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1
Wilson, Gregory P. Through the end of the Cretaceous in the type locality of the Hell Creek formation in Montana and adjacent areas. Boulder, Colorado, USA: The Geological Society of America, 2014.
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Mitrofanova, Aleksandra, Dmitriy Zaharov, and Rafik Ashurbekov. HR risks and their assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1058942.
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The textbook is devoted to actual problems of management of human risk in organisations for timely, adequate and flexible response to potential threats.
A brief theoretical overview of the main topics of the course "human resource risks and their assessment;" at the end of each Chapter are given control questions for self-preparation of students for intermediate and final knowledge control. At the end of the training manual the basic types of tasks and test questions on selected topics of the course.
May be of interest to students, postgraduates and specialists in the field of personnel management, labor Economics, management, etc.
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Thompson, Phillip D., Hiroshi Shibasaki, and Mark Hallett. The Neurophysiological Basis of Myoclonus. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0037.
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There are several types of myoclonus, with a variety of classification schemes, and the clinician must determine what type of myoclonus a patient has and what type of neurophysiological assessment can facilitate diagnosis. The electromyographic (EMG) correlate of the myoclonus should be examined, including the response to sensory stimuli (C-reflex). The electroencephalographic (EEG) correlate of the myoclonus should then be examined, possibly including back-averaging from the myoclonus or looking at corticomuscular (EEG–EMG) coherence. The somatosensory evoked response (SEP) should be obtained. Such studies will help determine the myoclonus origin, most commonly cortical or brainstem. One form of cortical myoclonus has the clinical appearance of a tremor (cortical tremor). Brainstem myoclonus includes exaggerated startle (hyperekplexia). Other forms of myoclonus include spinal myoclonus and functional myoclonus, which have their own distinct physiological signature. Several causes of myoclonus are reviewed, including rare types such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
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Wilson, Gregory P., William A. Clemens, John R. Horner, and Joseph H. Hartman. Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe503.
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Barold, S. Serge. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis. Edited by Giuseppe Boriani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0453.
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The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both
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Herrero, Rolando, and Raul Murillo. Cervical Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0048.
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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases and 250,000 deaths per year. The disease is characterized by marked regional differences, with more than 80% of the cases and deaths occurring in developing countries. The etiology and natural history of the disease are very well studied, with persistent infection with one of thirteen human papillomavirus (HPV) types now considered to be a necessary cause. The molecular mechanisms have also been elucidated and are mediated mainly by the expression of viral oncogenes that interfere with cellular pathways. The two most common HPV types, namely HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with about 70% of all cases around the world. Immunologic (e.g., HIV infection), hormonal (e.g., high parity), environmental (e.g., smoking), and genetic (e.g., HLA type) cofactors determine the risk of persistence and cancer among women harboring HPV infection.
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Drislane, Frank W., Susan T. Herman, and Peter W. Kaplan. Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0021.
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The clinical presentation and encephalographic (EEG) findings of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can be complicated, making diagnosis difficult. There are generalized (e.g., absence status) and focal (e.g., aphasic status, complex partial status) forms. Some patients are responsive but have cognitive or other neurologic deficits; others are less responsive or even comatose. Increasingly, the diagnosis of NCSE is considered in intensive care unit patients. Here, without clinical signs of seizures such as convulsions, EEG is critical in diagnosis, but there is uncertainty about which EEG patterns represent seizures and which clinical situations and EEG patterns warrant aggressive treatment. Antiseizure medications are tailored to the NCSE type and the clinical condition. Treatment is often easier for NCSE, and the outcome better, than for convulsive SE, but this is not always true for critically ill patients with NCSE in the ICU, for whom continuous EEG monitoring is often crucial for diagnosis and management.
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Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.
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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
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Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaette reverses the scale of the gradable predicate and conventionally implies that the opposite situation is generally true. It is also proposed that there are two types of counter-expectational expressions that use scalarity: a relative type, which represents “above expectation” (e.g. yoppodo), and a reversal type, which expresses counter-expectation via polarity reversal (e.g. kaette). Comparison with wh-exclamatives, sentence exclamation, and the counter-expectational but is also discussed.
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Kanner, Andres M., and Adriana Bermeo-Ovalle. EEG in Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0025.
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Psychiatric symptoms are not restricted to primary psychiatric disorders and are relatively frequent in medical and neurological disorders. They may represent the clinical manifestations of these disorders, of a comorbid psychiatric disorder, or of iatrogenic complications of pharmacological and/or surgical therapies. Clearly, proper diagnosis is of the essence to provide the correct treatment. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies are used on a regular basis to identify a potential organic cause of psychiatric symptomatology. This chapter reviews the diagnostic yield of EEG recordings in psychiatric symptomatology associated with primary psychiatric disorders, with neurological and medical conditions, and in particular with epilepsy, and provides suggestions on the optimal use of the different types of EEG recordings in clinical practice.
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Astarci, Parla, Laurent de Kerchove, and Gébrine el Khoury. Aortic emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0061.
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Acute aortic dissections account for the leading and most feared of aortic emergencies. Acute dissections are associated with a dreadful mortality rate; therefore, an accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment are mandatory. The key point of a lifesaving management strategy is the distinction between acute type A dissection, uncomplicated type B dissection, and complicated type B dissection, and those including contained ruptured aorta (severe pleural effusion) and/or malperfusion syndrome (by end-organ ischaemia: paraplegia, intestinal ischaemia, renal insufficiency, limb ischaemia). Type A generally requires urgent surgery; uncomplicated type B dissections are treated conservatively, while complicated type B dissections are currently managed by means of minimally invasive endovascular techniques, eventually associated with a tight surgical time (e.g. in the case of limb ischaemia). Surgical repair of type A dissection consists of the replacement of the ascending aorta. The repair is extended proximally towards the aortic root and valve, and distally towards the aortic arch, in function of the lesions found and the clinical presentation of the patient (haemodynamic status, age, comorbidities). The emergence of endovascular techniques and the contribution of thoracic endovascular aortic repair, with thoracic stent-grafts deployed from the proximal descending aorta to reopen the true lumen and to seal the entry tear in type B dissections, have revolutionized the surgical treatment algorithm in this pathology, and thus the patient’s immediate and medium-term survival. In the same group of acute aortic syndromes, traumatic aortic isthmic ruptures are also life-threatening conditions and account for one of the main causes of death at the time of traumatic accidents. As in the case of complicated type B dissections, the introduction of aortic stent-grafts has changed the outcome of these patients.
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Mahta, Ali, and Peter B. Crino. Focal Cortical Dysplasias. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0039.
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Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are common malformations of cerebral cortical development that are highly associated with medically intractable epilepsy. FCDs have been classified according to neuropathological subtypes (type Ia, Ib, IIA, IIb, and III) based on the severity of cytoarchitectural disruption, and the presence of unique cell types (e.g., balloon cells). Most FCDs can be detected by neuroimaging studies and will require respective epilepsy surgery to cure refractory seizures. The pathogenesis of FCDs remains to be defined, although current belief is that these lesions result from sporadic somatic mutations occurring in brain development. A link to the mammalian target of rapamycin cascade has been defined for some FCD subtypes.
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Pitt, Matthew. Needle EMG findings in different pathologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0007.
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In this chapter, the inability of electromyography (EMG) to be able to further progress the diagnosis of myopathy on its own—requiring muscle biopsy and other modalities such as genetics to complete this process—is emphasized. The role of EMG particularly in the era of genetics is discussed. Findings in neurogenic abnormality are next described and the important hereditary conditions such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), distal SMA, Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome, segmental anterior horn cell disease, conditions with progressive bulbar palsy, SMARD1, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia with spinal muscle are discussed in detail. The differential diagnosis of 5q SMA type 1 is specifically outlined. Acquired forms of anterior horn disease, including Hirayama disease, poliomyelitis and enteropathic motor neuropathy, Hopkins syndrome, tumours, and vascular lesions are covered. There is discussion of the use of physiological tests to monitor progress in SMA, with tests including compound muscle action potential amplitude and motor unit number estimation. Finally, the important correlation between muscle biopsy and EMG is highlighted.
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Vinen, Katie, Fliss E. M. Murtagh, and Irene J. Higginson. Palliative care in end-stage renal disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0146.
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The changing demographics of the end-stage renal failure population have necessitated a different focus of care for older or highly co-morbid patients. End-of-life care for this population is best provided by combined nephrological and palliative care input. Honest prognostic information, excellent communication, and understanding the patient’s own priorities lie at the heart of this type of care. Excellent symptom control, a reduction in treatment burdens, and an effective network of professional support can be offered by clinicians. Ensuring a renal patient is able to die well and providing support for their family during and after death are important aspects of nephrological care.
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Stein, Gabriele. Typography in sixteenth-century English dictionaries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0001.
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The chapter constitutes the first detailed study of how early lexicographers and printers exploited typography to present the description of the meaning of words and their morphological analyses to their readers. It provides an outline of the bi- and multilingual English dictionaries printed between 1499 and 1604 and illustrates the changes in the page layout (e.g. columns, indentation, frame structure), the introduction and use of different fonts and type sizes (e.g. black letter, italic type, roman type), capitalization, letter-spacing, and symbols (the pilcrow, the pointing hand, the ivy leaf, the asterism, etc.). Three typographical phases are distinguished.
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Batson, C. Daniel. After the Fall. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0015.
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Like Milton’s couple at the end of Paradise Lost, we find ourselves banished from the Eden of Egoism and needing to reassess what it means to be human. Evidence for empathy-induced altruism, including two prisoner’s dilemma experiments described here, challenges the parsimonious assumption that we only want to maximize self-interest (egoism). And, the world outside Eden is even more challenging because, in addition to egoism and altruism, two more motives must be considered: collectivism (concern for the welfare of a group) and principlism (concern to uphold some moral principle, standard, or ideal). These four types of motivation sometimes conflict, sometimes cooperate. One way to promote a more just and caring society may be to orchestrate motives of different types so that the strengths of one type can overcome the weaknesses of another. Combining an appeal to empathy-induced altruism with an appeal to principle seems especially promising. Examples of such orchestration are provided.
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Okasha, Samir. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0010.
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This brings us to the end of the journey. The discussion has ranged quite widely, so it is worth stepping back to re-capitulate the main points and to extract some general morals.Part I focused on a mode of thinking in evolutionary biology that we called ‘agential’. This involves using notions such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking has a number of manifestations. One is the use of intentional idioms (‘wants, knows’), usually in an extended or metaphorical sense, to describe adaptive behaviour. Another is the analogical transfer of concepts from rational choice theory to evolutionary biology. There are two types of agential thinking, which need to be sharply distinguished. Type 1 treats an evolved entity, paradigmatically an individual organism, as akin to an agent with a goal towards which its phenotypic traits, including its behaviour, conduce. Type 2 treats ‘mother nature’, a personification of natural selection, as akin to a rational agent choosing between alternatives in accordance with a goal, such as maximal fitness. The former is a way of thinking about adaptation (the product), the latter about selection (the process)....
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Wich, Serge A., and Lian Pin Koh. Sensors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787617.003.0003.
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The number of sensors that can be fitted and/or have been specifically designed to be fitted to drones is expanding rapidly. This chapter provides an overview of the various types of sensors used on drones for conservation research and monitoring, including RGB cameras, multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, and thermal imaging cameras. Increasing miniaturization means LiDAR and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors can now also be fitted to drones, and they are also discussed briefly, as are a number of other types (e.g. acoustic and gas sensors) now being developed. Because most conservation researchers will start with a specific question and then explore which sensor or set of sensors will be suitable for their data collection, we approach the sensor issue from the application end. Some technical information on the sensors is provided as well as an overview of the various studies that they have been used for.
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Jones, Michael, Norman Qureshi, and Kim Rajappan. Atrial flutter. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0117.
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Atrial flutter is the term given to one of the four types of supraventricular tachycardia; in it, atrial activation occurs as a consequence of a continuous ‘short circuit’: a defined and fixed anatomical route, resulting in a fairly uniform atrial rate, and uniform atrial flutter waves on the ECG. The ventricles are not a part of this arrhythmia circuit, and ventricular activation is variable, dependent on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction. Given that the atrial rate is essentially uniform (e.g. 300 min−1), ventricular activation tends to be regular (i.e. 150 min−1, 100 min−1, 75 min−1, etc., if the atrial rate is 300 mins−1), or regularly irregular if changes are occurring in the fraction of conducted impulses to the ventricles. When AV nodal conduction permits only 4:1 conduction or less, atrial flutter is usually obvious, but when ventricular rates are higher (150 min−1 or more) the flutter waves can be obscured by the QRS complexes, making diagnosis more difficult. Atrial flutter is of two types, typical and atypical. Typical atrial flutter is a right atrial tachycardia, with electrical activation proceeding around the tricuspid valve annulus. This arrhythmia is dependent on a zone of slow electrical conduction through the cavotricuspid isthmus (the tissue lying between the origin of the inferior vena cava and the posterior tricuspid valve). The resulting circuit can be either anticlockwise (activation proceeds up the inter-atrial septum, across the atrial roof, down the free wall, and then through the cavotricuspid isthmus to the basal septum) or clockwise (down the inter-atrial septum and around the circuit in the opposite direction). Anticlockwise typical atrial flutter is more common. Atypical atrial flutter refers to all other atrial flutters, and this includes other right atrial flutters (e.g. pericristal flutter), left atrial flutters, post-ablation or post-surgical flutters, and pulmonary vein flutters. The feature common to all types of flutter and which differentiates flutter from other types of supraventricular tachycardia is the presence of a macro-re-entrant anatomical circuit around which the electrical impulse travels continuously and repeatedly, thereby generating the flutter. Even though typical atrial flutter has a fairly obvious and specific appearance on the ECG, atypical flutters do not, and often it is only possible to differentiate atypical flutter from atrial tachycardias by invasive electrophysiology studies, as the ECG alone may be insufficient.
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Wodak, Daniel. Expressivism and Varieties of Normativity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0011.
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Expressivists aim to explain the meaning of a fragment of language—typically, claims about what we morally ought to do—in terms of the non-cognitive attitudes they express. Critics evaluate expressivism on those terms. This is a mistake. We don’t use that fragment of language in isolation. We make claims about what we morally, legally, rationally, and prudentially ought to do: we relativize “ought” and other deontic modals to different standards, or varieties of normativity. This chapter argues that the standard-relativity of “ought” poses a dilemma for expressivists. If they claim that “ought” expresses different types of attitudes when it is relativized to different standards (e.g. morality and legality), they struggle to explain why “ought” is univocal when relativized. If they claim that “ought” always expresses the same type of non-cognitive attitude, they struggle to explain why “ought” claims that are relativized to different standards do not express inconsistent attitudes.
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Goldberg, Abbie E. Open Adoption and Diverse Families. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692032.001.0001.
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This book traces the experiences of diverse adoptive families—including lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parent families, and families who adopted through foster care and private adoption—as they manage birth family relationships across their children’s childhood. It explores the diversity among families in how open adoption is envisioned, enacted, and experienced over time. The author uses interview data from four time points spanning preadoption to 8 years postadoption to address a variety of questions, including: How do adoptive parents feel about openness when they first learn about it, and why do their feelings change over time? How do adoptive parents’ initial feelings about birth parents inform the types of relationships that they form with birth family? How do adoptive parents who strongly valued openness cope with and handle the disappointment of matching with birth parents who do not desire and/or are unable to enact a similar level of openness? What types of complex, unexpected, and nuanced trajectories of contact unfold over time between adoptive families and birth families? What types of boundary challenges occur between adoptive and birth family members, offline and online? How do adoptive parents talk about adoption with their children, and how does this vary depending on level and type of contact? How and to what extent do adoptive parents invoke environment versus genetics (i.e., birth family) in articulating children’s strengths, challenges, and physical features (e.g., height, skin color)? How do the experiences of adoptive parents differ by parent gender and sexual orientation?
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Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Diabetic renal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0164.
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Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage occurring as a result of diabetes mellitus. Overt diabetic nephropathy is defined as proteinuria greater than 0.5 g/day. Diabetic nephropathy has a complicated pathogenesis including glomerular hypertension with hyperfiltration and advanced glycation end products. Poor glycaemic control is associated with progression to microalbuminuria and overt diabetic nephropathy. The lifetime risk is fairly equivalent for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early disease is usually asymptomatic. Hyperglycaemia causes an osmotic diuresis and, thus, diabetes can present with polyuria. Hypertension develops with microalbuminuria; oedema indicates abnormal sodium and water retention and, occasionally, the development of nephrotic syndrome. Patients with diabetes, perhaps due to accompanying cardiac disease, are particularly susceptible to fluid overload and uraemic symptoms. End-stage renal disease can occur as early as when the estimated glomerular filtration rate is 15 ml/min 1.73 m−2.
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Marchante-Hoffman, Ashley N., and Annette M. La Greca. Children and Adolescents With Medical Conditions. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.38.
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Physical health concerns are common among youth and are linked to mental health. Attention to the interplay between physical and mental health is critical for healthcare providers. This chapter highlights crosscutting issues, assessments, and interventions relevant to child health populations. To understand the interaction between medical and psychological health in youth, chronic pediatric conditions (Type 1 diabetes and sickle cell disease) are described as prototypes for understanding psychosocial issues (e.g., adherence, pain management) that affect youth with medical conditions. Evidence suggests that these children with medical conditions, especially those poorly managed or controlled, are at greater risk for psychosocial issues (e.g., stress, comorbid psychological concerns, family conflict) compared to the general population. Careful risk assessment and individual or family interventions are critical for these youth and are a focus here. Well-established interventions for diverse youth with medical conditions are discussed, and recommendations for future work in this area are provided.
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van Hooft, Edwin. Self-Regulatory Perspectives in the Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior: Deliberate and Automatic Self-Regulation Strategies to Facilitate Job Seeking. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.31.
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Because job search often is a lengthy process accompanied by complexities, disruptions, rejections, and other adversities, job seekers need self-regulation to initiate and maintain job search behaviors for obtaining employment goals. This chapter reviews goal/intention properties (e.g., specificity, proximity, conflicts, motivation type) and skills, beliefs, strategies, and capacities (e.g., self-monitoring skills and type, trait and momentary self-control capacity, nonlimited willpower beliefs, implementation intentions, goal-shielding and goal maintenance strategies) that facilitate self-regulation and as such may moderate the relationship between job search intentions and job search behavior. For each moderator, a theoretical rationale is developed based on self-regulation theory linked to the theory of planned job search behavior, available empirical support is reviewed, and future research recommendations are provided. The importance of irrationality and nonconscious processes is discussed; examples are given of hypoegoic self-regulation strategies that reduce the need for deliberate self-regulation and conscious control by automatizing job search behaviors.
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Beal, Jules C., Monika Eisermann, Sunita Misra, Phillip L. Pearl, Perrine Plouin, Eli M. Mizrahi, and Solomon L. Moshe. Seizures and Epilepsy in Preterm and Term Neonates, Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0018.
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Children are often affected by seizure types and epilepsy syndromes that are specific to their age group and distinct from those seen in adults. At the same time, certain epilepsy syndromes affecting the adult population, such as Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, often begin during childhood, as do seizures related to genetic abnormalities. The use of electroencephalography (EEG) and prolonged EEG monitoring has allowed for further insight and greater specificity in identifying and understanding seizures and epilepsy syndromes in children. This chapter reviews the role of EEG in pediatric seizures and the pediatric epilepsies, including electrographic findings in the ictal state and in the interictal period, as well as the correlation with clinical seizure semiology as it contributes to the diagnosis of epileptic phenomena. The chapter discusses EEG patterns, seizure types, and epilepsy syndromes specific to neonates, infants, children, and adolescents.
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Verbeek, Bertjan, and Andrej Zaslove. Populism and Foreign Policy. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.15.
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This chapter discusses the impact of international politics on the rise of populist parties as well as the impact of populism on the foreign policy of the countries in which populist parties are present. It argues that the end of the Cold War, the advent of globalization, and the impact of regional organizations (e.g. the European Union) presented opportunity structures that facilitated the rise of populist parties. Similarly, the chapter argues that the effect of populist parties on their countries’ foreign policy is largely due to their attaching ideology. The chapter thus distinguishes between four types of populist parties, each attaching salience to different foreign policy issues: the populist radical right, the populist market liberal, the populist regionalist, and the populist left.
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Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0321.
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Alport syndrome is an inherited renal disorder characterized by early haematuria, progressing to proteinuria, sensorineural hearing loss, and progressive renal failure typically in the third or fourth decade but with wide variation. It is responsible for about 1% of end-stage renal failure. Over 80% of cases are X-linked and young men are most affected, but heterozygous carriers of the abnormal gene are also at significantly increased risk of end-stage renal failure in their lifetime. Those affected by the autosomal recessive variant are phenotypically very similar. It is caused by mutations in tissue-specific isoforms of basement membrane (type IV) collagen encoded by COL4A5 (X chromosome), COL4A3, and COL4A4 (chromosome 2).
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Mazzoleni, Danilo. The Rise of Christianity. Edited by Christer Bruun and Jonathan Edmondson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.021.
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This chapter analyzes Christian epigraphy, that is, epigraphic documents connected with early Christian communities, from the beginnings of Christianity to the end of the sixth century. Texts written in Latin constitute the largest group of Christian inscriptions and are the main focus. Funerary inscriptions are by far the most numerous type, but there are also many dedications, building inscriptions, votive, exegetical, and devotional texts, as well as texts of good augury that throw light on the rise of Christianity .
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Staedtke, Verena, and Eric H. Kossoff. Epilepsy Syndromes in Childhood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0074.
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Epilepsy syndromes of childhood are a heterogeneous group of disorders that occur at specific neurodevelopmental stages, with a variable prognosis ranging from benign to catastrophic. In clinical practice they are categorized based on seizure type, age of onset, clinical presentation, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, as well as response to treatment. In addition, recent advancements in neuroimaging and genetic testing have become important diagnostic tools revealing underlying defects for some of these syndromes. This knowledge has consequences for clinical practice, as it opens new perspectives for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the most common pediatric epilepsy syndromes, their clinical findings, associated EEG findings, and clinical management.
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Woodruff, Paul. Gods, Fate, and the Character of Oedipus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669447.003.0006.
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In both plays, character drives the actions that are represented or reported on stage. Although Oedipus and his family are living through a fate allotted to them by the gods, they show genuine agency in their actions. The only stage action that calls for a supernatural explanation is the miracle at the end of Oedipus at Colonus, when Oedipus seems to understand the voice of Zeus in the sound of thunder. Otherwise, all the actions can be explained in terms of the character qualities of the agents. Oedipus’s character is a blend of qualities that not only explain his actions but render him attractively human. The blend is unique: Sophocles shows us an Oedipus who is an individual, not a type. Power figures who are impetuous, prone to anger, and self-absorbed may be a familiar type, but Oedipus’s rampant curiosity makes him unique.
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Corbridge, Rogan, and Nicholas Steventon. Oxford Handbook of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725312.001.0001.
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This book, like all the other Oxford Handbooks, aims to provide a compact, but comprehensive, guide to medical practice. It has been designed to slip inside the pocket of a white coat and to be rapidly retrieved for reference. There are many blank facing pages for notes and for amending or annotating the text to fit in with local practice. The core text is based on an anatomical list of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases. There are separate sections on ENT examinations, investigations, common operations, ward care, and emergencies. There is also a separate section on the work of other ENT health professionals. Chapter 3 on ‘common methods of presentation’ is unique for this type of book. This chapter is a guide for dealing with patients as they present in clinical practice. It also provides a convenient way of accessing the relevant chapter in the anatomical list. New to this edition is an overview of ENT conditions and their management in other parts of the world.
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Steiner, Lisa A. Infections of the Hand. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0047.
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Hand infections can be delineated by type and location of infection, by a polymicrobial vs single microbial colonization, and by the type of organism. They are most often caused by superficial injury or trauma. Early identification and timely treatment can significantly improve the morbidity associated with hand infections. In addition to determining the source and mechanism of infection, it is important to identify tetanus immunization status, prior injury to the affected area, immune status, occupation, and hand dominance. Some hand infections (eg, paronychia, felon, herpetic whitlow, and cellulitis) can be treated in the emergency department and discharged with close follow-up. Deep space abscesses and infections caused by bite wounds involving tendons will require either observation, admission, or surgery depending on their severity. Take into account a patient’s comorbidities—diabetes, immunosuppression, injection drug use, inability to follow up for re-evaluation, and ability to fill antibiotic prescriptions—upon disposition.
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Haddad, Youssef A. Hearer-Oriented Attitude Datives in Social Context. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474434072.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the social functions of hear-oriented attitude datives in Levantine Arabic. These are often used to grab the hearer’s attention, especially in such activities as storytelling. In addition, the datives may also be employed by a speaker to anchor the main message of her utterance, along with her evaluation of it, to her hearers and to mark their engagement in an attempt to recruit their empathy, solicit their assent, and/or invoke a shared identity, experience, knowledge, and membership. The chapter analyzes specific instances of hearer-oriented attitude datives as used in different types of social acts (e.g., promises) and in different types of activities (e.g., gossip).
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Lee, Lois. Non-Religion. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.6.
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Beginning with a focus on ‘secularism’ in the mid-1990s and extending to the study of ‘secularity,’ ‘atheism,’ and ‘irreligious’ and ‘non-religious’ cultures from the mid-2000s onwards, the study of religion’s various ‘others’ is receiving increasing attention from scholars of religion. This chapter untangles the key topic strands in this broad area: non-religious populations; ‘religious-like’ phenomena such as non-religious lifecycle ceremonies and worldviews; dialectics between the religious and non-religious or secular; and secularist regimes of power. It outlines the theoretical concerns of these projects: rival accounts of secularism/s (e.g. postcolonial critiques, realist ‘multiple’ approaches); new ways of investigating and challenging secularization theory; and ‘egalitarian’ approaches to religion which challenge the idea that religion is unique—a sole example of a type. Each of these overlapping areas of research are young fields, and conceptual resources and distinctions are therefore works in progress and require careful negotiation.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Insertions. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0008.
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Insertions are a type of translocation, and indeed they are sometimes referred to as “insertional translocation,” “interstitial translocation,” or “nonreciprocal translocation.” Here, a segment of one chromosome is removed and inserted within another chromosome (in contradistinction to the usual translocation, in which the translocated segment is attached to the end of a recipient chromosome). It is, essentially, a one-way translocation; that is, there is no reciprocal movement back to the originating chromosome. Insertions are rare rearrangements, at the level of detection according to classical cytogenetics. Insertions have their own specific qualities that influence risk assessment, and these are discussed in this chapter.
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Marciniak-Kajzer, Anna. Średniowieczny dwór rycerski w Polsce. Wizerunek archeologiczny. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/7525-543-0.
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This chapter presented an attempt at comparison of the above outlined picture of knight`s manor house in the area of medieval Polish kingdom with information about similar abodes in neighbouring areas. The author also discusses view about supposed functions of “motte-andbailey” towers, inclining to a thesis that they are dwelling abodes, which were formal reductions of pan-European scheme of abodes of motte type. Another group of issues concerns research postulates in reference to excavations. The biggest amount of sites was excavated till the end of the 1980s. At that time, dating with physic-chemical methods or dendrochronological was extremely difficult to access in Poland. Hitherto presented in literature reconstructions of manorial buildings themselves seem to be too simplified and do not refer to a rich tradition of wooden architecture in Slavic lands. Another postulate is dedication of more attention to material culture of the investigated abodes, both by archaeologists and historians.
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Steinhart, Eric. Religion after Naturalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738909.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that there are nontheistic religions in the West whose claims are compatible with naturalism. Many are religions of energy. This energy is ultimate, optimizing, impersonal, and natural. Although it cannot be worshiped, it can be aroused, directed, and shaped. The energy religions thus involve tools and techniques for the therapeutic application of the ultimate energy to the self. They are technologies of the self. In this chapter, attention is focused on four new types of energy religion. These include the religions of consciousness (e.g., the New Stoicism, Westernized Buddhism); the religions of vision (involving the ethical use of entheogens); the religions of dance (e.g., religious raves); and the religions of beauty (e.g., Burning Man).
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Cournane, Ailís. In defence of the child innovator. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0002.
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This chapter confronts the two principal arguments levelled against the child-as-innovator approach to language change: (1) child innovations cannot underlie historical innovations because child innovations resolve before adulthood, when they could diffuse (e.g. Traugott and Dasher 2005; Diessel 2011), and (2) parallels must hold between child innovations and historical innovations, but parallels do not hold in the domain of morphosyntax (e.g. Diessel 2012). I argue that both parallel and oppositional alignments are predicted by the two possible innovation-types children make when solving the Mapping Problem (Clark 1977, 1993, i.a.); in short, different L1A processes underlie different types of change. I further argue that input-divergent analyses at most need to persist into the teenage years, when they can be diffused via the sociolinguistic change powerhouse of teenage peer groups (e.g. Labov 2012), and may also be reinforced and prolonged in childhood via peer-to-peer acquisition and bilingualism contexts.
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Howell, Jennifer Willett, Sarah E. Gilbert, and Kristina Coop Gordon. Understanding and Treating Infidelity. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.001.
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This chapter defines and describes different types of relationship infidelities and discusses existing research on understanding and treating infidelity. Studies examining the etiology, maintenance, and impact of infidelity in a relationship are reviewed and considered. The chapter then describes and critiques current empirically supported therapeutic approaches for treating infidelity, including a forgiveness-based intervention, traditional behavioral couple therapy, integrative behavioral couple therapy, and emotionally focused couple therapy. Important clinical considerations regarding cultural factors in conceptualizing and treating infidelity are addressed throughout the chapter and newer types of relationships and affairs (e.g., cyber affairs) also are discussed.
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Otsuka, Yuko. Ergative–Absolutive Patterns in Tongan: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.40.
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Tongan (Polynesian) shows ergative-absolutive (ERG-ABS) patterns in morphology as well as syntax, but the ERG-ABS pattern is not consistent throughout the language. Noun morphology shows a split between clitic pronouns and other types of nouns. In syntax, three phenomena show an ERG-ABS contrast: (a) relativization using the gap strategy is limited to ABS and ERG-relatives require resumption; (b) coordinate reduction applies only if the gap and the antecedent are in the same case, be it ABS or ERG; and (c) only ABS, but not ERG, can serve as the antecedent of the null SE anaphor. No single factor can account for all three of these phenomena and at least two of the three patterns are shown to be better viewed as PF-phenomena. The data suggest that syntactic ergativity should be understood as a construction-specific phenomenon rather than a language-specific property.
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Reybrouck, Tony, and Marc Gewillig. Exercise testing in congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0031.
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Exercise testing in adult cardiac patients has mainly focused on ischaemic heart disease. The results of exercise testing with ECG monitoring are often helpful in diagnosing the presence of significant coronary artery disease. In children with heart disease, the type of pathology is different. Ischaemic heart disease is very rare. The majority of the patients present with congenital heart defects, which affect exercise capacity. In patients with congenital heart disease, exercise tests are frequently performed to measure exercise function or to assess abnormalities of cardiac rhythm. The risk of exercise testing is very low in the paediatric age group.1
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Haddad, Youssef A. Speaker-Oriented Attitude Datives in Social Context. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474434072.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the social functions of speaker-oriented attitude datives in Levantine Arabic. It analyzes these datives as perspectivizers used by a speaker to instruct her hearer to view her as a form of authority in relation to him, to the content of her utterance, and to the activity they are both involved in. The nature of this authority depends on the sociocultural, situational, and co-textual context, including the speaker’s and hearer’s shared values and beliefs, their respective identities, and the social acts employed in interaction. The chapter analyzes specific instances of speaker-oriented attitude datives as used in different types of social acts (e.g., commands, complaints) and in different types of settings (e.g., family talk, gossip). It also examines how these datives interact with facework, politeness, and rapport management.
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Triana, María del Carmen, Tiffany M. Trzebiatowski, and Seo-Young Byun. Individual Outcomes of Discrimination in Workplaces. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.23.
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This chapter reviews the recent literature on the outcomes of workplace discrimination against individuals. The chapter describes how discrimination affects individuals by reviewing theories related to outcomes of discrimination (e.g., social categorization, attributional ambiguity, and minority stress theories). From there, the review covers meta-analyses, empirical studies conducted between 2012 and 2014, and outcomes of discrimination (e.g., job attitudes, psychological outcomes, physical outcomes, and work-related outcomes). There is consistent support for an overall negative effect of discrimination on various individual-level outcomes. Recent studies are advancing our knowledge of individual-level consequences of discrimination by incorporating underrepresented samples, examining discrimination types other than race and sex, considering the nuances of boundary conditions, and connecting research streams from multiple areas (e.g., turnover, incivility). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research directions on individual outcomes of workplace discrimination.
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Cullinan, Paul, and Joanna Szram. Occupational lung disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0142.
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Some occupational lung diseases are defined by their clinical or pathological nature (e.g. occupational asthma or mesothelioma), while others are defined by their specific etiology (e.g. silicosis, farmer’s lung). Most fall into one of three categories. The first is airways disease, including occupational asthma (induced by a workplace agent), work-exacerbated asthma (preexisting asthma provoked by one or more agents at work), and irritant-induced asthma (initiated by a single, toxic exposure to a respiratory irritant); COPD and obliterative bronchiolitis may arise from workplace exposures, and around 10% of lung cancers have an occupational etiology. The second is parenchymal diseases, incorporating the many types of pneumoconiosis, differentiated by the dust that caused them, and the many types of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (or hypersensitivity pneumonia) categorized by the occupations in which they arise. The third is pleural diseases comprising pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening, and mesothelioma.
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Haddad, Youssef A. Attitude Datives in Social Context – The Analytic Tools. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474434072.003.0002.
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This chapter defines attitude datives as evaluative and relational pragmatic markers that allow the speaker to present material from a specific perspective and to invite the hearer to view the material from the same perspective. It identifies three types of context that are pertinent to the analysis of these datives. These are the sociocultural context (e.g., values, beliefs), the situational context (i.e., identities, activity types), and the co-textual context (e.g., contextualization cues). The chapter draws on Cognitive Grammar and Theory of Stance and puts forth a sociocognitive model called the stancetaking stage model. In this model, when a speaker uses an attitude dative construction, she directs her hearer’s attention to the main content of her message and instructs him to view this content through the attitude dative as a filter. In this sense, the attitude dative functions as a perspectivizer and the main content becomes a perspectivized thought.
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Schiller, Adalbert, Adrian Covic, and Liviu Segall. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0086_update_001.
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Chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathies (CTINs) are a group of renal diseases, characterized by variable interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and a slow course towards end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The causes of CTIN are numerous, including nephrotoxic drugs and chemicals, infections, autoimmune diseases, obstructive uropathies, and metabolic disorders. Taken together, CTIN are responsible for less than 10% of all ESRD cases requiring renal replacement therapy. The clinical manifestations of CTIN typically comprise low-grade proteinuria, leucocyturia, and variably reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), whereas the blood pressure is usually normal or moderately increased. Tubular abnormalities are common, including type 2 (proximal) renal tubular acidosis, Fanconi syndrome, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis, with hypokalaemia and nephrolithiasis. Radiology exams reveal shrunken kidneys, sometimes with irregular outlines. A renal biopsy is often required for the diagnosis of CTIN and its aetiology. The treatment of CTIN mainly involves discontinuation of exposure to nephrotoxins and specific therapy of renal infections, urinary tract obstruction, or underlying systemic diseases. Agents like ACE inhibitors and pirfenidone, which might reduce interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, are still under clinical evaluation.
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Valian, Virginia. Null Subjects. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.17.
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Some languages have obligatory overt subjects in all person and tense combinations (e.g., English); some have optional overt subjects in all combinations (e.g., Italian; Chinese); some are mixed (e.g., Hebrew, Shipibo). Parameter setting is less workable an explanation for language variation than is a feature approach. Children in non-null subject languages produce more subjects than do children in null subject languages; children of all language types gradually produce more subjects, especially pronominal subjects, as development proceeds; children are most likely to produce subjects that fit a prosodic template, have high information content, or are in shorter utterances; children produce fewer subjects than obligatory objects. No current acquisition theory—purely competence, purely performance, or hybrid—explains all the behavioral phenomena.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Dysphonia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0008.
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Lack of function or malfunction of the vocal cords are not as common manifestations of neuromuscular disorders as dysarthria. It is typically seen in central diseases such as Parkinson disease. Certain muscle and nerve disorders affect the vocal cords, but in these cases, other features of these diseases make the diagnosis easy. Myasthenia gravis (MG) may present with intermittent hoarseness only early in the course of the disease. Consultation with an ear, nose, throat (ENT) specialist is recommended to characterize the type of cord pathology. Hysterical hoarseness and weakness are not unusual presentations to neuromuscular clinics. Unilateral vocal cord palsy is usually due to recurrent laryngeal nerve pathology.
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Hunter, Jennifer M., and Thomas Fuchs-Buder. Neuromuscular blockade and reversal. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0016.
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Over the past 70 years since the introduction of d-tubocurarine, the search for an ideal neuromuscular blocking agent has led to the development of the depolarizing drug, succinylcholine (suxamethonium), with its rapid onset of action and plasma metabolism, and a series of non-depolarizing agents of which there are two groups: benzylisoquinoliniums (e.g. atracurium, cisatracurium and mivacurium) and aminosteroidal agents (e.g. pancuronium, vecuronium and rocuronium). The need to monitor neuromuscular block perioperatively to ensure the appropriate dose of any neuromuscular blocking drug is given has led to the development of several nerve stimulation techniques. Particularly useful clinically are the train-of-four twitch response, double-burst stimulation, and the post-tetanic count. Their benefits and limitations are considered in this chapter. The most suitable equipment to monitor neuromuscular block and the appropriate anatomical sites for stimulation are discussed. To prevent residual block with its pathophysiological consequences such as upper airway and pharyngeal dysfunction and potential respiratory failure at the end of surgery, antagonizing agents are used. These are of two types: anticholinesterases such as neostigmine and edrophonium, and the γ-cyclodextrin, sugammadex. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular blocking drugs and their antagonists are altered by the extremes of age, obesity, and several disease states including renal and hepatic failure, neuromuscular disorders, and critical illness. The altered response to all these drugs in these pathologies, which is related to their metabolism and excretion, is considered in detail, together with their other side-effects including the particular disadvantages to the use of succinylcholine.