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Journal articles on the topic 'Types of bridges'
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1
Ruiz-Teran, A. M., and A. C. Aparicio. "Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges. Part 1: Single-span bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2008): 938–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-033.
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This paper examines two new types of bridges, namely under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges, for prestressed concrete road bridges with single-spans of medium length. Both bridge types offer many advantages over conventional schemes in several aspects, such as structural efficiency, enhanced construction possibilities, and both economic and aesthetical considerations. They are very slender structural types with a very high structural efficiency, for which the materials used in the deck are reduced to one third of that in conventional bridges without stay cables. In this paper, the most important aspects of the structural behaviour of these bridge types are set out through the description of a careful selection from an extensive collection of bridges designed and analysed by the authors in a previous research project. In addition, a detailed set of design criteria for these bridge types is presented, based on the results of the extensive parametric study undertaken in the aforementioned research project.
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Viennot, S., G. Malquarti, Y. Allard, and C. Pirel. "Différents types de bridges." EMC - Odontologie 1, no. 2 (June 2005): 107–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emcodo.2005.01.002.
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Ruiz-Teran, A. M., and A. C. Aparicio. "Two new types of bridges: under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges — the state of the art." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-017.
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At least 20 cable-stayed bridges have been built over the last 30 years that cannot be classified under existing typologies for cable-stayed bridges. These structures represent two new types of cable-stayed bridges that we herein define as "under-deck cable-stayed bridges" and "combined cable-stayed bridges." The evolution of these new bridge types is explored through consideration of the different proposals and structures that have been built throughout this period, pointing out the innovations made in each of them. In this paper we propose a new classification system for bridges prestressed by means of tendons into which these two new bridge types will fit. Studies that have been made of these structural types are also highlighted. On the basis of the aforementioned, we describe the state-of-the-art for these structural types, compiling and cataloguing information, documents, and knowledge that were previously highly dispersed. Lastly, we make a critical analysis of the current situation and draw some key conclusions.Key words: under-deck cable-staying, combined cable-staying, cable-stayed bridges, extradosed prestressing, intradosed prestressing, prestressing.
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Zhang, Zhi Jun. "Research on the Developing Process and the Types of Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1117.
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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.
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Li, He Qun, and Feng Yun Yu. "On the Bridges of the Qin and Han Dynasties." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.601.
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During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were several types of bridges, such as wooden poles and wooden beam bridges, arch bridges, gallery bridges, Zhandao, floating bridges and so on. These bridge remains are mainly located in Guanzhong area, Sichuan province and other areas. All these are important data for us to understand bridge shapes, construction technology, means of transportation, and social life of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
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Singh, Priyanka, Mirza Jahangir Baig, Bhumika Pandey, and Kartik Papreja. "Analysis of the behaviour of Cable stayed bridge with different types of Pylon." E3S Web of Conferences 304 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130402006.
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Cable stayed bridges are known for their good stability, It has been the most favorable use of structural design, for comparatively low designing and maintenance costs, and for effective structural characteristics. Therefore, this type of bridges are gaining popularity and are generally selected for long spans when compared to suspension bridges. A cable stayed bridge comprises of pylons with cables withstanding the weight of deck. There are different types of pylons i.e. ; H-type pylon, A-type pylon, inverted Y-type pylon, and diamond shaped pylon. In this paper the bridge design, model, and analyses for these different types of pylons is done using STAAD Pro. The comparison for three cases are done on the basis of shear force and bending moment in terms of self weight to obtain the most efficient type of pylon design. The results thus obtained are useful in limiting the drawbacks of other types of pylon.
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Ranf, R. T., M. O. Eberhard, and S. Malone. "Post-earthquake Prioritization of Bridge Inspections." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 1 (February 2007): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2428313.
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Bridge damage reports from the 2001 Nisqually earthquake were correlated with estimates of ground-motion intensity at each bridge site (obtained from ShakeMaps) and with bridge properties listed in the Washington State Bridge Inventory. Of the ground-motion parameters considered, the percentage of bridges damaged correlated best with the spectral acceleration at a period of 0.3 s. Bridges constructed before the 1940s, movable bridges, and older trusses were particularly vulnerable. These bridge types were underestimated by the HAZUS procedure, which categorizes movable bridges and older trusses as “other” bridges. An inspection prioritization strategy was developed that combines ShakeMaps, the bridge inventory and newly developed fragility curves. For the Nisqually earthquake, this prioritization strategy would have made it possible to identify 80% of the moderately damaged bridges by inspecting only 481 (14%) of the 3,407 bridges within the boundaries of the ShakeMap. To identify these bridges using a prioritization strategy based solely on epicentral distance, it would have been necessary to inspect 1,447 (42%) bridges. To help the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) rapidly identify damaged bridges, the prioritization procedure has been incorporated within the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) ground-motion processing and notification software.
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Wang, Lingbo, Peiwen Jiang, Zhentao Hui, Yinping Ma, Kai Liu, and Xin Kang. "Vehicle-bridge coupled vibrations in different types of cable stayed bridges." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 10, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0306-x.
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Naser, Ali Fadhil, Hussam Ali Mohammed, and Ayad Ali Mohammed. "Seismic Design Assessment of Bridge Piers Location Effect on the Structural Capacity of Supports under Earthquake Action." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110203.
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The objective of this study was to assess the seismic performance of two types of bridges structures under effect of earthquake by using different locations and numbers of piers. The results of D/C ratio showed that simply supported I girder bridge appeared higher structural capacity than continuous box girder bridge which was resisted the seismic demand. Continuous box girder bridge had higher seismic demand and lower structural capacity comparing with simply supported I girder bridge. Commonly, the seismic design for two types of bridges models with increasing of piers numbers was suitable to resist the earthquake action for region type B. The results of non-linear static analysis (pushover method) showed that the increasing of piers numbers had significant effects on the seismic design of bridges structures to increase the displacement capacity, force capacity, and decreasing of seismic demand to reduce the effects of earthquake action on the bridges structural members. The bridge type simply supported I girder had higher capacity in longitudinal direction than continuous box girder bridge. Whereas, for continuous box girder bridge appeared higher capacity in transverse direction than simply supported I girder. The performance points which were based on displacement were decreased with increasing the piers numbers for bridges structures supports.
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Podworna, M., and M. Klasztorny. "Vertical vibrations of composite bridge/track structure/high-speed train systems. Part 1: Series-of-types of steel-concrete bridges." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0018.
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Abstract A new series-of-types of single-span simply-supported railway composite (steel-concrete) bridges, with a symmetric platform, has been designed according to the Polish bridge standards. The designed bridges/viaducts are located on the main railways of the classification coefficient k = +2. A ballasted track structure adapted to high operating speeds has also been designed. The ultimate limit states and the limit states corresponding to the bridges undertaken are collected and discussed. The bridges have been designed in accordance with contemporary art engineering, with geometric and material optimization, avoiding overdesign. A new methodology of numerical modelling and simulation of dynamic processes in composite bridge/ballasted track structure/high speed train systems, developed in Part 2 and Part 3, has been applied and implemented in a problem-oriented computer programme. A new approach to predicting forced resonances in those systems is formulated and tested numerically. It has been proved that in the case of typical structural solutions of bridges and ballasted track structures, it is necessary to introduce certain limitations for operating speeds of trains
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Alhawari, A., and P. Mukhopadhyaya. "Thermal bridges in building envelopes – An overview of impacts and solutions." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.1.5.
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Increasing building energy performance has become an obligatory objective in many countries. Thermal bridge is a major cause of poor energy performance, durability, and indoor air quality of buildings. This paper starts with a review of thermal bridges and their negative impacts on building energy efficiency. Based on published literatures, various types of building thermal bridges are discussed in this paper, including the most effective solutions to diminish their impacts. In addition, various numerical and experimental studies on the balcony thermal bridge are explored. Results show that among all types of thermal bridges, the exposed balcony slab produces the most challenging thermal bridging problem where an integrated thermal and structural design is required. Using low thermal conductivity materials in building construction could help in reducing the impact of thermal bridges. Finally, further investigations are needed to develop more innovative and effective solutions for the balcony thermal bridge.
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Pan, Yong Qing, Yi Li, and Guo Liang He. "Cluster Health Monitoring System of Major Urban Bridges Based on Digital City VPN Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2966.
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With the development of bridge Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique and digital city concept in recent years, the Cluster Health Monitoring (CHM) system for urban bridges, simultaneously real-time monitoring many important bridges in the city has been come into engineering practice. This paper introduces a CHM system of urban bridges using Digital City VPN Network at the city of Hangzhou, China, which is composed of three parts: remote monitoring center, digital city VPN network, and bridge monitoring stations, seven bridges of different types (1 viaduct, 1 overpass, 3 tied arch bridges, 1 PC cable-stayed bridge, and 1 continuous beam bridge) are being monitored. One-year monitoring data have been collected through this CHM system, it indicates that using VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology to achieve online urban bridges cluster monitoring is a safe, reliable and practical methods.
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Tang, Man-Chung. "Aesthetics of Cable-Stayed Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-40.
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Among the various bridge types, cable-stayed bridges offer the most intriguing configurations. By varying the shape of the towers, the arrangement of the cables, and the cross section of the deck girder, it is almost always possible to create a cable-stayed bridge to fit in any given land-scape. Since their debut 45 years ago, the beauty of cable-stayed bridges has piqued the interest of engineers and nonengineers alike.
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Belevicius, Rimantas, Algirdas Juozapaitis, Dainius Rusakevicius, Ieva Misiunaite, and Saulius Valentinavicius. "Optimal Schemes of Underslung Girder Foot Bridges for Different Spans and Deck Types." Bauingenieur 92, no. 10 (2017): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0005-6650-2017-10-63.
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Underslung girder bridges are effective structural systems formed by a rigid beam supported from beneath by an arrangement of struts and stays. The optimal bridge scheme can be sought tuning a large set of parameters of differing character. In the development of bridge design, however, structural engineers usually use uniform arrangement of struts and stays. This paper suggests employing in the design process the structural optimization and shows optimal schemes of underslung girder bridges for different spans and deck types. Mathematically, the optimization of the bridge structure is a mixed topology-shape-sizing optimization problem with a variable number of design variables (some variables are integer). An evolutionary algorithm with variable-length genotype and special operators for the mutation, crossover, and genome repair was used as the optimization engine. Moreover, the stochastic findings of the algorithm thereafter can be improved using consecutive pattern search.
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Fan, Bing Bing, Can Hui Zhao, Long Zhang, and Liang Li. "Analysis of Earthquake Damages and Seismic Reinforcement of Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1771.
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In recent years, with the frequent occurrence of earthquakes, the impact of earthquakes on the bridge has been increasing. Every time the earthquake occurred, bridges there almost got varying degrees of damages, hindering the normal traffic and losing the important role as emergency rescue and disaster relief channels and emergency shelters. Therefore, the seismic loads must be taken fully into account in the bridge design and seismic strengthening of bridge is necessary. Besides, the old bridges already put into normal operation must be reinforced appropriately according to the site condition. This paper described the various types of seismic damage of bridges and summarized several methods of seismic reinforcement of bridges.
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Goroumaru, H., K. Shiraishi, H. Hara, and T. Komori. "Prediction of Low Frequency Noise Radiated from Vibrating Highway Bridges." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 6, no. 4 (December 1987): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238700600403.
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Low frequency noise radiated from highway bridges due to fast moving heavy vehicles, is giving rise to a new traffic problem. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to consider the reduction of noise and control of bridge vibrations. In this research, measurements of low frequency noise radiated from highway bridges and measurements of bridge vibration were carried out. From these results, the radiation efficiency of the slabs of the highway bridges was determined. Four types of bridge were measured, steel composite girder bridges, steel plate girder bridges, steel truss bridges and PC-girder (T) bridges. From experimental formulae for the radiation efficiency, and from vibration acceleration levels, the sound pressure levels and 1/3 octave band spectra of the low frequency noise radiated from the slabs were predicted. As a result, the sound pressure level at an arbitrary point can be predicted by measuring the vibration acceleration level of the bridge. Predictive calculation results agreed relatively well with measured values, particularly at locations close to the bridges.
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Samaan, Magdy, Khaled Sennah, and John B. Kennedy. "Positioning of bearings for curved continuous spread-box girder bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-049.
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The type and arrangement of bearings for a bridge superstructure are important considerations in bridge design. For a curved continuous spread-box girder bridge, the support conditions for the bridge superstructure may significantly influence the distribution factors for maximum stresses, reactions, and shear forces as well as the bridge natural frequencies and mode shapes. Current design practices in North America recommend very few guidelines for bearing arrangements and types. This paper describes an extensive study carried out using an experimentally calibrated finite element model, in which curved continuous prototype bridges were analyzed to determine their structural response. Six different types and arrangements of support bearings were studied to determine their effect on the maximum stress and reaction distributions as well as on the natural frequencies of such bridges. The results were used to suggest the most favourable bearing arrangement and type.Key words: bridge bearings, composite, continuous, curved bridges, design, distribution factors, finite element, spread-box.
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Cheung, M. S., and S. H. C. Foo. "Design of horizontally curved composite box-girder bridges: a simplified approach." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-009.
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Because of their excellent torsional capacity, box girders are used extensively in modern bridge construction having curved alignments. Applications of most design codes have been limited to bridges where the radius of curvature is much greater than the span length and cross-sectional dimensions. To meet the practical requirements arising during the design process, simple design methods are needed for curved bridges. This paper presents the results of a parametric study on the relative behaviour of curved and straight box-girder bridges and on the development of a simplified design method for the combined longitudinal moment of curved bridges. The combined moment includes the effects of flexure, torsion, and distortion. Three simply supported concrete-steel composite bridge models, including single-cell, twin-cell, and three-cell box girders and subjected to loadings as specified in the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, were analyzed using the finite strip method. The parameters considered in the study include types of cross section; types, locations, and magnitudes of loads; span lengths; and radius of curvature. Preliminary analysis of the results suggests that the behaviour of horizontally curved box-girder bridges is dependent on a variety of parameters, but most importantly on the span-to-radius ratio. Empirical relationships for combined longitudinal moment between curved and straight box-girder bridges are also proposed. Key words: bridge, curved, composite, design, finite strip.
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Khrapunov, Evgenii, and Sergei Solovev. "Ensuring the aerodynamic stability of the long-span bridges through studies in the wind tunnel." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824502001.
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The main ideas of the aerodynamic studies of large bridges are presented in present paper. Main types of aero-elastic instability for bridges with spans over 100 meters are considered. A two-step modeling approach is presented. At the first stage, the aerodynamic characteristics of the span fragment are considered, at the second.stage the characteristics of the whole bridge. Methods for investigation of bridge oscillations in a special-purpose experimental facility – the Landscape Wind Tunnel – are described. Examples of tests with elastic similar models of bridges are given, and measurements to mitigate dangerous oscillations early in the bridge design process are described.
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Zhang, Zhao De, Zhen Xing Cheng, Zhong Jian Sun, and Zhi Bo Tang. "Effect of Tidal Fences on the Stress and Deformation of Bridge Structure." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1649.
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Traditionally, independent dam or tidal fences in the sea should be built before the tidal energy electric power generating. In the near future, more and more cross sea bridges will be constructed between the mainland and the islands in the east of China, or between the islands. If the tidal fences are designed to be installed on these bridges, much investment will be saved than constructing tidal fences independently. But it will increase the loads of the bridges. Considering the bridges with or without tidal fences installed, three types of cross sea bridge models are built numerically. The stresses and deformations of the bridge structures are calculated. And the effects of the fences on the bridge structure are evaluated. The results may be useful for the designing of cross sea bridges and power generating device of tidal energy.
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Suo, Wen Jia, Bing Zhu, Ning Zhao, Fan Wang, and Sheng Tan Dou. "Seismic Response Analysis of Railway Continuous Curved Rigid Frame Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1846.
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To study the effects of seismic waves directions on bridges, the time history analytic method was used. Two bridge types, the railway continuous curved rigid frame bridge and the railway continuous straight rigid frame bridge, have been taken into account. Both the two same span bridges were used for comparative analysis about free vibration and seismic response feature, then some practical application conclusions were obtained. The longitudinal and transversal seismic waves produce the maximum reaction values. Besides, the pier bottom sections and the beam sections at the piers top are the critical sections in the bridges. In addition, this small radius curved bridge can be designed as the straight bridge in seismic design.
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Manko, Zbigniew, and Damian Beben. "Dynamic testing of a corrugated steel arch bridge." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 3 (March 2008): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-098.
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The paper presents the results and conclusions of dynamic load tests that were conducted on a highway bridge over the Gimån River in Sweden made of Super Cor corrugated steel plates (CSP), the first bridge of this type in Scandinavia. The critical speed magnitudes, dynamic coefficients, velocity vibration, and vibration frequency are determined in the paper. Conclusions drawn from the tests can be most helpful in the assessment of the behaviour of this type of corrugated plate – soil bridge. In consideration of the application of this type of structure in the case of small-to-medium span bridges, the conclusions from this research cannot yet be generalized to all types of such solutions. The application details with respect to all types of such bridge structures would require additional analysis (field and model tests and calculations) on the other types of soil–steel bridges.
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Lu, Ma, and Liu. "Evaluating Probabilistic Traffic Load Effects on Large Bridges Using Long-Term Traffic Monitoring Data." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225056.
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With the steadily growing of global transportation market, the traffic load has increased dramatically over the past decades, which may develop into a risk source for existing bridges. The simultaneous presence of heavy trucks that are random in nature governs the serviceability limit for large bridges. This study investigated probabilistic traffic load effects on large bridges under actual heavy traffic load. Initially, critical stochastic traffic loading scenarios were simulated based on millions of traffic monitoring data in a highway bridge in China. A methodology of extrapolating maximum traffic load effects was presented based on the level-crossing theory. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by probabilistic deflection investigation of a suspension bridge. Influence of traffic density variation and overloading control on the maximum deflection was investigated as recommendations for designers and managers. The numerical results show that the congested traffic mostly governs the critical traffic load effects on large bridges. Traffic growth results in higher maximum deformations and probabilities of failure of the bridge in its lifetime. Since the critical loading scenario contains multi-types of overloaded trucks, an effective overloading control measure has a remarkable influence on the lifetime maximum deflection. The stochastic traffic model and corresponding computational framework is expected to be developed to more types of bridges.
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DePrekel, Kirsten, El Bouali, and Thomas Oommen. "Monitoring the Impact of Groundwater Pumping on Infrastructure Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI)." Infrastructures 3, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040057.
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Transportation infrastructure is critical for the advancement of society. Bridges are vital for an efficient transportation network. Bridges across the world undergo variable deformation/displacement due to the Earth’s dynamic processes. This displacement is caused by ground motion, which occurs from many natural and anthropogenic events. Events causing deformation include temperature fluctuation, subsidence, landslides, earthquakes, water/sea level variation, subsurface resource extraction, etc. Continual deformation may cause bridge failure, putting civilians at risk, if not managed properly. Monitoring bridge displacement, large and small, provides evidence of the state and health of the bridge. Traditionally, bridge monitoring has been executed through on-site surveys. Although this method of bridge monitoring is systematic and successful, it is not the most efficient and cost-effective. Through technological advances, satellite-based Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided a system for analyzing ground deformation over time. This method is applied to distinguish bridges that are more at risk than others by generating models that display the displacement at various locations along each bridge. A bridge’s health and its potential risk can be estimated upon analysis of measured displacement rates. In return, this process of monitoring bridges can be done at much faster rates; saving time, money and resources. PSI data covering Oxnard, California, revealed both bridge displacement and regional ground displacement. Although each bridge maintained different patterns of displacement, many of the bridges within the Oxnard area displayed an overall downward movement matching regional subsidence trends observed in the area. Patterns in displacement-time series plots provide evidence for two types of deformation mechanisms. Long-term downward movements correlate with the relatively large regional subsidence observed using PSI in Oxnard. Thermal dilation from seasonal temperature changes may cause short-term variabilities unique to each bridge. Overall, it may be said that linking geologic, weather, and groundwater patterns with bridge displacement has shown promise for monitoring transportation infrastructure and more importantly differentiating between regional subsidence and site-specific displacements.
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Vaňová, Patrícia, Vincent Kvočák, Viktória Kožlejová, Daniel Dubecký, and Ruslan Kanishchev. "FEM analysis of steel-concrete composite bridges with encased perforated steel strips." MATEC Web of Conferences 310 (2020): 00050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031000050.
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One of the newest contributions to the science of bridges are steel-concrete composite bridges with encased perforated steel strips. Their main advantages are their low height, low usage of materials and therefore lower cost of the bridge. They are mainly used as short span railway bridges (under 20m of length). Main focus of today researchers and structural engineers in this area is to improve the geometry of the steel strip – and therefore find new types with lower usage of material and higher shear strength. At Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, several new types have been developed and tested. In order to properly measure the shear strength, the push-out tests had to be carried. They track the dependence between load (typed by loading conditions) and slip. These experiments were performed at Laboratory of Excellent Research in Košice. In this article is closely described software modelling of a strip developed at Faculty of Civil Engineering, the experiments performed as well as the results found.
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Shokravi, Hoofar, Hooman Shokravi, Norhisham Bakhary, Mahshid Heidarrezaei, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor, and Michal Petrů. "Vehicle-Assisted Techniques for Health Monitoring of Bridges." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123460.
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Bridges are designed to withstand different types of loads, including dead, live, environmental, and occasional loads during their service period. Moving vehicles are the main source of the applied live load on bridges. The applied load to highway bridges depends on several traffic parameters such as weight of vehicles, axle load, configuration of axles, position of vehicles on the bridge, number of vehicles, direction, and vehicle’s speed. The estimation of traffic loadings on bridges are generally notional and, consequently, can be excessively conservative. Hence, accurate prediction of the in-service performance of a bridge structure is very desirable and great savings can be achieved through the accurate assessment of the applied traffic load in existing bridges. In this paper, a review is conducted on conventional vehicle-based health monitoring methods used for bridges. Vision-based, weigh in motion (WIM), bridge weigh in motion (BWIM), drive-by and vehicle bridge interaction (VBI)-based models are the methods that are generally used in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges. The performance of vehicle-assisted methods is studied and suggestions for future work in this area are addressed, including alleviating the downsides of each approach to disentangle the complexities, and adopting intelligent and autonomous vehicle-assisted methods for health monitoring of bridges.
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Chen, Zhiwei, and Bo Chen. "Recent Research and Applications of Numerical Simulation for Dynamic Response of Long-Span Bridges Subjected to Multiple Loads." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/763810.
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Many long-span bridges have been built throughout the world in recent years but they are often subject to multiple types of dynamic loads, especially those located in wind-prone regions and carrying both trains and road vehicles. To ensure the safety and functionality of these bridges, dynamic responses of long-span bridges are often required for bridge assessment. Given that there are several limitations for the assessment based on field measurement of dynamic responses, a promising approach is based on numerical simulation technologies. This paper provides a detailed review of key issues involved in dynamic response analysis of long-span multiload bridges based on numerical simulation technologies, including dynamic interactions between running trains and bridge, between running road vehicles and bridge, and between wind and bridge, and in the wind-vehicle-bridge coupled system. Then a comprehensive review is conducted for engineering applications of newly developed numerical simulation technologies to safety assessment of long-span bridges, such as assessment of fatigue damage and assessment under extreme events. Finally, the existing problems and promising research efforts for the numerical simulation technologies and their applications to assessment of long-span multiload bridges are explored.
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SKORUPKA, Dariusz, and Artur DUCHACZEK. "REALIZATION OF LOGISTICAL VENTURE IN CONDITIONS OF RISKS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 159, no. 1 (January 3, 2011): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2920.
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The material presents an analysis of a potential risk assessment of operating military bridge facilities. Three types of steel military bridges were analysed: assembled bridges, vehicle-launched bridges and low-level bridges. The material presents an original method of a fatigue risk factor analysis. Furthermore, the author presents potential applications of the AHP method to determine weights for risk factors under analysis. It is assumed that at the further stage of research a thorough identification and quantification of other risk factors will be conducted.
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., Shantnu, and Dr Pankaj Singh. "Study on Cable Stayed Bridge and Its Application in India." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 8 (October 26, 2019): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i8.284.
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Bridges are the structures built across any obstacles to connect its two end to allow free movement. Bridges have played a vital and key role in the development of human civilization since thousand of years. Existence of ram setu is an example of presence of bridge technology in ancient time. Bridges are often classified as arch bridge, suspension bridge, Girder Bridge, truss bridge and cable stayed bridge. Advancement in technology has led to development from arch bridge to cable stayed bridge. In present time cable stayed bridge technology are the most favorite and preferable type across the world. Cable stayed bridge construction methodology has various advantages over other types including important one like of being economical and aesthetical appearance. This paper is an attempt to analyze the cable stayed bridge and its various use in India.
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Fitriani, Heni, M. Ade Surya Pratama, Yakni Idris, and Gunawan Tanzil. "Determination of prioritization for maintenance of the upper structure of truss bridge." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601036.
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Bridge maintenance is one of the major issues of infrastructure problems. Deterioration of a bridge’s structure will continuously increase without proper maintenance. This condition will adversely affect the service life of a bridge. Moreover, the damage will also have a direct impact on structural and functional failure of the bridge. This paper aims at identifying the damages of truss bridges and determining the most significant criteria and sub-criteria used in prioritizing bridge maintenance. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assess the most important criteria that give significant weight to bridge maintenance analysis. The objects of research were nine truss bridges with a wide range of types and levels of damage. It was found that there were approximately 900 m' of components damaged at the railing of Baruga Bridge and 227 m' truss damages due to poor quality of the galvanized paint. Furthermore, based on the analysis, the most significant criteria were the level of damage (27.6%), the technical aspects (25.7%), the finance (21%), the vehicle load (13.6%) and the resources (12%). The results of this research showed important findings in determining the priority scales for bridge repair and maintenance systems.
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Chen, Zhi Wei, Qin Lin Cai, and Jun Li. "Stress Influence Line Identification of Long Suspension Bridges Installed with Structural Health Monitoring Systems." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 04 (March 28, 2016): 1640023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945541640023x.
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Numerous long-span suspension bridges have been built worldwide over the past few decades. To ensure the safety of such bridges and their users during the bridge service life, several bridges have been equipped with Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMSs), which measure dynamic bridge responses and various loading types on-site. Integrating SHMS and damage detection technology for condition assessment of these bridges has become a new development trend. Recent studies have proven that stress influence line (SIL)-based damage indices achieve excellent damage detection performance for a long suspension bridge. However, an accurate and prompt manner of identifying the SIL of a long suspension bridge is important to facilitate the development of the SIL for an effective damage index. Identifying the SIL from field measurement data under in-service conditions has several advantages over the traditional static loading test. This study proposes and develops a new SIL identification method by integrating the least squares solution and Weighted Moving Average (WMA) based on the measured train information and the corresponding train-induced stress time history. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated through its application to Tsing Ma Bridge (TMB). The good agreement between the identified and baseline SILs for a typical diagonal truss member verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, robustness testing is performed by identifying SIL on the basis of information on different trains and train-induced stress responses and by identifying the SIL of different types of bridge components. Results indicate the feasibility of the application of the proposed approach to SIL identification for long-span bridges.
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Milani, Cleovir José, Víctor Yepes, and Moacir Kripka. "Proposal of Sustainability Indicators for the Design of Small-Span Bridges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124488.
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The application of techniques to analyze sustainability in the life cycle of small-span bridge superstructures is presented in this work. The objective was to obtain environmental and economic indicators for integration into the decision-making process to minimize the environmental impact, reduce resource consumption and minimize life cycle costs. Twenty-seven configurations of small-span bridges (6 to 20 m) of the following types were analyzed: steel–concrete composite bridges, cast in situ reinforced concrete bridges, precast bridges and prestressed concrete bridges, comprising a total of 405 structures. Environmental impacts and costs were quantified via life cycle environmental assessment and life cycle cost analysis following the boundaries of systems from the extraction of materials to the end of bridge life (“from cradle to grave”). In general, the results indicated that the environmental performance of the bridges was significantly linked to the material selection and bridge configuration. In addition, the study enabled the identification of the products and processes with the greatest impact in order to subsidize the design of more sustainable structures and government policies.
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Visser, Rien, W. Michael Aust, Tom Gallagher, Tal Roberts, and Matt Poirot. "Cost of Six Different Stream Crossing Options in the Appalachian Area." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.1.66.
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Abstract Permanent and temporary forest bridges are an integral part of achieving environmental Best Management Practices (BMPs) for harvesting operations. Within Virginia Tech's Fishburn Forest, five stream crossings have been installed to improve access and to provide a demonstration area for continuing education purposes. Approximately 1 mile of abandoned road was re-opened and improved, and 850 tons of gravel used to form the new running surface. In addition to a number of existing fords, three new culvert crossings and five new bridges were installed. These include a 70 ft low-water concrete culvert crossing, a two-span 31 ft wooden stringer bridge, and three different types of stress-laminated bridges. This article provides basic information regarding permit acquisition and environmental considerations for stream crossings. Location, design, and installation procedures for a variety of permanent and temporary forest bridges are presented. Finally, an evaluation of bridge installation costs, including materials, labor, and machinery requirements, are shown for the various permanent and temporary crossing types. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):66–70.
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Humnabad, Prof A. N. "Comparative Study of the Floating Bridge Components." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 10, 2021): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36269.
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Floating bridge is a set of specialized shallow draft boats or floats hyperlink collectively to cross the river or canal or lake. With a track or deck most early floating bridge had been built for the features of the battle. There are numerous kinds of floating bridges relying on the conditions of the land and the type of barriers to cross. The principle behind floating bridge concept is the Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. This study was made to review previous studies concerned about the floating bridges. Almost all the study concerned with floating bridge components and their suitability with the given condition. only limited information is available for floating bridges in many aspects. In this study we have covered the different types of pontoons, access to bridge, navigational openings, mooring systems, etc. are the most important parts of floating bridge.
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Chen, Rong, Ping Wang, and Xian-kui Wei. "Track-Bridge Longitudinal Interaction of Continuous Welded Rails on Arch Bridge." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/494137.
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Taking arch bridges, including deck, half-through, and through arch bridges (short for DAB, HTAB, and TAB) as examples, mechanics analysis models of longitudinal interaction between continuously welded rails (short for CWRs) and arch bridges are established. Based on the finite element method (FEM), the longitudinal interaction calculation software of CWR on arch bridges has been developed. Focusing on an HTAB, the tension, compression, and deflection conditions are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the mechanics analysis models of three types of arch bridges can truly reflect the real state of the structure; the calculation software can be used for systematic research of the CWR on arch bridge; as for HTAB, temperature difference of arch rib has a small effect on rail tension/compression, and arch bridge can be simplified as a continuous beam for rail tension/compression additional force calculation; in calculation of deflection conditions of HTAB, it is suggested that train loads are arranged on half span and full span and take the direction of load entering bridge into account. Additionally, the deflection additional force variation of CFST basket handle arch bridge is different from that of ordinary bridge.
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Choi, Eun-Soo, and Seung-Hwan Choi. "Analysis of dynamic behavior of Railroad Steel Bridges According to Bridge Bearing Types." Journal of the Korean society for railway 15, no. 1 (February 26, 2012): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2012.15.1.062.
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Peng, An-Ping, Han-Cheng Dan, and Dong Yang. "Experiment and Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Response of Bridges under Vibratory Compaction of Bridge Deck Asphalt Pavement." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2962154.
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Vibratory compaction of bridge deck pavement impacts the structural integrity of bridges to certain degrees. In this study, we analyzed the dynamic response of different types of concrete-beam bridges (continuous beam and simply supported beam) with different cross-sectional designs (T-beam and hollow-slab beam) under vibratory compaction of bridge deck asphalt pavement. The dynamic response patterns of the dynamic deformation and acceleration of bridges under pavement compaction were obtained by performing a series of field experiments and a three-dimensional finite element simulation. Based on the finite element model, the dynamic responses of bridge structures with different spans and cross-sectional designs under different working conditions of vibratory compaction were analyzed. The use of different vibration parameters for different bridge structures was proposed to safeguard their structural safety and reliability.
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Cheng, Jian Hua, Jian Min Xiong, and Jie Dai. "Analysis on Crack Types and Causes of Junshan Bridge’s Steel Box Girder Orthotropic Plate." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.621.
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The fatigue cracking of orthotropic plate is a fatal problem for the long operation of steel bridge safely. There are numerous fatigue cracks appearing on Junshan Bridge, which locate mainly on diaphragm, U-Rib and fillet weld between the U-Rib and deck. Based on the location of fatigue cracks, the paper analyzed the causes of fatigue cracking from three aspects of mechanics cause, detail design and manufacturing factors, providing scientific basis of future health monitoring for bridges.
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Bakht, Baidar, and Tharmalingham Tharmabala. "Steel–wood composite bridges and their static load response." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-028.
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The proposed steel–wood composite bridges incorporate longitudinal steel girders which are composite with wood deckings consisting of longitudinal laminates. The laminated decking is usually transversely prestressed. By orienting the laminates longitudinally, advantage can be taken in longitudinal bending of the dominant modulus of elasticity of wood. The paper shows that the load-carrying capacity of an existing slab-on-girder bridge with steel girders and deteriorated noncomposite concrete deck slab can be considerably enhanced by using the proposed system. The paper presents results of static load tests on two types of shear connector, some composite beams, and half-scale model of a bridge. Test data confirm the effectiveness of the composite system. Key words: bridges, composite bridges, steel–wood composite bridges, laminated wood decks, shear connectors, composites.
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DeMond, Gregory F. "Aesthetic Guidelines for Older Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1549, no. 1 (January 1996): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154900105.
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As the nation's infrastructure ages, many older bridges face rehabilitation or replacement. Many of these structures have historical significance, and others have become community landmarks. Distinctive metal truss bridges and various concrete arch bridges still grace the nation's highways, but they are rapidly disappearing because they cannot meet the safety requirements of modern highway usage. As a result, where roadway and river crossings were once defined by expressive, sometimes monumental spans that made the passage truly an experience, travelers now speed efficiently over unobtrusive structures, often unaware they were ever on a bridge. Engineers are becoming increasingly aware of the undercurrent of public sentiment for preserving these links to the past. Opposition to replacement can delay needed improvements for months and even years, but it can be overcome by incorporating the existing bridge into alternative solutions that meet both the functional needs and the aesthetic desires of the community. When an older bridge is to be part of the new crossing solution, what are the aesthetic considerations for the bridge designer or the project manager? The aesthetic impact of various alternative solutions involving older bridges is discussed, including compatibility of parallel structures when different bridge types are involved, importance of viewpoints, and aesthetic impact of various preservation measures such as cathodic protection. In addition, guidelines are provided and examples of various solutions are shown.
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Asgari, B., S. A. Osman, and A. Adnan. "A New Multiconstraint Method for Determining the Optimal Cable Stresses in Cable-Stayed Bridges." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/503016.
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Cable-stayed bridges are one of the most popular types of long-span bridges. The structural behaviour of cable-stayed bridges is sensitive to the load distribution between the girder, pylons, and cables. The determination of pretensioning cable stresses is critical in the cable-stayed bridge design procedure. By finding the optimum stresses in cables, the load and moment distribution of the bridge can be improved. In recent years, different research works have studied iterative and modern methods to find optimum stresses of cables. However, most of the proposed methods have limitations in optimising the structural performance of cable-stayed bridges. This paper presents a multiconstraint optimisation method to specify the optimum cable forces in cable-stayed bridges. The proposed optimisation method produces less bending moments and stresses in the bridge members and requires shorter simulation time than other proposed methods. The results of comparative study show that the proposed method is more successful in restricting the deck and pylon displacements and providing uniform deck moment distribution than unit load method (ULM). The final design of cable-stayed bridges can be optimised considerably through proposed multiconstraint optimisation method.
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Mohseni, Iman, Yong Cho, and Junsuk Kang. "Live Load Distribution Factors for Skew Stringer Bridges with High-Performance-Steel Girders under Truck Loads." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101717.
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Because the methods used to compute the live load distribution for moment and shear force in modern highway bridges subjected to vehicle loading are generally constrained by their range of applicability, refined analysis methods are necessary when this range is exceeded or new materials are used. This study developed a simplified method to calculate the live load distribution factors for skewed composite slab-on-girder bridges with high-performance-steel (HPS) girders whose parameters exceed the range of applicability defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)’s Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specifications. Bridge databases containing information on actual bridges and prototype bridges constructed from three different types of steel and structural parameters that exceeded the range of applicability were developed and the bridge modeling verified using results reported for field tests of actual bridges. The resulting simplified equations for the live load distribution factors of shear force and bending moment were based on a rigorous statistical analysis of the data. The proposed equations provided comparable results to those obtained using finite element analysis, giving bridge engineers greater flexibility when designing bridges with structural parameters that are outside the range of applicability defined by AASHTO in terms of span length, skewness, and bridge width.
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Qiu, Wen Liang, Le Zhou, and Yu Zhang. "Nonlinear Seismic Behaviors of Girder Bridge with Single-Column Pier." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4165.
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Based on the shortcomings of the continuous girder bridge with single column pier, two-span T-shape rigid-frame bridges with single integral pier and two separated piers are put forward in this paper. Using time-history analysis and considering the material nonlinearity of reinforced concrete of the pier, the nonlinear seismic responses of the three bridge structures subjected to horizontal seismic wave are analyzed. The results show that, compared with continuous girder bridge, the shear forces of the two types of T-shape rigid-frame bridge are bigger, the moments of the T-shape rigid-frame bridges is smaller, and rotation angle of plastic hinge of T-shape rigid-frame bridge is much smaller. The energy dissipation and the anti-seismic capacities of T-shape rigid-frame bridges are better than continuous girder bridge under the condition that the shear resistance capacity of pier is secure.
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Mandlik, Prof Dharmraj N. "Study of Steel Bridge and Design of its Prototype." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (July 15, 2021): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36428.
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The “Study of Steel Bridge and design of its prototype” is based on reviewing existing literatures, project reports and researches in steel bridge structures. The study depends upon the different aspects in design considerations of a steel bridge where its main focus is to understand the scaling law and design of a prototype of a steel bridge structure. The study includes a) Classification of bridges which helps in categorizing the bridges on basis of their structures b) Types of steels used in bridges and their strength which helps to understand the importance of types of steel, its strength and when to use it. c) Tests conducted on bridges which help in determining safety, durability and loading capacity of bridge. d) Loads on bridges to understand type of loadings a bridge has to sustain. f) To reduce the cost of experimentation a technique is used its main objective is to conduct experiments on structures at reduced scales which is known as Scaling prototype. Cost is cheap due to the dropping in the loading equipment and dropping in the cost of test structure fabrication and testing. The researchers must be watchful and pure on how far the model behaves similar to the prototype By properly applying scaling laws, it is possible to infer the behaviour of a structure from the response of a similar model whose dimensions are scaled by a factor b. In some cases, however, e.g. in case of the strain rate sensitive of structures under serves the dynamic loads, these laws become inaccurate, rigorously limits this approach. It is exposed that the behaviour of a structure, if made of mild steel, can be predicted from the response of a model. The technique used here is publicised to be valid for simple structues subjected to the transverse and axial impact loads.
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Singh, Priyanka, Mirza Jahangir Baig, Bhumika Pandey, and Kartik Papreja. "Designing and 3-D Modelling of a Sustainable Cable Stayed Bridge-A Case Study." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001070.
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In the world of Civil Engineering, bridges are an example of structural art expressing how much the structures have evolved till present times. The concept and design of bridges has been evolved over the past years, having numerous amounts of different geometrical models and methods to construct bridges. As the development and innovation has reached so far, the concept of bridges has made a great impact on global infrastructure by creating sustainable, effective, and aesthetical bridges around the world. development of the finest aesthetical and sustainable designs for bridges which are known as Cable Stayed BridgesThe bridge form in which the weight of the deck is supported by a number of nearly straight diagonal cables in tension running directly to one or more vertical towers. The towers transfer the cable forces to the foundations through vertical compression. The tensile forces in the cables also put the deck into horizontal compression. Cable stayed bridges are the types of bridges those are best suited for connecting wide-span crossings. Construction of cable stayed bridge is widely promoted all over the world and construction of more than 600 cable stayed bridges are recorded till date. This type of bridge is preferred over any other type due to its possible construction to the indefinite length, availability of multiple design options with the possibility of symmetrical design and excellent strength. In this paper we shall discuss numerous case studies of the cable stayed bridges, compile all the beneficial data for most of the cable stayed bridges located in India.
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Pearson, David R., J. Sterling Jones, and Stuart M. Stein. "Risk-Based Design of Bridge Scour Countermeasures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-68.
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HYRISK was originally developed to prioritize bridges with unknown foundations to determine where to spend limited resources to investigate those bridges. It was later modified to prioritize bridges of any type for scour evaluations where there are limited resources for the evaluations each year. The model is based on information that can be read from the National Bridge Inventory and accounts for average daily traffic, detour lengths, value of lost time, risks associated with scour at various types of foundations, bridge condition, bridge geometry, and bridge age. The model can readily be modified for use as a decision tool to select various levels of countermeasures for a bridge that has already been evaluate and determined to be scour critical for some probability flood event. For that application, the model can use the determined probability of failure and does not need to rely on the assumed risks for various foundation types. The model will need to account for the risk of loss of life on the basis of recent experience. The bridge owner will provide information on the expected life of the bridge and the costs of various levels of protection. The model will determine the optimum level of protection for the bridge and the maximum expenditures that should be accepted to increase the level of protection.
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Li, Yueshu. "Construction Treatment Technology for Cracks in Asphalt Pavement of Road and Bridge." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019803013.
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In recent years, with the development of road traffic in China, road and bridge projects have gradually increased. While the number of projects has increased sharply, construction technology has been greatly improved. The increase in the use of roads and bridges has led to an increase in the probability of cracks on the roads and bridges. Starting from the common types of cracks, this article explains how to effectively ensure the service life of roads and bridges, improve the performance of roads and bridges, avoid road cracks, deal with the cracks, and emphasize the influencing factors of cracks and the corresponding solutions for the reference of relevant personnel.
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Kuihua, Mei, Sun Shengjiang, Jin Guoqing, and Sun Yamin. "Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges Using CFRP Cables." Advances in Civil Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6198296.
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The elastic modulus and deadweight of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables are different from those of steel cables. Thus, the static and dynamic behaviors of cable-stayed bridges using CFRP cables are different from those of cable-stayed bridges using steel cables. The static and dynamic performances of the two kinds of bridges with a span of 1000 m were studied using the numerical method. The effects of geometric nonlinear factors on static performance of the two kinds of cable-stayed bridges were analyzed. The live load effects and temperature effects of the two cable-stayed bridges were also analyzed. The influences of design parameters, including different structural systems, the numbers of auxiliary piers, and the space arrangement types of cable, on the dynamic performance of the cable-stayed bridge using CFRP cables were also studied. Results demonstrate that sag effect of the CFRP cable is much smaller than that of steel cable. The temperature effects of CFRP cable-stayed bridge are less than those of steel cable-stayed bridge. The vertical bending natural vibration frequency of the CFRP cable-stayed bridge is generally lower than that of steel cable-stayed bridge, whereas the torsional natural vibration frequency of the former is higher than that of the latter.
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Anderson, Donald L., Denis Mitchell, and René G. Tinawi. "Performance of concrete bridges during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake on January 17, 1995." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-884.
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Examples of failures of concrete bridges during the Kobe earthquake are presented. Types of failures and their probable causes are discussed, and photographs of reinforcement detailing in the failed columns are shown. An example of the reinforcement in a new bridge column under construction at the time of the earthquake, showing modern detailing standards, is given. Key words: Kobe, Hyogo-ken Nanbu, earthquake, seismic, concrete, bridges, damage.
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Choi, C. K., and I. H. Choi. "An expert system for selecting types of bridges." Computers & Structures 48, no. 2 (July 1993): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(93)90411-6.
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