Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Types of businesses'

Die historischen Stadtzentren (Downtowns) ländlicher Kleinstädte in den USA unterlagen in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts einem allgemeinen ökonomischen Niedergang und verloren ihre ursprünglich zentrale Funktion, primäre Einzelhandelsstandorte einer Stadt und ihres Umlands zu sein. Ursachen dafür sind vor allem in der Entstehung attraktiver Einzelhandelsstandorte am Stadtrand zu suchen. Ein genereller ökonomischer Aufschwung der Stadtzentren konnte trotz vielfältiger Bemühungen um eine Revitalisierung bisher nicht erreicht werden. Allerdings bestehen Anzeichen eines in erster Linie qualitativen Wandels und einer Spezialisierung ihrer Einzelhandelsfunktion. Auf der Grundlage des Forschungsstands wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einzelhandel in Stadtzentren ländlicher Kleinstädte untersucht. Dadurch soll der in der Literatur angedeutete, aber weder vertiefend beschriebene noch beurteilte Wandel umfassend charakterisiert werden. Folgende Ziel- und Aufgabenstellungen sind damit verbunden: Erstens sollen der Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren beschrieben und Typen des Einzelhandels abgeleitet werden. Zweitens geht es um die Kennzeichnung von Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung unter Herausstellung des Wirkens von Stakeholdern. Drittens sollen Schlussfolgerungen zum funktionalen und strukturellen Wandel der Stadtzentren gezogen werden. Im Besonderen wird die Entwicklung des Arts and Crafts Einzelhandels berücksichtigt, der ein im weiteren Sinne kunsthandwerklich orientiertes Warensortiment mit dekorativem Charakter vorhält. Aus Voruntersuchungen kann von einer hohen Bedeutung dieses Einzelhandelssegments ausgegangen werden. Die konzeptionellen Grundlagen dieser Arbeit werden durch die Diskussion standorttheoretischer Ansätze sowie durch die Analyse der Literatur zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren in den USA gelegt. Daraus werden Annahmen zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren als Ausgangspunkte der empirischen Untersuchung abgeleitet. Diese besteht aus drei Teilen. Erstens wird eine auf ganz Ohio bezogene Untersuchung zur Lage des Einzelhandels in ländlichen Kleinstädten durchgeführt. Zweitens geht es um die Analyse des Downtown-Einzelhandels in ausgewählten Städten Ohios. Drittens werden im Rahmen von Fallstudien die Strukturen und Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung zweier Stadtzentren untersucht. Die Methoden der Datenerhebung umfassen Kartierungen, leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews, teilstandardisierte Befragungen von Händlern sowie Dokumenten- und Datenanalysen. Im Hinblick auf den Downtown-Einzelhandel ist festzuhalten, dass (1) kleine Betriebsformen vorherrschen und Filialen von Mehrbetriebsunternehmen weitgehend fehlen, (2) Anzeichen der weiteren Ausdünnung traditionell in Downtown ansässiger Branchen bestehen, (3) zahlreiche Kleinstbetriebe mit geringwertigem Warensortiment (marginal business) vorkommen, (4) der Anteil des spezialisierten Einzelhandels hoch, aber ein weiteres Wachstum unsicher ist und (5) sich der Arts and Crafts Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren konzentriert. Aus der Untersuchung von mehr als 100 Betrieben werden neun Typen des Einzelhandels in den Stadtzentren abgeleitet. Die Typenbildung erfolgt zunächst anhand der Sortimentsbreite sowie der Zugehörigkeit zum Arts and Crafts bzw. sonstigen Einzelhandel. Darüber hinaus werden Merkmale des Qualitätsniveaus (Low Quality Stores), der Absatzwege (Delivery Stores), der ökonomischen Rationalität (Self-Realization Stores) und der Betriebsgröße (Downtown Anchor Stores) als Vergleichsdimensionen herangezogen. Im Resultat der Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren der Einzelhandelsentwicklung können als grundlegend benannt werden: (1) die entscheidende Bedeutung lokaler Faktoren, (2) die bestimmende Funktion des Wettbewerbs als Barriere der Entwicklung, (3) die hohe Bedeutung von Kostenfaktoren und der Kostenminimierung, (4) die grundsätzliche Präferenz der Konsumenten für Standorte mit größerer Angebotsvielfalt und (5) die dezidierte Rolle von Stakeholdern. Die letzte Aussage wird durch die Beschreibung und Beurteilung besonderer Entwicklungsfaktoren weiter untersetzt. Dazu zählen die Tätigkeit von Downtown-Managern, das Wirken privater Investoren sowie das Engagement der kommunalen Politik und Verwaltung für die Entwicklung der Stadtzentren. Schlussfolgerungen zum strukturellen und funktionalen Wandel der Stadtzentren als Einzelhandelsstandorte betreffen (1) die Gefahr der wirtschaftlichen Marginalisierung der Stadtzentren, (2) die Bestätigung einer fortgeschrittenen Standortspezialisierung, (3) die Funktion des Stadtzentrums als „Experimentierfeld“ für den nicht-filialisierten Einzelhandel mit lokalem Ursprung, (4) die Ausrichtung physischer Strukturen an historischen Vorbildern und (5) die weitgehende Stabilität soziokultureller Funktionen von Downtown. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Einzelhandelstypen und Einflussfaktoren werden schließlich aufgegriffen, um stabilisierende und destabilisierende Effekte für die Standortentwicklung zu beurteilen
Historic town centers (downtowns) of rural small cities in the U.S. underwent a process of economic downgrading in the later decades of the 20th century. In consequence, they lost their originally central function as being the primary retail location of a small town and its surroundings. Reasons for this development, particularly, can be found in the emergence of attractive shopping centers at the suburban edge. In spite of manifold revitalization activities, a true and overall economic recovery of downtown cannot be stated. However, there are signs of further change in downtown, mainly linked to qualitative transitions and to the specialization of its retail functions. On the basis of the current state of research this dissertation aims at a comprehensive analysis of downtown retail in rural small cities. Potential developments and changes that have only been mentioned in the literature will be characterized in detail. Three objectives and tasks are connected to this statement: First, the downtown retail shall be described in detail and types of retail businesses shall be derived. Second, impact factors shall be identified, specifically considering impacts of stakeholder activities. Third, conclusions shall be drawn with regard to the functional and structural change of downtown as a retail location. Special attention of this dissertation is connected to the emergence and possible growth of arts and crafts retail businesses selling goods with mainly decorative character. This interest originates from previous research, naming the importance of arts and crafts retail as a possible growth segment of downtown retail. The conceptual foundation of this dissertation contains a discussion on location theory as well as analyses of empiric and further theoretic studies on the development of retail and downtowns in the U.S. In a preliminary conclusion, assumptions are drawn as starting points for the empiric part of this study. The empiric research contains: first, a survey on the location of retail businesses in rural and exurban small cities throughout Ohio; second, an analysis of downtown retail in several chosen small cities in Ohio; and third, an examination of detailed case studies on the structures and development factors of two Ohio small city downtowns. Methods of data collection contain mapping, expert interviews, semi-structured surveys of retail businesses, and data analysis. From the characterization of downtown retail it can be concluded that there are: (1) high percentages of small retail formats in downtown and almost no chain stores, (2) clear indications of further decreasing “traditional” downtown trade-lines, (3) high percentages of very small “marginal businesses” with assortments of lower value, (4) high percentages of specialized retail stores but without considerable signs of further growth, and (5) concentrations of arts and crafts shops in downtown. Furthermore, nine different types of downtown retail businesses can be derived from an investigation of more than 100 stores. For this purpose, downtown businesses are rated by the range of products they offer and by their belonging to arts and crafts or other retail sectors. In addition, further dimensions lead to special types of downtown retail considering specific characteristics of retail stores such as the quality level (“low quality store”), the means of distribution (“delivery store”), questions of economic rationality (“self-realization store”) and the size of a store (“downtown anchor store”). The analysis of impact factors identifies the importance of: (1) local factors against non-local factors causing differences among downtowns, (2) competition as a barrier for downtown retail development, (3) cost factors and the minimization of costs for downtown stores, (4) the consumers’ general preferences for larger locations with a wider range of supplies, and of (5) stakeholder activities as being decisive for downtown development. The latter fact receives further attention in this research by assessing specific constellations of stakeholder activities. Among them are the effects of downtown manager action, the impact of private investors, and the commitment of local administration and politics to downtown. Conclusions on the structural and functional change of downtown as commercial location pertain to (1) the danger of marginalization of downtown’s economic role, (2) the affirmation of an advanced specialization of downtown locations, (3) the incubator or laboratory function of downtown for locally-based retail, (4) the orientation of physical structures towards historic ideals, and (5) the widely stable situation of socio-cultural functions of downtown. Finally, the types of downtown retail and impact factors that have been generated in this dissertation are subject to further assessments. They are rated with regard to potential effects on the stabilization or destabilization of downtown’s role as a commercial location

Die historischen Stadtzentren (Downtowns) ländlicher Kleinstädte in den USA unterlagen in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts einem allgemeinen ökonomischen Niedergang und verloren ihre ursprünglich zentrale Funktion, primäre Einzelhandelsstandorte einer Stadt und ihres Umlands zu sein. Ursachen dafür sind vor allem in der Entstehung attraktiver Einzelhandelsstandorte am Stadtrand zu suchen. Ein genereller ökonomischer Aufschwung der Stadtzentren konnte trotz vielfältiger Bemühungen um eine Revitalisierung bisher nicht erreicht werden. Allerdings bestehen Anzeichen eines in erster Linie qualitativen Wandels und einer Spezialisierung ihrer Einzelhandelsfunktion. Auf der Grundlage des Forschungsstands wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einzelhandel in Stadtzentren ländlicher Kleinstädte untersucht. Dadurch soll der in der Literatur angedeutete, aber weder vertiefend beschriebene noch beurteilte Wandel umfassend charakterisiert werden. Folgende Ziel- und Aufgabenstellungen sind damit verbunden: Erstens sollen der Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren beschrieben und Typen des Einzelhandels abgeleitet werden. Zweitens geht es um die Kennzeichnung von Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung unter Herausstellung des Wirkens von Stakeholdern. Drittens sollen Schlussfolgerungen zum funktionalen und strukturellen Wandel der Stadtzentren gezogen werden. Im Besonderen wird die Entwicklung des Arts and Crafts Einzelhandels berücksichtigt, der ein im weiteren Sinne kunsthandwerklich orientiertes Warensortiment mit dekorativem Charakter vorhält. Aus Voruntersuchungen kann von einer hohen Bedeutung dieses Einzelhandelssegments ausgegangen werden. Die konzeptionellen Grundlagen dieser Arbeit werden durch die Diskussion standorttheoretischer Ansätze sowie durch die Analyse der Literatur zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren in den USA gelegt. Daraus werden Annahmen zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren als Ausgangspunkte der empirischen Untersuchung abgeleitet. Diese besteht aus drei Teilen. Erstens wird eine auf ganz Ohio bezogene Untersuchung zur Lage des Einzelhandels in ländlichen Kleinstädten durchgeführt. Zweitens geht es um die Analyse des Downtown-Einzelhandels in ausgewählten Städten Ohios. Drittens werden im Rahmen von Fallstudien die Strukturen und Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung zweier Stadtzentren untersucht. Die Methoden der Datenerhebung umfassen Kartierungen, leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews, teilstandardisierte Befragungen von Händlern sowie Dokumenten- und Datenanalysen. Im Hinblick auf den Downtown-Einzelhandel ist festzuhalten, dass (1) kleine Betriebsformen vorherrschen und Filialen von Mehrbetriebsunternehmen weitgehend fehlen, (2) Anzeichen der weiteren Ausdünnung traditionell in Downtown ansässiger Branchen bestehen, (3) zahlreiche Kleinstbetriebe mit geringwertigem Warensortiment (marginal business) vorkommen, (4) der Anteil des spezialisierten Einzelhandels hoch, aber ein weiteres Wachstum unsicher ist und (5) sich der Arts and Crafts Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren konzentriert. Aus der Untersuchung von mehr als 100 Betrieben werden neun Typen des Einzelhandels in den Stadtzentren abgeleitet. Die Typenbildung erfolgt zunächst anhand der Sortimentsbreite sowie der Zugehörigkeit zum Arts and Crafts bzw. sonstigen Einzelhandel. Darüber hinaus werden Merkmale des Qualitätsniveaus (Low Quality Stores), der Absatzwege (Delivery Stores), der ökonomischen Rationalität (Self-Realization Stores) und der Betriebsgröße (Downtown Anchor Stores) als Vergleichsdimensionen herangezogen. Im Resultat der Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren der Einzelhandelsentwicklung können als grundlegend benannt werden: (1) die entscheidende Bedeutung lokaler Faktoren, (2) die bestimmende Funktion des Wettbewerbs als Barriere der Entwicklung, (3) die hohe Bedeutung von Kostenfaktoren und der Kostenminimierung, (4) die grundsätzliche Präferenz der Konsumenten für Standorte mit größerer Angebotsvielfalt und (5) die dezidierte Rolle von Stakeholdern. Die letzte Aussage wird durch die Beschreibung und Beurteilung besonderer Entwicklungsfaktoren weiter untersetzt. Dazu zählen die Tätigkeit von Downtown-Managern, das Wirken privater Investoren sowie das Engagement der kommunalen Politik und Verwaltung für die Entwicklung der Stadtzentren. Schlussfolgerungen zum strukturellen und funktionalen Wandel der Stadtzentren als Einzelhandelsstandorte betreffen (1) die Gefahr der wirtschaftlichen Marginalisierung der Stadtzentren, (2) die Bestätigung einer fortgeschrittenen Standortspezialisierung, (3) die Funktion des Stadtzentrums als „Experimentierfeld“ für den nicht-filialisierten Einzelhandel mit lokalem Ursprung, (4) die Ausrichtung physischer Strukturen an historischen Vorbildern und (5) die weitgehende Stabilität soziokultureller Funktionen von Downtown. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Einzelhandelstypen und Einflussfaktoren werden schließlich aufgegriffen, um stabilisierende und destabilisierende Effekte für die Standortentwicklung zu beurteilen.
Historic town centers (downtowns) of rural small cities in the U.S. underwent a process of economic downgrading in the later decades of the 20th century. In consequence, they lost their originally central function as being the primary retail location of a small town and its surroundings. Reasons for this development, particularly, can be found in the emergence of attractive shopping centers at the suburban edge. In spite of manifold revitalization activities, a true and overall economic recovery of downtown cannot be stated. However, there are signs of further change in downtown, mainly linked to qualitative transitions and to the specialization of its retail functions. On the basis of the current state of research this dissertation aims at a comprehensive analysis of downtown retail in rural small cities. Potential developments and changes that have only been mentioned in the literature will be characterized in detail. Three objectives and tasks are connected to this statement: First, the downtown retail shall be described in detail and types of retail businesses shall be derived. Second, impact factors shall be identified, specifically considering impacts of stakeholder activities. Third, conclusions shall be drawn with regard to the functional and structural change of downtown as a retail location. Special attention of this dissertation is connected to the emergence and possible growth of arts and crafts retail businesses selling goods with mainly decorative character. This interest originates from previous research, naming the importance of arts and crafts retail as a possible growth segment of downtown retail. The conceptual foundation of this dissertation contains a discussion on location theory as well as analyses of empiric and further theoretic studies on the development of retail and downtowns in the U.S. In a preliminary conclusion, assumptions are drawn as starting points for the empiric part of this study. The empiric research contains: first, a survey on the location of retail businesses in rural and exurban small cities throughout Ohio; second, an analysis of downtown retail in several chosen small cities in Ohio; and third, an examination of detailed case studies on the structures and development factors of two Ohio small city downtowns. Methods of data collection contain mapping, expert interviews, semi-structured surveys of retail businesses, and data analysis. From the characterization of downtown retail it can be concluded that there are: (1) high percentages of small retail formats in downtown and almost no chain stores, (2) clear indications of further decreasing “traditional” downtown trade-lines, (3) high percentages of very small “marginal businesses” with assortments of lower value, (4) high percentages of specialized retail stores but without considerable signs of further growth, and (5) concentrations of arts and crafts shops in downtown. Furthermore, nine different types of downtown retail businesses can be derived from an investigation of more than 100 stores. For this purpose, downtown businesses are rated by the range of products they offer and by their belonging to arts and crafts or other retail sectors. In addition, further dimensions lead to special types of downtown retail considering specific characteristics of retail stores such as the quality level (“low quality store”), the means of distribution (“delivery store”), questions of economic rationality (“self-realization store”) and the size of a store (“downtown anchor store”). The analysis of impact factors identifies the importance of: (1) local factors against non-local factors causing differences among downtowns, (2) competition as a barrier for downtown retail development, (3) cost factors and the minimization of costs for downtown stores, (4) the consumers’ general preferences for larger locations with a wider range of supplies, and of (5) stakeholder activities as being decisive for downtown development. The latter fact receives further attention in this research by assessing specific constellations of stakeholder activities. Among them are the effects of downtown manager action, the impact of private investors, and the commitment of local administration and politics to downtown. Conclusions on the structural and functional change of downtown as commercial location pertain to (1) the danger of marginalization of downtown’s economic role, (2) the affirmation of an advanced specialization of downtown locations, (3) the incubator or laboratory function of downtown for locally-based retail, (4) the orientation of physical structures towards historic ideals, and (5) the widely stable situation of socio-cultural functions of downtown. Finally, the types of downtown retail and impact factors that have been generated in this dissertation are subject to further assessments. They are rated with regard to potential effects on the stabilization or destabilization of downtown’s role as a commercial location.

Background: Every fifth physical electronics store has been closed during the period between 2011 to 2017, and 30 % of all electronic products are now purchased online. As digitalization has affected both the number of physical stores negatively, but also loyalty towards firms among consumers, as price has become a more crucial role in decision making online, there is a need for physical stores to exploit the advantages that cannot be facilitated online to stay competitive. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to extend the understanding of how the valuation of sensory cues is related to consumer types in an electronics retail store context.Research Questions: To what extent are consumers in an electronics retail store utilitarian and hedonic in their needs and behavior? How do these consumers, in comparison to each other, value sensory cues in an electronics retail store environment?Methodology: The study uses a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional research design and collects data through an online questionnaire. Findings: Consumers in an electronics retail store context tend to possess a higher degree of utilitarian traits and valued the importance of addressing the human senses significantly lower than consumers with a higher degree of hedonic traits. A significant difference between the groups is found for sight, sound and smell. Touch was found to be the most important sense for both groups. Managerial Implications: Contributes to knowledge managers could consider when relating the human senses to the strategic build-up of a store concept or the design of a retail environment.Further Research: Further research could investigate how the relationship, interplay and potential overload of stimuli affect consumers, either based on hedonic and utilitarian characteristics or other factors such as age and gender. Originality: To the best of the author’s knowledge, no other studies is researching the valuation of sensory cues in an electronics retail store environment from the consumers perspective. Keywords: Sensory Marketing, Consumer Types, Utilitarian, Hedonic, Atmospherics, Electronics Store, Retail Marketing

Vi har valt att skriva om Business Intelligence på grund av dess relevans i dagens växande teknologiska samhälle. Ett Business Intelligence system är en typ av informationssystem som hjälper användaren att se mönster, relationer och trender inom företaget och dess försäljning. BI är ett verktyg för företag och organisationer att använda som underlag för att kunna ta väl grundade och beslut baserade på information snarare än intuition. Syftet med vår uppsats är att söka förståelse för de problem som olika typer av användare står inför vid användning av BI system och hitta gemensamma nämnare bland dem. Studien genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativ metodansats där vi undersökt vilka problem och utmaningar olika användartyper står inför vid användandet av systemet. Studien belyste behovet av ordentlig informationsmodell och en masterdatamodell över gemensamma definitioner inom organisationerna. Det största problemet som identifierades i studien var problematiken för företag att hålla en kvalitativ data inom företaget. Detta problem var något som de alla var väl införstådda med. På grund av slutanvändarnas olika uppfattning av BI system såg problembilderna olika ut. Resultatet av vår studie är att problembilderna skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken användartyp som åsyftas. Leverantörerna, IB-arkitekterna och analytikerna hade en mer gemensam problembild, medan slutanvändarnas problembild var mer spretig.

Organizations engage in a number of activities designed to foster effective learning. Three forms of learning with important implications for the innovation process are experiential (whereby firms gain relevant insights through direct experience with routines and patterns of action), vicarious (the observation of external activities, with inference and other attributions being employed to reconstruct the underlying processes), and inter-organizational (direct contact with outside entities or formal partnering initiatives). The papers in this thesis examine the relative influence of these forms of learning throughout the process of technological innovation. The first empirical paper ("Sequences of Learning in Technological Innovation – Towards a Process Model") employs interview and archival data from eleven innovation projects in the biopharmaceutical and medical device sectors. I find evidence of three distinct learning sequences operating throughout the innovation process: 1) intensive-externalizing; 2) intensive-internalizing; and 3) expansive-internalizing. The sequences vary both in the breadth of learning forms utilized early in the innovation project and in the degree to which the resultant knowledge is internalized as subsequent innovations are pursued. These findings offer useful insights into the locus and sources of learning related to innovation processes in technologically complex settings. In my second paper ("Learning and Innovative Performance – A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Medical Device Approvals"), I analyze a panel dataset of new product approvals for U.S.-based publicly traded companies in the medical device industry. There is evidence for the independent effect of geographically proximate vicarious learning on innovation outcomes (number of approved medical devices) as well as for the interactive effect of experiential and geographically proximate vicarious learning on innovation outcomes.The thesis contributes to current organizational research on learning sequences associated with technological innovation (Bingham & Davis, 2012) and to the literature on the role of vicarious learning within the innovation process by examining vicarious and other forms of learning in new product development (Srinivasan, Haunschild & Grewal, 2007).
Les organisations se livrent à diverses activités visant à favoriser un apprentissage efficace. Trois formes d'apprentissage avec des implications importantes pour le processus d'innovation sont expérientiel (où les entreprises acquièrent des solutions pertinentes à travers l'expérience directe avec les routines et les habitudes de l'action), vicariant (l'observation des activités extérieures, avec inférence et les autres attributions étant employées pour reconstituer les processus sous-jacents ) et inter-organisationnel (contact direct avec des entités extérieures ou des initiatives de partenariat officielles). Les études dans cette thèse examinent l'influence relative de ces formes d'apprentissage tout au long du processus d'innovation technologique. La première étude («Séquences d'apprentissage dans l'innovation technologique - Vers un modèle de processus»; traduction de "Sequences of Learning in Technological Innovation – Towards a Process Model") emploie les entrevues et les données d'archives reliés à onze projets d'innovation dans les secteurs des dispositifs médicaux et produits biopharmaceutiques. Je trouve preuves de trois séquences d'apprentissage distinctes opérant à travers le processus d'innovation: 1) intensive-externalizing; 2) intensive-internalizing; et 3) expansive-internalizing. Les séquences varient à la fois dans l'ampleur des formulaires utilisés au début du projet d'innovation dans l'apprentissage et le degré dans lequel la connaissance qui en résulte est intériorisée lorsque les innovations subséquents sont poursuivis. Ces résultats offrent des indications utiles sur le lieu et les sources d'apprentissage liées aux processus d'innovation dans les milieux technologiques complexes. Dans ma deuxième étude («Apprentissage et la performance innovatrice - une étude longitudinale de l'approbation des appareils médicaux aux États-Unis»; traduction de "Learning and Innovative Performance – A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Medical Device Approvals"), j'analyse un ensemble de données reliés aux approbations de nouveaux produits pour les entreprises publics américaines dans l'industrie des dispositifs médicaux. Il existe des preuves de l'effet indépendant de l'apprentissage vicariant géographiquement axé sur les résultats d'innovation (nombre de dispositifs médicaux approuvés) ainsi que de l'effet interactif de l'apprentissage expérientiel et vicariant géographiquement axé pour la réussite innovante. La thèse contribue à la recherche organisationnelle actuelle sur l'élaboration détaillée des séquences d'apprentissage associées à l'innovation technologique (Bingham & Davis, 2012), et à la littérature sur le rôle de l'apprentissage vicariant dans le processus d'innovation par l'examen de l'apprentissage vicariant et d'autres formes d'apprentissage dans le développement de nouveaux produits (Srinivasan, Haunschild & Grewal, 2007).

Humor is important human behavior that plays a vital role in communication and social interactions. Being a social phenomenon, humor is pervasive in organizations and workplaces. Because of its playful nature and the amusement it engenders, its presence in organizations is usually seen a distraction. Traditionally, work has been conceived as a serious undertaking hence any seemingly frivolous behavior like humor should not form part of it. However, it has been suggested that humor has numerous benefits and facilitates organizational processes such as innovation. Unfortunately, there are few studies that have examined the role of humor in innovation. This study seeks to deepen understanding of humor’s utility in innovation management by exploring how individuals use of humor in different contexts affect their innovativeness. The study draws on humor, creativity, innovation and social psychology literatures to develop a conceptual model. It examines how four types of humor used by employees in their interactions with their immediate co-workers (in-group) and with external actors (external group) affect their innovative work behavior and innovative performance. In testing this model, data is collected by a cross-sectional survey conducted in the fall of 2015. Employees from nine Finnish organizations involved in the HURMOS Project were invited to participate. At the end of the survey period, eighty-eight participants (n=88) completed the questionnaire. The data is analyzed by conducting correlational test and hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS Statistics 22 software. The data analyses revealed some interesting findings. The results suggest that employees use of affiliative humor with the in-group and external group relate positively and significantly to innovative work behavior. Aggressive humor use has no significant relationship with innovative work behavior in the in-group context; but in the external group context, it has a negative significant association with innovative work behavior. The use of coping humor and reframing humor show no significant effect on innovative work behavior in both contexts. Also, affiliative humor, aggressive humor and coping humor show no significant direct relationship with innovative performance. On the contrary, reframing humor, surprisingly, relates positively to innovative performance in both contexts. Lastly, employees innovative work behavior relates positively to innovative performance. This study’s findings contribute to the existing knowledge by stressing the important role humor plays in individual innovativeness.

In hospitals in the United States, the ratio of nurses to patients is declining, resulting in an increase in work demands for nurses. Consequently, organizations face challenges with nurses' organizational commitment. Studies have revealed generational differences, as determined by birth year, in employee levels of organizational commitment in a number of organizational settings. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the impact of generational cohorts on the organizational commitment of nurses. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional design was to address whether generational cohorts of nurses differed in their levels of organizational commitment, and to investigate whether licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) differed in their levels of organizational commitment. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 132 nurses in Alabama for this study. A MANOVA was employed to test the mean differences in organizational commitment by generational cohort status and nursing degree. Results revealed that generational cohort status did not have a significant impact on nurses' levels of organizational commitment. However, the findings showed that LPNs had significantly lower levels of affective commitment than RNs. This study provided information that may be of use to hospital administrators and human resource managers in communicating the need for flexible incentive packages to address the needs of a diverse workforce. Results from the study may promote social change by providing information about how nurse credentials are associated with their organization commitment. This association is critical for building organizational stability, organizational effectiveness, and nurse recruitment and retention.

This study examined the relationships between the six benefit types and customer loyalty through trust and satisfaction in integrated resorts. A self-administered survey was developed based on previous studies in customer loyalty and was distributed through e-Reward online survey panel. The findings showed that only financial gaming benefits, functional gaming benefits, and psychological non-gaming benefits had impacts on customer attitudinal loyalty and customer behavioral loyalty through trust and satisfaction in integrated resorts. Besides, functional gaming benefits had the most influence on customer loyalty through trust and satisfaction. This study extended existing literature in integrated resorts by showing that benefit types in a loyalty program can build customer attitudinal loyalty and customer behavioral loyalty in integrated resorts. This study also examined different types of benefits affect customer loyalty in different degrees. For operators of integrated resorts, understanding how different benefits of a loyalty program affect customer loyalty will allow them to modify their loyalty programs effectively to increase revenue and maintain customers.

Written communication is an integral part of any organisation regardless of size or the nature of its business. The writer chooses words that should be understood by the readers. However, these words have been chosen based on a variety of factors, one of which is personality type, and the writer's personality type may differ from that of the readers. The research question underpinning this study is - In what ways, if at all, do personality types (as determined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and most frequently found in management positions), select and use different words and phrases when writing business communication? To investigate this question, the psychological type theory of Jung, the personality type theory of Briggs and Myers, and organisational communication theory are applied. The methodology used is descriptive research with the documents analysed using content analysis, employing NUD.IST Vivo in conjunction with manual assessment. The research findings confirm that each personality type does use different words, validating personality type theory and therefore, making a contribution to the expanding body of research in this field. The knowledge gained from this study has significance in areas related to organisations as well as education and communication theory.

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Bachelors
Business Administration
Marketing

Tanto as incubadoras como as aceleradoras são organizações especializadas no suporte de empreendimentos em fases iniciais, em especial, aqueles intensivos em inovação conhecidos como startups. Apesar da grande disseminação dessas organizações, há poucas informações na literatura que evidenciem as suas diferenças e as contribuições na jornada do empreendedorismo inovador. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo é comparar a diferença entre as propostas de valor das aceleradoras e das incubadoras a partir da percepção das startups que tenham sido tanto incubadas como aceleradas. Entre os objetivos específicos temos: discutir possíveis relações entre as aceleradoras e as incubadoras de negócios; apresentar a evolução das incubadoras e os fatores que induziram o surgimento das aceleradoras, descrevendo os diferentes arquétipos e as implicações que essas organizações têm no ecossistema de empreendedorismo; apresentar o cenário nacional do fenômeno de aceleração e de incubação. O levantamento de dados contará com duas etapas: análise documental de fontes de dados secundárias e estudos de caso com uso de técnica de entrevista e questionário semiestruturado. A análise documental foi feita a partir de banco de dados de artigos científicos, dados oficiais de governos, fundações, revistas e páginas web especializadas e editais de chamamento das próprias organizações. A análise documental fornecerá o retrato de como as incubadoras e as aceleradoras se promovem no ecossistema como organizações importantes no apoio às startups. Em seguida, através de abordagem exploratória descritiva e qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com fundadores de startups que foram incubadas e aceleradas, para compreender o valor que cada um desses processos forneceu ao desenvolvimento dessas empresas. Concluiu-se que existe uma dissonância entre o valor percebido pelas startups e o que as incubadoras e as aceleradoras promovem. Também foi possível identificar que a busca por recursos pelas startups tende a não seguir um processo linear, capturando as melhores oportunidades que estejam disponíveis no momento. Por fim, esta pesquisa é um passo exploratório para trazer novas evidências do fenômeno das startups e dos diferentes instrumentos que as constroem. Sugerem-se encaminhamentos que possam preencher lacunas na literatura a respeito dos fenômenos citados, indicando a necessidade de estudos futuros que adensem o conhecimento desse fenômeno.
Both incubators and acelerators are specialized organizations to support early-stage ventures, especially innovation-intensive ones known as startups. Despite the great spread of these organizations, there is a few information in the literature that show their differences and contributions in the journey of innovative entrepreneurship. The main objective of this study is comparing the difference between value porposition of accelerators and incubators from the perception of startups that have been both incubated and accelerated. The specific objectives are: to discuss possible relationships between accelerators and incubators; to present the evolution of the incubators and the factors that led to the emergence of the accelerators, describing the different accelerators archetypes and the implications in entrepreneurship ecosystem; to present the national scenario of acceleration and incubation. The data collection stage had two stages: documentary analysis of secondary data sources; and the case study using interview technique through semi-structured questionnaire. The documentary analysis was made from a database of scientific articles, official data from governments, foundations, journals and specialized web pages and incubators and accelerators calls for proposals. Documentary analysis provided a picture of how incubators and accelerators are promoted to the ecosystem and startups. Then, through a descriptive and qualitative exploratory approach, interviews were conducted with semistructured scripts with founders of startups that were incubated and accelerated to understand the value that each of these processes provided to the development of these companies. It was concluded that there is a dissonance between what the incubators and the accelerators promote and the value perceived by the startups, they are not being able to identify enough characteristics that distinguish them. The reason for it is the diversity of the needs and demands of the startups, different models of accelerators and incubators are formulated that, in many cases, overlap in the benefits offered. It was also possible to identify that the search for resources by startups, whether radical or disruptive startups, does not follow a linear process, capturing the best opportunities available in the ecosystem through a minimally tactical and selective approach. In order to contribute to the understanding of the growing formation of organizations supporting startups, such as incubators and accelerators, and considering the findings of this research, a tool was suggested to define the types of these organizations, loosely termed \"startup guiders\". This tool analyzes three basic dimensions: business model, value proposition and stage of intervention in the development of early-stages ventures. Finally, this research is an exploratory step in bringing new evidence of the phenomenon of startups and of the different instruments that construct them. It is suggested that there be gaps in the literature regarding the mentioned phenomena, indicating the need for future studies that increase the knowledge of this phenomenon.

The main goal of this thesis is to find out how typological theories can benefit human resource management and business overall and to introduce one particular typological theory developed in Russia -- socionics -- to European academic and business community highlighting its peculiarities and advantages. Referring to the purpose of this thesis, case study qualitative research of exploratory nature is applied. Thematic analysis is performed to analyze the study's findings, in which three areas are identified in order to help reaching the goals of this thesis. The thesis offers practicable solutions that can be applied by individuals in matters of career planning and companies in various areas of human resource management and other business spheres to increase the level of efficiency and satisfaction.

In recent years there has been significant interest in the performance of independent retail businesses located in UK market towns as they face up to new patterns of competition and demand. However prior to this study there has been only a very limited understanding of the factors that contribute the success and failure of these individual small businesses. This thesis fills a gap in the literature relating to the performance of these small firms through empirical analysis and the application of management research methods in a contextual setting. Based upon a comprehensive review of relevant literature spanning the boundaries of marketing, retailing and small business research a model is developed that identifies relationships between independent retailer performance, market oriented behaviour, competitive strategy and prevailing environmental contingency variables. Relationships in the model are tested using valid and reliable measurement constructs for market orientation and performance, which are based upon data collected from a postal survey of owner-managers and qualitative interviews. Findings suggest that the extent of an independent retailer's market orientation is significantly and positively associated with its performance, which concurs with extant studies of small businesses. Results also identify that the effects of market orientation on performance outcomes are in certain circumstances dependent upon environmental contingencies, which adds weight to theory positing moderated effects. The findings of the research contribute to retail management theory by distinguishing variations in competitive strategy types in the independent sector and associating differences in strategic posture with performance. The results of contingency analysis in the model framework identify interactions between the variables, which suggest that market orientation contributes to strategy selection and implementation, and consequent performance outcomes. The research concludes with a series of implications for both theorists and practitioners. In particular it suggests that promoting a market orientation culture and related activities in a judicious manner can promote strategic behaviour, which enhances performance. Issues associated with the implementation of market oriented behaviour are discussed and recommendations for owner managers and advisory bodies proposed.

This PhD thesis introduces a new ideal-type problem context of rule-bound systems. The thesis has been generated through a belief in the ability of metaphor to make the abstract visible, its capacity to make the unfamiliar familiar, and its effectiveness as a legitimate means of generating insight and organizing knowledge. Metaphorical description remains an integral part of this thesis from beginning to end. It shows how the new context of rule-bound systems provides closure of the ideal problem context grid along the participants access. Following the ideas that created the basis for this closure, insight into a new role for systems practitioners is provided and the ideal problem context grid developed to form of a Torus. Part 1 outlines the theoretical foundations and other inspirations that underpin the thesis. Grounded on a wider definition of rules, including rules in both a formal and informal sense, multiple ways of viewing rules are highlighted. The characteristics of rule-bound systems are identified, drawing comparisons with other 'ideal-types'. Suggestions are also drawn out as to how change might be affected in a rule-bound context. Part II of this thesis is an account of a real world intervention informed by Critical Systems Thinking, carried out under the auspices of Participatory Action Research. A number of systems research methods and concepts were employed to investigate the participation of students in policy making in two contrasting senior schools in the North of England - organizations believed to present many of the characteristics of the rule-bound system. The approach used was one mixing methods, specifically, the creation of a symbiotic relationship between Soft Systems Methodology and Critical Systems Heuristics. Part III describes the process of reflection undertaken and the conclusion to the thesis.

In hospitals in the United States, the ratio of nurses to patients is declining, resulting in an increase in work demands for nurses. Consequently, organizations face challenges with nurses' organizational commitment. Studies have revealed generational differences, as determined by birth year, in employee levels of organizational commitment in a number of organizational settings. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the impact of generational cohorts on the organizational commitment of nurses. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional design was to address whether generational cohorts of nurses differed in their levels of organizational commitment, and to investigate whether licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) differed in their levels of organizational commitment. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 132 nurses in Alabama for this study. A MANOVA was employed to test the mean differences in organizational commitment by generational cohort status and nursing degree. Results revealed that generational cohort status did not have a significant impact on nurses' levels of organizational commitment. However, the findings showed that LPNs had significantly lower levels of affective commitment than RNs. This study provided information that may be of use to hospital administrators and human resource managers in communicating the need for flexible incentive packages to address the needs of a diverse workforce. Results from the study may promote social change by providing information about how nurse credentials are associated with their organization commitment. This association is critical for building organizational stability, organizational effectiveness, and nurse recruitment and retention.

This master thesis aims to put an abstract view on culture and leadership in China considering the context of a Chinese society, which is adapting and transforming within the age of globalization and a rapid economic development. The goal of our research is to investigate on influences, trends and manifestations, which help to characterize the foundation and exercise of leadership in China. In order to be able to answers our research questions, we travelled for six weeks to China to conduct in-depth interviews with 15 Chinese leaders in Shanghai and Beijing in order to draw conclusion from the utterances we were able to grasp. Many researchers try to oversimplify the Chinese culture and society as well as its approach to leadership. For this reason we tried to underline the complexity of conducting business in China, and what factors need to be taken into consideration in order to have a successful encounter. The key findings of our thesis are that it is hard to simplify the phenomenon leadership in China, since it highly depends upon the observed company, and also the generation of the leader or follower one is dealing with. Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind the complex and rich culture of China, which goes several hundreds of years and has still a huge impact on behavior of today’s Chinese.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118).

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
92
Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of the strategic alliances type and the performance in the Taiwanese Optical Disc Drive（ODD） industry . This kind of research usually study how do the variable which include the alliance type, the alliance motive, the alliance partner selection and the alliance management practices take influence in the alliance performance. This study in view of the ODD product in science and technology characteristic, specially add the product life cycle as a variable, and analyzes its influence. At present Taiwan have ten ODD corporations in Taiwan stocks market, but six which include Liteon、BenQ、BTC、Aopen、Asus、and Ultima that products sales volume occupy 80 ﹪of all in Taiwan, therefore This study selected the representative six business as research objects. This paper adopt case study method, after in-depth interview ,to collect the reference papers and case study ,then develops the correlation propositions as follows: 1. In the product life cycle，when it on development stage, the strategic alliances types generally adopt the research and development alliance for to be best; When it on growth stage, the alliances types generally adopt the production or the marketing alliance for to be best; When it on maturity stage, the alliances types generally adopt the joint venture alliance for to be best. 2. In the alliance partner selection ,if the strategic alliance motive is to obtains the economies of scale, introduces the new fund, the alliance partner selection lies in each other to have the experience of cooperation; The motive is to obtains develops new technical, increase market share, the alliance partner selection lies in each other to have the complementary skills ; The motive is to obtains the essential technology, the specialized labor division, the alliance partner selection lies in each other to have the culture of cooperation. 3. In the alliance type ,in the joint venture type alliance, the alliance partner selection focus on both sides cooperation experience; In the research & development type alliance, focus on each other resources complementary skills; In the production type alliance, focus on the compatibility of each other cooperation culture; In the marketing type alliance, focus on the compatible market goal for each other. 4. In the alliance management practice, the goal of choosing alliance partner is to strives the complementary skills, the management practice mainly considers the factor is that they plan for the long-term strategic goal; The goal is to strives for the cooperative culture, mainly considers the factor is the communication and the trust for the alliance both sides; The goal is to strives the compatible goal, mainly considers the factor is the alliance control . 5. In the alliance performance ,the management practices in the joint venture type alliance , the level of strategic plan is higher, the satisfaction degree of subjective performance is medium, the objective performance is the best; In research & development alliance, the level of both sides communicate is higher, the subjective performance is the best, but the objective performance is lower; In the production alliance, the alliance control is low, and make the satisfaction degree of alliance overall performances to drop; In marketing alliance, the mutual trust for both side is lower, and make the satisfaction degree of alliance subjective performance obvious to be low.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
91
Abstract The attractiveness of market size in Mainland China and the worsening investment in Taiwan caused Taiwanese businesses make outward investment in Mainland China. However, investment in Mainland China faced huge risks and some uncertainty factors in the environment. Strategic alliances is one of the choices which could reduce risks. The purpose of this study is to find the environment factors which affect the types of strategic alliances, and the relationship between the types of strategic alliance and their performances. The research used the electronic industry in Taiwan as the population. We pointed out 300 questionnaires and received 27 effective feedback. The methodology used in this research include factor analysis, MANOVA, discriminant analysis and Pearson’s product-moment correlation. The results are as follows: 1. When technology innovation becoming fast, businesses tend to adopt multi-activity alliance. 2. When the position of cooperation more esteemed which will build R&D alliance. 3. When the environment complexity is higher, businesses tend to adopt joint venture type of strategic alliances in ownership. 4. Technology specificity has no significant on the type of strategic alliances. 5. The types of strategic alliances have no significant on the performances. 6. The position of competition has positive correlation with the performances.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理系所
93
This research aims at investigating into which E-Commerce items should be introduced to the businesses to meet the needs of the major target- customers so that greater profits may be made to achieve success in the domestically disadvantaged economic environment. Therefore, we designed a questionnaire to delve into the current medium- and small-scaled business in the Great Taipei Area with an expectation to get a deeper understanding of the status quo of the e-commerce as well as identifying the items most urgently needed in the coming decade. Through the tally and a close examination of the results from the survey questionnaires responded by the businesses executives, we find: (1) the items designed in the hypothesis have significant influences on all the four factors of the management effectiveness; (2) there are only a minimal number of businesses that have a sound e-commerce mechanism; (3)entrepreneurs should have a clear idea about the characteristics and the needs of their businesses, and they should conduct a differentiation analysis to upgrade management cost-effectiveness. In the past few years, networking industries have been concentrated on the establishment of network platforms. However, we suggest that in the imminent stage, network industries should turn their attention to the needs of operation system software for the businesses. We believe a joint effort of the government, the academics, and the industries can provide medium- and small-scaled business with the software for e-commerce. Then, and only then will introducing e-commerce to businesses bring the greatest possible management effectiveness.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
創新設計工程系工業設計碩士班
106
Taiwan used to focus on the development of OEM subcontracting industry, enterprises have long relied on good customer service and low cost productivity to meet the needs of foreign customers. Traditional industry has a mature production technology, some companies have begun to transform into ODM, while having mature production technology and design capabilities, and can design services according to customer needs. In the case of industrial change, in order to reduce production costs, many companies began looking for a relatively low cost labor countries foundry, but also because such a situation, make Taiwan part of the restructuring of enterprises have to face these companies in transition to OBM, hope an independent brand in order to develop novel products to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. In many business types, there are different product development process. For example, the design service industry will not provide only one kind of design service in the face of different enterprise types, it’s expected to understand the process of product development through different business types. This study uses the Collaborative Inquiry Methodology of Qualitative Research, The two types of ODM and OBM are the main research objects, Through semi-structured interview to understand the product development process at different business types, and understand the status of the product development process. Analysis and Integration by data raised a new issue, is about to make the transition into ODM, OBM business types, understand the product development process, pay attention to what aspects, as well as enterprises are facing restructuring matters requiring attention, thereby reducing the risk of failure of corporate restructuring . Through the analysis and integration of data and put forward a new point of view, about to transition into the ODM, OBM business, understand the product development process, pay attention to what aspects, as well as enterprises are facing restructuring matters requiring attention, thereby reducing the risk of failure of corporate restructuring.

碩士
銘傳大學
會計學系碩士班
99
The main purposes of our study are to explore the influence on corporate risks that are measured by systematic risk and operating risk between the diversified business groups and vertical integrated business groups, and difference between the diversified business groups and the vertical integrated business groups in systematic risk and operating risk. We use samples comprised of listed and OTC business groups in Taiwan during 2000 to 2008. The empirical results show business groups with diversification and business groups with vertical integration have higher systematic risk and lower operating risk. Moreover, systematic risk and operating risk are significant difference between the diversified business groups and the vertical integrated business groups.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
99
Research on entrepreneurship has been intensified in this industrialized society. Opportunity was regarded as a pre-exist factor to the entrepreneurial actions. Hence the exploration of the link between opportunity and entrepreneurship deserve further discussion. Topics on opportunity in the past mainly focused on identification, development and creation of opportunity.The origins of opportunity was seldom mentioned. This research use innovation opportunities and entrepreneurial opportunities as discussion base, and reorganize all the prospects objectively instead of focusing solely on entrepreneurs’ view points. The purpose of this research is to establish a knowledge system between the origins of opportunity and the types of entrepreneurial business. The primary goals are explorations of (1) The origins of opportunity and (2) relationship between the origins of opportunity and the types of entrepreneurial business. This results of analysis of the picked 43 innovation and entrepreneurship cases are concluded as follows: 1. The change of social cognition would lead to the result and the expected action inconsistent. Under this condition, the types of entrepreneurial business could change the value and characteristics or develop related businesses. 2.The change of demographics would lead to the result and the expected action inconsistent, the structure of industrial and market changed, competitors’ ignored or program inconsistent. Under this condition, the types of entrepreneurial business could develop marketing potential, develop related businesses, develop new production ways or enhance production capability. 3. Users’ knowledge enlightenment would lead to the structure of industrial and market changed or competitors’ ignored. Under this condition, the types of entrepreneurial business could reduce the cost. 4. Technology improvement would lead to the result and the expected action inconsistent, or competitors’ disregard. Under this condition, the types of entrepreneurial business could choose the proper environment for the new product, explore different types of payment ways, develop marketing potential or develop new production ways. 5. The change of politic environment would lead to the structure of industrial and market changed, competitors’ ignored, program inconsistent or supply uneconomically. Under this condition, the types of entrepreneurial business could change the value and characteristics, develop new production ways or enhance production capability.

碩士
銘傳大學
管理研究所
96
ABSTRACT Regarding to the shorter product life cycle, intensive pricing pressure, continuous product innovation, and new market challenge, the new business development is the way to keep growth amd going concern. The resources and capabilities are the requirement for new business development which will be provided by existing enterprise. The type of resources and capabilities transferring between new business and existing business are borrowing, learning, and forgetten. Three issues will be discussed, that included which relations between the transferring type, characteristics of resources and capabilities, and performance, which factors are the major factor to decide the transferring type, and the performance impact of new business by different transferring type. The research conclusion indicate: new business requires task procedures, decision of strategic procedures which belonged structural resources from existing business that can promote the performance of new business. Additionally, the item of resources and capabilities transferring between new business and existing business are structural resources, it brings positive influence to the performance of new business by learning and borrowing. Furthermore, the three types of resources flow within new business and existing business– forgetting, borrowing and learning don’t affect influence new business’s performance by the vertical and horizontal relationship between new business and existing business.

碩士
中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
86
The small and medium business has played quite important role for advance of Taiwan economy. In order to come over competitive, uncertainty of environment,and some limits itself, most of the small business will build cooperative relationship with external firms instead of pure competitive.The study used questionnaire to investigate the cooperative alliances of 212 small business investing to foreign directly. After returning back 46 samples,there are almost 50% firms take strategic alliance, 25% of firmsuse central-satellite system, and the other else 25% take family-like businessas their cooperative type when they are running their business.Then the ANOVA was used to analysis. The result shows that the type of cooperativealliance is relative to part of Firm factors and Industrial Factors. Thecooperation style of strategic alliance is better than family-like businessin company advantages and risk taking. It has got the same results about demand uncertainty and technology complexity in this study. The degree of international and environment have little significant effects to alliancestyle. Small firms should not only develop their own abilities to obtain straegic alliance relationship with other firms but also reinforce F.B.network so that they may build stronger competitive advatages by taking this way.Besides, the study implies some suggestions for small and medium firms and government.

碩士
輔仁大學
管理學研究所
87
Recently years, ''Business Process Reengineering’’ (BPR) spread fast. But the studies about BPR and HRM still are few. In Taiwan, only Chou (1995) has done the study in this area. But Chou’s study has not studied in the viewpoint about influence of different BPR types on HRM . This paper is to discuss on inference of HRM by different BPR types. This study’s process use case study method. There are four companies in this study, and they are ACER, S Electronics (hide name), Taiwan Delivery, and DHL. By case study method, We summarized 11 propositions and 4 findings about inference of HRM by BPR. Then we summarized 2 most important dimentions about inference of HRM by BPR: 1.Organizational Culture’s Openness Degree. 2. BPR attribute. According these 2 dimemtions, We summarized 3 BPR types, and construct a conceptual frame. 3 types are: (1)Cutting Scale: Cutting scale in order to recovery fast. ²This type of BPR’s influence on HRM: Because the company is in abnormal time, it makes each decision for cutting costs. Human resource function is just one of business functions, and personnel expense is hiload in business administration. So the company will do downsizing to cut costs. (2)Advanced Change: Reengineering in present business administrative model. ²This type of BPR’s influence on HRM: Human resource is one of important strategic resource. And this kind of companies uses HRM to fit business efficiency and competence. This type is middle of two other types. (3)Future Business: Building new-age business administrative model. ²This type of BPR’s influence on HRM: Human resource is the most important resource in this kind of company. Its HRM emphasize employee’s individuality and employee’s knowledge productivity as well as creativity. So human resource activity concerns most to employee development.

碩士
東吳大學
會計學系
85
Abstract In Taiwan, there are many different types to file the business income tax; however, the most convenient type to simplify the investigation procedures is to expand the paper review. The main purpose of the study is to find out if the types of filing the business income tax make a difference in the characteristics of the business. This study collects and summarizes related data and information to explain the theory of the tax regulations of paper review, and the conditions which paper review was expanded. By means of the questionnaire, we conclude six variables of the business characteristics (industry of the business、lawful agent entrusted to keep the account books、lawful agent entrusted to check, certify and report、a member of a relationship of a business、 family business and firm size) and three types of filing the business income tax(lawful agent entrusted to check ,certify and report、expanded paper review﹑ non-expanded paper review). By means of the descriptive statistics、one-way ANOVA and LOGIT regression model, we explain and test the relationship of the independent variables and dependent variables. The empirical result shows that the types of filing the business income tax make a difference in the lawful agent entrusted to keep the account books 、family business and firm size. But it makes no difference in the industry of the business、lawful agent entrusted to check ,certify and report, and a member of a relationship of a business.

碩士
開南大學
會計資訊學系
98
This study explores the survival ability of CPA firms by the view of the strategy posture. Including industrial dynamics and economic conditions and other factors influence, and use the evolution of the past accounting firm sample as a positive. This study also conduct depth interviews by experts to be verified. The results show that population density of industry would affect survive capability of CPA firm. In addition, CPA firm for sustainable management, they have to respond to the pursuit of the optimal size of the organization's industry to obtain more resources for facilitate business. CPA firm can’t be limited to environmental resource conditions for survival, also need to consider factors such as technological innovation, management team, and Competitive-Cooperative relations. Environmental resources in response to changes in strategy analysis, indicate to CPA firm by market demand after the expansion of international cooperation. Environmental variation with size dimensions of CPA firm is less important. It focuses on areas of operation within the organization and operation mechanism. To fight for more resources to coping strategies, for example: international cooperation. This strategy is to expand the market demand and diversification of risk in order to avoid the uncertainty of Taiwan industrial environment. Therefore, more sophisticated division of professional labor, more stable of the variability of environment. Result that CPA firm adopt Specialization Strategy approach to adapt the strategy for coordinate Niche resources. Finally, according empirical results of this study, we propose management implications for reference: Large CPA firms and Small-to-Medium Size CPA Firms competitive strategy is to be separated. To avoid waste of resources and competition, large CPA firm need to understand customer needs, and consider the customer perspective. Combination of expertise and global resources to provide customers with customization. Make Large CPA firms become to a quality and service the highest quality CPA firm and industrial division of labor the most thorough CPA firm. Small-to-Medium Size CPA Firms competitive strategy should focus on the future direction: 1.Enhance the quality of service to help enterprises to establish a complete management system. 2.Substantial professional assistance. 3.To expand audit services. 4.To strengthen personnel training and research and development, and reduce mobility. 5.Substantial CPA members, division of labor and expertise to expand the scope of services. 6.Business management information technology. 7.Through the merger of expansion, to achieve economies of scale to enhance competitiveness. 8.Additional sub-offices in order to expand market share.

碩士
大葉大學
工業工程與科技管理學系
94
This research is to probe into the effects of employees’ achievement motivation, job characteristics, and organizational climate on organization commitment in privatization process of state-owned enterprises. This study adopts a multi-dimensional research framework which contains explanatory variables related to personal characteristics,business formations, privatization types and transition progress, achievement motivation, job characteristics, and organizational climate toward the attitude of organizational change and recognition to be added as intervening variable. Through the process of dimension selection, questionnaires design, subject selection and investigation. Using data collected from the research method of questionnaire, information was analyzed through SPSS. The result of this research hopes to give the readers to have a clear view of the theories that is being approved by real practices and this study will be examined its theoretical and practical implications in application value.And the result of this research indicates the following findings: 1. There is a significant difference in continuance commitment for those staff of different groups of work experience and age. 2. There is a significant difference in value commitment of different age, education degree and work experience. 3. There is a significant difference in effort commitment of different privatization environments, age, work experience and work position. 4. There is a significant positive correlation between the organizational climate and organization commitment. 5. There is a considerably total effect toward response variables through organizational climate. 6. Recognition towards changes had intermediates influence between organizational climate and organization commitment.

碩士
大葉大學
工業工程與科技管理學系
94
This study aims at different business formations, privatized types and transition progress on employees’ achievement motivation, job characteristics and organizational climate on attitude toward changes. The employees are both pure privatized business and government-owned business in commercial management. This study adopts a multi-dimensional research framework, predictors including individual property, achievement motivation, job characteristic, organizational climate and different privatized environments. We regard target variable as attitude toward changes, privatization process recognition toward changes as intermediate variable and understand the behavior of employees for attitude toward changes in different business formations, privatized types and government-owned business during privatized process. We use SPSS statistical software to analysis through gathering data, selecting phases, designing questionnaires, selecting sample and investigating questionnaires. We exercise reliability analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, variability analysis, correlation analysis, the multiple stepwise regression analysis and path analysis; to study the predictive model of the employees’ attitude toward the organizational changes in the privatization process. The results indicate: 1. There is significant difference between attitude toward changes and recognition toward changes in privatization of employees in different group of sex, age, level of education, material status and working seniority; however, position and different privatization environment are not significant difference. 2. There is a significant positive correlation between the monitor model in terms of “transfer and promotion” and the attitude toward the changes. 3. “The employees’ privilege and benefits” of recognition is the best predictor for the employees’ suppuration toward the change. 4. Organizational climate affected by “Recognition toward the change” is significant intermediates.

碩士
輔仁大學
企業管理學系管理學碩士在職專班
102
The major goal of all enterprises is to enhance corporate competitiveness so as to create profit. Under the impact of the e-volutionized world, how can SMEs successfully meet the challenge at different operation stages of leveraging to their advantage the special features of websites in order to maximize corporate resources to sharpen their competitive edge as well as providing empirical examination of both theory and practice will have practical impact on the significance of e-services. Business growth is an issue to be faced constantly by enterprises. All enterprises should, at different operation stages, identify and develop the right strategies for growth, such as promoting brand awareness and brand equity, reducing costs, etc. so as to create a conductive environment for business growth through establishing a distinctive competitive advantage, thus enhancing business competitiveness. For one thing, Kolakota & Robinson (1999) demonstrate that e-Business can initiate a complete change of business process, transform consumers’ lifestyles and further lead to social morphology. For another, Issacs (1999) classifies portals into customized horizontal portals focusing on individual needs and vertical portals focusing on specific business operation modes. This study, taking an academic perspective and using SMEs as survey samples and adopting such statistical methods as factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, explores the adjustment impact of portal types on the growth demand of SMEs adopting e-Services. It is expected that through analyzing the current status of application of web portals, at each stage of their growth path for intended goals as well as at each application stage of their of e-Service programs, SMEs can be provided with more flexible as well as more effective coping strategies to efficiently maximize the utilization of their resources and capacity.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
經營管理系碩士班
106
SMEs are inherently small in scale and lack resources and technical capabilities. Clusters are considered to be a common development pattern for promoting resource sharing and information exchange among SMEs. The business model provides a new perspective for contemporary companies. The companies can pursue their own interests on the platform and at the same time promote the growth of the overall cluster. Therefore, this paper takes local clustering as an example. Focusing on clustering types, we first analyze the current status of clustering types, use factor selection and model construction of business models, and use Delphi method and expert interviews to discuss local clustering. The business model and interviews with experts put forward the planning analysis of local clusters, hoping to provide reference for the establishment of local clusters in the future.

碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
106
The future prospects for growth in the global tire market is robust, according to the latest in-depth analysis from Smithers Rapra. Exclusive provisional data from its forthcoming report, “The Future of Global Tires to 2022,” shows that the market will experience a steady annual growth rate of 3.4% over the next five years, pushing a total of 2.24 billion units by 2017 to a total of 2.65 billion units in 2022. In Swaziland, the industry is still at its growing stage since few companies who have been dominated by a monopolistic company seem to have paddled behind in terms of competitiveness. Whilst consumers are buying into the idea of “safe driving”, concept, there seems to be great opportunity for companies to exploit more and more places in an endeavor to gain market share and creating a competitive market that will help fight road accidents through eradication of unroadworthy vehicles in the Kingdom of Eswatini. Whilst the demand and supply for tyres, wheel alignment and balancing services is fueled by the growing number of vehicles worlwide, this document provides information on the tyre industry, globally and in the Kingdom of Eswatini and through a feasibility study, it also analyses the future prospects of a company venturing into the industry. The study introduces Qina Wheels and Tyres Services Company’s business model which emanates from its business strategy and marketing strategy. Both strategies are developed in order eliminate possible threats and alleviate weaknesses by focusing more on the company’s strengths and opportunities. Key market penetration strategies and key success factors of the company are presented through the marketing strategy and business model of Qina Wheels and Tyres Company respectively.

碩士
國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
96
As the increase of direct investment in China, Taiwanese businessmen are encountering more and more disputes there, which makes this issue be worthy of attention. Among the various types of disputes, this present study focuses on investment disputes and attempts to figure out the types, causes and dispute resolution mechanism of investment disputes through the method of case study, literature review and expert interview. The conclusions of this study are as follows: There are 6 common types of investment disputes that Taiwanese businessmen usually encounter in China: 1. Disputes on contributing investment; 2. Disputes on the right of management；3. Disputes on profit distribution; 4. Disputes on suspending equity joint-ventures or contractual joint-ventures; 5. Disputes on partners’ illicit behaviors; 6. Disputes between Taiwan shares holders or anonymous investment disputes. It is revealed that the causes of investment disputes are 1. China’s restrictions against foreign investment; 2. Taiwanese businessmen’s unfamiliarity with the investment laws and regulations of China; 3. Taiwanese businessmen are not discreet in choosing their China partners; 4. Taiwanese businessmen tend to sign contracts and building cooperation constitutions carelessly. Taiwanese businessmen resort to three kinds of dispute resolution mechanisms, including Adjudication, Mediation, and Arbitration, when encountering investment disputes in China. This study conducts a comparative analysis between these three mechanisms in terms of six dimensions, i.e. “efficiency”, ”cost”, ”professionalism”, ”confidentiality”, “relationship maintenance” and ”enforceability”. The result shows that mediation and arbitration perform better than adjudication in almost all dimensions except the dimension of “enforceability”. It is also suggested that Taiwanese businessmen prefer mediation to any other dispute resolutions in practice. Since arbitration is also an excellent dispute resolution mechanism, this phenomenon implies that arbitration is ignored by the Taiwanese businessmen. Therefore, the regulation, exercise and notice of China’s arbitration are further demonstrated for Taiwanese businessmen in the final part of the study.

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
91
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the inside and outside factors and alliance types of Taiwanese strategic alliances in China . Inside environment factors include strategic alliances motivation and the characteristics of Taiwanese business. Outside environment factors include uncertainty of the environment and the relationship of strategic members. A total of 350 questionnaires were mailed and 50 effective returns were received. The methods used in the research include discrimination analysis , ANOVA analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha analysis. The empirical results summarized as follows: 一、The influence of stock strategic alliance types The types of the stock strategic alliances have significant impact on uncertainty environment .When the environment is more complicated, companies tend to adopt stock strategic alliance. When the market changes faster, companies tend to adopt non-stock function strategic alliances. The types of the stock strategic alliances have significant impact on member’s relationship. When the members put more efforts, companies tend to adopt non-stock function strategic alliances. The types of the stock strategic alliances have significant impact on different strategic alliances motivation. When companies emphasize quickly getting in the marketing, companies tend to adopt non-stock function strategic alliances. The types of the stock strategic alliances have significant impact on Characteristic of Organization. When companies get higher globalization and abilities, companies tend to adopt non-stock function strategic alliances. 二、The influences of functional strategic alliance types The types of the functional strategic alliances have significant impact on uncertainty environment .When the industry skill maturity is higher, companies tend to adopt marketing strategic alliance. The types of the functional strategic alliances have no significant impact on member’s relationship. When the members put more efforts, companies tend to adopt marketing strategic alliances. The types of the functional strategic alliances have no significant impact on different strategic alliances motivation. When companies focus on learning experiences, companies tend to adopt R&D strategic alliances. When companies focus on transaction cost, companies tend to adopt production logistics strategic alliances. The types of the functional strategic alliances have no significant impact on Characteristic of Organization. When companies get stronger, companies tend to adopt marketing alliances.

碩士
輔仁大學
國際創業與經營管理學程碩士在職專班
100
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of economic development in Taiwan. Recently, however, due to precarious economic conditions, SMEs’ challenges have become complicated and daunting. Meanwhile, it is imperative for SMEs to seek help from banks for financing support. Moreover, in the rapidly shrinking private banking market, banks keep increasing services to compensate the falling profits. SMEs, however, have also started reviewing the importance of choosing suitable financing banks. From the standpoint of SMEs, this paper focuses on eight variables related to supervisors' characteristics and types of business. It also discusses the criteria on which SMEs make their decisions when choosing financing banks, hoping to understand how these variables affect customer’s behavior, like quality of service, customer satisfaction and corporate image, so as to use the findings as the reference for banks to develop new customers and maintain existing customers. As a whole, supervisors' characteristics and types of business do not play an important role in SMEs' decisions in choosing financing bank. The deciding factors remain practical considerations such as interest rates, processing fees, speediness of loan processing, and tangible factors such as quality of services. Less important factors include number of branch locations, distance from customers, etc. In addition, banks' corporate image and the contact frequency to costumers are the least important factors. Furthermore, cold calls are not an effective strategy for banks to expand financial services with SMEs. Therefore, banks only need to focus on factors deemed important by most SMEs, and adopt appropriate strategies with various weights SMEs owners give to each factor. Banks should also abandon strategies that address factors deemed less important by SME owners. It is unnecessary to target a specific group of SMEs and design a special product that caters to their specific needs.

碩士
國立中山大學
企業管理研究所
83
The thesis is mainly to study the effects of business groups diversification strategy,combination and ownership distribution types on financial performance.This study engages data analysis and hypothesis by percentage,Levene homoeneity of variance analysis,t-test,ANOVA. The results were as follows: 1.In spite of debt ratio has significant difference,the diverification strategy types of business groups have no significant effects. 2.In spite of debt ratio has significant difference,the combination types of business have no significant effects. 3.In spite of net profit ratio has significant difference,the ownership distribution types of business groups have no significant effects. This thesis provided the class diversification method of business groups.At the same time,the later researcher can deeply study by the shema and limit.

碩士
東海大學
會計學系
105
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of internal promotion and external employment on innovation performance and operating efficiency after the change of CEO. This study further examines the impact of different business types on the above relationship. The research sample is listed electronics industries in Taiwan from 2004 to 2012. Operating efficiency is evaluated by data envelopment analysis (DEA) and innovative performance is calculated by the data of United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This study also uses the instrumental variables and the two-stage least squares regression to solve the endogenous problems of the CEO change. The main findings are as follows: (1) The firm hiring an outsider CEO after CEO change has better innovative performance than that of hiring an insider CEO. (2) The OEM business type firm hiring an insider CEO has better operating efficiency than that of hiring an outsider CEO.

碩士
國立成功大學
經濟學系
107
SUMMARY Electronic commerce (E-commerce, EC), which means the activity of buying or selling of products by internet, is the trend of global transactions nowadays. Internet transactions can effectively solve the shortcomings of the traditional business model. For example, consumers can purchase goods by internet at any time without the limitation of the business service hour. Firms not only can reduce the cost of rents but also minimize the demand for employees. Both firms and consumers can benefit from electronic commerce. The present research focus on analyzing the determinants for profitability of B2C business market, a type of e-commerce,under different types of commodities. Data source of the study is from the Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA). The questionnaire which named “Domestic B2C Online Store Management Survey” is conducted by Department of Commerce, MOEA. The study used the 2014 and 2015 survey. Utilizing Multinomial Probit Model (MNP), the research explores the determinants for profitability of the “break even” and the “profit making” status relative to “loss”, respectively. Results indicate that the longer the firm is established, the reputation of the shopping platform, and the number of being suppliers of shopping websites have positive effects on profitability. Besides, the business model will affect the profitability under different commodities. Key words：Electronic commerce, B2C, Multinomial Probit Model, Business model INTRODUCTION In the mid-1990s, the internet boomed around the world. The internet changes the world used to be. And more and more people start to use the internet. Research from Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC) found that there are 82% Taiwanese population using the internet. It means that the internet has been a part of our life. There are several functions of the internet which include shopping, study, and even friends making. We can satisfy the needs of life by the internet. The rapid development of technology has created more desires for human beings. And technology creates closer inventions to life. Specifically, electronic commerce is the trend of global transactions nowadays. According to International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) from the United Nations, it implies that the definition of electronic commerce is the production units transfers the ownership of the goods or service through the internet. A lot of research discusses the definition, application of electronic commerce and even the operational performance of electronic commerce model. They try to analyze the topic of electronic commerce more deeply. This research will focus on analyzing the determinants for profitability of B2C businessmarket , a type of e-commerce, under different types of commodities in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used the 2014 and 2015 “Domestic B2C Online Store Management Survey” which is conducted by Department of Commerce, MOEA. The data source of the study is released by the Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA). Utilizing Multinomial Probit Model (MNP), the research explores the determinants for profitability of B2C business market under different types of commodities of the “break even” and the “profit making” status relative to “loss”, respectively. Regarding the independent variables, the analysis focus on several items include sales pipeline, platform, payment and shipment methods, discount and marketing strategies, and the firms’ and consumers’ background such as the years of establishment of the firm and consumer gender etc. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The empirical results show that the different commodities do have different determinants for profitability under different business models. In general, the longer the firm is established, the more profitable it will be. Besides, the reputation of the shopping platform such as Yahoo! Auctions, and the number of being suppliers of shopping websites have positive effects on profitability. But the basic information of consumers does not have significantly positive or negative effect on profitability. However, there are some limitations in process of the analysis. First, the sample size may not be enough to conduct the research in analyzing the determinants for profitability for some specific commodities. Second, the survey only contains the years of 2014 and 2015 and the survey questions are limited to the questionnaire which make the present research can’t do further analysis. For example, the firm’s capital amount is not included in the analysis. Lacks of key information of firm may limit the findings of this study. Hopefully, the questionnaire can provide detailed information such as the firms’ capital amount, the operating status and financial arrangements between the parent company and the subsidiary. Therefore, it can try to include more detailed company information in future research. CONCLUSION Electronic commerce is the product of the development of the internet. Electronic commerce can't be considered as an advancement of technology, but can be considered as an electronic and a digitalization change to life. Indeed, electronic commerce can effectively solve the shortcomings of the traditional business such as the business hours. The availability of apps and mobile phone definitely brings more profitability potentials for electronic commerce. Issues of electronic commerce must be a growing topic to explore in the future.

碩士
國立臺北大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
105
The textile industry led Taiwan to gain a huge amount of foreign reserve and bring the national competitiveness, it also won the title of one of “For Asian Tigers “in 1970s. Recently, the “fast fashion” is in trend, “low price” and “quick response” are the big challenges to this industry. Taiwan textile companies are also facing some extra critical issues such as exchange rate is raising, cost of land is more expensive, and labor cost is increasing now. All the changes and challenges are causing out textile industry having very low margin and profit. To turn around the situation, textile enterprises should do “differentiation strategy” and “Business Operating Aesthetics” as priority. Focusing on quality of products with their own innovation in the fashion markets. In this research, I am using Q-method to identify how the “Business Operation” and “Management Aesthetics” being combined, and it will lead us to understand the possible theory in future. I have consulted some professional managers in textile companies and created 36 questionnaires. After interviewing 33 cases, I use SPSS to analysis the result and conclude four categories of “business operation aesthetics”, there are: “Stylish Aesthetic Management”, “Knowledgeable Aesthetic Management”, “Harmony Aesthetic Management”, and “Trendy Aesthetic Management”. In the end, these results can be applied to any textile companies’ strategy.

One of the basic tenets of expected utility theory is the principle of invariance in stating preferences between options. The preference should not depend on the description of the options (description invariance) or on the method of elicitation (procedure invariance). In Experiment 1, the maximum buying price for the right to play some bets was compared to the minimum selling price for giving up the right to play those same gambles. The selling prices were significantly greater than the buying prices for the different bets. In Experiment 2 participants had a choice task between a sure option and a risky one. The diversification obtained through repeated gambles had the predicted effect of decreasing risk aversion in the choice task. However, participants gave higher prices and lower risk premiums for the single gamble than for the repeated gambles, suggesting that the single gamble was more attractive than the repeated gamble. These results are consistent with the reversal of preferences found in previous research
acase@tulane.edu