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1
Qin, Li, and Chao Zhang. "Calculating Algorithm for Torsional Stiffness of Conductors-Spacers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.669.
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In galloping of transmission lines, the twist of bundled conductors plays an important role. So the research of torsional stiffness of conductors-spacers for in-depth study of the galloping of the transmission lines is important.In addition to considering the impact of previous studies involving some of the torsional stiffness of bundled conductors factors (such as the torsional stiffness of sub conductor, the actual tension, etc.), but also the effects of sag and line height difference are considered. Finally a theoretical torsional stiffness of conductors-spacers formula is deduced. With the previous formula and the measured data on the different conductor types, different sub conductor spacing and different initial tension conditions, theresults of this formula are closer to the measured data.
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Rousskikh, A. G., A. S. Zhigalin, and V. I. Oreshkin. "Determination of the conductor resistance during their explosion in vacuum under conditions of skinning the current." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012017.
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Abstract The work is devoted to the investigation of the features of the conductor explosion in a vacuum under the conditions of skinning the current, and specifically, the effect of the magnetic field nonlinear diffusion wave spreading over the exploded conductor on its electrical properties. Experiments on the explosion of conductors were carried out on the IMRI-5 pulse power generator. The exploded conductor was soldered to the cathode and mechanically clamped between the plates on the anode. In the experiments, we used two types of conductors, cylindrical and flat (foils). Cylindrical conductors were of two types: copper (0.5 mm in diameter) and aluminum (0.44 mm in diameter). Foils were also of two types: copper with a thickness of 300 microns and aluminum with a thickness of 200 microns. The foil width varied from 1 to 3 mm. The length always remained 30 mm. To calculate the circuit inductance and calculate the corrections for the real conductor inductance, we used a load that was either a copper foil 600 μm thick and 1 cm wide, or a copper conductor with a diameter of 2 mm (short circuit mode).
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Liu, Jiaqiong, Bo Yan, Guizao Huang, Zheyue Mou, Xin Lv, and Haibing Zhang. "Study on mechanical characteristics of conductors with three-dimensional finite-element models." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 5 (May 2020): 200309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200309.
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Refined three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) models of typical aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) and formed aluminium conductor steel reinforced (FACSR) with structural details to simulate their static and dynamic characteristics are proposed. Taking into account the elastoplastic behaviour of the aluminium wires, the tensile mechanical properties and coupling between tension and torsion of the two types of conductors under tensile loading are numerically investigated. Furthermore, dynamic responses of two transmission lines, in which the refined 3D segment models and equivalent beam models of the two types of conductors are used, after ice-shedding are numerically simulated and the dynamic characteristics of the conductors are analysed. Finally, based on the numerical simulation results, the fatigue lives of the aluminium wires are estimated and the wear between the wires is discussed. It is revealed that taking into account the structural details of the conductors in the strength design of transmission lines is necessary, and the mechanical characteristics of FACSR are better than those of the ACSR in both static and dynamic situations.
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Boniardi, Marco, Silvia Cincera, Fabrizio D'Errico, and Chiara Tagliabue. "Fretting Fatigue Phenomena on an all Aluminium Alloy Conductor." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.5.
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This paper concerns about a failure analysis of an electric all aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC) damaged and broken for fretting fatigue phenomena induced by aeolian vibrations. Life of electric conductors is often reduced by various degradation mechanisms such as repeated bending, fluctuating tension, distortion, fatigue, wear and corrosion phenomena. However the main limiting factor of the electrical conductors is related to aeolian vibrations in the high frequency range (between 5 to 50 Hz). Conductor oscillations may lead to fretting fatigue problems (otherwise called fretting wear) caused by wind excitation, mainly in the suspension clamp regions, spacers or other fittings. The induced aluminium wire fracture imply a drastic reduction in the transmission line service. Vibration dampers are considered the most effective method to extend service life of electric conductors, as they are the means to reduce fretting damage of aluminium wires. The aim of the present work is to investigate the failure of an AAAC conductor of a 400kV overhead transmission line (twin conductors) located in Touggourt Biskra (Algeria); the damaged and broken conductors were operated in-service only for six months without spacers or dampers. Three different types of conductors have been taken as experimental samples: the in-service broken conductor, another in-service damaged conductor and a new conductor from warehouse as terms of comparison. Samples have been analysed to identify the root cause of the failure and to verify the conformity of the conductor elements to the international standards. The investigation has outlined the morphology of the fretting damage: in all cases the fractured wires have shown typical static deformation marks and dynamic fretting wear tangential marks associated with intense presence of Al2O3 debris.
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Qi, Yi, Kuan Jun Zhu, Sheng Chun Liu, and Bin Liu. "1250mm2 Conductor Self-Damping Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.377.
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Self-damping test and analysis for five types of 1250mm2 large section conductor are performed, and analytical expression and frequency response characteristics are obtained. Comparison and analysis between round wire and formed wire 1250mm2 conductors are given. And the main protection frequency range of Aeolian vibration of 1250mm2 conductor is determined from 0 to 30 Hz.
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Zheng, Wei, Xizhong Li, Zhongkai Xu, Zhuochen Jin, and Yang Liu. "Research on corrosion mechanism of overhead conductor." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301085.
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During the operation of overhead conductors, conductors are corroded to varying degrees by the smoke and dust, harmful gases from factories around the lines, or in corrosive salt fog atmosphere in coastal and island areas, as well as humid and hot weather conditions. In this paper, through the study of the corrosion mechanism of the conductor, the types of the corrosion are analyzed, and the factors leading to the corrosion and the corrosion process are analyzed by selecting the steel cored aluminum stranded wire, so as to provide theoretical basis for the development of anti-corrosion wire and the judgment of corrosion detection.
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Liu, Huijuan, Jun Wang, and Zhenyang Zhang. "Performance analysis of variable speed multiphase induction motor with pole phase modulation." Archives of Electrical Engineering 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2016-0031.
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Abstract The pole phase modulation (PPM) technique is an effective method to extend speed range and torque capabilities for an integrated starter and hybrid electric vehicles applications. In this paper, the five pole-phase combination types of a multiphase induction motor (IM) with 36 stator slots and 36 stator conductors are presented and compared quantitatively by using the time-stepping finite element method (TS-FEM). The 36 stator conductors of the proposed multiphase IM are fed by a 36 leg inverter and the current phase angle and amplitude of each stator conductor can be controlled independently. This paper focuses on the winding connection, the PPM technique and the performance comparative analysis of each pole-phase combination types of the proposed multiphase IM. The flux distribution, air-gap flux density, output torque, core losses and efficiency of five pole-phase combination types have been investigated.
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Malm, Veronica, Fernando Seoane, and Vincent Nierstrasz. "Characterisation of Electrical and Stiffness Properties of Conductive Textile Coatings with Metal Flake-Shaped Fillers." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213537.
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Two conductive formulations containing different types of micron-sized metal flakes (silver-coated copper (Cu) and pure silver (Ag)) were characterised and used to form highly electrically conductive coatings (conductors) on plain and base-coated woven fabrics, the latter in an encapsulated construction. With e-textiles as the intended application, the fabric stiffness, in terms of flexural stiffness and sheet resistance (Rsh), after durability testing (laundering and abrasion) was investigated and related to user friendliness and long-term performance. Bare and encapsulated conductors with increasing amounts of deposited solids were fabricated by adjusting the knife coating parameters, such as the coating gap height (5, 20, 50, and 200 μm), which reduced the Rsh, as determined by four-point probe (4PP) measurements; however, this improvement was at the expense of increased flexural stiffness of the coated fabrics. The addition of a melamine derivative (MF) as a cross-linker to the Cu formulation and the encapsulation of both conductor types gave the best trade-off between durability and Rsh, as confirmed by 4PP measurements. However, the infrared camera images revealed the formation of hotspots within the bare conductor matrix, although low resistances (determined by 4PP) and no microstructural defects (determined by SEM) were detected. These results stress the importance of thorough investigation to assure the design of reliable conductors applied on textiles requiring this type of maintenance.
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Vinogradov, Aleksandr V., and Aleksey V. Bukreev. "Microcontroller Device for Conductor Identification Using Acoustic Signal." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-28-34.
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When repairing and replacing electrical wiring in enterprises, the main difficulty is the lack or poor quality of documentation, plans for conductors laying. Distinguishing wires (cables) and their cores by the color of the shells or using tags attached to the ends is difficult if the shells have the same color and there are no tags. Devices and technical solutions used to identify wires and cables do not allow recognizing conductors without breaking the electrical circuit, removing insulation, and de-energizing the network. Searching for the right conductor is a time-consuming operation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a new microcontroller device for identifying wires using an acoustic signal. (Materials and methods) Literature sources has been searched for devices for conductors identifying. (Results and discussion) The article proposes a method that involves feeding an acoustic signal to a wire at one point and capturing it at another, in order to recognize the desired wire. The article presents results of comparison of the developed microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal with known devices and methods for conductors recognizing. (Conclusions) The article reveals the shortcomings of existing methods and means of identifying wires and cables. Authors performed a theoretical calculation of the sound pressure in the conductor at a given distance. The article presents the calculation of speed of acoustic waves in conductors with different types of insulation. Authors designed a microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal and tested it. It was determined that the device increases the safety of work, reduces the cost of operating internal wiring and identification time; eliminates the violation of wire insulation, the need to disable electrical receivers. The convergence of theoretical calculations and experimental data was shown.
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ZHURAVKOV, Michael A., Mikhail A. NIKOLAITCHIK, and Pavel S. MAEVSKI. "CONTACT PROBLEM OF INTERACTION OF A GUIDE ROLLER WITH A MINE CONDUCTOR." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 3, no. 56 (September 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2021-3-56-83-89.
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The article considers the force interaction contact problem of a guide roller with a mine conductor during the movement of a mine lifting conveyance on the example of a model problem of the contact interaction of a torus with a beam. The model problem analytical solution is considered, a finite element model of the system under study is developed. Contacting bodies materials elastoplastic behavior was taken into account when solving the problem. The various contact types between guiding roller and the conductors were considered. The values of critical loads leading to plastic deformations occurrence in a conductor with various types of contacts are determined and their relationship with the friction coefficient value is established. Comparative analysis of the obtained analytical and numerical results demonstrates a high degree of correlation.
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Suh, Seigi, Ryan Persons, Doug Hargrove, and Gregory Berube. "Solderable Polymer Thick-film Conductors for Low Temperature Substrates." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000310.
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Abstract For decades, polymer thick-film (PTF) systems have provided a low cost, non-fired option for screen-printing simple electronic circuits. The ability to apply these types of pastes on temperature sensitive substrates such as PET, polycarbonate, polyimide, and other polymers has facilitated a variety of applications, for instance membrane touch-switch keypads, buss bars for touch screens, various types of sensors, and flexible circuitry. Polymer thick-film is also one of the primary technology solutions utilized in the rapidly emerging Printed Electronic market, where flexible, durable materials are paramount to the success of these technologies. One of the largest emerging markets for polymer thick-film is wearable electronics, where engineers are designing “smart fabrics” with active circuitry for medical monitoring, performance enhancement in sports, and personal comfort. Polymer thick-film pastes include silver pastes for conductors, carbon pastes for resistive applications, silver-silver chloride fillers for glucose sensors, and dielectric pastes. The major challenge with PTF silver conductors is that they are not conducive to soldering. This hinders the ability to attach components, leads, dies, wires, or other features to the prints. As copper is solderable, one possible solution would be a copper polymer thick-film metallization; however they start oxidizing at the typical paste curing temperatures, 110 – 130°C, rendering them unsuitable for the vast majority of conductive applications. In order to meet these challenges, Heraeus has developed a new line of solderable polymer thick-film conductors based on a high-performance silver-coated copper conductive filler. These metallizations are solderable, resistant to solder leaching, and result in sheet resistivities approaching that of pure silver polymer conductors. The prints do not degrade in performance when cured at temperatures as high as 200°C. The new product line was formulated to accept different types of solders, especially traditional SAC-305, which provides a complete matched solution for designers. The new metallization opens up new applications given its ability to print polymer circuitry on a variety of substrates including aluminum, steel, FR4, Kapton, Mylar, and glass. The technology also allows for the fabrication of more complex circuitry on these types of substrates, giving circuit designers a powerful new tool in their toolbox in applications such as LED lighting, sensors, and heaters. Finally, these materials may provide a lower-cost option for solderable flexible polymer end terminations for components used in vibration sensitive applications, for instance the automotive industry. In our paper, we will present the properties of the new pastes and printed conductors. Performance testing includes surface resistivity, solderability, solder leach resistance, voiding, and adhesion on two substrates: FR4 and Kapton. Furthermore, we show that the solderable PTF conductor will provide a potential cost- savings over the current technology used on FR4 boards, stamped copper films. By replacing the stamped copper with our solderable PTF conductor, manufacturers will have the advantage of replacing a subtractive process for etching their patterns with an additive, environmentally friendly process, not only saving processing time but eliminating a large, dangerous copper waste stream. Finally, we will summarize the applications that the new technology enables.
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Fan, Caijin, and Xingliang Jiang. "Analysis of the Icing Accretion Performance of Conductors and Its Normalized Characterization Method of Icing Degree for Various Ice Types in Natural Environments." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102678.
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Icing degree in the severe icing regions for years is an important factor considered in the anti-icing design of transmission lines. However, there is currently no normalized characterization method for the icing degree of transmission lines, which can be used to record the severity of icing at icing areas over the years and guide the design of transmission lines. This study analyzes collision efficiency of water droplets with various diameters of conductors and investigates the ice accretion law of transmission lines with various diameters under four natural ice types. Therefore, the normalized method of standard ice thickness instead of various ice morphologies is creatively used to characterize icing degree of transmission lines and a lot of field tests which have been done at six natural ice observation stations have verified the effective of the method. The results have shown that: The diameters of conductor and the droplet significantly affect collision efficiency; the relation of standard ice thickness with diameter of conductors for four typical ice types complied with the law of power function. The results can provide important references for the design and external insulation selection of transmission lines in ice region.
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Kaufmann, Thomas, Akhilesh Verma, Van-Tan Truong, Bo Weng, Roderick Shepherd, and Christophe Fumeaux. "Efficiency of a Compact Elliptical Planar Ultra-Wideband Antenna Based on Conductive Polymers." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/972696.
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A planar antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications covering the 3.1–10.6 GHz range has been designed as a test bed for efficiency measurements of antennas manufactured using polymer conductors. Two types of conductive polymers, PEDOT and PPy (polypyrrole), with very different thicknesses and conductivities have been selected as conductors for the radiating elements. A comparison between measured radiation patterns of the conductive polymers and a copper reference antenna allows to estimate the conductor losses of the two types of conductive polymers. For a 158 μm thick PPy polymer, an efficiency of almost 80% can be observed over the whole UWB spectrum. For a 7 μm thick PEDOT layer, an average efficiency of 26.6% demonstrates, considering the room for improvement, the potential of this type of versatile materials as flexible printable alternative to conductive metallic paints. The paper demonstrates that, even though the PEDOT conductivity is an order of magnitude larger than that of PPy, the thicker PPy layer leads to much higher efficiency over the whole UWB frequency range. This result highlights that high efficiency can be achieved not only through high conductivity, but also through a sufficiently thick layer of conductive polymers.
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Sergey, I. I., Y. G. Panamarenka, Y. V. Potachits, and N. A. Yudina. "Analysis of the Torsional Stability of Split Phases." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-6-503-513.
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The specificity of overhead power lines is associated with the fact that the length of conductors between the supporting structures can reach tens of thousands of meters. Wires and their components are exposed to climatic factors, viz. wind, rain, ice, snow. As compared to other structural elements, conductors are of the highest flexibility and lowest rigidity, and, therefore, they are the most sensitive elements to these effects. Since the early fifties of the XX century, the increase in energy consumption has caused the construction of high and ultra-high voltage overhead lines with split phases. For these types of conductors, new forms of oscillations have been noticed in the areas between the struts, the essence of which is torqueing the split phase. As a result, there is a violation of the torsional stability of the phase: collision of wires in the middle of sub-span and friction of wires of stranded conductor against each other, which leads to damaging conductors and, as a consequence, to disruption of power supply to consumers. Almost any overhead lines may be subjected to oscillations of wires in the span under the influence of wind. One of the types of such mechanical oscillations is galloping, i. e. low-frequency oscillations of wires with an amplitude reaching the value of the boom of wire sagging, and, taking into account the possibility of elongation of the wire, even exceeding it. Fluctuations in the galloping can cause significant mechanical forces and last long enough to lead to the destruction of structural elements of power lines, viz. wires, insulators, fittings and even pillars. Due to the large amplitude of oscillations, conductors of neighboring phases can approach each other at an unacceptable distance, resulting in a short circuit. The boundary value problem of the torsional stability calculation of the split phase with a given multiplicity of splitting has been set and solved. The critical lengths of the sub-spans at which the stable violation of torsional stability is most likely have been determined. A computer program has been developed, which can be used in the design of high-voltage lines with split phase.
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Costamagna, Eugenio, and Alessandra Fanni. "New types of TEM cells with shaped inner and outer conductors." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650070102.
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Yang, Jia Lun, Kuan Jun Zhu, Bin Liu, Jia Jun Si, Quan Yin, and Liang Hu Jiang. "Research Progress on Manual Ice Measurement Devices for Overhead Transmission Lines." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2272.
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Sufficient icing data are very important for the design and operation of power grid in the places with potential accreted ice, meaning that it is necessary to pay due attention to the ice measurement devices. In this paper, the current ice measurement devices are classified into different types according to corresponding classification criteria with the aim of understanding the characteristics of each type of devices. Moreover, the research progress of the manual ice measurement devices are introduced in detail, including the diameter of conductors, the angle between conductor and wind direction. Finally, the existing problems are proposed for the further development of manual ice measurement devices for overhead transmission lines.
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Zhang, Quan, Jiajie Liang, Yi Huang, Huiyu Chen, and Rujun Ma. "Intrinsically stretchable conductors and interconnects for electronic applications." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 3, no. 6 (2019): 1032–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00055k.
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Syayakti, Syafiq Naufal, Endang Dian Setioningsih, and Sumber Sumber. "4 Channel Sterilizer Calibrator." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 1, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v1i2.4.
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Thermocouple (Thermocouple) is a type of temperature sensor used to detect or measure temperature through two types of metal conductors, whose working principle is that each end of a metal conductor is combined to create a "Thermoelectric" effect. One type of metal conductor contained in a thermocouple will serve as a reference with a constant temperature (fixed), while a metal conductor functions as a metal conductor that detects hot temperatures. Sterilisator is a device used to sterilize medical instruments to avoid the bacteria that attach to the remainder of the use of medical instruments. The temperature of the sterilizer varies but generally for dry sterilizers ranges from 175 ° Celsius. From the above problems, the author wants to develop a "4 Channel Sterilizer Calibrator", Using the Arduino Nano Atmega328 as a minimum system, K type thermocouple and MAX6675 module as a sensor. Measurements were made by comparing modules with standard measuring instruments, obtained the smallest error 0.2% at T3 and T4 when measuring 100 ° C, and the largest 4.4% at T2 when measuring 150 ° C.
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Kumrey, G. R., and S. K. Mahobia. "STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ENERGY BANDS WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v3.i1.2016.38.
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The difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors is to plot the available energies for electrons in the materials. Instead of having discrete energies as in the case of free atoms, the available energy states form bands. Energy bands occur in solids where the discreet energy levels of the individual atoms merge into bands which contain a large number of closely spaced energy levels.
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Spitzer, John. "The Entrepreneur-conductors and their Orchestras." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 5, no. 1 (June 2008): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409800002561.
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The story of the orchestra in the nineteenth century usually focuses on two types of orchestras: theatre orchestras – such as La Scala, the Queen's Theatre (London), and the Paris Opéra – and concert societies – such as the Vienna Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire (Paris), and the New York Philharmonic. It concentrates on the conductors who led these orchestras, many of whom were also famous composers, such as Weber, Spontini, Berlioz, Mendelssohn and Wagner, whose works form a large part of today's ‘classical’ music repertory. This story is not wrong, but it is incomplete.
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Zamora-Antuñano, Marco Antonio, Jorge Cruz-Salinas, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Carlos Alberto González-Gutiérrez, Néstor Méndez-Lozano, Wilfrido Jacobo Paredes-García, José Antonio Altamirano-Corro, and José Alfredo Gaytán-Díaz. "Statistical Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis to Improve the Efficiency of Manufacturing Process of Electrical Conductors." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 21, 2019): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193965.
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The main focus of this research was to develop an approach using statistical tools and Data envelopment analysis (DEA) to tackling productivity measurements and benchmarking problems in electrical conductor manufacturing environment. In the present work, a tooling efficiency study was carried out with a nozzle used for the manufacture of 23-AWG wires. The efficiency of five types of tooling, four non-Mexican-manufactured types and one Mexican-manufactured type, were compared. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were applied. Six factors were considered that influence of the performance of the tooling during the manufacturing process: productivity, quality, time, machine, operator, and color of the insulating material, but the research work focuses on the efficiency of the tooling die-nozzle. The results demonstrated that two die-nozzle models exhibited the best performance; one of them was the Mexican model, surpassed by a non-Mexican model, the capability process index Cpk = 1.26 manifested a better performance for the 3DND die-nozzle according to the statistical analysis and the tests performed. Subsequently, through a super-efficiency DEA model of inputs-oriented with non-decreasing returns to scale (NDRS). The results obtained in the statistical analysis were corroborated using this technique, its application combined with statistical tools represents an innovation for knowledge in manufacturing processes of electrical conductors. Input data were obtained at a manufacturer of electrical conductors supplier of the automotive sector in the Querétaro City of Mexico.
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Sabov, T. N., I. M. Hatsevych, O. I. Gudimenko, V. P. Melnyk, B. M. Romanyuk, V. M. Telega, and V. A. Nikirin. "Properties of Electrochromic Cell with WO3 and NiO: the Influence of Ionic Conductor." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.3.475-480.
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The electrochromic WO3 and NiO films were deposited by magnetron sputtering on indium tin oxides coated glass. The structural properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometery techniques. The electrochromic properties of the films were investigated by means cyclic voltammetry using different types of ionic conductors. The use of water electrolytes and electrolytes which are based on propylene carbonate leads to the destruction of electrochromic cells. The stable working electrochromic cell with WO3 and NiO films was obtained using ionic liquid as the ionic conductor. The coloration efficiency of electrochromic cell which is based on amorphous WO3 film and crystalline NiO film is 28.7 cm2/C.
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Druez, J., P. McComber, and M. Farzaneh. "Correlation between measurement of an ice detector and the mass of ice accreted on two different sized conductors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-046.
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In cold regions, atmospheric icing is an important parameter for the design and reliability of exposed structures. A test site, located on Mt. Valin (Québec) Canada, is used to obtain field data on icing events. This test site mainly includes two test lines supporting four types of electrical conductors, instrumentation, and an ice detector. The ice detector monitors ice accretion by measuring the shift in frequency, at resonance, of a vibrating cylindrical probe, under the effect of the mass of ice accreted. This instrument, which is electrically de-iced, sends a cumulative alarm signal for each ice mass accretion reaching a preset value. The correlation between the ice detector signal and the mass of ice accreted on two different sized conductors is presented for three typical icing events monitored during the 1994-1995 season. In order to improve the correlation, a procedure rejects the data points corresponding to the shedding of ice during an icing event. The comparison between the mass of ice accreted on different conductors and the ice detector signal is a convenient way to calibrate the instrument. Then, these results could be used for predicting the ice mass accreted on similar cables, using the number of alarm signals from the ice detector. Results indicate the need to take into consideration the cable diameter and the apparent area of the probe with respect to the direction of droplets in the calibration of such ice detector.Key words: ice accretion, ice detector, electrical conductor, correlation, calibration, icing model, ice prediction, in-cloud icing, precipitation icing.
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Al-Zyoud, Khalaf Y. "A New Method of Insulation Wire for Power Transformers." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i1.pp31-34.
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This task go in order to developing a new way of enameled and polyester foil insulation of conductors used in building transformers thermal of class temperature about (150 C0), the production technology for two types of enameled and polyester foil-insulation conduction are presented. As will as the physical, mechanical and electrical characteristics of conductors in a normal climate N2, in a tropical climate T2 and after 28 cycle at ( 200 C0 ) are presented.
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Lovric, Dino, Slavko Vujevic, and Ivan Krolo. "Computation of per-unit-length internal impedance of a multilayer cylindrical conductor with possible dielectric layers." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, no. 4 (2020): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2004605l.
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In this manuscript, a novel method for computation of per-unit-length internal impedance of a cylindrical multilayer conductor with conductive and dielectric layers is presented in detail. In addition to this, formulas for computation of electric and magnetic field distribution throughout the entire multilayer conductor (including dielectric layers) have been derived. The presented formulas for electric and magnetic field in conductive layers have been directly derived from Maxwell equations using modified Bessel functions. However, electric and magnetic field in dielectric layers has been computed indirectly from the electric and magnetic fields in contiguous conductive layers which reduces the total number of unknowns in the system of equations. Displacement currents have been disregarded in both conductive and dielectric layers. This is justifiable if the conductive layers are good conductors. The validity of introducing these approximations is tested in the paper versus a model that takes into account displacement currents in all types of layers.
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Kadoya, Tomofumi. "Molecular conductors composed from Organic-Transistor Materials." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.38.
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Assistant Professor Tomofumi Kadoya is part of a team within the Graduate School of Material Science at the University of Hyogo in Japan. He is engaged with a range of different investigations related to conductive organic materials. One of the main focuses of Kadoya's research is organic transistors and organic charge-transfer (CT) complexes. CT complexes achieve conductivity by chemical doping but in organic transistors, conduction carriers are generated by field effect, where an electric field is used to control the flow of current. Among the many goals of the research, Kadoya and his team want to increase the methods and types of organic doping.
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Lanteigne, J. "Theoretical Estimation of the Response of Helically Armored Cables to Tension, Torsion, and Bending." Journal of Applied Mechanics 52, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3169064.
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This paper concerns the mechanical behavior of ACSR (aluminum conductor steel-reinforced) conductors under static-loading conditions, which may comprise any combination of tension, torsion, and bending. The model described is quite general and can be applied to other types of helically armored cables. A stiffness matrix is developed and relations are given for axial, torsional, and flexural rigidities and for coupling parameters. For small curvatures, the flexural rigidity is comparable to the upper limit accepted in current practice by ACSR users. As the curvature increases, however, frictional forces develop between the outer layers and sliding of wires may occur, with the result that the flexural rigidity decreases. The tension level also influences the flexural rigidity of the conductor. Actually the model does not consider the flexural rigidity of the system as a fixed entity but as directly influenced by local compressive forces and internal radial and tensile forces. The analysis can also apply to situations where a given number of initial constituent wires have failed and the load is transferred to neighboring wires, leaving the conductor unbalanced; it will be seen how internal arrangements manage to accommodate the local perturbation.
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Sonong, Sonong, Herman Nawir, Fitrawati Suharti, and Insan Kamil. "Simulasi Pengaruh Variasi Konduktor Berkas Terhadap Gangguan Berisik Dan Radio Interferensi Pada Saluran Udara Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi 275kV." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Sinergi 17, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/sinergi.v17i2.2076.
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The use of extra-high voltage lines can increase efficiency and reduce voltage drop but cause corona generation. Corona that occurs increases channeling losses and causes disruption to the environment in the form of Audible Noise (AN) and Radio Interference (RI). Audible Noise (AN) and Radio Interference (RI) that are too large will disturb the community around the transmission line. The use of a bundle conductor is a way to reduce the risk of corona. This paper discusses the effect of variations in the bundle conductor on noise interference and radio interference in 275kV extra-high-voltage air lines (SUTET). The types of variations include variations in the number of beams, variations in the distance between sub-conductors, and variations in diameter of the conductor. Next, the Audible Noise (AN) and Radio interference (RI) values are calculated for the Latuppa (Palopo) - Pomana channel planning. The results of the calculation of AN and RI values on SUTET 275kV are still included as safe criteria because the value is still below the criteria limits of Perry and SPLN 46-1-1981 concerning the Noise Level Limitation Guidelines and the IEEE Radio Noise Design Guide about the maximum limit of RI.
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Y. Al-Zyoud, Khalaf. "A New Method of Insulation Wire for Power Transformers." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i1.pp31-35.
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This task go in order to developing a new way of enameled and polyester foil insulation of conductors used in building transformers thermal of class temperature about (150 C<sup>0</sup> ), the production technology for two types of enameled and polyester foil-insulation conduction are presented. As will as the physical, mechanical and electrical characteristics of conductors in a normal climate N<sub>2</sub>, in a tropical climate T<sub>2</sub> and after 28 cycle at ( 200 C<sup>0</sup> )are presented.
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Aniya, Masaru. "Bonding character and ionic conduction in solid electrolytes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1220.
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Abstract The properties of the materials are intimately related to the nature of the chemical bond. Research to explain the peculiarities of superionic materials by focusing on the bonding character of the materials is presented. In particular, a brief review of some fundamental aspects of superionic conductors is given based on the talk presented at “Solid State Chemistry 2018, Pardubice” in addition to some new results related to the subject. Specifically, the topics on bond fluctuation model of ionic conductors, the role of medium range structure in the ionic conductivity, bonding aspects of non-Arrhenius ionic conductivity and elastic properties of ionic conductors are discussed. Key concepts that are gained from these studies is stressed, such as the importance of the coexistence of different types of bonding, and the role of medium range structure in glasses for efficient ionic transport in solids. These concepts could help the development of new materials.
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Chandler, Martin. "The Information Searching Behaviour of Music Directors." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 14, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29515.
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Abstract
Objective – This research project sought to elucidate some of the information searching behaviours of directors/conductors of performing music ensembles when selecting repertoire for performance. Of particular focus was the kind of information needed to select repertoire and where that information was sought and acquired.
Methods – Semi-structured, guided interviews were undertaken with three conductors from varying musical ensemble forms (choral, orchestral, and wind). This included a graphical elicitation exercise following Sonnenwald’s concept of information horizon maps. A narrative analysis was done, and recurring themes were sought in the various responses to questions and created drawings.
Results – The results indicated that directors make significant use of historical and print resources in creating personal lists of repertoire for current or future use. Professional connections for discussion of new or less well-known repertoire were also very important. One particularly interesting outcome was the non-temporally bound nature of conductors’ information searching behaviour, as the current models of information behaviour primarily relate to temporally bound searches. The Internet was noted by the three conductors not as an information source in and of itself but rather as an extension of other information sources.
Conclusions – This research highlighted the atemporal nature of information searching behaviour in music directors and suggested a similar aspect in the broader information search process. It indicated a need for libraries that cater to performers to maintain historical lists of varying types (e.g., concert programs, similar lists created by other prominent members of the community, and other types of repertoire lists). Additionally, maintaining community connections and knowledge of new or newly available repertoire is important.
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Ecsedi, István, Ákos József Lengyel, Attila Baksa, and Dávid Gönczi. "Bounds for the electrical resistance for homogeneous conducting body of rotation." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 5 (2021): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.11.
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A mathematical model is developed for the steady-state electric current flow through in a homogeneous isotropic conductor whose shape is a body of rotation. The body of rotation considered is bounded by the coordinate surfaces of an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The equations of the Maxwell’s theory of electric current flow in a homogeneous solid conductor body are used to formulate the corresponding electric boundary value problem. The studied steady-state conduction problem is axisymmetric. The determination of the steady motion of charges is based on the concept of the electrical conductance of the conductors the inverse of which is the electrical resistance. The exact (strict) value of the electrical resistance is known only for bodies with very simple shapes, therefore, the principles and the methods that can be used for creating lower and upper bounds to the numerical value of electrical resistance (electrical conductance) are important. The derivation of the upper and lower bound formulae for the electrical conductance of axisymmetric ring-like conductor is based on the two types of Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The condition of equality of the derived lower and upper bounds is examined. Several examples illustrate the applications of the derived upper and lower bound formulae.
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Baltianski, Sioma. "Bias-induced impedance effect of the current-carrying conductors." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i2.1044.
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<p class="Abstract">The paper presents the previously unstudied properties of current-carrying conductors utilising impedance spectroscopy. The purpose of the article is to present discovered properties that are the significant context of impedance research. The methodology is based on the superposition of test signals and bias affecting the objects under study. These are the main results obtained in this work: the studied objects have an additional low-frequency impedance during the passage of an electric current; the bias-induced impedance effect (Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect) is noticeably manifested in the range of 0.01 Hz … 100 Hz and it has either capacitive or inductive nature or both types, depending on the bias level (current density) and material types. The experiments in this work were done using open and covered wires made of pure metals, alloys, and non-metal conductors, such as graphite rods. These objects showed the Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect that distinguishes them from other objects, such as standard resistors of the same rating, in which this phenomenon does not occur. The Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect was modeled by equivalent circuits. Particular attention is paid to assessing the consistency of experimental data. Understanding the nature of this effect can give impetus to the development of a new type of instrument in various fields.</p>
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Deliana, Frida, and Suprayitno. "Training of Moria choir conductor members and conductors in efforts to improve quality in Medan city." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v5i1.4017.
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In ecclesiastical worship activities in the Christian community, singing activities both in the format of 'choir', congregational singing and others are integrated in a series of worship services in the church. It is also found among members of the Runggun Benameriah Protestant Karo Batak Church (GBKP) congregation who also use the choir format in activities to praise and glorify God. For Christians singing is a spiritual need. In both churches there are several types of choirs, both the choir moria (mothers), mamre choirs (fathers) gem choirs or youth / youth and elderly choirs. Each choir has a trainer (amateur) who also acts as choir leader, referred to as Dirigen. The problem is that often the quality of the choir that is displayed is low. This means that there are always a lot of technical errors and un-melodious voices from the choir members during the choir presentation. If this condition continues and occurs continuously, the presence of the choir can eventually interfere with the implementation of worship. Another condition is that almost all Dirigens in the GBKP choir are people who have limited musical abilities, and have no background in formal music education. His managerial ability and technical ability to teach choir is very weak. Dirigen's lack of musical knowledge and technical ability will certainly have a profound impact on the quality of the choir he leads. Therefore this dedication team will improve the choir management ability in vocal material and the ability of conducting to all participants so as to minimize the technical difficulties found in the preparation and presentation of the choir. This community service activity is expected that members and conductors / choir leaders can utilize their knowledge and experience as professionals in the field of choir training among community members in general.
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Ju, Yan Zhong, Xin Ying Wang, Jun Feng Bai, and Wen Bin Zhou. "The Temperature Rise Analysis of the Old Conductors." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1058.
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In order to study the conduction performance of the old transmission lines, we carried out a comparative study by testing the heat dissipation of the old and the new overhead conductors (35 kV aluminium cable steel reinforced (ACSR) lines, LGJ70/10). The temperature variation of two distinct types of lines under the identical current flow was investigated in details theoretically and experimentally. Our extensive experiments show that the temperature rise of old lines is higher about 11% than those of new lines with the same current flow of 255 A. By combining the theoretical analysis and experimental observations, it is concluded that the heat radiated power of the old lines is higher about 46% than that of new lines, such high radiated heat power is the main factor affecting the temperature rise of old lines.
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Belloni, G., C. Gorla, A. Lo Conte, and S. Miccoli. "Fretting fatigue conditions for two types of turboalternator rotor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 212, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406981521349.
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By means of a finite element model, the mating conditions between the end thread, located on the body of a shaft, and the thread of a ring, which supports the stud bolt that connects the internal and external conductors of a turboalternator in use at the ENEL (the Italian State Energy Corporation), are simulated. The contact pressures are calculated between the threads and their relative displacement, taking friction also into account, and conditions are identified that are characteristic of the phenomenon of fretting fatigue. Some considerations on the local risk situation allow the conclusion to be made that, in all probability, the structure is not in danger, even if the safety margin cannot be assessed precisely enough. The same analysis has been carried out for Darlington-type turboalternators that, as is known from the literature, have fractured. The two situations are compared and the safety coefficients for both types of rotor are deemed to be reliable.
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Leblanc, Richard W., and Mark S. Schwartz. "Effective boards of directors: an examination of director behavioral-types." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 2 (2008): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i2c1p1.
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The study sought to explore the role that director behavioral-type might play in leading to board effectiveness. The study involved direct observation of twenty-one boards of directors or committee meetings, together with interviews of 194 respondents. The study suggests that board process may be an equal if not more important factor than board structure in determining board effectiveness. The study’s data suggests that board processes, in turn, may be influenced by the behavioral-types of individual board members. Based on the three dimensions of dissent/consensus; individual/collective; and persuasiveness/non-persuasiveness, five director behavioral types leading to a functional board emerged from the study including: (i) change agents; (ii) consensus-builders; (iii) counsellors; (iv) challengers; and (v) conductors. Five director behavioral types leading to a dysfunctional board also emerged including: (vi) controllers; (vii) conformists; (viii) cheerleaders; (ix) critics; and (x) caretakers. The study concludes with its limitations
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Braunovic, M. "Evalutation of Different Types of Contact Aid Components for Aluminum-to-Aluminum Connectors and Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1985): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1985.1136513.
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Yi, You, He Cheng, and Wang Xinxin. "Wind Tunnel Tests on Aerodynamic Characteristics of two types of Iced Conductors with Elastic Support." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 108 (January 2018): 052073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/5/052073.
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Kamarulzaman, Norlida, Kelimah Elong, Rusdi Roshidah, Nor Fadilah Chayed, Nurhanna Badar, and Lili Widarti Zainudin. "Influence of Carbon Additives on Cathode Materials, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4." Advanced Materials Research 545 (July 2012): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.545.214.
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Carbon additives are very important components of cathodes in Li-ion batteries. This is because carbon is an electronic conductor whereas cathode materials are ionic conductors. Without the presence of carbon, the electrons will not be able to flow and there will be space charge built-up in the materials. Carbon therefore facilitates the conductivity of charged species in the cathode materials and help to disperse the negative charge accumulation which may otherwise impede Li-ion diffusion within the cathodes. In this work, two types of carbon, namely, activated carbon (micron sized) and Denka Black (nano sized) were used in conjunction with the cathode materials LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4. The amounts of cathode materials were kept constant while the amounts of carbon additives were varied. Galvanostatic charge-discharge was done over a voltage range of 4.2 V to 3.2 V. Results showed that Denka Black gives improved performance for both cathode material. This is believed to be due to the effect of nano sized particles of Denka Black.
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Mazumdar, D., D. N. Bose, G. Parthasarathy, and E. S. R. Gopal. "High-pressure studies on lithium fast-ion conductors." Journal of Materials Research 2, no. 3 (June 1987): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1987.0366.
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The variation of resistivity of the lithium fast-ion conductor Li3+y Ge1−yO4 (y = 0.25, 0.6, 0.72) has been studied with hydrostatic pressure up to 70 kbar and compared with that of Li16−2x Znx (GeO4)4(x = 1, 2). Both types showed pronounced resistivity maxima between 20–30 kbar and marked decrease thereafter. Measurements as a function of temperature between 120–300 K permitted the determination of activation energies and prefactors that also showed corresponding maxima. The activation volumes (ΔV) of the first type of compound varied between 4.34 to −4.90 cm3/mol at 300 K and decreased monotonically with increasing temperature. For the second type ΔV was much smaller, varied with pressure between 0.58 and −0.24 cm3/mol, and went through a maximum with increasing temperature. High-pressure studies were also conducted on aged samples, and the results are discussed in conjunction with results of impedance measurements and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The principal effect of pressure appears to be variations of the sum of interatomic potentials and hence barrier height, which also causes significant changes in entropy.
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Kajitani, Tsuyoshi, Yuzuru Miyazaki, Kei Hayashi, Kunio Yubuta, X. Y. Huang, and W. Koshibae. "Thermoelectric Energy Conversion and Ceramic Thermoelectrics." Materials Science Forum 671 (January 2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.671.1.
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Oxide thermoelectrics are relatively new materials that are workable at temperatures in the range of 400K≤T≤1200K. There are several types of thermoelectric oxide, namely, cobalt oxides (p-type semi-conductors), manganese oxides (n-type) and zinc oxides (n-type semi-conductors) for high temperature energy harvesting. The Seebeck coefficient of 3d metal oxide thermoelectrics is relatively high due to either high density of states at Fermi surfaces or spin entropy flow associated with the carrier flow. The spin entropy part dominates the Seebeck coefficient of 3d-metal oxides at temperatures above 300K. Introduction of impurity particles or quantum-well structures to enhance thermionic emission and energy filtering effects for the oxide semiconductors may lead to a significant improvement of thermoelectric performance.
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Kiedrowski, Piotr, Łukasz Saganowski, and Adam Marchewka. "Railway Sign Power Line As Transmission Medium for Narrowband PLC." Image Processing & Communications 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2018-0003.
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Abstract This work shows transmission parameters of specific power line, which is control cable used for supplying a railway sign. Two transmission parameters are considered, namely: attenuation and characteristic impedance, these two secondary parameters are calculated from primary parameters i.e. R, L and C. Primary parameters and their components were calculated if they depended on the frequency or were taken from producers notes. Analysis was done for the frequency in range from 50 kHz up to 100 kHz. Two types of cables were analysed, as extreme cases, first with the 1 mm2 solid conductors cable and second with the 1.5 mm2 19 strands conductors. Knowing the PLC modem transmission parameters together with the transmission parameters of the railway sign power line it is possible to calculate the capabilities of the communication system e. g. distance or maximum bit rate.
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Perrone, R., H. Bartsch de Torres, M. Hoffmann, M. Mach, and J. Müller. "Miniaturized Embossed Low Resistance Fine Line Coils in LTCC." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-6.1.42.
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Embedded ceramic coils stand out because of their excellent dielectric, thermal, and RF properties. However the relatively high sheet resistance (low thickness) of printed thick-film conductors restricts their functionality for applications where current values of several amps are needed. Using embossed structures it is possible to manufacture conductors with increased thickness and low resistance on LTCC tapes. The manufacturing process for wide conductors with high dimensional accuracy was shown in previous publications. In this work fine line embossed structures with line widths and spaces of 50 and 75 μm respectively were realized. The cross section of the embossed channels was about 50 μm. The fine line screen printing, stencil printing, and the photo definable Fodel® processes were used to fill the small structures with thick-film ink. The whole process was used to manufacture several types of low resistance coils in LTCC that can be used for current values up to approximately 3 A. They were realized as embedded as well as SMD components. Thus, the functionality of LTCC modules and LTCC SMD coils was increased. In this paper, the filling and patterning characteristics of all structuring methods are compared and the results discussed. Furthermore, the advantages of this process are shown by electrical, thermal, and RF measurements.
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Brazovskii, S. "Theory of the ferroelectric Mott-Hubbard phase in organic conductors." Journal de Physique IV 12, no. 9 (November 2002): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020382.
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Recently the ferroelectric FE anomaly (Nad, Monceau, et al.) followed by the charge disproportionation CD (Brown, et al) have been discovered in ($TMTTF)_2X$ compounds. A theory of the combined Mott-Hubbard state describes both effects by interference of the build-in nonequivalence of bonds and the spontaneous one of sites. The state gives rise to three types of solitons: $\pi -$ solitons (holons) are observed via the activation energy A in conductivity G; noninteger $\alpha -$ solitons provide the frequency dispersion of the FE response; combined spin-charge solitons determine $G(T)$ below subsequent phase transitions. The optical edge lies well below the conductivity gap 2A; the critical FE mode coexists with a combined electron-phonon resonance and a phonon antiresonance. The CD and the FE can exists hiddenly even in the Se subfamily giving rise to the unexplained yet low frequency optical peak, the enhanced pseudogap and traces of phonons activation.
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Kung, H., J. P. Hirth, S. R. Foltyn, P. N. Arendt, Q. X. Jia, and M. P. Maley. "TEM Characterization of Grain Boundary Structure in YBCO Coated Conductors." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034462.
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Studies of defects, such as grain boundaries, in high temperature superconductors (HTS) are important due to the interaction of the defects with flux-bearing vortices. The benefit of in-plane grain alignment has been documented in YBCO thin film bicrystals, in which the high critical current density (Jc) observed across small angle grain boundaries deteriorates exponentially with grain boundary angles beyond ∼ 7°. In addition to the weak coupling effect, a grain boundary may also influence the transport properties via the grain boundary dislocations (GBDs) serving as pinning centers to increase the critical current density. There have been a number of studies on grain boundary structures in YBCO. Despite many differences in structure among the different types of boundaries, it has been established that the low angle [001] tilt boundary in YBCO consists of aperiodic array of edge type GBDs with [100] type Burgers vector that accommodate the lattice mismatch, and the regions between the GBDs are channels of relatively undisturbed lattices [1].
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Stefanidou, Constantina G., Konstantina D. Tsalapati, Anastasia M. Ferentinou, and Constantine D. Skordoulis. "CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES PRE-SERVICE PRIMARY TEACHERS HAVE WITH STATIC ELECTRICITY." Journal of Baltic Science Education 18, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/19.18.300.
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Static electricity is the introductory chapter to electricity in all high school and university Physics textbooks. The interpretations of static electricity phenomena are not obvious, even in higher education. This research was conducted to identify the major difficulties which pre-service primary teachers encounter in explaining static electricity. They conducted electrostatic experiments focused on different types of electricity, in the context of an Introductory Physics Laboratory Course. The data were collected through the reports they wrote at the end of the course. The qualitative content analysis method was used in order to analyze the data. The sample, which was a convenient one, consisted of 200 pre-service primary teachers, 170 females and 30 males. The analysis showed that pre-service primary teachers have considerable difficulty conceptualizing the microscopic processes – more specifically, charging by induction – that explain these phenomena. The different roles electrons play in conductors and insulators seemed to pose difficulties for pre-service primary teachers. The findings implied an emphasis on microscopic models during macroscopic experimental processes. This could help pre-service primary teachers to understand the role of electrons in conductors and insulators and the different mechanisms involved in different types of charging. Keywords: conceptual difficulties, content analysis, static electricity.
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Yun, KiHyun. "Two types of electric field enhancements by infinitely many circular conductors arranged closely in two parallel lines." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 75, no. 4 (May 10, 2017): 649–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/1472.
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Knych, Tadeusz, Andrzej Mamala, Paweł Kwaśniewski, Grzegorz Kiesiewicz, Beata Smyrak, Marek Gniełczyk, Artur Kawecki, Kinga Korzeń, and Eliza Sieja-Smaga. "New Graphene Composites for Power Engineering." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030715.
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Intensive research is underway worldwide to develop new conductive materials for applications in the power industry. Such tests aim to increase the electrical conductivity of materials for conductors and cables, thus increasing the current carrying capacity of the line and reducing the loss of electricity transmission. The scientific discovery of recent years, graphene, one of the allotropic types of carbon with very high electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, creates great opportunities for designing and producing new materials with above-standard operational properties. This project concentrates on developing technology for manufacturing aluminum-graphene and copper-graphene composites intended to be used to produce a new generation of power engineering conductors. In particular, we present the results of the research on the mechanical synthesis of aluminum-graphene and copper -graphene composites, as well as the results of the electric, mechanical, and structural properties of rods obtained after the extrusion process and wires after the drawing process.
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Żyra, A., and S. Skoczypiec. "Primary research on influence of workpiece cooling on efficiency of Inconel’s 625 alloy elecrodischarge milling in carbon dioxide." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012040.
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Abstract Inconel alloys one of the most cost intensive materials to machine with conventional machining methods. It is connected with its mechanical properties, as well as low thermal conductivity and also high material losses during machining. An alternative to conventional machining is electrodischarge machining (EDM), which enables to machine all the materials which are conductors or semi-conductors regardless its chemical composition and mechanical properties. There are three main dielectric types which can be used for EDM machining. The eco-friendly are gaseous ones. It is still hard to use gaseous dielectrics in the industrial applications, however it seems that this dielectrics are the future. The main aim of this research was to determine an influence of EDM milling in carbon dioxide used as dielectric in two configurations – with and without external workpiece cooling with deionized water on the EDM technological parameters (material removal rate, electrode wear) as well as technological surface integrity and surface structure.