Academic literature on the topic 'Type sexuel'

Objective The purpose of our study is to examine male erotomania and its consequences for women who are victims of it. Method We studied the clinical characteristics of erotomaniacal men and the physical and psychic consequences to women who were their victims. Results The men we met have a severe paranoid thought disorder which combines jealousy, projection and interpretation. Their behaviour is characterized by escalating violence in their involvement with women by whom they believe they are loved. During their contacts with the erotomaniac, the victims develop adjustment disorders and anxiety. Conclusion Our study leads us to conclude that erotomaniacs and their victims have symptoms and a clinical evolution identical to those found in harassing and violent ex-spouses. The positive response of some erotomaniacs to antipsychotic medication raises a therapeutic prospect for other violent men with the same thought disorders.

English Sexual trafficking affects many women globally, with eastern Europe and Albania as the major centers. Women's vulnerability is increased by poverty, patriarchal gender patterns and historical events. Governmental policies and program responses in terms of laws, prevention and shelters for victims are described, along with lessons for addressing sexual trafficking. French Le trafic sexuel touche un grand nombre de femmes dans la plupart des grands centres d'Europe de l'Est et d'Albanie. La pauvreté, les comportements de genre de type patriarcal et les événements historiques ont rendu les femmes encore plus vulnérables. Cet article passe en revue les programmes et les politiques gouvernementales - lois, mesures préventives et création de refuges pour les victimes - ainsi que les lec¸ ons qui permettent de s'attaquer au problè me du trafic sexuel. Spanish El trá fico sexual afecta a muchas mujeres globalmente, siendo Europa del Este y Albania centros principales. La pobreza, los patrones de género patriarcales, y acontecimientos histó ricos acrecientan la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres. Se describen las políticas gubernamentales y las respuestas programa ´ ticas en términos de leyes, prevenció n, y casas refugio para las víctimas. También se sacan lecciones para bregar con el trá fico sexual.

Dans le contexte d'une recherche portant sur les femmes célibataires à Montréal, l'analyse de trois téléséries québécoises mises en ondes par Radio- Canada ayant comme personnage central une femme de carrière célibataire dans la trentaine (Tout sur moi,Les hauts et les bas de Sophie PaquinetC.A.)a été effectuée afin de dégager les représentations de leur vie sociosexuelle, et ce, à partir du concept d'agentivité sexuelle, de la théorie des scripts de la sexualité et celle des orientations intimes de soi. Les divers scénarios sexuels vécus par les trois personnages, des scripts de rencontre à ceux de rupture, en passant par les types de relations qui y sont rattachés, sont présentés.L'analyse suggère une grande variabilité dans les scripts sexuels féminins et l'adoption de scripts considérés traditionnellement comme masculins : notamment, les femmes prennent souvent l'initiative de la rencontre et des rapports sexuels. Deux des trois personnages féminins étudiés possèdent des caractéristiques d'une orientation intime de soi du type « désir individuel », le troisième personnage présentant une construction de soi du type « réseau sexuel »; cependant, les trois personnages conservent certains aspects d'une orientation intime de soi de la sexualité conjugale. Ces téléséries présentent donc des personnages féminins multipartenaires, sans les confiner dans des rôles de femmes faciles et sans que cet aspect leur porte préjudice, ce qui laisse ainsi suggérer une transformation des représentations de la sexualité des femmes célibataires québécoises.

L'article, après quelques rappels épidémiologiques et juridiques permettant de cerner la problématique en cause, présente les grandes caractéristiques cliniques et psychopathologiques des adolescents agresseurs sexuels français. Puis l'exposé d'un cas d'adolescent violeur rencontré dans un cadre expertal soutient la proposition de quelques jalons théoriques relatifs à la place de l'agir dit « sexuel » dans le temps de l'adolescence et ses rapports à la problématique de dépendance. L'article se termine par quelques propos cursifs sur les incidences thérapeutiques posées par la compréhension de ce type d'agirs, inscrits dans ce que nous appelons aujourd'hui « les cliniques de l'extrême ».

The purpose of this research project was to gain a better knowledge of juvenile sex offenders in the Montreal area. Do they present differences or similarities with other subjects from studies made in the United States? Can we improve our assessment techniques to better differentiate those who should be treated in a closed setting from those who could benefit from a follow-up in the community? And how does our juvenile justice system deal with this type of offender? In order to find answers to these issues, ten (10) in-depth interviews with personality measures were conducted with juveniles who admitted (or were convicted of) sexual abuse. Moreover, a study of fifty (50) files from the Social Services relating to the same kind of behavior was done in the Montreal area. Our results are similar to other studies made elsewhere : those who where convicted of rape or child molesting committed their first (official) offense at a mean age of 14.5 years and 60 % of their victims were females of an average age of 9. For 38 % of our sample, the sexual offense is part of an heterogenous criminal career. Our personnality measures failed to differentiate between child molesters and rapists. However, on the Jesness Inventory, our ten subjects had high scores on the SM (Social Maladjustment) scale, and on AI (Asocial Index). One other significant finding was that the personnel involved with assessment and treatment of juvenile sex offenders had to get a better knowledge of the dynamics involved with such offenses to record basic information (victim's age, the exact nature of the behavior and the type of violence involved) and recommend appropriate treatment.

Malgré les progrès sur la qualité des soins en hébergement, la sexualité de nos aînés reste un stéréotype et est souvent considérée perverse. Pourtant, l’accroissement et l’évolution de la population âgée vont amener notre société à se confronter à des questions d’éthique sur ce sujet. « Quelle est la représentation adoptée de la part des soignants face à la sexualité des personnes âgées en institut gériatrique actuellement? ». Nous avons réalisé une enquête descriptive auprès des soignants de 9 institutions d’hébergement gériatriques du Haut Rhin. Notre objectif principal était de faire le point sur le comportement sexuel inapproprié et le ressenti des équipes. Puis, nous avons détaillé le comportement sexuel aberrant et estimé l’acquisition du terme « hypersexualité », proposé comme entité nosologique selon le DSM V. Le déroulement de l’étude a été réalisé à l’aide de questionnaires dirigés et semi-dirigés, nous avons recueillis 108 réponses anonymes. L’analyse des données montre que la majorité des soignants (91 %) affirment positivement qu’il existe une sexualité de personnes hébergées. Les manifestations les plus rapportées sont les « attouchements » (75 %) et la « masturbation » (67 %). Le sentiment principalement vécu par les équipes est celui de la « gêne » (47 %). Il ressort également que plus les professionnels sont jeunes, plus ils se sentent agressés (p = 0,03). Nous soulignons que le concept d’ « hypersexualité » est mal défini par un nombre non négligeable de soignant (approximativement 66 %). Nous pouvons conclure que le terme « hypersexualité » suscite encore des débats et demande une conceptualisation plus adaptée pour le sujet âgé. Presque 50 % des réponses sont incorrectes et qualifient les comportements sexuels comme des troubles de type « hypersexualité ». Il nous paraît nécessaire d’améliorer les connaissances sur les troubles du comportement à connotation sexuelle. La réflexion de cette problématique suppose une sensibilisation des équipes de soins à la psychogériatrie. La mise en place d’une grille observationnelle plus standardisée, sur le comportement sexuel aberrant, permettrait également d’aller dans ce sens.

L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier les conséquences d’une variation des apports énergétiques sur la croissance du porc. La première partie est consacrée à la présentation des facteurs de variation de la nature du gain de poids intrinsèques à l’animal (poids vif, génotype, sexe). La seconde partie a pour objectif de faire le point des connaissances actuelles sur les conséquences d’une variation des apports d’énergie sur la croissance. Il en ressort que les lois de réponse des dépôts, tant chimiques que tissulaires, en fonction des apports d’énergie, diffèrent entre les types de porcs selon leur potentiel de croissance. En particulier, les dépôts de protéines et de tissu maigre augmentent avec les apports d’énergie suivant une relation linéaire-plateau dont les paramètres sont affectés par le génotype, le type sexuel et le poids vif. Parallèlement, les dépôts de lipides et de tissu adipeux augmentent linéairement avec les apports d’énergie, la pente de cette relation n’étant affectée ni par le génotype ni par le type sexuel dans un intervalle de poids donné. Il en résulte des différences relativement importantes entre les types de porcs en terme de gain de poids associé à l’apport d’énergie (de 19 à 41 g par MJ supplémentaire d’énergie digestible ingérée).

RÉSUMÉ Les problématiques de Tabus sexuel et de la négligence sont rarement mises en parallèle par les chercheurs ou les praticiens. À l'aide d'une revue de la documentation ainsi que d'une analyse préliminaire de données recueillies lors de deux enquêtes, l'article propose une comparaison de ces deux situations. En bref, il apparaît que l'abus sexuel et la négligence ne différent pas fondamentalement lorsqu'il s'agit d'établir l'état de santé des victimes au moment de l'évaluation et de l'orientation et de choisir un type d'intervention psychosociale. Les recherches s'attardent cependant à des facteurs de risque très différents lors de l'analyse de l'environnement familial et des caractéristiques des acteurs impliqués.

RÉSUMÉ La distribution socio-professionnelle de la population active québécoise s’est transformée au cours du vingtième siècle, comme on peut le constater à l’aide des données des recensements canadiens de 1931 à 1981, offrant une codification des occupations comparable. De même, la composition sexuelle et ethnique de la main-d’oeuvre a considérablement évolué au cours de cette période. Les auteurs analysent la façon dont ces clivages sexuel et ethnique sont mis à contribution, à différents moments, pour assigner des agents aux différentes places dans la division du travail ; il s’agit en particulier de voir comment les groupes dominés définis par ces deux clivages sont utilisés pour remplir les fonctions inférieures dans la hiérarchie des emplois. L’usage de modèles complexes, du type log-linéaire, permet de distinguer d’une part des effets bruts, traduisant la réalité vécue des groupes sexuels et ethniques sur le marché du travail, et d’autre part les effets nets, correspondant aux règles plus ou moins permanentes, mais moins évidentes, régissant l’accès de ces groupes aux divers emplois.

Ce papier présente la problématique liée aux études sur des thèmes controversés tels que le comportement sexuel, l'avortement ou la consommation de drogues. A partir d'une étude empirique à grande échelle (4 384 enquêtes) sur la consommation de drogues, il montre les principales difficultés de l'analyse dans ce domaine. Il présente aussi diverses techniques permettant de prouver la validité de ce type de recherches et améliorant la compréhension des résultats obtenus.

Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la levure Candida glabrata, qui est la plus proche espèce de S. Cerevisiae actuellement séquencée. Malgré cette relation phylogénétique, les deux levures ont des modes de vie très différents. Quelles sont les différences génotypiques qui ont fait que ces deux levures se sont adaptées à des environnements différents ? Nous nous sommes intéressés à cette question à travers deux aspects liés : la dynamique du génome de C. Glabrata à travers l’étude du polymorphisme de ses chromosomes dans une population d’environ 200 isolats cliniques ; et l’étude du cycle de reproduction de C. Glabrata. L’étude de la microévolution de C. Glabrata montre que les réarrangements chromosomiques sont principalement dus à deux mécanismes : de rares translocations réciproques et la recombinaison entre séquences similaires. L’analyse de l’expression du type sexuel chez C. Glabrata a permis de mettre en évidence certaines régulations conservées avec S. Cerevisiae, mais également des dérégulations, comme l’absence de silencing au niveau du locus HMR.

L'empreinte chromosomique cartographiée au locus mat1contrôle le changement de type sexuel chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe. La nature moléculaire de l'empreinte est sujet à polémique: cassure simple brin (CSB) de l'ADN ou modification de l'ADN sensible à la soude qui pourrait être un ARN. Nous avons ligaturé l'empreinte avec la ligase d'E. Coli, reformant ainsi la séquence d'ADN parentale, suggérant fortement que l'empreinte est une CSB sans perte de nucléotide. La ligature complète nécessite un traitement par la polynucléotide kinase. Nous avons montré que les extrémités de la CSB sont 3'-OH et 5'-OH. La CSB est indépendante de la séquence, mais spécifique du site. Plusieurs éléments de séquence, nécessaires à la formation ou à la stabilité de la CSB ont été identifiés. Un des éléments est essentiel pour la pause de la fourche de réplication à proximité de mat1 et interagit in vivo avec Swi1p. Un autre élément est essentiel pour maintenir la CSB lors de la progression dans le cycle cellulaire. Nous avons montré que l'ADN polymérase du brin continu synthétise l'ADN jusqu'à l'extrémité de la CSB, formant un intermédiaire bout franc transitoire, capable d'initier le changement de type sexuel. Afin d'obtenir un système inductible pour le changement de type sexuel nous avons introduit un promoteur répressible par la thiamine à proximité de mat1. En utilisant ce système nous avons obtenu une population homogène de cellules sans CSB présentant un type sexuel stable. Nous avons montré que la CSB est formée pendant la première phase S, lorsque les intermédiaires de réplication apparaissent à mat1. La pause de la fourche de réplication à mat1 est simultanée à la formation de la CSB. Swi1p se fixe fortement sur le site de pause pendant la réplication. Les intermédiaires de conversion génique apparaissent une génération après la formation de la CSB. Ce système a permis de disséquer moléculairement les différentes étapes du changement de type sexuel chez S. Pombe
A strand-specific imprint located at the mating-type (mat1) locus, controls mating-type switching in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. However, the molecular nature of the imprint had remained unclear and it was proposed to be a strand-specific DNA break (SSB) or a strand-specific, alkali labile DNA modification due to an RNA left behind after incomplete Okazaki fragment processing. In the present study, we showed that the imprint could be ligated by the E. Coli DNA ligase to reform the parental DNA sequence, demonstrating that the imprint is a single stranded break (SSB), without a missing nucleotide. However, full ligation required the T4 polynucleotide kinase. We showed that the ends of the SSB are 3'-OH and 5'-OH. Mutation analysis of the SSB showed that the break is site but not sequence specific. Several new elements, required for SSB formation and stability, were identified. One of these elements was essential for a replication fort pause next to mat1 and interacted in vivo with the Swi1p. A second element was essential for maintaining the SSB during the cell cycle progression. We showed, that the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesized DNA to the edge of the SSB and formed a transitory blunt ended recombination intermediate, able to initiate mating type switching. We designed an inducible system for regulating mating-type switching by introducing a thiamine repressible promoter upstream of the mat1 locus. We were able to isolate homogenous population of cells that have not yet suffered a SSB or switched their mating type. We showed that the SSB was formed during the first S phase, when replication intermediates appeared at mat1. The replication fork pause and the SSB occurred simultaneously. During replication Swi1p bound strongly to the replication pause site. Intermediates of gene conversion were detected one generation after the SSB was formed. Thus, we have been able to dissect in molecular terms the genetic pedigree of the fission yeast

La recombinaison homologue (RH) est un mécanisme de réparation des cassures d'ADN double brin (CDB) essentiel pour le maintien de l'intégrité du génome. Chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, l'étude du "changement de type sexuel", comme modèle de recombinaison, a contribué à la compréhension des notions fondamentales de cette voie de réparation. Le changement de type sexuel implique la conversion allélique du locus MAT d'une forme "MATa" à "MATα". Ce mécanisme est initié par l'apparition d'une CDB unique induite par l'endonucléase HO au niveau du locus MAT. Les séquences homologues HMLα et HMRa, présentes sur le chromosome III, sont utilisées comme donneur lors de la réparation. L'alternance du type sexuel s'explique par le choix récurant du donneur de type sexuel opposé, assurant le changement allélique du locus MAT à chaque génération cellulaire. L'étude du choix du donneur a conduit à l'identification d'une séquence appelée le "recombination enhancer" (RE), située proche du locus HMLα sur le bras gauche du chromosome III. Dans les cellules MATa, le RE "activé" permettrait la formation d'une boucle entre la région RE et le locus MAT favorisant la recombinaison avec la séquence HMLα proche. Cependant, la formation de cette boucle sur le chromosome III et les facteurs impliqués sont encore mal caractérisés. Au cours de mes travaux de thèse, j'ai étudié l'organisation du chromosome III selon le type sexuel de la levure S. cerevisiae avant l'induction de l'endonucléase HO et des évènements de RH. Mon hypothèse de travail suggère que le RE jouerait un rôle sur l'organisation du chromosome III avant l'apparition de la CDB par HO, contribuant à l'augmentation de l'efficacité du choix du donneur lors du changement de type sexuel. Ainsi, j'ai pu mettre en évidence deux rôles distincts pour la partie gauche et droite du RE. La partie gauche du RE est impliquée dans le choix du donneur lors des évènements de RH, mais présente un effet modéré sur le repliement du chromosome III lors de sa suppression. La partie droite du RE semble indispensable pour l'organisation du chromosome III dans les deux types sexuels MATa et MATα. Ces résultats suggèrent que la modulation de l'organisation d'un chromosome via une séquence "enhancer" pourrait contribuer au choix du donneur lors de la RH. Dans un second temps, mes travaux de thèse se sont dirigés vers la compréhension des évènements de réparation d'une CDB. J'ai utilisé l'avantage du modèle de changement de type sexuel permettant d'induire une CDB unique dans le génome via l'endonucléase HO. Ainsi, cette approche m'a permis de mettre en place une étude visant à identifier les facteurs recrutés au niveau du site de réparation afin de mieux comprendre la dynamique des évènements impliqués dans la RH. En effet, la régulation précise de l'activité ainsi que l'adressage de facteurs clés de réparation au niveau de la cassure n'ont toujours pas été clairement caractérisés. Les principaux enjeux actuels demeurent dans l'identification de tous les acteurs présents au niveau d'un site de cassure unique à un instant donné. Dans ce contexte, j'ai étudié la dynamique de réparation d'une CDB en réalisant une co-immunoprécipitation des facteurs de réparation avec l'aide du système ANCHOR-FLAG inséré, proche du site de cassure MAT. Une cinétique de co-immunoprécipitation lors de l'induction de la CDB m'a permis d'étudier l'arrivée séquentielle des protéines impliquées dans la réparation. L'analyse des échantillons par spectrométrie de masse (MS) révèle plus d'une vingtaine de protéines impliquées dans la réparation. Ces résultats préliminaires sont très encourageants. Le développement de cette approche permettra de mieux caractériser la dynamique des évènements de réparation de l'ADN par RH. Le système ChIP-MS, via ANCHOR, permet pour la première fois une analyse du protéome sur un site unique de cassure
Homologous recombination (HR) is a DNA repair pathway dedicated to double-stranded DNA breaks (DSB) that is essential for genome integrity. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, study of the "mating type switch" as a model of HR has helped to understand several aspects of this repair pathway. The mating type switching involves the allelic conversion of the MAT locus from a "MATa" form to "MATα". This mechanism is initiated by the appearance of a single DSB induced by the HO endonuclease at the MAT locus. The DSB is then repaired by HR with one of the homologous sequences, HMLα and HMRa, present on chromosome III. The recurrent choice of the donor of the opposite sexual type ensures the allelic change of the MAT locus. Thus, the study of the directionality of donor selection allowed the identification of a sequence called the "recombination enhancer" (RE) located near the HMLα locus on the left arm of chromosome III. In MATa cells, the "activated" RE would allow the formation of a loop between the RE region and the MAT locus promoting efficient recombination with the close sequence HMLα. However, the formation of this loop on chromosome III and the factors involved are still poorly characterized. During my thesis work, I studied the organization of chromosome III according to the sexual type of yeast S. cerevisiae before the induction of HO endonuclease and HR events. My working hypothesis suggests that the RE would play a role on the organization of chromosome III before the appearance of DSB; contributing to the increased efficacy of donor selection during mating type switching. Thus, I was able to highlight two distinct roles for the left and right part of the RE. The left side of the RE is involved in donor selection during HR events but has a moderate effect on chromosome III folding when removed. The right part of the RE seems indispensable for the organization of chromosome III in both sexual types MATa and MATα. These results suggest that the modulation of chromosome organization via an enhancer sequence could contribute to donor selection in HR. In a second time, my thesis work was directed towards the understanding of the events of repair of a DSB. I used the advantage of the mating type switch model to induce a single DSB in the genome via the HO endonuclease. This approach enabled me to set up a study to identify the factors recruited at the repair site in order to better understand the dynamics of the events involved in HR. Indeed, the precise regulation of activity as well as the addressing of key repair factors at the fracture level have still not been clearly characterized. The main current challenges remain in the identification of all the players present at a single DSB site at a given moment. In this context I studied the repair dynamics of a DSB by co-immunoprecipitating the repair factors with the help of the ANCHOR-FLAG system inserted near the MAT fracture site. Co-immunoprecipitation kinetics during DSB induction allowed me to study the sequential arrival of proteins involved in repair. Analysis of the samples by mass spectrometry reveals more than twenty proteins involved in the repair. These preliminary results are very encouraging. The development of this approach will better characterize the dynamics of DNA repair events by HR. The ChIP-MS system via ANCHOR allows for the first time a proteome analysis on a single break site

Dans un contexte de sélection sexuelle, les systèmes de communication permettant l’attraction et la stimulation du partenaire sexuel et la compétition entre individus du même sexe sont indispensables. Ceci est particulièrement vrai chez les espèces à système d’appariement polygyne de type lek, où les mâles rassemblés dans l’espace sont en compétition pour l’accès aux femelles. Chez notre sujet d’étude, l’outarde houbara nord-africaine les males réalisent des parades incluant des démonstrations visuelles et des vocalisations appelées booms, sur des sites espacés les uns des autres par des distances importantes dans un système qualifié de lek explosé. Notre objectif était d’étudier les systèmes de codage-décodage des informations exprimées durant la parade des mâles chez cette espèce. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’un codage de l’identité individuelle porté par des paramètres visuels et des paramètres acoustiques des vocalisations. Des associations significatives entre des paramètres des booms et des caractéristiques physiques et comportementales des mâles susceptibles de refléter leur qualité, ont également été mises en évidence. Ainsi, les mâles qui produisent les booms les plus graves avaient les masses les plus importantes et paradaient le plus intensément. Lorsque des interactions agonistiques étaient simulées expérimentalement en diffusant des leurres acoustiques, les mâles avaient des réponses comportementales différentes en fonction de la fréquence des booms diffusés. Ainsi le niveau fréquentiel des booms des autres mâles est effectivement perçu et décodé par les individus en compétition. Par ailleurs, plusieurs paramètres des booms sont génétiquement déterminés et héritables, et pourraient porter une information sur l’apparentement entre individus.Certains paramètres sont également liés à la consanguinité des individus. Nous avons montré également que les booms sont particulièrement bien adaptés à la communication à grande distance. En effet, les booms sont de très basse fréquence, se propagent à des distances supérieures à 640 m, et les paramètres supportant le codage-décodage de l’information sont résistants à la propagation et produits de manière redondante. Enfin, les signaux acoustiques et des signaux visuels et semblent agir en synergie (multimodalité) ce qui pourraient améliorer l’efficacité de la communication à grande distance. Ainsi notre étude a démontré que des informations complexes sont transmises durant la parade des mâles au travers de signaux acoustiques et visuels au sein d’un réseau de communication à grande distance
Résumé en anglais ;In a context of sexual selection, the communication between individuals is essential to optimize both intra-sexual (competition between male) and inter-sexual (mate choice) processes. This is particularly true in species with lek mating systems, where both processes reach their full expression. The North African Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata undulata, is a lekking bird where courting males aggregate in a so called ‘exploded-lek’, i.e. where aggregation is detectable only when mapped over a large area. During the breeding season, males perform a conspicuous and spectacular courtship including visual and acoustic (booms) signals. Our aim was to decipher the coding-decoding systems of the courtship in this species. We found that males can be individually discriminated on the basis of visual and acoustic parameters. The booms produced during the courtship are also related to males’ characteristics susceptible to reflect their quality. Individuals who produced the lowest frequency booms were those with the greatest weights and performed the highest intensity courtships. Playback experiment shows that the frequency content of the booms was perceived and decoded by males during agonistic interaction, leading to significantly different behavioural responses according to the frequency of the signals played back. Furthermore, several acoustic parameters of the booms are significantly heritable through genetic transmission and these parameters are also related to the level of inbreeding. Finally, we showed that the booms and the acoustic parameters supporting information are particularly well adapted to the transmission of information at long range as required in a long distance communication network constituted by an exploded lek. First, booms are of very low-frequency and propagate up to 640 m. Second, coding-decoding of information relies on sequentially redundant and propagation-resistant features. Third, acoustic signals are combined with visual signalling (multimodality) which may improve the long distance transmission of the information. This study brought evidence that complex information is conveyed by visual and acoustic signals during the courtship of males within a long distance network

Le changement de type sexuel est une des stratégies développées par les champignons afin de favoriser la reproduction sexuée. Ce mécanisme permet à une cellule haploïde de donner naissance à une cellule de type sexuel opposé de façon qu’elles puissent se féconder. Cela a particulièrement été bien étudié chez la levure sexuée Saccharomyces cerevisiae mais la raison pour laquelle les éléments du changement de type sexuel ont été conservés dans des espèces comme Candida glabrata chez qui ni reproduction sexuée, ni changement de type sexuel n’a lieu, n’est toujours pas connue. Nous avons montré précédemment que le changement de type sexuel peut être induit chez C. glabrata en exprimant l’endonucléase responsable de ce mécanisme chez S. cerevisiae et que cela était lié à une très forte létalité cellulaire. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le lien qui existe entre changement de type sexuel et forte létalité chez C. glabrata
Mating-type switching is one of the strategies developed by fungi to promote sexual reproduction and propagation. This mechanism enables one haploid cell to give rise to a cell of the opposite mating-type so that they can mate. It has been extensively studied in the sexual yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae but little is known about why the mating-type switching components have been conserved in species like Candida glabrata, in which neither sexual reproduction nor mating-type switching is observed. We have previously shown that mating-type switching can be triggered, in C. glabrata, by expression of the endonuclease responsible of this mechanism in S. cerevisiae, but this leads to massive cell death. In this work, we studied the link existing between mating-type switching and cell death in C. glabrata

ABSTRACT Background: Marriage problems that often arise often begin with sexual problems. Sexuality is not always focused on coital activity which includes cycles of desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution but it is also related to non coital activity. Sexual satisfaction refers to a person’s pleasant feelings of the type of sexual relationship that forms an important part of the impression of one partner with another which in turn maintains their marriage. 75 percent of all women and 50 percent of all men have experienced sexual difficulties. Sexual dysfunction occurs in almost half of marriages and in about 75 percent of couples who need therapy or assistance in marital problems. This study aimed to analyze the effect of hypnosis in patients with sexual dysfunction. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review. The articles were obtained from Pubmed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar electronic databases. Keywords to search articles were “non-medical therapy”, “nonmedical treatment”, “randomized control trial”, “sexual disorder”, “sexual function”, and “sexual satisfaction”. The articles studied were full text articles with observational study design. The articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3. Results: Hypnosis increased sexual arousal by 2.16 times compared to not providing the therapy (OR= 2.16; 95% CI = 1.76 to 2.56; p<0.001). Conclusion: Hypnosis increases sexual arousal. Keywords: Hypnosis, sexual arousal, meta analysis Correspondence: Ratna Dewi Kumalasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Email: logicakinanthi@gmail.com. Mobile: (+62) 81330542623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.41

High risk perception of the tourists affects tourism demand and causes serious declines in the number of tourists to destinations. With this respect, data collected from 500 randomly chosen foreign tourists were analyzed in order to identify their safety perception levels of Alanya town center and in which circumstances and places they have risk perceptions. Factors such as country of origin (nationality), gender, age, travel companion, education level, and duration of stay were tested in order to find out if they have an effect on safety/risk perceptions. Analysis included frequency tables and chi-squared tests. According to the main findings, majority of foreign tourists visiting Alanya find the destination safe (90,6%). There were significant differences in tourists’ perception of risk and safety among issues like traffic and criminal cases such as theft, purse-snatching, sexual harassment, crimes. Additionally, correlation was detected between one of the factors affecting risk perception, -gender and risk types such as -going out at nights, theft and sexual harassment; and foreign tourists’ showed different risk perceptions according to their gender.

Children's gender perceptions are actively formed in preschool age and are an integral component of person's gender identity. The formation of sexual identity of a child continues from 2 to 7 years, and the formation of his/her imagination occurs in the process of socialization through: identification, imitation, following, modeling, direction, self-determination, encouragement, self-acceptance, self-reflection, cognitive dissonance. Child masters the social norms, patterns of behavior and cultural values of his/her nation. The gender approach to the upbringing of the preschool children should be focused on the formation and establishment of equal, gender-independent opportunities for self-realization of the individual. However as practical experience shows, the gender component and its methodological data are insufficient in terms of the content of preschool education. In preschool institutions, gender education takes place spontaneously, educators use the traditional approach to forming child's self-esteem and his stereotypes of self-perception only on the basis of gender, so it is important today to pay more attention to gender education and socialization. Experimentally it has been investigated the peculiarities of gender and age identification of the preschoolers of the preschool institution of a combined type #9 of the city of Chernivtsi. According to the research, the greater part of children of 5-6 years old are aware of their belonging to the male or female sex, having the already formed gender identity. Gender perceptions of preschool children are gender-appropriate: girls’ - feminine, and boys’ – masculine. In addition, they are stereotypical: boys have instrumental role, girls-expressive.

Alcohol intoxication is usually associated with drowning, falls, overdoses, fires, occupational accidents, physical and sexual abusements, domestic violence and traffic accidents. Therefore, alcohol considered an important factor for the explanation of the occurrence of many types of injuries. For many purposes such as forensic, it is important to establish a detection method to ensure whether the subject or the patient have consumed alcohol at a level that would be the reason for the accidents or injuries occur. Therefore, in this work, a simple, rapid and low-cost method was developed and validated for the detection of the alcohol in saliva as a function of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The method is based on fabricated a biosensor consisted of chromium oxide nanoparticles deposited on filter paper. The validation of the biosensor was tested on 50 participants which categories into two selected groups (1 and 2). Group 1 consisted of 20 subjects from an organized party (no alcohol), they usually consumed three to four drinks as an average per week while Group 2 consisted of 30 subjects from an organized party the local bar (alcohol group), usually consumed two to three drinks per day. The results of the present study have shown that 95% of group 1 demonstrated positive results with variable colour intensities of the BAC in comparison to the 80% only of subjects from group 2. The present study has approved that the fabricated biosensor can effectively detect 0.02% or more of BAC which can be a useful test for many purposes such as medical, forensic, research and workplace.

Introduction: Chronic vulval symptoms are common complaints in women seeking health care and can significantly interfere with a woman’s sexual function and sense of well being. Many practitioners feel diagnostically challenged, particularly by chronic or recurrent forms of vulval disease. The aim of this study was to assess the role of various diagnostic modalities in evaluation of chronic vulval symptoms. Methods: Between August 2012 and February 2014, 100 women presenting with chronic vulval symptoms (i.e. ≥ 3 months duration) were evaluated. All of them had a thorough clinical history taken including use of vulval washes and creams, a general and gynaecological examination. Patients having chronic vaginal discharge in addition had urethral, vaginal and cervical smear and culture. All women had a careful examination of the vulva with and without magnification. Vulval scrape cytology was taken after moistening the vulva with normal saline and stained by Pap stain. Colposcopy of the vulva was then carried out after applying 5% acetic acid and 1% toluidine blue dye. Vulval biopsy was taken from suspicious areas on colposcopy and further management was based on histopathology report. Results: The mean age of women in our study was 43.57 years (range 22-80 years.), 70% women were pre-menopausal and 30% were post-menopausal. The mean duration of symptoms was 1.625 years (range 6 months - 15 years) and atypical vulval hygiene practices (excessive washing with soaps) was used in 77% of women. The commonest presenting complaint was pruritus in 92% of women; visible lesions on vulva were seen in 20%, pain in 6% and burning sensation in vulva in 5% of women. The histopathology was abnormal in 77 patients; the most common histopathological finding was non-neoplastic epithelial disorders in 64 women {Squamous cell hyperplasia (n=52), Lichen Sclerosus et atrophicus (n=6), other dermatoses including lichen Planus (n=6)}. Vulvar Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (VIN) was seen in 6 patients, 5 were squamous type VIN and 1 was non-squamous type (Paget’s disease). Squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 3 patients; malignant melanoma, benign appendiceal tumor, angiofibroma and neurofibroma in 1 patient. Examination without magnification had sensitivity of 25.97% and with magnification was 29.87% and specificity was 100% for both of them. Cytology had sensitivity and specificity of 75.32% and 86.95% respectively and sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy was 77.92% and 17.39% respectively. Conclusion: Clinical examination with and without magnification had low sensitivity but were highly specific in diagnosing vulvar lesions. A normal vulval smear and colposcopy have a high negative predictive value and are very reassuring. Colposcopy and biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, however clinical examination with naked eyes and magnifying glass are invaluable and can diagnose most of the neoplastic lesions.

The amino acid sequence has been determined for all of the vitamin K-dependent proteins and the gene structure is known for some of them. These findings have shown the proteins to consist of four clearly discernible domains, except protein S which has six domains. The protein domains seem to be coded on separate exons (Foster, D. C. et. al. 1985 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82,4673). The vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) containing domain isthe common structural denominator of the members of this protein family. In addition, all of these proteins except prothrombin contain domains that are homologous to the precursor of the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Such domains arealso found in proteins that are not vitamin K-dependent, such as the low density lipoprotein receptor, thrombomodulin, factor XII, plasminogen, the tissue type plasminogen activator, urokinase and the complement protein Clr. The vitamin K-dependent proteins can be dividedinto three groups. Factors VII, IX, X, protein C and protein Z form one group, which in addition to the Gla-region have two EGF-homology regions and one domain that is homologous to the serine proteases. Prothrombin has two 'kringle' structures and a serine protease domain and constitutes a group of its own. Protein S is also unique in that it has four EGF-homology regions and a COOH-terminal region that is homologous to the sexual hormone binding globulin (see poster by Edenbrand et. al.).Recently a posttranslationally modified amino acid, B-hydroxyaspatic acid (Hya), was identified in position 71 in the NH2-terminal EGF-homology region ofbovine protein C. The amino acid is formed by hydroxylation of aspartic acid. It has also been identified in the corresponding positions in factors VII, IX,X and protein Z (i. e. proteins which like protein C have two EGF-homology regions each). In protein S the N2-terminal of four EGF-homology regions has hydroxy lated aspartic acid .whereas the following three EGF-like domains have B-hydroxyasparagine. The nucleotide sequence codes for asparagine in the three latter positions. Neither vitamin K nor vitamin C seem to be involvedin the formation of the two hydroxylated amino acids. Recently, Hya was identified in acid hydrolysates of the complement protein Clr. Hya and Hyn have onlybeen found in domains that are homologous to the EGF precursor. In an attempt to identify the structural requirement of the hydroxylating enzyme, we have compared the sequences of EGF-homology regions that contain Hya or Hyn with the corresponding sequences that have been shown not to contain the modified amino acids. The domains that have Hya or Hyn have the consensus sequence Cx xxxx xCxC. This sequence has been found in three EGF-like domains in the EGF-precursor, in two in the LDL-receptor and in two in thrombomodulin. Furthermore, the neurogenic Notch locus in Drosophila melanogaster codes for 36 EGF-homolgy regions, 22 of which contain the consensussequence, whereas the Lin-12 locus in Caenorhabditis elegans codes for at least 11 EGF-like repeats, two of which comply with the consensus sequence. Whether any of these proteins contain Hya orHyn is not yet known with certainty.It has been hypothesized that Hya isinvolved in the Gla independent Ca2+binding of factors IX, X and protein C. In an attempt to resolve this issue, we have isolated the EGF-homology region from human protein C and been able to demonstrate that it binds Ca2+ (see poster by öhlin and Stenflo). However, we do not yet know whether Hya is directly involved in the Ca2+binding.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.

Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.