman Salt Basin as well as large Paleozoic deposits including those in the Caspian Basin of Kazakhstan (e.g., Tengiz field), and the Cedar Creek Anticline fields and Ordovician Red River “B” horizontal play of the Williston Basin in Montana and North Dakota, respectively. Evaluation of the various microbial fabrics and facies, associated petrophysical properties, diagenesis, and bounding surfaces are critical to understanding these reservoirs. Utah contains unique analogs of microbial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the modern Great Salt Lake and the lacustrine Tertiary (Eocene) Green River Formation (cores and outcrop) within the Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah. Comparable characteristics of both lake environments include shallowwater ramp margins that are susceptible to rapid widespread shoreline changes, as well as compatible water chemistry and temperature ranges that were ideal for microbial growth and formation/deposition of associated carbonate grains. Thus, microbialites in Great Salt Lake and from the Green River Formation exhibit similarities in terms of the variety of microbial textures and fabrics. In addition, Utah has numerous examples of marine microbial carbonates and associated facies that are present in subsurface analog oil field cores.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.