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Journal articles on the topic 'Types of inequality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 18 July 2025

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1

Jasso, Guillermina, and Samuel Kotz. "Two Types of Inequality." Sociological Methods & Research 37, no. 1 (2008): 31–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124108318971.

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2

Sushma, Nayal. "Gender Inequality and Its Causes & Types." RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES (ISSN 2348–3318) 9, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7362683.

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Indian system is very complex because its social, religious and cultural practices and its other issues like education, employment, opportunities, these issues effect can be seen on the life women because it makes a difference between men and women. Women are traditionally considered by society as weaker gender. She has been accorded a subordinate position to men. women still live in present day, in the same condition of the past. Women have no power to take decisions independently either inside their home or out side the work. Lack of education is the main cause of it in present time. The unfortunate part of gender inequality in our society, is that women face social customs, beliefs and patriarchal system.

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Stewart, Frances. "Horizontal Inequality: Two Types of Trap." Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 10, no. 3 (2009): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452820903041824.

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Johnson, Chloe, and Melissa Powell-Williams. "Different Types of Inequality in Body Image." Arsenal: The Undergraduate Research Journal of Augusta University 4, no. 1 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21633/issn.2380.5064/s.2021.04.01.16.

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Hopkins, Ed, and Tatiana Kornienko. "Which Inequality? The Inequality of Endowments versus the Inequality of Rewards." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2, no. 3 (2010): 106–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.2.3.106.

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We introduce a new distinction between inequality in initial endowments (e.g., ability, inherited wealth) and inequality of what one can obtain as rewards (e.g., prestigious positions, money). We show that, when society allocates resources via tournaments, these two types of inequality have opposing effects on equilibrium behavior and well-being. Greater inequality of rewards hurts most people—both the middle class and the poor—who are forced into greater effort. Conversely, greater inequality of endowments benefits the middle class. Thus, the correctness of our intuitions about the implications of inequality is hugely affected by the type of inequality considered. (JEL D63, D82)

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Sroysang, Banyat. "A Generalization on Some New Types of Hardy-Hilbert’s Integral Inequalities." Journal of Function Spaces and Applications 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/925464.

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Sulaiman presented, in 2008, new kinds of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality in which the weight function is homogeneous. In this paper, we present a generalization on the kinds of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality.

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Rakitskiy, Boris. "Methodological Problems and Guidelines of Studying Social Inequality." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 3 (2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10073.

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The Object of the Study. Social inequality.The Subject of the Study. Methodology and guidelines of the social inequality studies.The Purpose of the Study. Support efforts of researchers in the field of the social inequality.The Main Provisions of the Article. Ideological basement of the studies of social inequality is the indispensable precondition of ensuring their scientific profoundness, reliability and practical value.In the current article two types of social policy are differenciated: the first one is based on the nesessity of the total elimination of the social inequaltiy in the future, and the second one – on the assumption of unchanging nature of social inparity in the public life. Different types of social policy of a government or of major social actors define a specific set of necessary and sufficient problems which have to be scientificantly deep formulated and solved.

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Rostamian Delavar, Mohsen, and Manuel De La Sen. "Difference Mappings Associated with Nonsymmetric Monotone Types of Fejér’s Inequality." Mathematics 7, no. 9 (2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7090802.

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Two mappings L w and P w , in connection with Fejér’s inequality, are considered for the convex and nonsymmetric monotone functions. Some basic properties and results along with some refinements for Fejér’s inequality according to these new settings are obtained. As applications, some special means type inequalities are given.

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9

Hamdard, Wasiq Ullah, and Irfan Ullah Stanikzai. "Political Regime Types and Income Inequality in Pakistan." International Journal of Applied Economics, Accounting and Management (IJAEAM) 2, no. 1 (2024): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijaeam.v2i1.940.

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Rising income inequality is one of the major issues in the Pakistani economy. It has been investigated in different dimensions. Different cross-sectional and panel studies have extensively examined the connection between political regime types and income inequality over a specific period. The findings have displayed significant variations across countries and regions. This study delves into exploring the relationship between political regime types and income inequality, specifically in Pakistan, utilizing time series data spanning from 1972 to 2019. To measure political regime types, the Polity index is employed, while the Gini-Coefficient serves as the metric for income inequality. Additionally, this research takes into account various factors, such as GDP per capita, the ratio of direct taxes to GDP, the percentage of government expenditure on education relative to GDP, and the percentage of government expenditure on community and social services relative to GDP, in order to control for their direct effects. The stationarity of the data is assessed using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, while the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is employed to examine the cointegrating relationship among the variables in the model. The empirical findings from the estimation affirm the presence of a lasting correlation between Pakistan's political regime types and wealth disparities. The findings show that different political regimes have a notable detrimental effect on the nation's economic disparity. To be more precise, a one percent increase in the Polity score is associated with a 0.45 percent long-term and a 0.25 percent short-term fall in the Gini Coefficient. This suggests that Pakistan should work toward a stable democratic political framework and put into place sustainable economic policies in order to successfully address income disparity and achieve a desirable level of income distribution

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Byun, Soo-yong, and Hyunjoon Park. "When Different Types of Education Matter." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 1 (2017): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216682810.

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Using longitudinal data for a nationally representative sample of ninth graders in South Korea, we examine socioeconomic differences in the likelihood of making transitions into different types of high school and college with a goal of testing the validity of the effectively maintained inequality hypothesis. We find significant socioeconomic disparities in the likelihood of attending an academic high school and a 4-year university. However, the predicted probabilities suggest that even disadvantaged students typically choose an academic high school relative to a vocational high school. Furthermore, although disadvantaged students likely end up with a 2-year junior college, those disadvantaged students graduating from an academic high school typically choose a 4-year university, after controlling for academic achievement and other variables. We discuss the relevance of the effectively maintained inequality hypothesis for South Korea and broad implications for elsewhere where postsecondary education is increasingly available for the majority of population.

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Choi, Myoungsub, and Hwan-Yong Park. "The Effect of Household Types on Real Estate Asset Inequality in Korea: Using The Survey of Household Finances and Living Condition Data." Korean Association of Urban Policies 13, no. 3 (2022): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21447/jusre.2022.13.3.25.

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The purpose of this study is to understand how real estate assets affect total asset inequality annually and how they affect real estate asset inequality by household type. By asset source, real estate assets have the most significant proportion, contribution rate, and elasticity compared to other sources. So the inequality of total assets could be said to be caused by the inequality of real estate assets. In addition, the inequality of real estate assets decreased during 2012-2017 but increased in 2017-2021, so it could be said that resolving the inequality of real estate assets is the most critical situation for resolving the inequality of total asset. And for the inequality of real estate assets by household type, the inequality between groups is high in location characteristics (residence in the metropolitan area) and housing characteristics (ownership, apartment residence), and within the group is mainly increased in household characteristics (old households, single-person households, and young households). The results that each household type affects the inequality of real estate assets in various ways suggests that different strategies such as resolving inequality within or between groups are needed depending on the kind of household.

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Matharu, Jagjit Singh, and Mohammad Sal Moslehian. "Gruess inequality for some types of positive linear maps." Journal of Operator Theory 73, no. 1 (2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7900/jot.2013nov20.2040.

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13

Whitworth, Adam. "Inequality and Crime across England: A Multilevel Modelling Approach." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 1 (2011): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746411000388.

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The link between inequality and negative social outcomes has been the subject of much debate recently, brought into focus by the publication of The Spirit Level. This article uses multilevel modelling to explore the relationship between inequality and five crime types at sub-national level across England. Controlling for other factors, inequality is positively associated with higher levels of all five crime types and findings are robust to alternative inequality specifications. Findings support the sociological – but not economic – theories and highlight the importance of policies to tackle broader social and economic inequalities.

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14

Pratiwi, Ricka Galuh. "Gender Inequality Portrayed in Hansberry’s A Raisin in The Sun and Hill’s Heart in The Ground." Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (2024): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lilics.v2i2.3707.

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Gender inequality is the term used to describe how men and women are treated differently. The target individual or group typically suffers or is disadvantaged as a result of inequality. This study's goal is to describe several types of gender inequality as they appear in Mansour Fakih's theory. Aside from that, consider how female characters approach gender inequity. Using data from the dramas A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Heart in the Ground by Doughlas Hill, this study adopts a feminist methodology and Mansour Fakih's concept of gender inequality. Literary criticism is the technique employed. Then, information is gathered by reading and documenting information that is pertinent to the theory and research issues. The results obtained from this study are (1) The two dramas each have three types of gender inequality. In Heart in The Ground there are subordination, violence and double burden. Three different types of women's inequality such as subordination, stereotypes, and marginalization are present in Hansberry's second play, A Raisin in the Sun. (2) Four ways to achieve their rights: rebelling, threatening, and talking about it, focusing on their goal.Keywords: Feminism, Gender Inequality, Drama

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Liang, Ziwei, and Qunying Wu. "Several Different Types of Convergence for ND Random Variables under Sublinear Expectations." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (March 18, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6653435.

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The goal of this paper is to build average convergence and almost sure convergence for ND (negatively dependent) sequences of random variables under sublinear expectation space. By using the basic definition of sublinear expectation space, Markov inequality, and C r inequality, we extend average convergence and almost sure convergence theorems for ND sequences of random variables under sublinear expectation space, and we provide a way to learn this subject.

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Seven, Ünal, Dilara Kilinc, and Yener Coskun. "Does Credit Composition have Asymmetric Effects on Income Inequality? New Evidence from Panel Data." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 4 (2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6040082.

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This paper studied the effects of credit to private non-financial sectors on income inequality. In particular, we focused on the distinction between household and firm credits, and investigated whether these two types of credit had adverse effects on income inequality. Employing cross-section augmented cointegrating regressions and using balanced panel data for 30 developed and developing countries over the period from 1995 to 2013, we showed that firm credit reduced income inequality, whereas there was no significant impact of household credit on income inequality. We concluded that it was not the size of the private credit but its composition which mattered in reducing income inequality, due to the asymmetric effects of different types of credit.

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17

Mardiyani, Rima, and Tatan Tawami. "GENDER INEQUALITY AND FEMINISM IN ARUNDHATI ROY’S THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS." MAHADAYA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 2, no. 2 (2022): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/mhd.v2i2.7598.

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This research aimed to analyses feminism and gender inequality in the novel The God of small things by Arundhati Roy. The writer aims to reveal the types of feminism, gender inequalities are reflected in the novel. In this research, gender inequality theory is used to determine the types of gender inequality experienced by the characters in the novel God of Small Things, beside of that, feminism theory is used to show how women can overcome gender inequality. Furthermore, this paper uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data is gathered through quotations from the book, and the analysis is backed up by the book and the journal. The base theory is based from what types of feminism type and what kind of gender inequality, the type of gender inequality that experienced by woman including stereotypes, violence, marginalization, double burden and subordination and there are four feminism movements ideology, which are liberal feminism, radical feminism, Marxist feminism, and socialist feminism. Besides that, in this research the author discovered three kinds of gender inequality experienced by women: violence as the part of radical feminism, marginalization as the part of liberal feminism, and subordination as the part of socialist feminism. As the result of this research is to show and identifying what kind of gender inequality and feminism according to the theory.  Keywords: Feminism, Gender inequalities, Patriarchy

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18

Umam, Chotibul, Dita Sukawati, and Fadilla Oktaviana. "AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER BASED ON GENDER INEQUALITY." Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) 2, no. 1 (2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/jeltl.v2i1.543.

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In this research, the writer was aimed to find out the types of code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality and the reasons of using code switching that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The writer was conducted case study in qualitative method. In collecting the data, the writer used observation by using video recording and interview. The result of the research shows that the writer found three types from each teacher based on gender inequality by observation. The types are inter-sentential, intra-sentential and tag switching. In the other hand, each types that used by English teacher based on gender inequality was made in number percentages, for female English teacher are inter sentential code switching 54%, intra sentential code switching 38% and tag switching 8%. Moreover, for male English teacher are inter sentential code switching 42%, intra sentential code switching 41% and tag switching 18%. In the other words, interview was used to find out the reasons that used by English teacher based on gender inequality. The reasons are talking about particular topic, repetition, Interjection and Raising status.

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19

Jasso, Guillermina. "Linking Input Inequality and Outcome Inequality." Sociological Methods & Research 50, no. 3 (2021): 944–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00491241211014245.

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Inequality often appears in linked pairs of variables. Examples include schooling and income, income and consumption, and wealth and happiness. Consider the famous words of Veblen: “wealth confers honor.” Understanding inequality requires understanding input inequality, outcome inequality, and the relation between the two—in both inequality between persons and inequality between subgroups. This article contributes to the methodological toolkit for studying inequality by developing a framework that makes explicit both input inequality and outcome inequality and by addressing three main associated questions: (1) How do the mechanisms for generating and altering inequality differ across inputs and outcomes? (2) Which have more inequality—inputs or outcomes? (3) Under what conditions, and by what mechanisms, does input inequality affect outcome inequality? Results include the following: First, under specified conditions, distinctive mechanisms govern inequality in inputs and inequality in outcomes. Second, input inequality and outcome inequality can be the same or different; if different, whether inequality is greater among inputs or outcomes depends on the configuration of outcome function, types of inputs, distributional form of and inequality in cardinal inputs, and number of and associations among inputs. Third, the link between input inequality and outcome inequality is multiform; it can be nonexistent, linear, or nonlinear, and if nonlinear, it can be concave or convex. More deeply, this work signals the formidable empirical challenges in studying inequality, but also the fast growing toolbox. For example, even if the outcome distribution is difficult to derive, fundamental theorems on the variance make it possible to analyze the input–outcome inequality connection. Similarly, within specified distributions, the general inequality parameter makes it possible to express results in terms of both measures of overall inequality and measures of subgroup inequality.

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Zhao, Chang-Jian. "Inequalities Similar to Hilbert's Inequality." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/861948.

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Babuna, Pius, Xiaohua Yang, and Dehui Bian. "Water Use Inequality and Efficiency Assessments in the Yangtze River Economic Delta of China." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061709.

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The Yangtze River Economic Delta (YRED) faces inequality in water use in large proportions due to rapid industrialization. This study adopted the Gini coefficient and Global Moran’s index to calculate inequality, its spatial spread and water use efficiency of cities in the YRED and categorized them into types based on the spatial spread of inequality. In general, inequality is reducing, but water use efficiency is poor. Inequality was rated 0–1; zero being the highest equality while 1 indicates the highest inequality. There is relatively high inequality (0.4–0.5) in Shanghai, Suzhou and Hefei. Most cities (20), however, showed equality (below 0.2). Nine (9) cities showed relative equality (0.2–0.3), while Wuxi, Bengbu and Zhenjiang were neutral (0.3–0.4). No city scored above 0.5. Water use efficiency in the majority of cities was poor. Only 11 out of 35 cities scored more than 50% efficiency. Poor irrigation, income and industrial water demand are the factors driving inefficiency and inequality. The categorization of cities into groups produced nine city types according to the spatial disposition of inequality. A combined effort to formulate policies targeting improved water use efficiency, reduced industrial consumption and improved irrigation, tailored towards the specific situation of each city type, would eliminate inequality.

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Grachev, A. V., and A. N. Litvinenko. "Inequality as a threat factor to the national security of the state." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 22 (2022): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2022-22-3-58-62.

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The article presents an extensive classification of types of social inequality. Its causes and consequences for the national security of the state are reflected. The property of cyclicity of the inequality is reflected. Proposals are made to reduce social inequality in Russia.

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23

Alfarini, Dinda, and Morada Tetty. "Inequality Act Faced by The Main Character in Novel Kim Ji Young, Born 1982: A Gender Based Study." TRANSFORM : Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning 11, no. 4 (2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/tj.v11i4.44039.

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This study aims to analyze Gender Inequality based on Gender Study of the main character in novel Kim Ji Young, Born 1982. This research was conducted by applying the textual analysis method. The data source is taken from the novel by Cho Nam Joo, entitled Kim Ji Young, Born 1982 which was translated into English by Jamie Chang. This study used the theory of Gender Inequality by Sylvia Walby (1990) and that there are 6 types of gender inequality, namely household production, paid work, the patriarchal state, male violence, sexuality and culture. The results show all types about gender inequality by Walby can be found in the novel and the main character struggles to face the inequality act that she experiences is the depression she experiences which changes her personality.

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Zeng, Jiamin, Runjie Zheng, and Yi Fang. "Harnack inequality for polyharmonic equations." JUSTC 53, no. 5 (2023): 0504. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2022-0114.

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Some new types of mean value formulas for the polyharmonic functions were established. Based on the formulas, the Harnack inequality for the nonnegative solutions to the polyharmonic equations was proved.

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Tucki, Andrzej, and Korneliusz Pylak. "Collective or Individual? What Types of Tourism Reduce Economic Inequality in Peripheral Regions?" Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094898.

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Regional inequalities are a major concern for governments and policymakers. There is no doubt that tourism impacts the reduction of inequalities, but this impact is not entirely clear. We consider this ambiguity to be related to both the level of study and type of accommodation. In the present study, we examine the inequality level measured by the Gini coefficient in 108 municipalities of the peripheral region of northeastern Poland from 2009 to 2018. We employ a directional spillover index to measure the impact of two accommodation types on tax incomes per capita. The empirical results indicate that collective accommodation-based tourism only reduced inequality during the financial crisis, while individual accommodation-based tourism started to reduce inequality from 2014, when Russian sanctions hit local agriculture and businesses. These results indicate that the role of accommodation types is time-varying and evident in measuring economic distress during and after shocks.

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Jabłoński, Łukasz. "Inequality in Economics: The Concept, Perception, Types, and Driving Forces." Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 27, no. 1 (2019): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.246.

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Sobreira, Diogo Brito, and Jair Andrade de Araujo. "Desigualdade de oportunidade educacional e o gap de desempenho entre escolas privadas e públicas." Economia Aplicada 27, no. 4 (2023): 537–64. https://doi.org/10.11606/1980-5330/ea183129.

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Using a parametric measure of inequality of opportunity, this paper analyzes the relationship between inequality of opportunity in PISA scores and the performance gap between private and public schools in Brazilian states from 2006 to 2015. Also measured by type of school, the results suggest that the inequality of opportunity in the private environment is greater than in public schools. Additionally, there is a positive and significant relationship between inequality of opportunity and the gap between private and public schools, indicating that unfair inequality can be one of the factors associated with the inequality between the two types of school.

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Lewellyn, Krista B. "Income Inequality, Entrepreneurial Activity, and National Business Systems: A Configurational Analysis." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (2017): 1114–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317697954.

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This article explores how and why high levels of income inequality result from configurations of different types of entrepreneurial activities and elements of the institutional context in a multicountry sample. A configurational approach is used to unpack the complexities associated with how income inequality arises from different types of entrepreneurial activities embedded in different institutional contexts associated with Whitley’s national business systems dimensions. The findings from fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis reveal that high levels of both high-growth and necessity entrepreneurial activity are associated with income inequality in certain contexts that are characterized by distinct institutional complementarities.

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Zietsma, Charlene. "Inequalities and Institutions that Benefit Good Apples." Journal of Management Inquiry 30, no. 4 (2021): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10564926211030430.

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I describe three types of inequalities that benefit “good apples” and harm women in Academe: inequality of recognition, inequality of effort required, and inequality in societal institutions around home and career. I then describe three hard things that “good apples” can do, focusing on the institutional level: building awareness, changing structures and adapting social norms.

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Stojiljković, Vuk, Rajagopalan Ramaswamy, Fahad Alshammari, Ola A. Ashour, Mohammed Lahy Hassan Alghazwani, and Stojan Radenović. "Hermite–Hadamard Type Inequalities Involving (k-p) Fractional Operator for Various Types of Convex Functions." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 7 (2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6070376.

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We establish various fractional convex inequalities of the Hermite–Hadamard type with addition to many other inequalities. Various types of such inequalities are obtained, such as (p,h) fractional type inequality and many others, as the (p,h)-convexity is the generalization of the other convex inequalities. As a consequence of the (h,m)-convexity, the fractional inequality of the (s,m)-type is obtained. Many consequences of such fractional inequalities and generalizations are obtained.

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Park, Sehie. "Evolution of the Minimax Inequality of Ky Fan." Journal of Operators 2013 (May 9, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/124962.

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There are quite a few generalizations or applications of the 1984 minimax inequality of Ky Fan compared with his original 1972 minimax inequality. In a certain sense, the relationship between the 1984 inequality and several hundreds of known generalizations of the original 1972 inequality has not been recognized for a long period. Hence, it would be necessary to seek such relationship. In this paper, we give several generalizations of the 1984 inequality and some known applications in order to clarify the close relationship among them. Some new types of minimax inequalities are added.

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Hansen, Frank, Josip Pecaric, and Ivan Peric. "Jensen's operator inequality and its converses." MATHEMATICA SCANDINAVICA 100, no. 1 (2007): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/math.scand.a-15016.

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Peng, Jian-Wen, and Fang Liu. "Well-Posedness of Generalized Vector Quasivariational Inequality Problems." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/582792.

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We introduce several types of the Levitin-Polyak well-posedness for a generalized vector quasivariational inequality problem with both abstract set constraints and functional constraints. Criteria and characterizations of these types of the Levitin-Polyak well-posednesses with or without gap functions of generalized vector quasivariational inequality problem are given. The results in this paper unify, generalize, and extend some known results in the literature.

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Sun, Li, Jingxian Sun, and Guangwa Wang. "Generalizations of Fixed-Point Theorems of Altman and Rothe Types." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/639030.

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It is intended to present some extensions of the famous Altman and Rothe types fixed-point theorems. The inequality conditions are relaxed to theα-positive-homogeneous operator. Some new fixed-point theorems are obtained with the help of the theory of topological degree.

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Belyaeva, V. "Gender Inequality in the Institution of Marriage." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 7 (2019): 243–47. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/44/30.

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There are important demographic and social problems in Russia. According to the statistics of the Department of labour and social protection, divorce in Russia ends more than 50% of marriages. The most critical period is the ‘age’ of the family from 5 to 9 years. Sociologists conclude that the cause of divorce is inequality, discrimination against women, etc. Meanwhile, gender equality has not only quantitative but many qualitative aspects. Inequality between spouses is a complex problem not only socially but also, above all, methodologically. It mixed economic, cultural, social and even religious motives. The problems of gender inequality in Russia rest on the very formulation of the question of equality, the meaning and purpose of marriage, the appropriate and inappropriate types of family relations.

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Jin, Yi. "A NOTE ON INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND INCOME INEQUALITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, no. 1 (2009): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100508070491.

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This paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model with capital and skill heterogeneity to analyze the relationship among inflation, growth, and income inequality. In the model inflation, growth, and inequality are jointly determined. We show that an increase in the long-run money growth rate raises inflation and reduces growth, but its effect on income inequality depends on the relative importance of the two types of heterogeneity. Inequality shrinks with the rise of inflation when capital heterogeneity dominates and enlarges when skill heterogeneity dominates. Therefore, our model supports a negative (positive) inflation–inequality relationship and a positive (negative) growth–inequality relationship when capital (skill) heterogeneity dominates. In any event, inflation and growth are negatively related.

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Saucedo-Acosta, Edgar J. "INCOME INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AT THE EUROPEAN UNION." DIEM Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 9, no. 1 (2024): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2024/1.5.

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Economic growth has several determinants, however, there is little research on the effect of income inequality on economic growth. In the case of the European Union, there are countries with different varieties of capitalism, which leads a significant variation in the levels of inequality between countries. The paper aims to estimate the effect of income inequality on the economic growth of the Member States of the European Union, considering different types of income inequality: Gini index, top 1% share and top 10% share. We used a dynamic and static panel that models which measure the effect of inequality on the economic growth of the Member States of the European Union. The results show that the type of inequality variable affects the relationship between the income inequality and economic growth, in addition to the fact that the indicators that measure income inequality have a negative and positive impact on the economic growth on the Member States of the European Union.

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Jung, Sunyoung. "The Relationship between income inequality and facility accessibility inequality among households in parenting period." Center for Social Welfare Research Yonsei University 72 (December 31, 2023): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17997/swry.79.1.3.

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This study aims to examine the effects of income inequality on the facility accessibility among households in parenting period. For this, it used accessibility data from the Panel Study on Korean Children, income inequality data yielded from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study, and information on local governments collected from KOSIS. Main findings are as follows: first, the urban area per ca-pita was positively related to accessibility inequality among all types of facility. Second, the average accessibility of culture facility or education/medical/ welfare facility was negatively related to facility accessibility inequality. Third, when all other factors are constant, income inequality increased accessibility inequality of leisure facility and education/medical/welfare facility. Fourth, accessibility inequality of culture facility was not significantly related to income inequality. Based on these findings, policy implications and future research directions were discussed.

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Khan, Muhammad Salar, and Abu Bakkar Siddique. "Spatial Analysis of Regional and Income Inequality in the United States." Economies 9, no. 4 (2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9040159.

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Understanding the spatial or geographical dependence of income inequality and regional inequality is crucial in the study of inequality. This paper employs a multi-scale, multi-mechanism framework to map and analyze historical patterns of regional and income inequality in the United States (US) by using state and regional panel data spanning over a century. To explore the patterns systematically and see the role of spatial partitioning, we organize the data around several established geographical partitions before conducting various geographical information system (GIS) analyses and statistical techniques. We also investigate the spatial dependence of income inequality and regional inequality. We find that spatial autocorrelation exists for both types of inequality in the US. However, the magnitude of spatial dependence for regional inequality is declining whereas it is volatile for income inequality over time. While income inequality has been at its peak in the most recent decades, we also notice that regional inequality is at its lowest point. As for the choice of partitioning, we observe that within inequality dominates for Census Divisions and Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions. Conversely, we see that between inequality overall contributes the most to the inequality among Census Regions.

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Pardede, Tama Riska, and Rita Hartati. "WOMEN AGAINST GENDER INEQUALITY IN HARRY BREADBEER™S MOVIE ENOLA HOLMES 2." REGISTER: Journal of English Language Teaching of FBS-Unimed 12, no. 4 (2023): 338–48. https://doi.org/10.24114/reg.v12i4.55156.

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This paper aims to analyze the types of gender inequality that occur in the Enola Holmesmovie and describe the woman's struggle against gender inequality by referring to Walby's(1991) and Lakoff™s (2013) theories to explain the representation of women language usedby female characters in the Enola Holmes 2 movie. This study uses a descriptive qualitativeresearch method with data obtained from the film Enola Holmes 2. The result of this studyindicate that there are 24 utterances featuring gender inequality categories by femalecharacters. The findings are that there are five gender inequality categories, namelyviolence and culture (33,33%), the state, household production (12,5%) and paid work(8,34%). The reasons why women struggle against the five categories of gender inequalityare because they want gender equality in all scopes, especially the scope of work, to beequal for everyone. The dominant types of women's language used in the Enola Holmes 2movie are rising intonation on declarative, intensifiers, and emphatic stress to emphasizethe utterance's meaning, and super-polite forms to show respect and politeness and revealthe social class of the women.Keywords: Gender Inequality, Woman Language, Enola Holmes Movie

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Sun, Siao, Chuanglin Fang, and Jinyan Lv. "Spatial inequality of water footprint in China: A detailed decomposition of inequality from water use types and drivers." Journal of Hydrology 553 (October 2017): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.08.020.

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O'Neill, June Ellenoff. "Discrimination and Income Inequality." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001308.

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Discrimination against particular groups has existed throughout history and in all types of societies. Few would challenge the idea that inequality of income based on discrimination is unjust. The more problematic issues are the extent to which discrimination is in fact a significant source of inequality and whether such discrimination-based inequality is inherent in a capitalist system.There is little doubt that discrimination can affect a group's income. But the link is by no means automatic or certain. Thus, the incomes of blacks, particularly in past decades, seem surely to have been lowered by discrimination. Yet other examples are less clear. Jewish and Japanese Americans, for instance, have had incomes substantially above those of white non-Jewish groups, despite evidence of discrimination against them.

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Sinurat, Marilyn Fiona, and Asih Prihandini. "GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE MOVIE LEGALLY BLONDE (2001)." Proceeding of International Conference on Business, Economics, Social Sciences, and Humanities 7 (June 26, 2024): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/r49p0390.

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The research aims to analyze gender inequality in the movie Legally Blonde using gender theory by Mansour Fakih (2005) which includes marginalization, subordination, stereotype, violence, and workload. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. According to Mukhtar (2013: 10) qualitative descriptive research as a method used by researchers to discover knowledge or theories of research at a specific time. The result showed from this research that three types of gender inequality found in this research. The types are subordination, stereotype, and violence. The result also showed the effect of gender inequality experienced by Elle Wood as the main character is a change by herself for acceptable and getting emotional and psychological impact because of the sexual harassment that she got.

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Zahra, Afifah, and Yenni Hayati. "KETIDAKADILAN GENDER DALAM NOVEL KENANGA KARYA OKA RUSMINI." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 3 (2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81036720.

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This research aimed to describe of gender inequality to women in the novel Kenanga by Oka Rusmini. The type of this research was qualitative research by using analysis of descriptive method. The data of this research was novel Kenanga by Oka Rusmini. The technique of data collection was done through four stages: (1) read and understood the novel as a whole, (2) determined the character, (3) identified data related to the kinds of gender inequality, the factors of gender inequality, the impacts of gender inequality, and (4) inventorized of data based format inventory data. Based on results of study,it can be concluded that: (1) the types of gender inequality are marginalization, subordination, negative stereotype, violance and burden; (2) the factors of gender inequality are caste factor, patriarchy culture, culture, social and economy; (3) the impacts of gender inequality are psychology, the destroy of idealism and moral.Keywords: gender inequality, women, feminism

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Khlynovskaya, Sofia, and Anna Izgarskaya. "The Problem of Social Inequality in the Light of the World-System Approach." Respublica Literaria 5, no. 3 (2014): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/rl.2024.5.3.154-171.

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The article attempts to generalize the results of research into the problem of social inequality in the world-system approach. It is shown that the mechanisms of peripheralization of societies can have significant differences, which determine the levels of social inequality within societies and a decrease / increase in the gap in inequality with core societies. Based on the research of A. J. Bergesen and M. Bata, the types of connections between global inequality and inequality within countries were identified, and a model of the dependence of the dynamics of global and local inequality on the directions of capital movement in the world-system was built. The resulting theoretical constructs made it possible to carry out a brief interpretation of the situation in modern Russia.

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Yanagi, Kenjiro. "Refined Hermite–Hadamard Inequalities and Some Norm Inequalities." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (2022): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122522.

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It is well known that the Hermite–Hadamard inequality (called the HH inequality) refines the definition of convexity of function f(x) defined on [a,b] by using the integral of f(x) from a to b. There are many generalizations or refinements of HH inequality. Furthermore HH inequality has many applications to several fields of mathematics, including numerical analysis, functional analysis, and operator inequality. Recently, we gave several types of refined HH inequalities and obtained inequalities which were satisfied by weighted logarithmic means. In this article, we give an N-variable Hermite–Hadamard inequality and apply to some norm inequalities under certain conditions. As applications, we obtain several inequalities which are satisfied by means defined by symmetry. Finally, we obtain detailed integral values.

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Pi, Jiancai, and Yu Zhou. "International Factor Mobility, Production Cost Components, and Wage Inequality." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 2 (2015): 503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0006.

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Abstract The present paper establishes a two-sector monopolistic competition model to investigate how international factor mobility influences the skilled–unskilled wage inequality when the monopolistically competitive sector producing final goods is characterized by various types of production cost functions. We discuss three types of production cost functions of the monopolistically competitive sector. Different types of production cost functions have different production factor components of variable and fixed costs. We find that differences in production cost components of the monopolistically competitive sector matter for the impacts of international factor mobility on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality.

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Tošić, Sandra. "Different types of inequality as a factor of ethnic conflict occurrence." Годишњак Факултета безбедности, no. 1 (2017): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gfb1701277t.

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Raţiu, Augusta, and Nicuşor Minculete. "On Several Bounds for Types of Angular Distances." Mathematics 10, no. 18 (2022): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10183303.

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In this study, we introduce the expression dλ(x,y):=λ∥x∥+(1−λ)∥y∥−∥λx+(1−λ)y∥ on the real normed space X(X,∥·∥), where x,y∈X and λ∈R. We characterize this expression and find various estimates of it. We also obtain a generalization and some refinements of Maligranda’s inequality. Finally, we give some relations between dλ(x,y) and several types of angular distances between two nonzero vectors in a real normed space.

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Osipova, N. G., S. O. Elishev, and G. B. Pronchev. "Perceptions of Moscow University students of social inequality in Russia and in the modern world." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 26, no. 3 (2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2020-26-3-7-23.

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This paper deals with an analysis of the results of a sociological research aimed at studying the students’ perceptions of the nature and various forms of social inequality that occur in Russia as well as the modern world. The study was conducted in 2019 at the sociology faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, in the framework of regular monitoring (since 2013) of Moscow student youth’ perception of socio-political processes, institutions of socialization and subjects of youth policy. A sociological study was conducted. During the study, 811 students of 50 “humanitarian” and 50 “natural” faculties of higher educational institutions in Moscow were interviewed. 45,6% of young people interviewed were males, and 54,4% were females. 60,4% of the respondents were young people aged 18 to 22 years, 18,9% — from 23 to 26 years old, 13,3% — from 14 to 18 years old, 7,4% — from 27 to 30 years old. The article analyzes the students’ answers to the following questions: Do you think that acute social inequality occurs in the modern world? What reasons underlie social inequality? What, in your opinion, is the cause of social inequality? What types of social inequality are most common in the modern world? What forms and types of social inequality are most common in modern Russian society? How often do you encounter the following manifestations of social inequality? How do you feel about the problem of global social inequality? and a number of others. A detailed analysis of the answers to these and other questions presented in the article showed that social inequality is recognized by students as an urgent social problem, which, unfortunately, the authorities do not pay enough attention to.

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