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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Types of bridges

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Academic literature on the topic 'Types of bridges'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of bridges"

1

Ruiz-Teran, A. M., and A. C. Aparicio. "Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges. Part 1: Single-span bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2008): 938–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-033.

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This paper examines two new types of bridges, namely under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges, for prestressed concrete road bridges with single-spans of medium length. Both bridge types offer many advantages over conventional schemes in several aspects, such as structural efficiency, enhanced construction possibilities, and both economic and aesthetical considerations. They are very slender structural types with a very high structural efficiency, for which the materials used in the deck are reduced to one third of that in conventional bridges without stay cables. In this paper, the most important aspects of the structural behaviour of these bridge types are set out through the description of a careful selection from an extensive collection of bridges designed and analysed by the authors in a previous research project. In addition, a detailed set of design criteria for these bridge types is presented, based on the results of the extensive parametric study undertaken in the aforementioned research project.

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Viennot, S., G. Malquarti, Y. Allard, and C. Pirel. "Différents types de bridges." EMC - Odontologie 1, no. 2 (June 2005): 107–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emcodo.2005.01.002.

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Ruiz-Teran, A. M., and A. C. Aparicio. "Two new types of bridges: under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges — the state of the art." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-017.

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At least 20 cable-stayed bridges have been built over the last 30 years that cannot be classified under existing typologies for cable-stayed bridges. These structures represent two new types of cable-stayed bridges that we herein define as "under-deck cable-stayed bridges" and "combined cable-stayed bridges." The evolution of these new bridge types is explored through consideration of the different proposals and structures that have been built throughout this period, pointing out the innovations made in each of them. In this paper we propose a new classification system for bridges prestressed by means of tendons into which these two new bridge types will fit. Studies that have been made of these structural types are also highlighted. On the basis of the aforementioned, we describe the state-of-the-art for these structural types, compiling and cataloguing information, documents, and knowledge that were previously highly dispersed. Lastly, we make a critical analysis of the current situation and draw some key conclusions.Key words: under-deck cable-staying, combined cable-staying, cable-stayed bridges, extradosed prestressing, intradosed prestressing, prestressing.

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Zhang, Zhi Jun. "Research on the Developing Process and the Types of Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1117.

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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.

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Li, He Qun, and Feng Yun Yu. "On the Bridges of the Qin and Han Dynasties." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.601.

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During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were several types of bridges, such as wooden poles and wooden beam bridges, arch bridges, gallery bridges, Zhandao, floating bridges and so on. These bridge remains are mainly located in Guanzhong area, Sichuan province and other areas. All these are important data for us to understand bridge shapes, construction technology, means of transportation, and social life of the Qin and Han Dynasties.

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Singh, Priyanka, Mirza Jahangir Baig, Bhumika Pandey, and Kartik Papreja. "Analysis of the behaviour of Cable stayed bridge with different types of Pylon." E3S Web of Conferences 304 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130402006.

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Cable stayed bridges are known for their good stability, It has been the most favorable use of structural design, for comparatively low designing and maintenance costs, and for effective structural characteristics. Therefore, this type of bridges are gaining popularity and are generally selected for long spans when compared to suspension bridges. A cable stayed bridge comprises of pylons with cables withstanding the weight of deck. There are different types of pylons i.e. ; H-type pylon, A-type pylon, inverted Y-type pylon, and diamond shaped pylon. In this paper the bridge design, model, and analyses for these different types of pylons is done using STAAD Pro. The comparison for three cases are done on the basis of shear force and bending moment in terms of self weight to obtain the most efficient type of pylon design. The results thus obtained are useful in limiting the drawbacks of other types of pylon.

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Ranf, R. T., M. O. Eberhard, and S. Malone. "Post-earthquake Prioritization of Bridge Inspections." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 1 (February 2007): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2428313.

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Bridge damage reports from the 2001 Nisqually earthquake were correlated with estimates of ground-motion intensity at each bridge site (obtained from ShakeMaps) and with bridge properties listed in the Washington State Bridge Inventory. Of the ground-motion parameters considered, the percentage of bridges damaged correlated best with the spectral acceleration at a period of 0.3 s. Bridges constructed before the 1940s, movable bridges, and older trusses were particularly vulnerable. These bridge types were underestimated by the HAZUS procedure, which categorizes movable bridges and older trusses as “other” bridges. An inspection prioritization strategy was developed that combines ShakeMaps, the bridge inventory and newly developed fragility curves. For the Nisqually earthquake, this prioritization strategy would have made it possible to identify 80% of the moderately damaged bridges by inspecting only 481 (14%) of the 3,407 bridges within the boundaries of the ShakeMap. To identify these bridges using a prioritization strategy based solely on epicentral distance, it would have been necessary to inspect 1,447 (42%) bridges. To help the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) rapidly identify damaged bridges, the prioritization procedure has been incorporated within the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) ground-motion processing and notification software.

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Wang, Lingbo, Peiwen Jiang, Zhentao Hui, Yinping Ma, Kai Liu, and Xin Kang. "Vehicle-bridge coupled vibrations in different types of cable stayed bridges." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 10, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0306-x.

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Naser, Ali Fadhil, Hussam Ali Mohammed, and Ayad Ali Mohammed. "Seismic Design Assessment of Bridge Piers Location Effect on the Structural Capacity of Supports under Earthquake Action." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110203.

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The objective of this study was to assess the seismic performance of two types of bridges structures under effect of earthquake by using different locations and numbers of piers. The results of D/C ratio showed that simply supported I girder bridge appeared higher structural capacity than continuous box girder bridge which was resisted the seismic demand. Continuous box girder bridge had higher seismic demand and lower structural capacity comparing with simply supported I girder bridge. Commonly, the seismic design for two types of bridges models with increasing of piers numbers was suitable to resist the earthquake action for region type B. The results of non-linear static analysis (pushover method) showed that the increasing of piers numbers had significant effects on the seismic design of bridges structures to increase the displacement capacity, force capacity, and decreasing of seismic demand to reduce the effects of earthquake action on the bridges structural members. The bridge type simply supported I girder had higher capacity in longitudinal direction than continuous box girder bridge. Whereas, for continuous box girder bridge appeared higher capacity in transverse direction than simply supported I girder. The performance points which were based on displacement were decreased with increasing the piers numbers for bridges structures supports.

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Podworna, M., and M. Klasztorny. "Vertical vibrations of composite bridge/track structure/high-speed train systems. Part 1: Series-of-types of steel-concrete bridges." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0018.

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Abstract A new series-of-types of single-span simply-supported railway composite (steel-concrete) bridges, with a symmetric platform, has been designed according to the Polish bridge standards. The designed bridges/viaducts are located on the main railways of the classification coefficient k = +2. A ballasted track structure adapted to high operating speeds has also been designed. The ultimate limit states and the limit states corresponding to the bridges undertaken are collected and discussed. The bridges have been designed in accordance with contemporary art engineering, with geometric and material optimization, avoiding overdesign. A new methodology of numerical modelling and simulation of dynamic processes in composite bridge/ballasted track structure/high speed train systems, developed in Part 2 and Part 3, has been applied and implemented in a problem-oriented computer programme. A new approach to predicting forced resonances in those systems is formulated and tested numerically. It has been proved that in the case of typical structural solutions of bridges and ballasted track structures, it is necessary to introduce certain limitations for operating speeds of trains

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of bridges"

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Deng, Kai. "Dynamic response of certain types of highway bridges to moving vehicles." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37062.pdf.

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Sinkevičiūtė, Aida. "Lietuvos tiltų statybos raida ir architektūros bruožai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120621_111030-14793.

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Darbe, remiantis archyvine ir ikonografine medžiaga atskleidžiama Lietuvos tiltų statybos raida ir jų architektūros bruožai. Darbe analizuojamas tiltų ir aplinkos santykis, tiltų tipologija, išryškinami reikšmingiausi tiltai - kultūros paveldo objektai. Lietuvos tiltų ikonografija nagrinėjama dokumentiškumo aspektu, remiantis senaisiais atvaizdais ir rašytiniais šaltiniais. Iki šiol Lietuvos tiltų istorija tyrinėta labai fragmentiškai. Tiltai - sudėtingi specifiniai inžineriniai statiniai. Visa tiltų statybos istorija byloja apie kiekvieno laikotarpio kultūrą, statybos meną, mokslo ir technikos pažangą. Šie statiniai turi istorinę, techninę, architektūrinę vertes ir yra neatsiejamas kelių plėtros atributas. Mūsų dienomis, kai kelių ir tiltų tinklas yra labai platus, tiltai tapo tarsi nepastebimi ir jų svarba šiandien iki galo nebesuvokiama. Inžinieriai visais laikais siekė statyti tvirtus, ilgaamžius ir grakščius tiltus. Dabartiniame pasaulyje vyrauja tradicija, kur tiltų architektūrai suteikiamas ypač svarbus vaidmuo. Darbe pristatomi senieji Lietuvos tiltai (XIII-XVIII a.); apžvelgiami ankstyvieji geležinkelių tiltai; aptariama tiltų statyba bei jų architektūriniai bruožai XX a. (nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje, Sovietmečiu bei dabartiniais laikais).
The final paper presents a review of the development of bridge construction technology and architectural design. The review is based on the materials obtained from historical archives and iconographic resources. The paper analyzes the impact of bridges on the environment and their typology, and highlights the most important bridges which are the objects of cultural heritage. The iconography of Lithuanian bridges is analyzed in terms of documentation. The study is based on the historical images and literature sources. Until the present day, the history of Lithuanian bridges has not been devoted consistent attention. Bridges are complex and exceptional engineering structures. The history of bridge construction narrates an exciting story about the culture, the art of construction, and the scientific and technological progress of the particular historical period. These structures have indisputable historical, technological and architectural value. Moreover, they are a major integral part of road construction. Nowadays, the infrastructure of roads and bridges has expanded to the extent where people no longer realize the utmost importance of bridges. The engineers of all times attempted to design strong, durable and elegant bridges. The contemporary architects tend to devote an especially great deal of attention to the design of bridges. The paper presents the old Lithuanian bridges (from the 13th -18th centuries) and reviews the early railroad bridges. The development of the... [to full text]

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Kayaturk, Yurdagul Serife. "Scour And Scour Protection At Bridge Abutments." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605834/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT SCOUR AND SCOUR PROTECTION AT BRIDGE ABUTMENTS Kayatü
rk, Serife Yurdagü
l Ph. D., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Gö
gü
S Co-Supervisor: Dr. Mehmet Ali Kö
kpinar January 2005, 213 pages Bridge failures are mainly caused by scouring the bed material around bridge foundations during flood. In this study, scour phenomenon around bridge abutments is experimentally studied. Effect of abutment size, location and size of the collars placed around the abutments, time evaluation of scour hole around the abutment, scour characteristics of abutment and pier interaction were experimentally investigated. Scour measurements were conducted in a rectangular channel of 30 m long and 1.5 m wide filled with erodable uniform sediment. In the first part of the study, in order to investigate the size effect of the abutment on the maximum scour depth, abutments of nine different sizes were tested for three different water depths. It was found that the length of the abutment is more important parameter than the width of it. Secondly, efficiency of various sizes of collars, which are used to reduce the local scour depth, located at different elevations around the abutments was determined. It was noticed that when the collar width was increased and placed at or below the bed level, the reduction in scour depth increases considerably. Some tests for partial-collar arrangements around the abutments were conducted and it was shown that instead of full-collar one can use partial-collar arrangements around the abutments to achieve the same efficiency as the full-collar. Time development of scour holes around the abutments with and without collar cases were recorded. It was observed considerable reductions in scour depths around the abutments can be obtained with collars compared to the cases in which there are no collars over the same time period. Finally, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction between bridge abutments and piers related to the local scour around them. Based on the experiments conducted with two different abutment lengths and pier diameters varying the lateral distances between them it was observed that scour depth reduction capacities of collars vary significantly while comparing a single abutment or pier.

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Kirch, Arno [Verfasser]. "Alleviation of the Response of Slender Bridges to Wind Action Using Different Types of Controlled Actuators / Arno Kirch." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050343956/34.

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Kirch, Arno [Verfasser], and Udo [Akademischer Betreuer] Peil. "Alleviation of the Response of Slender Bridges to Wind Action Using Different Types of Controlled Actuators / Arno Kirch ; Betreuer: Udo Peil." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1175890634/34.

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Oladimeji, Fasheyi Adebowale. "Bridge Bearings : Merits, Demerits, Practical Issues, Maintenance and Extensive Surveys on Bridge Bearing." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104240.

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A technical solution to the problem of unavoidable movements in bridge structures is the use of bridge bearings. Bridge bearings are small integral parts of the entire bridge structure serving several purposes, such as connection, transfer of forces, allowing movements, force damping etc. However, bridge bearings could create more problems for the bridge structure than it solves if not properly understood, especially when it receives less attention than it deserves. Technical and practical issues, such as selection of the right bearing type for use, merits and demerits of different bearing types, maintenance and monitoring, replacement, life cycle cost etc. are all imperative to ensure that bearings satisfy their purpose. This study takes into consideration the practical and theoretical experience available for the use of bridge bearings. Two electronic surveys were used to garner knowledge and expertise from bridge engineers, bearing manufacturers and other stake holders in the course of this study, also practical knowledge concerning various types and problems of bridge bearings, maintenance, repair and replacement, life cycle costing etc. were employed in addition to physical investigation of bridge bearings in the Stockholm area of Sweden. Generally, all bearing types were found to perform their functions satisfactorily when in good conditions, though inevitable problem of degradation reduces the life span of these bearings, especially the ones made mainly of steel being affected by corrosion. Those made of rubber components also degrade and perform poorly in low temperatures and under high load magnitude, though they are the most economical solution to many problems, especially in seismically active areas. Modern and enclosed bearing types such as pot, spherical, disc, LRB, FPB etc. are best used in critical conditions like high vertical load, extensive degree/extent of movement, seismic areas etc. but they are expensive solutions due to technicality in construction, and they are not exempted from various problems of degradation.

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Mohammed, Safiuddin Adil. "Impact of AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications on the design of Type C and AASHTO Type IV girder bridges." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4841.

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This research study is aimed at assisting the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in making a transition from the use of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for the design of prestressed concrete bridges. It was identified that Type C and AASHTO Type IV are among the most common girder types used by TxDOT for prestressed concrete bridges. This study is specific to these two types of bridges. Guidelines are provided to tailor TxDOT's design practices to meet the requirements of the LRFD Specifications. Detailed design examples for an AASHTO Type IV girder using both the AASHTO Standard Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Specifications are developed and compared. These examples will serve as a reference for TxDOT bridge design engineers. A parametric study for AASHTO Type IV and Type C girders is conducted using span length, girder spacing, and strand diameter as the major parameters that are varied. Based on the results obtained from the parametric study, two critical areas are identified where significant changes in design results are observed when comparing Standard and LRFD designs. The critical areas are the transverse shear requirements and interface shear requirements, and these are further investigated. The interface shear reinforcement requirements are observed to increase significantly when the LRFD Specifications are used for design. New provisions for interface shear design that have been proposed to be included in the LRFD Specifications in 2007 were evaluated. It was observed that the proposed interface shear provisions will significantly reduce the difference between the interface shear reinforcement requirements for corresponding Standard and LRFD designs.The transverse shear reinforcement requirements are found to be varying marginally in some cases and significantly in most of the cases when comparing LRFD designs to Standard designs. The variation in the transverse shear reinforcement requirement is attributed to differences in the shear models used in the two specifications. The LRFD Specifications use a variable truss analogy based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). The Standard Specifications use a constant 45-degree truss analogy method for its shear design provisions. The two methodologies are compared and major differences are noted.

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Panesar, Daman K. "Reliability of Alberta's type G stringer bridges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28633.pdf.

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Arginhan, Oktay. "Reliability Based Safety Level Evaluation Of Turkish Type Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders Designed In Accordance With The Load And Resistance Factor Desing Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612723/index.pdf.

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The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety level of Turkish type precast prestressed concrete bridge girders designed according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) based on reliability theory. Span lengths varying from 25 m to 40 m are considered. Two types of design truck loading models are taken into account: H30S24-current design live load of Turkey and HL93-design live load model of AASHTO LRFD. The statistical parameters of both load and resistance components are estimated from local data and published data in the literature. The bias factors and coefficient of variation of live load are estimated by extrapolation of cumulative distribution functions of maximum span moments of truck survey data (Axle Weight Studies) that is gathered from the Division of Transportation and Cost Studies of the General Directorate of Highways of Turkey. The uncertainties associated with C40 class concrete and prestressing strands are evaluated by the test data of local manufacturers. The girders are designed according to the requirements of both Service III and Strength I limit states. The required number of strands is calculated and compared. Increasing research in the field of bridge evaluation based on structural reliability justifies the consideration of reliability index as the primary measure of safety of bridges. The reliability indexes are calculated by different methods for both Strength I and Service III limit states. The reliability level of typical girders of Turkey is compared with those of others countries. Different load and resistance factors are intended to achieve the selected target reliability levels. For the studied cases, a set of load factors corresponding to different levels of reliability index is suggested for the two models of truck design loads. Analysis with Turkish type truck models results in higher reliability index compared to the USA type truck model for the investigated span lengths

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Zhang, Rui. "Mechanics of micromachined bridge-type accelerometer." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1285.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005
Having simple structure and high sensitivity, micro accelerometer is a type of popular transducer used to measure the acceleration in a great variety of conditions. The bridge-type micro accelerometer is a typical micro accelerometer and has many types. As one of research project of Kentron in South Africa, the thesis presented here analyzes the bridge-type capacitive nticro accelerometer (BTCMA) and the bridge-type micro accelerometer with two piezoelectric thin films read-out (BTPMA). In this thesis, the similar structures are used on BTCMA and BTPMA For proving the fundamental mode of the structure can measure acceleration and utilizing the structural and electric characteristic to avoid the effect of higher modes, the program CoventorWare for nticro-electric-mechanical system (MEMS) design and analysis is used here to analyze the modes of these two structures, The two group piezoelectric thin films of BTPMA can be connected in serial or parallel configurations. Integrating piezoelectric effect method, strength method and energy method, the analytical analysis of these two configurations has been done with particular emphasis on the elastic characteristics of the thin films. The analytical formulas of transducer, sensitivity, resonance frequency, noise, quality factor, ntinimum detectable signal and maximum detectable range are obtained. According to the comparison results between these two configurations, the charge output in parallel configuration is a little more than that in serial configuration and the sensitivity in serial configuration is much higher than that in parallel configuration. Finally, a calculation of certain practical nticro accelerometer size is used to prove the above conclusions. On the base of capacitance theory, strength method and energy method, the analytical analysis of the BTCMA has been done in this thesis.

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Books on the topic "Types of bridges"

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Wipf, Terry J. Evaluation of corrosion resistance of different steel reinforcement types. Ames, Iowa: Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, 2006.

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2

de Sá Caetano, Elsa. Cable Vibrations in Cable-Stayed Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed009.

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<p>The fifty years of experience of construction of cable-stayed bridges since their establishment as a new category among the classical types have brought an immense progress, ranging from design and conception to materials, analysis, construction, observation and retrofitting. The growing construction of cable-stayed bridges has also triggered researchers’ and designers’ attention to the problem of cable vibrations. Intensive research has been developed all over the world during the last two decades as a consequence of the numerous cases of cable vibrations exhibited by all types of cable-stayed bridges.<p>Despite the increased knowledge of the various vibration phenomena, most of the outcomes and research results have been published in journals and conference proceedings and scarce information is currently provided by the existing recommendations and codes. <p>The present book provides a comprehensive survey on the governing phenomena of cable vibration, both associated with direct action of wind and rain: buffeting, vortex-shedding, wake effects, rain-wind vibration; and resulting from the indirect excitation through anchorage oscillation: external and parametric excitation. Methodologies for assessment of the effects of those phenomena are presented and illustrated by practical examples. Control of cable vibrations is then discussed and state-of-art results on the design of passive control devices are presented. <p>The book is complemented with a series of case reports reflecting the practical approach shared by experienced designers and consultants: Yves Bournand (VSL International), Chris Geurts (TNO), Carl Hansvold (Johs. Holt), Allan Larsen (Cowi) and Randall Poston (WDP & Associates).

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Permanent International Association of Road Congresses. Committee on Road Bridges. Type de structures retenues pour les nouveaux ponts =: Type of structures selected for new bridges. Paris, France: PIARC - World Road Association, 1996.

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Apitz, Andreas, Thierry Duclos, Akio Kasuga, José Romo Martín, Serge Montens, Chithambaram Sankaralingam, and Juan Sobrino. Extradosed Bridges. Edited by Mike Schlaich. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed017.

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<p>Extradosed bridges can be an elegant and economic solution for bridges with spans ranging between 100 and 250m. This novel type of cable-supported bridges has become quite successful in recent years first in Japan and then all over the world.</p> <p>Experienced members of the international bridge community have come together in Working Commission 3 of IABSE to share their knowledge and to prepare an SED which provides the reader with guidance and practical advise that was not available so far. This book contains useful information regarding conceptual and structural design, analysis, construction, cost and typical properties of Extradosed Bridges.</p>

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Bridges of time. Oxford: ISIS, 2010.

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Cox, Carol. Sagebrush brides. Uhrichsville, OH: Barbour Publications, 2004.

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Bridger. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2010.

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Tsui, C. K. Behavior of Ontario-type bridge deck on steel girders: Negative moment region and load capacity. [Austin]: The Center, 1986.

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Hemingway, Maggie. The bridge. London: Pan Books in association with Cape, 1987.

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Hemingway, Maggie. The bridge. Bath: Chivers, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of bridges"

1

Menn, Christian. "Design and Construction of Special Bridge Types." In Prestressed Concrete Bridges, 293–438. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9131-8_7.

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Fernandez, Javier, Jose Vicente Rajadell, and Paula Rinaudo. "Formworks Travelers for Two Different Types of Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridges." In Structural Integrity, 762–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_83.

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Vieira, Miriam. "Building Bridges: The Modes of Architecture." In Beyond Media Borders, Volume 2, 59–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49683-8_3.

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Abstract The crossing of borders between architecture and literature has been scrutinized under various scopes. However, the two media types are rarely studied together in terms of “architectural ekphrasis”. The aim of this chapter is to elaborate on this notion by investigating the modes of architecture. To achieve that goal, the author counts on architecture as a medium, as suggested by Patrick Schumacher. Since the limited amount of architectural media traits that are likely to be satisfactorily transmediated by literature are not fully identified by the parameters of already consolidated pictorial models, the author also uses Elleström’s model for analyzing media transformations. The four modalities of media, along with their qualifying aspects, are the backbone of an interpretative framework proposed to explore the presence of architecture in literature. The chapter also leans on the notions of embodiment and perspective.

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Polepally, Govardhan, Venkata Dilip Kumar Pasupuleti, and Archanaa Dongre. "Comparison of Different Types of Pylon Shapes on Seismic Behaviour of Cable-Stayed Bridges." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 69–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1404-3_7.

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Fedyukovich, Grigory, and Gidon Ernst. "Bridging Arrays and ADTs in Recursive Proofs." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 24–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_2.

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AbstractWe present an approach to synthesize relational invariants to prove equivalences between object-oriented programs. The approach bridges the gap between recursive data types and arrays that serve to represent internal states. Our relational invariants are recursively-defined, and thus are valid for data structures of unbounded size. Based on introducing recursion into the proofs by observing and lifting the constraints from joint methods of the two objects, our approach is fully automatic and can be seen as an algorithm for solving Constrained Horn Clauses (CHC) of a specific sort. It has been implemented on top of the SMT-based CHC solver AdtChc and evaluated on a range of benchmarks.

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Lee, David. "Comparative Maintenance Costs of Different Bridge Types." In Bridge Management, 145–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7232-3_13.

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Christou, George, and John B. Vincent. "Structural Types in Oxide-Bridged Manganese Chemistry." In ACS Symposium Series, 238–55. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0372.ch012.

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Jara, Jose M., Bertha A. Olmos, and Guillermo Martínez. "Strengthening and Retrofitting of Motín de Oro II Bridge in Mexico." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 193–209. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.193.

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This chapter presents the studies conducted to retrofit an existing bridge in a seismic prone area of Mexico. The Motín de Oro II Bridge was built in the 1970s with a continuous box girder superstructure and wall-type substructure. From the 1970s to nowadays, the design truck loads in Mexico have been substantially incremented and many bridges built in that period have required to be evaluated and, in some cases, rehabilitated and retrofitted. Firstly, the study presents the results of visual inspections of all parts of the bridge and a description of the preliminary studies conducted to determine the material properties, to evaluate the river flow characteristics and to calculate the scour depth. Secondly, the chapter discusses the initial structural analyses of the bridge subjected to the original gravitational and seismic loads and to the current loads before the intervention. These analyses allow to select the structural elements that require to be retrofitted and the best strategy to follow. Finally, the study presents results of the numerical retrofitted model and the experimental assessment of the dynamic properties based on ambient vibration measurements. Additionally, the scour protection and the general construction procedure are also described.

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Kovács, J., Fl Sallas, I. Pintér, A. Marsura, and L. Jicsinszky. "New Type of Bridged Monoamino-β-Cyclodextrins." In Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, 95–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5448-2_20.

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Sakane, Genta, and Takashi Shibahara. "Characterization of Incomplete Cubane-Type and Cubane-Type Sulfur-Bridged Clusters." In ACS Symposium Series, 225–39. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0653.ch013.

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Conference papers on the topic "Types of bridges"

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Täljsten, Björn, Thomas Blanksvärd, Gabriel Sas, Niklas Bagge, Jonny Nilimaa, Cosmin Popescu, Lennart Elfgren, Anders Carolin, and Jens Häggström. "Bridges Tested to Failure in Sweden." In IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2018: Engineering the Past, to Meet the Needs of the Future. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/copenhagen.2018.064.

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Five bridges of different types have been tested to failure and the results have been compared to analyses of the load-carrying capacity using standard code models and advanced numerical methods. The results may help to make accurate assessments of similar existing bridges. There it is necessary to know the real behaviour, weak points, and to be able to model the load-carrying capacity in a correct way.<p> The five bridges were: (1) a strengthened one span concrete road bridge - Stora Höga ; (2) a one span concrete rail trough bridge loaded in fatigue – Lautajokk; (3) a two span strengthened concrete trough railway bridge - Övik; (4) a one span railway steel truss bridge -Åby; and (5) a five span prestressed concrete road bridge - Kiruna. The unique results in the paper are the experiences of the real failure types, the robustness/weakness of the bridges, and the accuracy and shortcomings/potentials of different codes and models for safety assessment of existing structures.

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Zhao, Xuefeng, Shengyuan Li, Hongguo Su, Lei Zhou, and Kenneth J. Loh. "Image-Based Comprehensive Maintenance and Inspection Method for Bridges Using Deep Learning." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8268.

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Bridge management and maintenance work is an important part for the assessment the health state of bridge. The conventional management and maintenance work mainly relied on experienced engineering staffs by visual inspection and filling in survey forms. However, the human-based visual inspection is a difficult and time-consuming task and its detection results significantly rely on subjective judgement of human inspectors. To address the drawbacks of human-based visual inspection method, this paper proposes an image-based comprehensive maintenance and inspection method for bridges using deep learning. To classify the types of bridges, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier established by fine-turning the AlexNet is trained, validated and tested using 3832 images with three types of bridges (arch, suspension and cable-stayed bridge). For the recognition of bridge components (tower and deck of bridges), a Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) based on modified ZF-net is trained, validated and tested by utilizing 600 bridge images. To implement the strategy of a sliding window technique for the crack detection, another CNN from fine-turning the GoogLeNet is trained, validated and tested by employing a databank with cropping 1455 raw concrete images into 60000 intact and cracked images. The performance of the trained CNNs and Faster R-CNN is tested on some new images which are not used for training and validation processes. The test results substantiate the proposed method can indeed recognize the types and components and detect cracks for a bridges.

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Li, Shuai, Shixiao Fu, Wei Wei, and Torgeir Moan. "A Comparison Study on the Hydroelasticity of Two Types of Floating Bridges in Inhomogeneous Wave Conditions." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78308.

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Due to the interaction between elastic structural deformations and fluid motions, the responses of floating bridges should be analyzed by hydroelasticity methods. We firstly employed a linear time-domain approach, based on the discrete-module-based hydroelastic method to investigate the responses of two surface bridge concepts under first order wave forces, a straight bridge with mooring system and an end-anchored curved bridge. The results show that the displacement of the curved bridge is smaller, compared with the straight bridge. However, the reaction force and the vertical bending moment of the curved bridge are larger. Furthermore, a nonlinear time-domain hydroelasticity approach for analysis of the floating bridge under nonlinear wave forces within inhomogeneous wave conditions is established. Finally, a comparison between the linear and nonlinear responses of the moored straight bridge is made. The results show that the nonlinearity of the wave excitation forces has a significant influence on the mooring forces and horizontal displacement.

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Hong, Namhee K., Hyun-Moo Koh, and Sung-Gul Hong. "Exploration of Cable-Supported Pedestrian Bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2007.

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<p>The variety of transparency, lightness, and shape of cable-supported bridges is being actively utilized in the design of pedestrian bridges. Moreover, the pedestrian bridge, which is demanded to play a key role as a harmonious structure with surrounding landscape, is being reborn as a landmark sculpture. Considering that understanding design trends is very important step to establish design guide lines for future design, existing cable-supported pedestrian bridges developed until recently have been investigated considering structural material, structural system, and architectural styles. The visual inspiration of the pedestrian bridge is felt in the sense of the structure and the structural form is determined to satisfy the geometric design requirements while considering the efficiency and stability of the cable structure. Therefore, it is needed to identify the main variables affecting the cable-support structures and understand the true beauty of bridges by comparing and analyzing various bridge cases based on major variables. This paper will focus mainly on the following issues:</p><p>(1) the classification of types of cable-supported pedestrian bridges; (2) the identification of the important factors affecting structural forms and (3) an integrated framework for future pedestrian bridges considering form, function, and behavior. Note that the relationship between structural form and visual form is explained using graphical approach. It is expected that this study will help to explore future pedestrian bridges considering bridge aesthetics.</p>

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Gergel, John T., Vishali M. Vasudevan, and Matthew H. Hebdon. "Railroad Tie Lateral Resistance on Open-Deck Plate Girder Bridges." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8053.

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Abstract On open-deck railroad bridges, the crossties (sleepers) are directly supported by the bridge superstructure and anchored with deck tie fasteners such as hook bolts. These fasteners provide lateral resistance for the bridge ties, and in railroad bridge design, their spacing is controlled by the required lateral resistance of the ties. Currently there are no provisions to assist in the calculation of lateral resistance provided by railroad ties on open-deck bridges, and as a result there are no specific requirements for the spacing of deck tie fasteners. This has led to different design practices specific to each railroad, and inconsistent fastener spacing in existing railroad bridges. A research plan was conducted to experimentally quantify the lateral resistance of timber crossties on open-deck plate girder bridges using different wood species and types of fasteners. Experimental tests were conducted on four different species of timber crossties (Beech, Sycamore, Southern Pine, and Oak) with three different types of fasteners (square body hook bolt, forged hook bolt, and Quick-Set Anchors). A structural test setup simulated one half of an open-deck bridge with a smooth-top steel plate girder, and hydraulic actuators to apply both vertical and horizontal load to a railroad tie specimen. The three main contributions to lateral resistance on open-deck bridges were identified as friction resistance between tie and girder due to vertical load from a truck axle, resistance from the fastener, and resistance from dapped ties bearing against the girder flange. Initial testing conducted at Virginia Tech isolated each component of lateral resistance to determine the friction coefficient between tie and girder as well as resistance from just the fastener itself. Results indicate that friction resistance varies based on the magnitude of vertical truck axle load, species of wood, and quantity of creosote preservative on the tie, while fastener resistance varies based on type of fastener and displacement of the tie. With the experimental results, a preliminary equation for calculating the overall resistance of open-deck timber crossties is developed, which allows for a recommendation of fastener spacing based on the type of fastener, wood species, and anticipated lateral loads on the structure.

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Hajdin, Rade, Joan R. Casas, and José Campos e Matos. "Inspection of Existing Bridges – Moving on from condition rating." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0940.

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<p>It is widely accepted that safety and serviceability are primary concerns in bridge design. However, for the most of bridges’ service life, these concerns are addressed indirectly by a qualitative meas- ure, defined herein as condition rating, which is based upon observable damages recorded during inspections. Condition rating is at best, only loosely correlated to safety and serviceability. It would be more reasonable to address safety and serviceability in an inspection process directly, using the information on bridge performance obtained during the design and construction.</p><p>To address this issue, the reliability was chosen as a Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for existing bridges and a novel practical solution is proposed. It is based on survey of observation types (visible defects, measurements, etc.) used in Europe, which were examined with regard to their potential impact on reliability regarding safety and serviceability. The impact of these observations on relia- bility is also dependent on their type, location and intensity/extent as well as on bridge structural systems. The paper presents a methodology to assess reliability, which heavily relies on data from design and construction phase. It also proposes a set of data elaborated in design and/or construc- tion phase that need to enter current bridge data bases to allow a rough reliability assessment of existing bridges.</p>

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Hwang, Eui-seung, Min-Tae Hwang, Do-Young Kim, and Seong-Min Kim. "Load effects of overweight and oversize vehicle traffic on pavements and bridges." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.1087.

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<p>Currently vehicle traffic regulations regarding on axle and total weights in Korea are simple, outdated and different from the regulations in other countries, such as US or European countries. In this study, load effect of over-loaded and special permit vehicle traffic on bridges and pavements are analyzed. Types of typical bridges include concrete and steel girder bridges. Types of pavements include asphalt and cement concrete pavements. Various weigh-in-motion (WIM) truck data are collected and used for comparing overweight ratios. Based on WIM truck data, load effects of various oversize vehicles mixed with common traffic are analyzed for various bridge types. Oversize vehicles include vehicles used in construction field, crane vehicles and transport vehicles for the military purpose. The effect of axle types on pavement design is also analyzed. The results of this study will be the basis of new provisions and regulations regarding on axle and total weights limitations as well as special permit vehicle.</p>

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Thomsen, Kjeld, and Christian Riis Petersen. "Successful Moveable Bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2274.

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<p>The present paper describes developments in the design of the most common types of movable bridges – Bascule bridges and Swing Bridges. The selection of design concepts is influenced by span, foundation conditions as well as environmental issues. Application of modern hydraulic systems and innovative bearing types for swing bridges facilitate the creation of outstanding designs. Recently built moveable bridges in Denmark exemplifies the trend and how application of modern technology and creativity can lead to outstanding solutions. There are many governing parameters such as the span, free opening height and loading conditions. Equally important issues such as surroundings, landscape, foundation conditions, requirement to low weight, achievable tolerances and from a mechanical point of view, the operation time. Risk assessment, mechanical- and electrical systems and the requirement to operation time and maintenance cost, will have influence on the selection of machinery and the architectural and structural design. For each of the moveable bridges described, it is shown how innovative application of modern bearing concepts and hydraulic systems can lead to elegant and cost-effective solutions.</p>

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Farmer, Neil Stephen, Ioannis Brilakis, and Scott McGovern. "Digitally enabling design for manufacture, assembly and maintenance of bridges." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0307.

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<p>Laing O’Rourke, Tony Gee and Cambridge University have undertaken a unique joint research project entitled “Digitally enabling the design for manufacture, assembly and maintenance of bridges.” Ultimately the project is trailblazing innovative technology that will change the way in which bridges are designed and constructed. The 27 month long project, co-funded by Innovate UK, the UK’s innovation agency, aimed to speed up bridge design and delivery, improving efficiency and reliability whilst reducing overall costs by rationalising design and automating routine processes through digital engineering. This will allow the most common bridge types and bridge parts to be standardised for off-site manufacture and designed parametrically to allow them to be easily configured to each particular design.</p>

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Kuhlmann, Ulrike, Simon Bove, Stephanie Breunig, and Karl Drebenstedt. "Fatigue of steel bridges." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7212.

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Highway and railway bridges are exposed to cyclic stressing due to traffic loads and, therefore, have to be evaluated concerning fatigue. In most cases the fatigue evaluation is performed according to Eurocode 3 Part 1-9 on nominal stresses. To apply this nominal stress approach a detail catalogue is required classifying all relevant constructional details in terms of fatigue. Unfortunately, the existing detail catalogue of Eurocode 3 Part 1-9 reflects the state of the art of the 1990s and misses constructional details being important for today’s bridge design. As an example the derivation of a new detail, the so-called lamellae joint, is presented. Furthermore, for two new types of innovative steel bridges, where Eurocode 3 Part 1-9 does not yet specify rules able to evaluate the characteristics of these bridges, research results are shown. These are the thick-plate trough bridges and truss bridges made of thick-walled circular hollow sections (CHS). The paper starts with an overview on the recent Eurocode developments, addressing more specific the fatigue verification according to EN 1993-1-9 and the statistical analysis of fatigue test data. In the following, information is given on the outcome of some recent research projects striving to extend the application range of Eurocode 3 Part 1-9. The final conclusion, in spite of all differences, show a common tendency.

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Reports on the topic "Types of bridges"

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Rahman, Mohammad, Ahmed Ibrahim, and Riyadh Hindi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Phase III. Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-022.

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Early-age cracking in concrete decks significantly reduces the service life of bridges. This report discusses the application of various concrete mixtures that include potential early mitigation ingredients. Large-scale (7 ft × 10 ft) experimental bridge prototypes with similar restraint conditions found in actual bridges were poured with different concrete mixtures to investigate mitigation techniques. Portland cement (control), expansive Type K cement, internally cured lightweight aggregate (LWA), shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA), and gypsum mineral were investigated as mitigating ingredients. Seven concrete mixtures were prepared by using individual ingredients as well as a combination of different ingredients. The idea behind combining different mitigating techniques was to accumulate the combined benefit from individual mitigating materials. The combined Type K cement and LWA mixture showed higher concrete expansion compared with mixtures containing Portland cement, Type K cement, LWA, and SRA in the large-scale experimental deck. Extra water provided by LWA significantly enhanced the performance of Type K cement’s initial expansion as well as caused larger total shrinkage over the drying period. A combination of Type K cement and gypsum mineral showed insignificantly higher expansion compared with the individual Type K mixture. Overall, the experimental deck containing SRA showed the least total shrinkage compared with other mixtures. Finite-element modeling was performed to evaluate and predict concrete stress-strain behavior due to shrinkage in typical bridges. A parametric study using finite-element analysis was conducted by altering the structure of the experimental deck. More restraint from internal reinforcement, less girder spacing, larger girder flange width, and more restrictive support conditions increased the concrete tensile stress and led to potential cracking in the concrete deck.

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LaFave, James, Larry Fahnestock, Jie Luo, and Derek Kozak. Seismic Performance of Seat-Type Abutment Highway Bridges in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/18-015.

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Deb, Robin, Paramita Mondal, and Ardavan Ardeshirilajimi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Materials Solution (Phase III). Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-023.

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Type K cement offers a lower slump than conventional concrete, even at a higher water-to-cement ratio. Therefore, a suitable chemical admixture should be added to the Type K concrete mix design at a feasible dosage to achieve and retain target slump. In this project, a compatibility study was performed for Type K concrete with commercially available water-reducing and air-entraining admixtures. Slump and air content losses were measured over a period of 60 minutes after mixing and a particular mid-range water-reducing admixture was found to retain slump effectively. Furthermore, no significant difference in admixture interaction between conventional and Type K concrete was observed. Another concern regarding the use of Type K concrete is that its higher water-to-cement ratio can potentially lead to higher permeability and durability issues. This study also explored the effectiveness of presoaked lightweight aggregates in providing extra water for Type K hydration without increasing the water-to-cement ratio. Permeability of concrete was measured to validate that the use of presoaked lightweight aggregates can lower water adsorption in Type K concrete, enhancing its durability. Extensive data analysis was performed to link the small-scale material test results with a structural test performed at Saint Louis University. A consistent relation was established in most cases, validating the effectiveness of both testing methods in understanding the performance of proposed shrinkage-mitigation strategies. Stress analysis was performed to rank the mitigation strategies. Type K incorporation is reported to be the most effective method for shrinkage-related crack mitigation among the mixes tested in this study. The second-best choice is the use of Type K in combination with either presoaked lightweight aggregates or shrinkage-reducing admixtures. All mitigation strategies tested in this work were proved to be significantly better than using no mitigation strategy.

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ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF NARROW TYPE STEEL BOX SECTION FOR RAILWAY SELF-ANCHORED SUSPENSION BRIDGE UNDER BIAS COMPRESSION. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2019.15.2.7.

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