Relevant bibliographies by topics / Types of inequality

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Types of inequality'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 18 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Jasso, Guillermina, and Samuel Kotz. "Two Types of Inequality." Sociological Methods & Research 37, no. 1 (2008): 31–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124108318971.

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Sushma, Nayal. "Gender Inequality and Its Causes & Types." RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES (ISSN 2348–3318) 9, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7362683.

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Indian system is very complex because its social, religious and cultural practices and its other issues like education, employment, opportunities, these issues effect can be seen on the life women because it makes a difference between men and women. Women are traditionally considered by society as weaker gender. She has been accorded a subordinate position to men. women still live in present day, in the same condition of the past. Women have no power to take decisions independently either inside their home or out side the work. Lack of education is the main cause of it in present time. The unf
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Stewart, Frances. "Horizontal Inequality: Two Types of Trap." Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 10, no. 3 (2009): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452820903041824.

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Johnson, Chloe, and Melissa Powell-Williams. "Different Types of Inequality in Body Image." Arsenal: The Undergraduate Research Journal of Augusta University 4, no. 1 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21633/issn.2380.5064/s.2021.04.01.16.

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Hopkins, Ed, and Tatiana Kornienko. "Which Inequality? The Inequality of Endowments versus the Inequality of Rewards." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2, no. 3 (2010): 106–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.2.3.106.

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We introduce a new distinction between inequality in initial endowments (e.g., ability, inherited wealth) and inequality of what one can obtain as rewards (e.g., prestigious positions, money). We show that, when society allocates resources via tournaments, these two types of inequality have opposing effects on equilibrium behavior and well-being. Greater inequality of rewards hurts most people—both the middle class and the poor—who are forced into greater effort. Conversely, greater inequality of endowments benefits the middle class. Thus, the correctness of our intuitions about the implicatio
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Sroysang, Banyat. "A Generalization on Some New Types of Hardy-Hilbert’s Integral Inequalities." Journal of Function Spaces and Applications 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/925464.

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Sulaiman presented, in 2008, new kinds of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality in which the weight function is homogeneous. In this paper, we present a generalization on the kinds of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality.
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Rakitskiy, Boris. "Methodological Problems and Guidelines of Studying Social Inequality." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 3 (2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10073.

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The Object of the Study. Social inequality.The Subject of the Study. Methodology and guidelines of the social inequality studies.The Purpose of the Study. Support efforts of researchers in the field of the social inequality.The Main Provisions of the Article. Ideological basement of the studies of social inequality is the indispensable precondition of ensuring their scientific profoundness, reliability and practical value.In the current article two types of social policy are differenciated: the first one is based on the nesessity of the total elimination of the social inequaltiy in the future,
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Rostamian Delavar, Mohsen, and Manuel De La Sen. "Difference Mappings Associated with Nonsymmetric Monotone Types of Fejér’s Inequality." Mathematics 7, no. 9 (2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7090802.

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Two mappings L w and P w , in connection with Fejér’s inequality, are considered for the convex and nonsymmetric monotone functions. Some basic properties and results along with some refinements for Fejér’s inequality according to these new settings are obtained. As applications, some special means type inequalities are given.
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Hamdard, Wasiq Ullah, and Irfan Ullah Stanikzai. "Political Regime Types and Income Inequality in Pakistan." International Journal of Applied Economics, Accounting and Management (IJAEAM) 2, no. 1 (2024): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijaeam.v2i1.940.

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Rising income inequality is one of the major issues in the Pakistani economy. It has been investigated in different dimensions. Different cross-sectional and panel studies have extensively examined the connection between political regime types and income inequality over a specific period. The findings have displayed significant variations across countries and regions. This study delves into exploring the relationship between political regime types and income inequality, specifically in Pakistan, utilizing time series data spanning from 1972 to 2019. To measure political regime types, the Polit
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Byun, Soo-yong, and Hyunjoon Park. "When Different Types of Education Matter." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 1 (2017): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216682810.

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Using longitudinal data for a nationally representative sample of ninth graders in South Korea, we examine socioeconomic differences in the likelihood of making transitions into different types of high school and college with a goal of testing the validity of the effectively maintained inequality hypothesis. We find significant socioeconomic disparities in the likelihood of attending an academic high school and a 4-year university. However, the predicted probabilities suggest that even disadvantaged students typically choose an academic high school relative to a vocational high school. Further
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Vorhach, D. "The problem of social inequity in society: causes and consequences." Thesis, Наукова платформа Open Science Laboratory, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16773.

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In modern Ukraine and other countries of the world inequality is becoming extremely widespread. This leads to lower in the quality of life of people, increasing in the number of poor people, decreasing in life expectancy and deterioration of economic development. In order to overcome all the types of inequality, it is necessary first of all to understand the nature of inequality, its causes and manifestations. Social inequality is the social division of society into classes with different rights, responsibilities and social opportunities. Social inequality is also characterized by an uneven di
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Ansari, Amna. "Children's capabilities and education inequality : how types of schooling play a role in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274874.

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This research is an application of the Capabilities Approach to a southern educational context, aiming to answer how children’s capabilities differ across different types of schooling (public, private and religious) in Pakistan. While conventional research on education in the country dwells on aspects like economic returns to education or qualitative differences in public and private provision, a broader perspective addressing the institutionalization of a tier-ed education structure and its consequences for school-going children remains missing. The current study is an incubation of the same
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Ghader, Mouhammad. "Stabilité et contrôlabilité exacte des systèmes distribués couplés avec différents types d'amortissement." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS078.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la stabilisation et la contrôlabilité exacte de certains problèmes distribués avec différents types d’amortissement. Dans la première partie, nous étudions la stabilité d'un système Bresse mono-dimensionnel avec un contrôle de type mémoire infini et/ou avec une conduction de chaleur donnée par la loi de Cattaneo agissant sur le déplacement de l'angle de cisaillement. Nous considérons le cas intéressant de conditions aux bords de types entièrement Dirichlet. En effet, sous la condition d'égalité de la vitesse de propagation des ondes, nous établissons la stabilit
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Silwal, Sharad Deep. "Harnack's inequality in spaces of homogeneous type." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14189.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Mathematics<br>Diego Maldonado<br>Originally introduced in 1961 by Carl Gustav Axel Harnack [36] in the context of harmonic functions in R[superscript]2, the so-called Harnack inequality has since been established for solutions to a wide variety of different partial differential equations (PDEs) by mathematicians at different times of its historical development. Among them, Moser's iterative scheme [47-49] and Krylov-Safonov's probabilistic method [43, 44] stand out as pioneering theories, both in terms of their originality and their impact on the study
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Leydold, Josef. "A Faber-Krahn-type Inequality for Regular Trees." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Abt. f. Angewandte Statistik u. Datenverarbeitung, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1996. http://epub.wu.ac.at/778/1/document.pdf.

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In the last years some results for the Laplacian on manifolds have been shown to hold also for the graph Laplacian, e.g. Courant's nodal domain theorem or Cheeger's inequality. Friedman (Some geometric aspects of graphs and their eigenfunctions, Duke Math. J. 69 (3), pp. 487-525, 1993) described the idea of a ``graph with boundary". With this concept it is possible to formulate Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalue problems. Friedman also conjectured another ``classical" result for manifolds, the Faber-Krahn theorem, for regular bounded trees with boundary. The Faber-Krahn theorem states that among
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Pathak, Nimishaben Shailesh. "Lyapunov-type inequality and eigenvalue estimates for fractional problems." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1249.

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In this work, we establish the Lyapunov-type inequalities for the fractional boundary value problems with Hilfer derivative for different boundary conditions. We apply this inequality to fractional eigenvalue problems and prove one of the important results of real zeros of certain Mittag-Leffler functions and improve the bound of the eigenvalue using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Semi-maximum norm. We extend it for higher order cases.
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Hodrea, Ioan Bogdan. "Farkas - type results for convex and non - convex inequality systems." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200800075.

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Howden, Lindsay Michelle. "Household type, economic disadvantage, and residential segregation: empirical patterns and findings from simulation analysis." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2393.

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In this thesis I focus on segregation between households giving attention to the roles that family type, economic inequality, and race can play in promoting and maintaining these patterns. I first consider three lines of urban ecological theory that have been offered to help explain patterns of segregation. One line of theory emphasizes the role of variation in preferences and needs. The second emphasizes urban structure, market dynamics, and economic inequality, while the third emphasizes the role of race. Research examining the role of consumer preferences in the neighborhood and housing cho
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Larsson, Leo. "Carlson type inequalities and their applications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Univ. : Matematiska institutionen, Univ. [distributör], 2003. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-506-1654-4/.

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Tramel, Rebecca. "New stability conditions on surfaces and new Castelnuovo-type inequalities for curves on complete-intersection surfaces." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20990.

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Let X be a smooth complex projective variety. In 2002, [Bri07] defined a notion of stability for the objects in Db(X), the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves on X, which generalized the notion of slope stability for vector bundles on curves. There are many nice connections between stability conditions on X and the geometry of the variety. In 2012, [BMT14] gave a conjectural stability condition for threefolds. In the case that X is a complete intersection threefold, the existence of this stability condition would imply a Castelnuovo-type inequality for curves on X. I give a new Castel
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Books on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Wang, Zhuhai. A Minkowski-Type Inequality for Hypersurfaces in the Reissner-Nordstrom-Anti-deSitter Manifold. [publisher not identified], 2015.

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Socrates, Papageorgiou Nikolaos, and Staicu Vasile, eds. Degree theory for operators of monotone type and nonlinear elliptic equaions with inequality constraints. American Mathematical Society, 2008.

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Andreasen, Robin, and Heather Doty. Measuring Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0007.

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The focus of this chapter is on the argument from inductive risk in the context of social science research on disparate impact in employment outcomes. It identifies three types of situations in the testing of scientific theories, not sufficiently emphasized in the inductive risk literature, that raise considerations of inductive risk: choice of significance test, choice of how to measure disparate impact, and the operationalization of scientific variables. It argues that non-epistemic values have a legitimate role in two of these situations but not in the third. It uses this observation to bui
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Cowell, Frank. Inequality and Poverty Measures. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.4.

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The theory of inequality measurement can be founded on a few very simple principles concerning the comparison of income distributions. This chapter discusses the standard principles and the types of inequality indices that follow from them. It shows how these principles and indices can be related to conventional approaches to social-welfare analysis. Adjusting a few pieces within this same framework enables one to derive alternative, novel types of inequality indices and lays the basis for commonly-used types of poverty indices. The chapter also covers other general approaches to distributiona
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Hargittai, Eszter, and Yuli Patrick Hsieh. Digital Inequality. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0007.

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This chapter investigates the research on inequalities in society, and also considers the digital inequality beyond overly simplistic conceptions of access to technologies. Additionally, it describes how people's background characteristics relate to their web-use skills and what they do online. The social implications of differentiated Internet uses are covered. The theoretical perspectives presented point out various forms of inequality associated with information and communications technology (ICT) uses, and explore both the causes and consequences of digital inequalities from various resear
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Field of Study and Social Inequality: Four Types of Educational Resources in the Process of Stratification in the Netherlands. University of Amsterdam, 2001.

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Lacey, Nicola, David Soskice, Leonidas Cheliotis, and Sappho Xenakis, eds. Tracing the Relationship between Inequality, Crime and Punishment. British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266922.001.0001.

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The question of inequality has moved decisively to the top of the contemporary intellectual agenda. Going beyond Thomas Piketty’s focus on wealth, increasing inequalities of various kinds, and their impact on social, political and economic life, now present themselves among the most urgent issues facing scholars in the humanities and the social sciences. Key among these is the relationship between inequality, crime and punishment. The propositions that social inequality shapes crime and punishment, and that crime and punishment themselves cause or exacerbate inequality, are conventional wisdom
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Kantorovitz, Shmuel, and Ami Viselter. Introduction to Modern Analysis. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849540.001.0001.

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Abstract This book explores this developer’s dilemma or ‘Kuznetsian tension’ between structural transformation and income inequality. Developing countries are seeking economic development—that is, structural transformation—which is inclusive in the sense that it is broad-based and raises the income of all, especially the poor. Thus, inclusive economic growth requires steady, or even falling, income inequality if it is to maximize the growth of incomes at the lower end of the distribution. Yet, this is at odds with Simon Kuznets hypothesis that economic development tends to put upward pressure
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Song, Sarah. Does Justice Require Open Borders? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 examines the global distributive justice argument for open borders. It challenges two key assumptions underlying this argument: (1) that global distributive justice requires global equality of opportunity and (2) that global distributive justice requires open borders. It argues that equality and justice are fundamentally relational ideals. Our particular relationships and institutional contexts matter for the types of distributive obligations we have. This does not mean we have no global obligations. The chapter examines different forms of global inequality and identifies circumstanc
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Dodlova, Marina, and Anna Giolbas. Regime type, inequality, and redistributive transfers in developing countries. UNU-WIDER, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2017/254-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Mihályi, Péter, and Iván Szelényi. "Thirteen Types of Rent in the Globalized World." In Rent-Seekers, Profits, Wages and Inequality. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03846-5_3.

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Shen, Yangyang. "Types of Economic Activities and Rural Residents’ Poverty Dynamic Changes." In Rural Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in China. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9655-8_6.

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Chen, Yi, and Long Huang. "Data Types, Operators, and Expressions." In MATLAB Roadmap to Applications. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8788-3_2.

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Abstract Comprehend the concept of data types and their significance in MATLAB programming. Distinguish between the various data types available in MATLAB, such as numeric types, characters, and logical values. Utilise appropriate type conversion techniques to manipulate and transform data as required. Apply arithmetic operators, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, to perform basic mathematical computations. Employ relational operators, including equality and inequality operators, to compare values and evaluate conditions. Utilise logical operators, such as AND, OR, and NOT, to create logical expressions and make decisions based on conditions. Grasp the concept of operator precedence and utilise parentheses to control the order of operations. Utilise MATLAB’s built-in functions and operators to work with strings and perform string manipulations. Perform arithmetic and logical operations using various operators and construct complex expressions.
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Murphy, Colleen, and Charles Fogelman. "Gender, structural inequality and just governance." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0002.

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Abstract This chapter examines the ways in which gendered structural inequality inhibits the just governance of land. Institutions of various kinds (legal, governmental, economic, social, and cultural) specify rules and norms for interaction. Rules and norms outline what types of action are permitted, required, or prohibited by certain groups of actors, as well as the formal and informal penalties for violating such rules and norms. Structural inequality exists when institutional rules and norms differentially restrict opportunities for certain groups to do and become things of value (e.g. being healthy, being employed, being educated) and differentially restrict the ability of certain groups to shape and define institutional rules and norms.
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Wohlkinger, Florian, and Hartmut Ditton. "Inequality in Educational Transitions During Secondary School: Results from the German National Educational Panel Study." In Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9_8.

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AbstractThe German educational system generally allows for transitions between different types of secondary school. This so called ‘openness’ is supposed to enable a correction of misallocated students and thereby respond appropriately to delays in the improvement of children’s academic performance. Both transition directions are feasible: downward movements from upper to lower types of secondary school and upward movements from lower to upper types of secondary school. This research aims to determine whether transitions in secondary schooling exhibit patterns of social selectivity. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study, we begin our analyses with an overview of the initial distribution of students over the different types of secondary school. Afterwards, we distinguish different transitions from different initial types of secondary school. We compare the various subgroups in terms of several factors that are well known to be related to educational inequalities. Results confirm that even after controlling for performance, transitions during secondary schooling are linked to students’ social background and gender.
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Ryckbosch, Wouter. "Towards a new history of old mobility: obstacles and prospects." In Datini Studies in Economic History. Firenze University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0667-9.31.

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A new wave of empirical and data-driven studies on the history of social mobility in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period has been emerging in recent years. This trend bears some resemblance to the wave of historical inequality studies that successfully changed the consensus of long-run trends in inequality in the past decade. In this short reflection, I argue that there are important obstacles to overcome before a similar consensus in the field of historical mobility studies can be reached. Pre-modern historians should be careful to distinguish between different types of mobility, should take contemporary perceptions of social ambition or fear into account, and should Always specify which social groups their results apply to.
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Núñez, Pedro. "Types of Institutions and Youth School Experience: Dynamics of Inequality in Argentine Secondary Education." In Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90495-1_5.

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Asiedu, Edward, Tebkieta Alexandra Tapsoba, and Stephen Gelb. "Migrant Resource Flows and Development in the Global South." In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39814-8_24.

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AbstractThis chapter looks at three types of resource flows in South–South migration—financial flows of remittances and diaspora investment, trade flows of goods and services, and knowledge flows relating to skills development and production and organisational technology for enterprises. The chapter provides an overview of each of the three flows, covering both formal and informal resource flows. The chapter argues that the South–South component of resource flows has barely been addressed in the existing literature, focusing overwhelmingly on North-South flows with greater aggregate value and ignoring the migrant and diaspora population from the Global South. Secondly, it argues that many resource flows are informal and that trying to “formalise” these will leave many—both migrants and citizens—in jeopardy because they will not have access to flows of finance, trade and knowledge. Finally, the chapter argues that there is a need to think about how the development impact of South–South flows differs from North-South flows, if at all, so that the potentially unequalising impacts of the flows can be addressed by governments, international institutions and migrant organisations.
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Lambrecht, Thijs, and Wouter Ryckbosch. "Economic inequality in the rural Southern Low Countries during the Fifteenth century: sources, data and reflection." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.16.

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This chapter seeks to explore local and regional variation in levels of inequality in different types of rural localities and regions within the late medieval County of Flanders. Our research indicates that fiscal sources for the County of Flanders can produce reliable data on the distribution of income during the late medieval period. The analysis of these data shows that important local and regional differences can be observed in the distribution of rural income. To a large extent, these local variations can be explained by differences in access to local economic resources. Our results, however, also indicate that substantial regional differences in access to rural resources can produce similar income distributions.
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Zhao, Xuan, and Qiang Zhang. "Hölder Type Inequality and Jensen Type Inequality for Choquet Integral." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25661-5_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Lanham, S. Andrew, and Brian R. La Cour. "Bell State Statistics with Post-Selection Loophole." In Quantum 2.0. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2024.qtu3a.2.

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We demonstrate a classical post-selection-induced violation of a Bell-type inequality using the setup of Q. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. A 77, 062316 (2008). The results demonstrate how post-selection alone can cause Bell inequality violations.
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Wang, Haiying, and Dali Hu. "Trapezium type inequality for the n-times differentiable a-preinvex functions." In 2024 16th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc62065.2024.00025.

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Wang, Haiying, Zufeng Fu, Xiaolong Fu, and Dali Hu. "Hermite-Hadamard type inequality of the n-times differentiable E-preinvex functions." In 2024 16th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc62065.2024.00024.

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Lomonosova, Marina. "REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS AND ASSISTED REPRODACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: NEW FORMS AND TYPES OF INEQUALITY." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b11/s2.100.

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Kejriwal, Mayank. "Simulating and Quantifying Inequality in Strategic Agent Networks." In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004025.

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Transactions are an important aspect of human social life, and represent dynamic flow of information, intangible values, such as trust, as well as monetary and social capital. Although much research has been conducted on the nature of transactions in fields ranging from the social sciences to game theory, the systemic effects of different types of strategic agents transacting in real-world social networks (often following a scale-free distribution) are not fully understood. An influential economic measure that has not received adequate attention in the complex networks and game theory communit
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Kale, Vaibhav, Vikram Bapat, and Bernie Bettig. "Geometric Constraint Solving With Solution Selectors." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50113.

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Current parametric CAD systems are based on solving equality type of constraints between geometric objects and parameters. This includes algebraic equations constraining the values of variables, and geometric constraints, constraining the positions of geometric objects. However, to truly represent design intent, next-generation CAD systems must also allow users to input other types of constraints such as inequality constraints. Inequality constraints are expressed as inequality expressions on variables or as geometric constraints that force geometric objects to be on specific sides or have spe
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Xu, Yifan, and Pan Xu. "Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance
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Radová, Jana, and Jitka Machalová. "Identification problem for nonlinear beam -- extension for different types of boundary conditions." In Programs and Algorithms of Numerical Mathematics 21. Institute of Mathematics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/panm.2022.18.

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Identification problem is a framework of mathematical problems dealing with the search for optimal values of the unknown coefficients of the considered model. Using experimentally measured data, the aim of this work is to determine the coefficients of the given differential equation. This paper deals with the extension of the continuous dependence results for the Gao beam identification problem with different types of boundary conditions by using appropriate analytical inequalities with a special attention given to the Wirtinger's inequality and its modification. On the basis of these results
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Deng, Zhihong, Jing Jiang, Guodong Long, and Chengqi Zhang. "What Hides behind Unfairness? Exploring Dynamics Fairness in Reinforcement Learning." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/432.

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In sequential decision-making problems involving sensitive attributes like race and gender, reinforcement learning (RL) agents must carefully consider long-term fairness while maximizing returns. Recent works have proposed many different types of fairness notions, but how unfairness arises in RL problems remains unclear. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by investigating the sources of inequality through a causal lens. We first analyse the causal relationships governing the data generation process and decompose the effect of sensitive attributes on long-term well-being into
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McCann, Brennan S., Morad Nazari, and Firdaus Udwadia. "Analysis of Inequality Constraints Without Using Lagrange Multipliers With Applications to Classical Dynamical Systems." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94362.

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Abstract The fundamental equation of mechanics (FEM) for constrained motion analysis provides a way to obtain control accelerations necessary to satisfy some set of holonomic or non-holonomic constraints. The methodology provides the control necessary to either perfectly satisfy or minimize the error in all the constraints and does not require computation of Lagrange multipliers. Furthermore, this framework is capable of addressing various types of constraints, and can treat systems that are under-, fully-, or over-constrained, conveniently. The FEM formulation has most commonly been applied t
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Reports on the topic "Types of inequality"

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Borella, Margherita, Francisco Bullano, Mariacristina De Nardi, Benjamin Krueger, and Elena Manresa. Health Inequality and Health Types. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32799.

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Borella, Margherita, Francisco Bullano, Mariacristina De Nardi, Benjamin Krueger, and Elena Manresa. Health inequality and health types. The IFS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2024.4224.

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Filipiak, Katarzyna, Dietrich von Rosen, Martin Singull, and Wojciech Rejchel. Estimation under inequality constraints in univariate and multivariate linear models. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/lith-mat-r-2024-01.

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In this paper least squares and maximum likelihood estimates under univariate and multivariate linear models with a priori information related to maximum effects in the models are determined. Both loss functions (the least squares and negative log-likelihood) and the constraints are convex, so the convex optimization theory can be utilized to obtain estimates, which in this paper are called Safety belt estimates. In particular, the complementary slackness condition, common in convex optimization, implies two alternative types of solutions, strongly dependent on the data and the restriction. It
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Gasparini, Leonardo. Argentina's Distributional Failure: The Role of Integration and Public Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011277.

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This paper documents the income distribution changes experienced by Argentina during the last decades. Inequality substantially increased, and despite economic growth during some periods, poverty also went significantly up. Two types of episodes have shaped Argentina's income distribution: deep macroeconomic crisis and periods of openness and integration. The sizable raise in inequality in the 90s seems to be associated to reallocations against unskilled-labor intensive sectors, and especially to skilled-biased technological change within most sectors, both factors stimulated by the process of
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Machado, Fabiana. Decentralization and Accountability: The Curse of Local Underdevelopment. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011496.

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Decentralization of provision of public services has been an important item in the agenda of developing countries. While some scholars and practitioners argue that decentralization is associated with improvements in provision due to higher accountability, others note its potential pitfalls. In particular, decentralization to local communities characterized by poverty, low levels of education, and inequality may lead to low accountability and higher susceptibility to political capture. This paper explores these dynamics empirically, taking advantage of the fact that in Brazilian municipalities
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Tian, Nan, Diego Lopes da Silva, and Xiao Liang. Using Taxation to Fund Military Spending. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/xlej7426.

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World military expenditure is on the rise. To fund their increases in military spending, options available to governments include tax, debt or revenue from natural resources. Each form of financing has its consequences, economic, political or social. Tax is the prevalent source of finance for governments. The use of tax, and the choice among different types of tax, can have an impact on income inequality and economic growth, among other things. However, no scholarly attention has yet been paid to the use of taxation to fund military spending. Using statistical analysis combined with in-depth c
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Bastani, Spencer, Kristina Karlsson, Jonas Kolsrud, and Daniel Waldenström. The Capital Advantage: Comparing Returns to Ability in the Labor and Capital Markets. Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik, Linnéuniversitetet, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ns.wp.2024.01.

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Using administrative tax and military records, we show that cognitive ability is more strongly associated with capital income than with labor income. This result holds across intensive and extensive margins, across different income types, and after controlling for education, occupation, inheritance, and parental background. Higher ability individuals save more, are better at selecting high-return stocks, hold more risky assets, and are less likely to live hand-to-mouth. Capital market returns are higher for cognitive ability than for non-cognitive skills, and the difference is stable over time
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Casas-Alatriste, José Antonio, and Ramón Espinasa. Energy Reform and Local Content in Mexico: Effects on the Hydrocarbons Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010610.

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This study results from a need to have more precise knowledge of the recently approved Energy Reform, and its secondary laws and regulations. It identifies opportunities that may arise for implementing policies and practices that affect the percentage of local content of acquisitions and contracting to be undertaken by the various entities and companies in the sector, as well as the real possibilities of stimulating development of productive corridors to ensure the emergence, growth and consolidation of industries, companies and businesses of various types which support the energy sector in Me
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Defining Characteristics of Democracy in the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.064.

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This report offers a brief overview of the literature on the defining characteristics of democracy in the 21st century. This report seeks to map out a range of conceptual approaches to understanding democracy, evidence on emerging trends in democratisation, and challenges to realising democracy in its varied forms. The report begins with a discussion on definitions of democracy that have emerged in recent decades (Section 2), highlighting a range of qualifiers that are widely used to differentiate and analyse different democratic regime types. Section 3 summarises trends in key indicators of d
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Harman, Oliver, Anders Jensen, Farria Naeem, Moussa Saab, Shahrukh Wani, and Nick Wilkinson. COVID-19 and taxes: Policies for the post-pandemic recovery. The International Growth Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-igc-pb_2021/1.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented strain on public finances across developing countries. Large fiscal responses and weak economic activity have widened deficits and increased public debt, which for many will be unsustainable over the medium-term. It is important for policymakers to consider policies for mobilising additional revenue. To this end, this policy brief discusses reform options across four types of taxes: wealth, property, consumption, and corporate income. Wealth taxes are underutilised as a policy tool. There is an opportunity to leverage them in response to COVID-19
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