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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Type of road surface'

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Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Eiyo, Fumiharu. "Effect of off-road surface roughness on tyre performance." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74222.

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In this thesis, the effect of geometrical roughness of a non-deformable road surface on the mobility performance of a pneumatic tyre is investigated. A system function which represents the theoretical relationship between the drawbar-pull and the random traction surface geometry is developed in the frequency domain, associated with the energy conservation law.<br>Prior to the analysis, measurement of road profile is achieved using an ultrasonic distance detector, and characterization of the stochastic road profile is evaluated by a power spectral density function. Further to this, the resultin
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2

Siegfried, I. R. "The study of contact characteristics between tyre and road surface." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263445.

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3

Patel, Himanshu S. "Guidelines for determining the most economical roadway surface type for local rural roads." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32546.

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Master of Science<br>Civil Engineering<br>Sunanda Dissanayake<br>The percentage of gravel roads in rural areas in Kansas is higher than most states. A wide variation of traffic volumes across different regions and variations of local conditions and scenarios present a great challenge for local agencies to determine suitable roadway surface types for local rural roads, especially considering constraints on transportation budgets. The primary objective of this research was developing specific guidelines to identify the most suitable roadway surface for a particular roadway section with given con
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4

Abdi, Adel. "Efficient Winter Road Maintenance : A Study of Technical and Contractual Issues." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141945.

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Since ancient times, roads have tied people and cultures together. Roads have been createdwith the aim of facilitating trade and cultural exchange among different regions in the world. After the technologic development in vehicle industry and dramatically increase of motoring in the world during the past century road communication has gained a great importance for transporting people and goods. Thus, good safety and accessibility on roads all year round is now a vital necessity for a healthy economy in all modern societies. In order to keep roads safe, available for use with high transport qua
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5

Lundberg, Joacim. "Non-Exhaust PM10 and Road Dust." Licentiate thesis, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222155.

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Non-exhaust PM10 is an issue in the urban environment linked to health issues. Emissions of non-exhaust PM10 is relatable to pavement properties. Also of importance is resuspension of road dust stored from surfaces. This depends on the traffic and metrological conditions. Given this, the purpose of the thesis was to give an overview limited to Sweden and the Nordic countries regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust. The overview includes how particles are related to human health. Also included is the principle of how particles are emitted from road surface and tyre interaction, both
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6

Lundberg, Oskar. "On the influence of surface roughness on rolling contact forces." Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193935.

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Road vehicle tyres, railway wheels and ball bearings all generate rolling contact forces which are transferred within a finite area of contact between the rolling element and the substrate. Either it is visible or not for the human eye, a certain degree of roughness is always present on the contacting surfaces and it influences the generation of both vertical and lateral contactforces. The purpose of this investigation is to enhance the understanding and modelling of the influence from small-scale surface roughness on the generation of rolling contact forces. To this end, a computationally eff
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7

El-Razaz, Arafa Sayed Ahmed. "Lateral tyre forces on off-road surfaces." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/227/.

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A successful model for off-road tyres must be reliable, efficient and capable of reproducing and predicting the main system phenomena. Mathematical models are proposed for longitudinal, lateral and combined lateral and longitudinal force generation characteristics of off-road tyres. For a better understanding of off-road tyre behaviour, the study of the interaction between the tyre forces and those generated by the deformed soil is very important. Details of the force system in the contact patch, therefore, are used as a basis for developing models for the prediction of the tractive performanc
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8

Canale, Antonio Carlos. "Estudo de desempenho de autoveículos rodoviários considerando o passeio do centro de gravidade e restrições impostas pelo binômio pneumático x pavimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-29082016-150156/.

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Este trabalho aplica um procedimento para análise do desempenho de um autoveículo rodoviário (Kadett GS 2.0 da General Motors do Brasil), em aceleração e desaceleração (freagem), considerando o \"passeio do centro de gravidade\" e as \"restrições impostas pelo binômio pneumático x pavimento\". A dinâmica do processo de frenagem do veículo/exemplo é estudada, obtendo-se a desaceleração e o espaço percorrido, como função do \"passeio do centro de gravidade\" e duas \"restrições impostas pelo pneumático x pavimento\". Comparações teórico-experimentais são realizadas. Para o controle do processo d
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9

Chen, Guangyu. "Texture Based Road Surface Detection." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1213805526.

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10

Lorentzon, Mattis, and Tobias Andersson. "Road Surface Modeling using Stereo Vision." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78455.

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Modern day cars are often equipped with a variety of sensors that collect information about the car and its surroundings. The stereo camera is an example of a sensor that in addition to regular images also provides distances to points in its environment. This information can, for example, be used for detecting approaching obstacles and warn the driver if a collision is imminent or even automatically brake the vehicle. Objects that constitute a potential danger are usually located on the road in front of the vehicle which makes the road surface a suitable reference level from which to measure t
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11

Abbas, Mohammad. "Remote sensing of road surface conditions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7379/.

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The remote real time identification of road surfaces is an increasingly important task in the automotive world. The development of automotive active safety system requires a remote sensing technology that alerts drivers to potential hazards such as slippery surfaces caused by water, mud, ice, snow etc. This will improve the safety of driving and reduce the road accidents all over the world. This thesis is dedicated to the experimental study of the feasibility of an affordable short-range ultrasonic and radar system for road surface recognition ahead of a vehicle. It introduces a developed nove
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12

Liu, Guo Xin. "The area and stresses of contact between tyres and road surface and their effects on road surface." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387751.

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13

Casselgren, Johan. "Road surface classification using near infrared spectroscopy." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/42/LTU-LIC-0742-SE.pdf.

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14

Soleymani, Kermani Mohammad Reza. "Mechanical re-texturing of road surface aggregates." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362426.

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15

Manfredsson, Johan. "Evaluation Tool for a Road Surface Algorithm." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138936.

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Modern cars are often equipped with sensors like radar, infrared cameras and stereo cameras that collect information about its surroundings. By using a stereo camera, it is possible to receive information about the distance to points in front of the car. This information can be used to estimate the height of the predicted path of the car. An application which does this is the stereo based Road surface preview (RSP) algorithm. By using the output from the RSP algorithm it is possible to use active suspension control, which controls the vertical movement of the wheels relative to the chassis. Th
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16

Gordon, Michael Oliver. "Non-destructive investigation of surface and sub-surface road pavement profiles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13938.

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17

Motamedi, Mohammad. "Road Surface Measurement and Multi-Scale Modeling of Rubber Road Contact and Adhesion." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76733.

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A major challenge in tire, as well as in road engineering, is to understand the intricate mechanisms of friction. Pavement texture is a feature of the road surface that determines most tire-road interactions, and can be grouped into two classes: macro-texture, resulting mainly in the hysteretic component of friction, and micro-texture, resulting in adhesion. If both textures are maintained at high levels, they can help provide sufficient resistance to skidding. The ultimate objective of this research is to develop a physics-based multiscale rubber-road friction model that can predict the effec
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18

Westell, Jesper. "Multi-Task Learning using Road Surface Condition Classification and Road Scene Semantic Segmentation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157403.

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Understanding road surface conditions is an important component in active vehicle safety. Estimations can be achieved through image classification using increasingly popular convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this paper, we explore the effects of multi-task learning by creating CNNs capable of simultaneously performing the two tasks road surface condition classification (RSCC) and road scene semantic segmentation (RSSS). A multi-task network, containing a shared feature extractor (VGG16, ResNet-18, ResNet-101) and two taskspecific network branches, is built and trained using the Road-Con
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19

Walls, Liam D. "Quantifying road surface quality for underground haul roads /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19802.pdf.

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20

Iodice, Michele. "Road and soil dynamic characterization from surface measurements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413814/.

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The increased demand for non-destructive evaluation of the shear wave profiling, condition monitoring and performance assessment of soils and roads in a dynamic state has made seismic methods the most desirable and effective non-destructive techniques. Surface wave methods have gained popularity over the last decades since they monitor the propagation of the surface wave with non-invasive transducers working from the surface. Nonetheless, their use is restricted by resolution problems and their ability to assess the actual dispersive behaviour of Rayleigh wave. Non-destructive, in-situ methods
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21

Ekström, Marcus. "Road Surface Preview Estimation Using a Monocular Camera." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151873.

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Recently, sensors such as radars and cameras have been widely used in automotives, especially in Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), to collect information about the vehicle's surroundings. Stereo cameras are very popular as they could be used passively to construct a 3D representation of the scene in front of the car. This allowed the development of several ADAS algorithms that need 3D information to perform their tasks. One interesting application is Road Surface Preview (RSP) where the task is to estimate the road height along the future path of the vehicle. An active suspension cont
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22

Hu, Yazhe. "Degenerate Near-planar Road Surface 3D Reconstruction and Automatic Defects Detection." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98671.

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This dissertation presents an approach to reconstruct degenerate near-planar road surface in three-dimensional (3D) while automatically detect road defects. Three techniques are developed in this dissertation to establish the proposed approach. The first technique is proposed to reconstruct the degenerate near-planar road surface into 3D from one camera. Unlike the traditional Structure from Motion (SfM) technique which has the degeneracy issue for near-planar object 3D reconstruction, the uniqueness of the proposed technique lies in the use of near-planar characteristics of surfaces in the 3D
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23

Laubis, Kevin [Verfasser], and C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weinhardt. "Crowd-Based Road Surface Monitoring and its Implications on Road Users and Road Authorities / Kevin Laubis ; Betreuer: C. Weinhardt." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1176022334/34.

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24

Hu, Fengxuan. "Development of a direct type road roughness evaluation system." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000313.

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25

Li, Diya. "Simultaneous Three-Dimensional Mapping and Geolocation of Road Surface." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85470.

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This thesis paper presents a simultaneous 3D mapping and geolocation of road surface technique that combines local road surface mapping and global camera localization. The local road surface is generated by structure from motion (SFM) with multiple views and optimized by Bundle Adjustment (BA). A system is developed for the global reconstruction of 3D road surface. Using the system, the proposed technique globally reconstructs 3D road surface by estimating the global camera pose using the Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter (AEKF) and integrates it with local road surface reconstruction technique
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26

Michel, Medhat. "Development of a medium speed road monitor vehicle." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296031.

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27

Finkele, R. "A polarimetric millimetre wave sensor system for road surface classification." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284920.

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28

Subramanian, Chidambaram. "Real-Time Implementation of Road Surface Classification using Intelligent Tires." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101014.

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The growth of the automobile Industry in the past 50 years is radical. The development of chassis control systems have grown drastically due to the demand for safer, faster and more comfortable vehicles. For example, the invention of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) has resulted in saving more than a million lives since its adaptation while also allowing the vehicles to commute faster. As we move into the autonomous vehicles era, demand for additional information about tire-road interaction to improve the performance of the onboard chassis control systems, is high. This is due to the fact that t
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29

Rabaiotti, Carlo. "Inverse analysis in road geotechnics /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18135.

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30

Schleinitz, Katja. "Cyclists’ road safety - Do bicycle type, age and infrastructure characteristics matter?" Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-203543.

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In den letzten Jahren hat die Verbreitung von Elektrofahrrädern, sogenannten Pedelecs, stark zugenommen. Dies ist vor dem Hintergrund der Umweltfreundlichkeit und Gesundheitsförderlichkeit dieser Form der Fortbewegung zunächst grundsätzlich positiv zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig besteht jedoch die Sorge, dass Elektrofahrradfahrer häufiger und in schwerere Unfälle verwickelt werden könnten als Fahrradfahrer. So bieten motorgestützte Elektrofahrräder das Potential, höhere Geschwindigkeiten zu erreichen als konventionelle Fahrräder, und werden zudem vor allem von älteren Verkehrsteilnehmern genutzt. N
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31

Fienkeng, Martin Nkwenti. "Early life behaviour of surface dressings with polymer modified binders." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240603.

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32

Malmedahl, Grant Anders. "A method for the characterization of off-road terrain severity." Connect to resource, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1182978485.

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33

Nygårdhs, Sara. "Aquaplaning : Development of a Risk Pond Model from Road Surface Measurements." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1990.

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<p>Aquaplaning accidents are relatively rare, but could have fatal effects. The task of this master’s thesis is to use data from the Laser Road Surface Tester to detect road sections with risk of aquaplaning. </p><p>A three-dimensional model based on data from road surface measurements is created using MATLAB (version 6.1). From this general geometrical model of the road, a pond model is produced from which the theoretical risk ponds are detected. A risk pond indication table is fur-ther created. </p><p>The pond model seems to work well assuming that the data from the road model is correct. De
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34

Onuorah, Chinedum Anthony. "Evaluation of pavement roughness and vehicle vibrations for road surface profiling." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/21107.

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The research explores aspects of road surface measurement and monitoring, targeting some of the main challenges in the field, including cost and portability of high-speed inertial profilers. These challenges are due to the complexities of modern profilers to integrate various sensors while using advanced algorithms and processes to analyse measured sensor data. Novel techniques were proposed to improve the accuracy of road surface longitudinal profiles using inertial profilers. The thesis presents a Half-Wavelength Peak Matching (HWPM) model, designed for inertial profilers that integrate a la
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Onuorah, Chinedum Anthony. "Evaluation of pavement roughness and vehicle vibrations for road surface profiling." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.756584.

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The research explores aspects of road surface measurement and monitoring, targeting some of the main challenges in the field, including cost and portability of high-speed inertial profilers. These challenges are due to the complexities of modern profilers to integrate various sensors while using advanced algorithms and processes to analyse measured sensor data. Novel techniques were proposed to improve the accuracy of road surface longitudinal profiles using inertial profilers. The thesis presents a Half-Wavelength Peak Matching (HWPM) model, designed for inertial profilers that integrate a la
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36

Ye, Maosheng. "Road Surface Condition Detection and Identification and Vehicle Anti-Skid Control." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1227197539.

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37

Jeffers, Sandra Victoria. "Surface brightness distributions of late-type stars." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12941.

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The aim of this work has been to increase our understanding of the surface brightness distributions of late-type stars through Doppler imaging and eclipse mapping techniques. Combining spectroscopic and photometric observations with the technique of Doppler Imaging, I have reconstructed surface images of the G2V star He 699 (for 08 October 2000), which show high latitude and polar structures. In the case of the KOV star AB Dor, the Doppler images for January 1992 and November 1993 show a large polar cap with small dark features also present at intermediate to high latitudes. As the phase sampl
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38

Phumisithikul, Karen L. "Surface photovoltage transients for p-type AlGaN." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3787.

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There is an understanding of surface photovoltage (SPV) behavior for GaN, yet little is known about the SPV behavior for AlGaN. In this work, a Kelvin probe was used to measure the SPV for p-type AlGaN. Very slow SPV transients were found in AlGaN, which could not be explained with a simple thermionic model. A possible explanation of this behavior is the segregation of impurities to the surface, which causes significant reduction of the depletion region width (down to 2 nm), with carrier tunneling and hopping becoming the dominant mechanisms responsible for the SPV transients. To verify th
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Clark, Robin Tristan. "The integration of cloud satellite images with prediction of icy conditions on Devon's roads." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1844.

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The need for improved cloud parameterisations in a road surface temperature model is demonstrated. Case studies from early 1994 are used to investigate methods of tracking cloud cover using satellite imagery and upper level geostrophic flow. Two of these studies are included in this thesis. Errors encountered in cloud tracking methods were investigated as well as relationships between cloud height and pixel brightness in satellite imagery. For the first time, a one dimensional energy balance model is developed to investigate the effects of erroneous cloud forecasts on surface temperature. The
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40

Karagania, Richard M. "Road roughness and infrastructure damage." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36011/1/36011_Karagania_1997.pdf.

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Scientific research has identified road roughness as a significant factor that contributes to increased vehicle dynamic wheel loads and therefore damage to pavements and bridges. The other factors include vehicle speed and vehicle suspension type. More specifically and regarding road roughness, research has shown that damaging effects are caused by certain wavelengths and features in road profiles and not the overall road roughness. Various methods of classifying road roughness based on the ride quality are available. These methods, though important, are limited in identifying the locat
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Li, Yaqi. "Road Pothole Detection System Based on Stereo Vision." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1525708920748809.

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42

Belk, David Graham. "Thermal mapping for a highway gritting network." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1992. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6016/.

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Thermal mapping, the measurement of road surface temperatures (RSTs) with an infra-red thermometer (IRT) mounted in a moving vehicle, seeks to identify a 'characteristic and repeatable' thermal fingerprint (temperature profile) for any stretch of road. A number of uses have been suggested for the process, including ice detection sensor network design and identifying stretches of road for selective gritting, with potential financial and environmental benefits due to reduced salt usage. The project 'Thermal Mapping for a Highway Gritting Network' has resulted in the most extensive survey yet und
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43

Powell, Mark William. "An investigation of chemical factors influencing bitumen-mineral adhesion." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314732.

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44

Wang, Juan. "Shakedown analysis and design of flexible road pavements under moving surface loads." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12836/.

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Flexible road pavements often fail due to excessive rutting. as a result of cumulative vertical permanent deformation under repeated traffic loads. The currently used analytical approach to flexible pavement design evaluates the pavement life in terms of critical elastic strain at the top of the subgrade. Hence, the plastic pavement behaviour is not properly considered. Shakedown analysis can take into account the material plasticity and guarantee structure stability under repeated loads. It provides a more rational design criterion for flexible road pavements. Finite element analyses using th
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Anderson, Jacob. "Geochemical Tracers of Surface Water and Ground Water Contamination from Road Salt." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3313.

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Thesis advisor: Rudolph Hon<br>The application of road de-icers has lead to increasing solute concentrations in surface and ground water across the northern US, Canada, and northern Europe. In a public water supply well field in southeastern Massachusetts, USA, chloride concentrations in ground water from an unconfined aquifer have steadily risen for the past twenty years. The objectives of this study are to understand spatial and temporal trends in road salt concentrations in order to identify contamination sources and fate. To this end, the methods of this project include field and lab work.
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46

Withers, Jared M. "EFFECTIVENESS OF TIRE/ROAD NOISE ABATEMENT THROUGH SURFACE RETEXTURING BY DIAMOND GRINDING." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1149265311.

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47

Caicedo, Parra Dina Maria. "Mechanism to Quantify Road Surface Degradation and Its Impact on Rolling Resistance." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555430578466857.

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48

Nanayakkara, Mummullage Sandya Wasanthi. "Source characterisation of urban road surface pollutants for enhanced water quality predictions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82065/1/Sandya%20Wasanthi_Nanayakkara%20Mummullage_Thesis.pdf.

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This study developed a comprehensive research methodology for identification and quantification of sources responsible for pollutant build-up and wash-off from urban road surfaces. The study identified soil and asphalt wear, and non-combusted diesel fuel as the most influential sources for metal and hydrocarbon pollution respectively. The study also developed mathematical models to relate contributions from identified sources to underlying site specific factors such as land use and traffic. Developed mathematical model will play a key role in urban planning practices, enabling the implementati
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Sultana, Masuda. "Assessment and Modelling Deterioration of Flood Affected Pavements." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367367.

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The efficiency of the road management system is increasingly challenged due to the frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, such as intense heavy rainfall, cyclones and flooding. The unpredictable events such as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the USA (2005), extreme flooding in January 2011 in South-East Queensland, Cyclones Oswald (2013) and Marcia (2015) in Queensland had severe impacts upon the road infrastructure. These roads are now subject to a wider range of climatic conditions over their service life than was originally anticipated during their design. To date, no deterioration
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50

Walton, Ryan J. "Characterization of Road Surfaces Using High Resolution 3D Surface Scans to Develop Parameters for Predicting Tire-Surface Friction." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531432167496958.

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