Academic literature on the topic 'Types of irony'
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Journal articles on the topic "Types of irony"
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Lazăr, Simina. "FORMS OF IRONY IN MIHAI EMINESCU'S AND MARIN SORESCU'S POETRY." Messages, Sages and Ages 9, no. 1 (2022): 37–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7033785.
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In literature, irony is considered one of the main features which gives a sense of authenticity and its origins enables it to be associated with a certain amount of intellectuality and a highly educated spirit. There are two main types of irony which are to be found in literature, romantic irony and postmodern irony and these forms lay at the very core of Mihai Eminescu’s and Marin Sorescu’s works, respectively. It is the same device that unites the writings of the two authors, but their characteristics are completely different, the romantic irony is the essence of Eminescu’s poems and the postmodern irony is the fundamental device in Sorescu’s poetry. In the present paper, we have tackled on notions of self-irony, ironist and ironic attitude, key words which can be found in relation to both types of irony. The approach is based on a dichotomic perspective from which we have analyzed the romantic and the postmodern irony, trying to highlight their main features by analyzing the work of the two poets.
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Petrova, Olga Gennadyevna. "Types of Irony in Fiction: Conceptual and Contextual Irony." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 11, no. 3 (2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2011-11-3-25-30.
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Ramazonova, Farangiz Mukhiddin qizi, and Y. Y. Arustamyan. "CLASSIFICATION OF IRONY AND FEATURES OF EACH TYPE." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 1, no. 2 (2021): 577–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4887830.
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<em>This article deals with analyses and the notion of irony, classification of types of irony from the point of view of different Russian researchers. In a wider sense irony is a literary technique, rhetorical device, or event in which what appears on the facial to be the case or to be awaited contradicts totally the reality. Irony can occur in both tragic and humorous situations.</em>
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Hirsch, Galia. "Explicitations and other types of shifts in the translation of irony and humor." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 2 (2011): 178–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.2.03hir.
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The goal of this article is to examine the differences in the use of explicitation strategies when translating irony and humor, based on a comparative model that distinguishes between cues for the two phenomena. The study suggests that translations of irony manifest more explicitations, whereas translations of humor yield more non-explicitating shifts. This finding can be interpreted as indicating that while the explicitation of humor may override its function altogether, the explicitation of irony does not necessarily do so, since the implied criticism is not eliminated. This finding further strengthens the claim that irony is inherently critical, whereas humor is not.
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Priydarshi, Ashok Kumar. "Jane Austen’s Comic Vision and Her Use of Irony." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 03 (2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202012.
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Irony in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what on the surface appears to be the case or to be expected differs radically from what is actually the case. In other words, the basic feature of irony is a contrast between reality and appearance. It can be categorized into different types, including verbal irony, dramatic irony and situational irony. These types of ironies are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth. Jane Austen uses all these ironies in her novels to show the comic vision of her life. She has used it as a neutral discoverer and explorer of incongruities.
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Cameron, E. Leslie, Lea Hedman, Nora Didkowsky, Sombat Tapanya, and C. Ann Cameron. "“IF EVERYONE COPIES ME, THAILAND WILL BE SO MUCH BETTER OFF”: THE POWER OF VERBAL IRONY IN YOUTH CONVERSATION." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs42201312207.
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<p>This paper explores the types of verbal irony employed by resilient youth in spontaneous conversation and examines how they use this irony to navigate potentially challenging psychosocial terrain. We documented and analyzed instances of irony in the spontaneous speech of adolescent participants in an international, ecological study of resilience using quasi-naturalistic and participatory visual methods. We found irony to be co-constructively utilized by the youths we studied. They spontaneously used many types of irony to mute criticism and avoid embarrassment. These resilient youth, who were thriving under adverse circumstances, used irony in a positive way to facilitate affiliation with their friends and family.</p>
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G'ofurova, Sarvarakhon, and Dilorom Sobirjonova. "FUNCTIONS OF LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES: IRONY." SYNAPSES: INSIGHTS ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES 1, no. 4 (2024): 244–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14253752.
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<em>This article delves into the functions of irony as a significant lexical stylistic device in literature, communication, and culture. Irony’s strength lies in its ability to create contrasts between literal and intended meanings, fostering cognitive engagement, emotional resonance, and societal critique. The article categorizes irony into verbal, situational, and dramatic types, analyzing their unique roles. Practical examples from literary texts, films, and everyday communication illustrate its diverse applications. The conclusion underscores irony’s timeless relevance in addressing the complexities of human existence.</em>
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Shirahatti, Abhinandan, Vijay Rajpurohit, and Sanjeev Sannakki. "Fine grained irony classification through transfer learning approach." Computer Science and Information Technologies 4, no. 1 (2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v4i1.p43-49.
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Nowadays irony appears to be pervasive in all social media discussion forums and chats, offering further obstacles to sentiment analysis efforts. The aim of the present research work is to detect irony and its types in English tweets We employed a new system for irony detection in English tweets, and we propose a distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (DistilBERT)light transformer model based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) architecture, this is further strengthened by the use and design of bidirectional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM) network this configuration minimizes data preprocessing tasks proposed model tests on a SemEval-2018 task 3, 3,834 samples were provided. Experiment results show the proposed system has achieved a precision of 81% for not irony class and 66% for irony class, recall of 77% for not irony and 72% for irony, and F1 score of 79% for not irony and 69% for irony class since researchers have come up with a binary classification model, in this study we have extended our work for multiclass classification of irony. It is significant and will serve as a foundation for future research on different types of irony in tweets.
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Shirahatti, Abhinandan, Vijay Rajpurohit, and Sanjeev Sannakki. "Fine grained irony classification through transfer learning approach." Computer Science and Information Technologies 4, no. 1 (2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v4i1.pp43-49.
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Nowadays irony appears to be pervasive in all social media discussion forums and chats, offering further obstacles to sentiment analysis efforts. The aim of the present research work is to detect irony and its types in English tweets We employed a new system for irony detection in English tweets, and we propose a distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (DistilBERT) light transformer model based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) architecture, this is further strengthened by the use and design of bidirectional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM) network this configuration minimizes data preprocessing tasks proposed model tests on a SemEval2018 task 3, 3,834 samples were provided. Experiment results show the proposed system has achieved a precision of 81% for not irony class and 66% for irony class, recall of 77% for not irony and 72% for irony, and F1 score of 79% for not irony and 69% for irony class since researchers have come up with a binary classification model, in this study we have extended our work for multiclass classification of irony. It is significant and will serve as a foundation for future research on different types of irony in tweets.
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Abhinandan, Shirahattii, Rajpurohit Vijay, and Sannakki Sanjeev. "Fine grained irony classification through transfer learning approach." Computer Science and Information Technologies 4, no. 1 (2023): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.11591/csit.v4i1.pp43-49.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays irony appears to be pervasive in all social media discussion forums and chats, offering further obstacles to sentiment analysis efforts. The aim of the present research work is to detect irony and its types in English tweets We employed a new system for irony detection in English tweets, and we propose a distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (DistilBERT) light transformer model based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) architecture, this is further strengthened by the use and design of bidirectional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM) network this configuration minimizes data preprocessing tasks proposed model tests on a SemEval2018 task 3, 3,834 samples were provided. Experiment results show the proposed system has achieved a precision of 81% for not irony class and 66% for irony class, recall of 77% for not irony and 72% for irony, and F1 score of 79% for not irony and 69% for irony class since researchers have come up with a binary classification model, in this study we have extended our work for multiclass classification of irony. It is significant and will serve as a foundation for future research on different types of irony in tweets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of irony"
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O'Connor, Gerard. "Three types of irony in the novels of Joseph Conrad." Thesis, University of Canterbury. English, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4601.
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Although the notion of irony occurs frequently in the criticism of Joseph Conrad's works, little effort has been made to discuss the various possibilities for different types of irony and their manifestations in the literature. This thesis is a textual examination of the different types of irony in the major fiction of Conrad. In the critical accounts of Conrad's irony, the notion of irony is usually synonymous with a straightforward form like satire with an accompanying contention of narratorial moral presupposition. However, in this thesis, three types of irony are explored: specific, general, Romantic (D.C. Muecke's terms).
The irony issues from the sustained organising structures of the works - character interrelationships, dramatic irony, retrospective narratives, inconsistent narrators - and the verbal irony of the narrators in their act of narrating. The essential element of irony is a juxtaposition of incongruous elements - in either its structural or verbal form - which indicates that the ostensible meaning of a particular context is in need of dismantling and reconstruction. Accordingly, detecting irony constitutes a search for incongruity, paradox, contradiction, or ambivalence, and then determining to what extent the narrator has control over the linguistic duality. The three types of irony mentioned above have distinct functions: specific ironists admonish, general ironists acknowledge that a given character is in a predicament that deserves some sympathy, and Romantic ironists (whose source is the aphoristic thought of the German Romantic, Friedrich Schlegel) see all existence as illusory and seek a multiplicity of intellectual perspectives, eventually establishing the irony as dialectical.
It becomes clear that the narrators, the architects of the irony, consistently explore the viability of an idealised identity in a harsh and uncompromising reality, external to the transmutations of an idealising imagination. Further scrutiny shows that the best way of exploring idealism in Conrad is through acknowledging the presence of a form of quixotism, by which several of Conrad's characters seek aggrandisement through a powerfully idealised notion of their identity, which fuels their sense of adventure even to the point of bizarre severance from their surrounding physical or social environment. Quixotism in Conrad's fiction does not deal only with a parodied chivalry; the notion is extended to apply more generally to the obsessive psychological commitment to an ideal. Although the notion of quixotism has been noted before in Conrad's fiction, it has usually carried with it pejorative connotations. Examination of the fiction indicates that while parody, as a form of specific irony, is linked with quixotism, the irony of quixotism at its most complex level becomes a sophisticated narratorial scrutiny of the various illusions by which characters fashion their identities. This type of irony generates in Marlow's two early narratives, Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim, an incorrigible self-reflectiveness, which extends even to Marlow's self-consciousness in his role of narrator and instigates the scrutiny of the efficacy of language to convey effectively the complexity of experience.
The early fiction is examined briefly, and it is shown that the essential ingredients of Marlow's irony are already present in the fiction, but several factors mitigate against the construction of elaborate ironic mechanisms. The rest of the fiction discussed is seen in contrast to the irony of Marlow's two early narratives, and it is shown that the fiction after these two novels, with the exception of The Secret Agent, does not sustain the same complex ironic structures.
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Roienko, L. V. "Comicality and the nature of irony formation in the fiction texts." Thesis, Університет Григорія Сковороди в Переяславі, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16300.
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У статті досліджуються особливості комічного та певні його типи (іронія, сатира, сарказм) в тексті художньої літератури. Значна уваги приділяється аналізу основних аспектів іронії, її рис і фунцій у тексті. З’ясовуються засоби релізації іронії у текстах художньої літератури.
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Ferreira, Jacqueline. "The simulation of material types in a Western Australian iron deposit." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/514.
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Geostatistical methods are currently used by mining companies to determine a resource model of the tonnage and head grade that may be obtained from a potential orebody, making it one of the first and most vital operational stages in any mining project. Currently long term mine planning is based on the estimated head grades model, which provides vital information on the quality of the ore. The risks associated with mining a particular ore may be reduced if geometallurgical information, such as material types, is incorporated into the operational flow model. Material type proportions are obtained from evaluated reverse circulation (RC) drillholes which are estimated directly into a long term geological model. However this causes smoothing of the estimates material types, unlikely combinations of material types within the blocks and large differences between the theoretical head grades and estimated head grades (OK HG). The aim of this study was to determine the best way to model the six grouped MTPs and reconcile the estimated proportions per block with the estimated head grades from the resource model using the direct block simulation (DBS) algorithm and the LSSOL optimisation program. One of the main decisions was to determine the best way to model and simulate the MTPs. Three different simulation options, all using DBS, were implemented. The first option modelled and simulated the MTP variables independently and the second option modelled and simulated the MTP variables jointly. As the spatial structure of the HGH attribute was quite different to those of the remaining five variables, the final option was to jointly simulate the five MTPs whose sample MTPs have similar spatial structures with the sixth block MTP making up the sum difference to one. A variety of different baseline methods, which comprise computation of MTPs from the simulation only and MTPs obtained from the optimisation alone, clearly demonstrates the need for a method that incorporates both the optimisation program and DBS to calculate reasonable MTPs. Seven methods which combined both the DBS and optimisation program were examined and compared, in the hope to obtain a method which calculated optimal MTPs that captures the sample MTPs and OK HGs. The optimisation program ensured that the optimal proportion of each material type within each block was calculated by minimising the difference between the head grades which have been estimated using ordinary kriging (OK HG) and HGs calculated using from the MTPs. Different bounds were applied to the maximum and minimum MTPs, obtained from the DBS, to determine a suitable method to obtain constraints which ensured that the optimal MTPs reflected the sample MTPs. For the given data set, the quadratic program which used the joint DBS simulation resulted in the most suitable representation of MTPs which was consistent with the OK HGs.
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Stewart, Neil. "REACTION RATES FOR THE DEHALOGENATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE USING VARIOUS TYPES OF ZERO-VALENT IRON." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4273.
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Remediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated solvents is of great concern due to their toxicity and their persistence in the environment. Iron has been used extensively in the past decade as a subsurface reactive agent for the remediation of dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs). Permeable reactive barrier walls (PRBW) have been installed at many sites around the country to treat contaminated plumes resulting from the presence of DNAPL pools. The use of zero-valent metals, such as iron, to effectively reductively dechlorinate DNAPLs has been employed as the reactive material in these PRBWs (Gillham et al., 1993). However, limited work has been conducted to compare the kinetics of TCE degradation related to various manufacturing sources of iron and the pretreatment the iron receives prior to subsurface installation. Determination of iron reactivity through kinetic studies makes it possible to compare different types of iron and the effects that pretreatment has on reactivity. This research utilized rate studies, scanning electron microscopy, and BET surface area analysis for iron particles that were obtained from several sources. Peerless Metal Powders and Abrasive, Inc., Connelly-GPM, Inc., and Alfa Aesar Inc., produced the iron particles using various manufacturing techniques, and nanoscale iron was synthesized in our laboratory. By utilizing zero-headspace batch vial experiments and gas chromatography, changes in TCE concentration were determined. The data obtained produced linear first order rate plots from which dehalogenation rate constants were obtained. The rate constants were normalized by iron mass, solution volume, and surface area. The pretreatment techniques employed in this study, including ultrasonication and acid washing, demonstrated a beneficial effect by removing oxide precipitates from the iron surface, thus increasing the reactivity of the iron. Mass loading studies revealed how physical factors, associated with the experimental setup, could influence reaction rates. Surface area studies confirmed that the smaller iron particles, such as the nanoscale iron, have a greater surface area per unit mass. The large mass and volume normalized rate constant, kMV, obtained for the nanoscale iron was a result of this high surface area. However, the calculated surface area normalized rate constant, kSA, for the nanoscale iron was significantly lower than those for the granular iron samples tested. It was concluded that differences in surface area normalized rate constants, between different iron particle types, could be attributed to inherent characteristics of the iron, such as composition and crystal structure.<br>M.S.<br>Department of Chemistry<br>Arts and Sciences<br>Industrial Chemistry
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Parsons, Tina. "Receptor-mediated iron and haem transport in Haemophilus." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282581.
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Jackson, Henry Lee. "Synthetic models of Fe-type nitrile hydratase /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8532.
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Tuncel, Selcan. "Synthesis Of Iron Borophosphates And Phosphates With Zeo-type Structures." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1260460/index.pdf.
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New iron phosphate and borophosphate compounds were synthesized and characterized by single crystal/powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, electron microscopy and elemental analysis.
Using several compositions, Fey B(PO4)x type of compounds were attempted to be prepared by solid state reactions. The solid state reactions of boron compounds with a phosphating agent has been completed at 950oC. A new product Fe2BP3O12 is synthesized and indexed in this work which is isostructural with Cr2 BP3O12
A single crystal of iron ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3-xHxFeP3O12, was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized. Its X-ray powder diffraction
pattern was indexed in orthorhombic system. The unit cell parameters were found to be as a = 7.775 (Å<br>), b = 7.445(Å<br>), c = 14.331(Å<br>)
The compound with the formula NH4FeBP2O8OH was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern was indexed in monoclinic system. The unit cell parameters were found to be a = 9.336, b = 8.278, c =9.642Å<br>, and &<br>#946<br>= 101.60o, which are good agreement with the literature values.
Ferro-axinite type of compound was discovered as single crystals resembling the axinite mineral. The compound was indexed in triclinic system with the unit cell parameters of a = 7.167, b = 8.840 , c = 9.455Å<br>, &<br>#945<br>= 64.83o, &<br>#946<br>= 64.83o, &<br>#947<br>= 69.42o.
A zeotype Fe(H2O)2BP2O8.H2O, which was obtained by hydrothermal methods before, was synthesized by a precipitation method using different initial reactant. In this case, instead of Fe+2, Fe+3 compound was used as a reactant.
All the compounds have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and the assignments of the functional BO3, BO4 and PO4 groups have been done.
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Storcksdieck, Stefan. "Dietary factors influencing non-heme iron absorption /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16795.
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IGLESIAS, JULIO CESAR ALVAREZ. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL MICROSCOPY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATITE TYPES IN IRON ORE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21815@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>O minério de ferro é um material policristalino oriundo de processos naturais complexos durante tempos geológicos, que dão origem a características intrínsecas e comportamento industrial variado. A grande maioria dos minérios de ferro brasileiro é essencialmente hematítico. A hematita pode ser classificada como lobular, lamelar, granular, microcristalina ou martita. Na industria mineral, esta caracterização é tradicionalmente realizada por operadores humanos a partir de observação de amostras de microscópio ótico, sujeita a grandes variações. Assim, é relevante desenvolver um procedimento que permita a discriminação dos diferentes tipos de hematita e a medida de características tais como o tamanho do cristal. Esta tese propõe um sistema que mede e classifica automaticamente tipos texturais de hematita baseado no processamento e na análise de imagens de microscopia ótica, em campo claro, polarização linear e polarização circular. Foram desenvolvidos rotinas para aquisição, registro,, segmentação, reconhecimento e análise morfológica de cristais hematita. A segmentação automática de cristais de hematita foi baseada no calculo da distância espectral, a fim de controlar o crescimento de regiões partindo das sementes. Os resultados da identificação dos cristais obtidos, tanto nas imagens obtidas com polarização linear quanto com polarização circular, foram muito promissores. Atributos de tamanho e forma dos cristais identificados foram obtidos. Estes dados foram usados como conjunto de treinamento para classificadores supervisionados, permitindo reconhecer as classes de hematita granular, lamelar e lobular. Taxas de acertos globais próximas a 98 por cento forma obtidas, tanto para autovalidação, quanto para avaliação cruzada.<br>Iron ore is a polycrytalline material created by complex natural process during geological period, wich give rise to intrinsic characteristics and varied industrial behavior. The vast majority of the Brazilian iron ores belong essentially to the hematitic type. Hematite can be classified as lobular, lamelar, granular micro-crystalline or martite. In the mineral industry, the characterion of iron ore and its agglomerates is traditionally developed by human operatorsform the observation of samples under the optical microscop, wich may suffer large variations. Thus, it is important to develop a procedure that allows the discrimation of the different hematite types and the measurement of characteristics suchs crystal size. The present thesis proposes a system for the automatic classification of hematite textural types, based of digital on processing and analysis of optical microscopy images, in bright field, linear and circular polarized light. Routines were developed for the acquisition, registration, recognition and morphological analysis of hematite crytals. The automatic segmentation of hematite crystals was based on calculating the spectral distance, in order to control the region expansion form the seeds. The results regarding the identification of the obtained cystals were very promising. Size and shape attributes were obtained and used as a training set for supervised classifiers, leading to the recognition of granular, lamelar and lobular hematite classes. Global sucess rates close to 98 percent were obtained concerning self-validation as well crossed validation.
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Aljwaid, Husam O. Dakhil. "Relationships between iron, oxidative stress, glycated proteins and the development of atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3222.
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Hyperglycaemia stimulates a variety of biochemical abnormalities. The area of particular interest in this study is the influence of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins on iron homeostasis, and particularly on non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) and its possible relation to atherogenesis in both Type 2 diabetic and obese non diabetic subjects. The link between non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and iron homeostasis, and development of macrovascular disease may be mechanistically different in Type 2 diabetic and obese non diabetic subjects due to a difference in the protein glycation pattern. Because the following in vivo study required storage of samples for up to two years to complete the processing of all the samples, a storage study was carried out using different anticoagulants and addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) to samples to study the effects of storage, thawing and freezing of the samples on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. This storage study showed that EDTA attenuated the action of lipid oxidation compared with lithium heparin (LiH). A combination of GSH with either EDTA or LiH added more protection from lipid peroxidation in the first week of storage, but due to the thawing and freezing of the sample the action of GSH diminished through its autooxidation, meaning that addition of GSH to samples in the following in vivo study would be useless. An in vivo study was carried out on iron-related parameters in three subject groups: control (non-diabetic, non-obese), Type 2 diabetic and obese non diabetic. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) was strongly correlated with NTBI in the diabetic group. Also the level of NTBI was significantly increased in Type 2 diabetic subjects compared with other groups while the level of total iron was significantly decreased. The study showed a strong positive correlation between NTBI and a biomarker of endothelium dysfunction (E-selectin) in all groups studied. Although it is not possible from the current data to know if there is a causal relationship between these two parameters, it remains a possibility that iron released from its binding sites could initiate oxidative damage to the endothelial cells and begin the process of atherogenesis. Positive correlation at the 90% confidence level between NTBI and a biomarker of inflammation, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, is another indicator in this study of a link between increases in NTBI, inflammation, endothelium dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This study also showed for first time that NTBI is present in higher levels in the plasma of obese subjects compared to controls despite the obese subjects having significantly lower total iron. An in vitro study found that glycation of transferrin half saturated with iron increased with increasing glucose concentration, leading to decreased capacity of transferrin to hold iron and increased release of free iron. Also co-incubation of transferrin half saturated with iron with low density lipoprotein (LDL) and glucose showed oxidation of LDL (measured as MDA). This may be explained by the effect of glycation, leading to release of free iron, which catalyses oxidation of LDL. In addition, glycation of LDL may enhance the oxidation of LDL catalysed by iron. Both studies indicate that the glycation of proteins has a major impact on iron homeostasis leading to release of non-enzymatic glycation and contributing to one of the most common complications of Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis.
Books on the topic "Types of irony"
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Wipf, Terry J. Evaluation of corrosion resistance of different steel reinforcement types. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Types of irony"
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Airaksinen, Timo. "Three Types of Dramatic Irony." In Power and Responsibility. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23015-8_2.
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Simonin, Olivier. "Chapter 4. Verbal irony, politeness… and three ironic types." In The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lal.30.04sim.
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Hagemann, Steffen, Ana-Sophie Hensler, Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva, and Harilaos Tsikos. "Light Stable Isotope (O, H, C) Signatures of BIF-Hosted Iron Ore Systems: Implications for Genetic Models and Exploration Targeting." In Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_12.
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AbstractStable isotope data from hypogene (i.e., below the line of weathering) iron oxides and gangue minerals from BIF-hosted iron ore deposits in Australia, South Africa, and Brazil have significantly assisted in constraining different hydrothermal fluid sources and fluid flow models during the upgrade of BIF to iron ore. The δ18O values on iron oxides from BIF and different paragenetic stages of enrichment display a consistent decrease from unenriched BIF (4–9‰) to as low as −10‰ for high-grade iron ore. This large shift in oxygen isotope values is interpreted as evidence for enormous incursion of ‘ancient’ meteoric water into fault and fracture zones at the time of iron enrichment during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic time. The δ18Ofluid values of paragenetically early iron oxides of > 4‰ suggest the involvement of magmatic fluids in greenstone belt-hosted Carajás-type iron ore deposits, and basinal brines in basin-hosted Hamersley-type deposits. In contrast, the paragenetically late stage iron oxides in the metamorphosed, basin hosted iron ore deposits of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero display δ18Ofluid values > 6‰. This reflects the renewed deep crustal, hypogene (metamorphic or magmatic) fluid influx. Carbon and oxygen isotope data on carbonates in BIF and hydrothermally altered iron ore indicate that carbon in the latter is not derived from BIF units, but represents either magmatic carbon in the case of the Carajás-type deposits or carbon within the underlying basin stratigraphy as in the case of the Hamersley-type iron deposits. The systematic decrease of δ18O values in iron oxides from the early to late paragenetic stages and from the distal to proximal alteration zone, including the ore zone, may be used as a geochemical vector. In this case, oxygen isotope analyses on iron oxides provide a potential exploration tool, particularly for targeting the extension of iron ore bodies or entirely concealed high-grade iron ore deposits, in which hematite/magnetite are frequently the only mineral that can be readily analysed.
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Chen, Xuling, Qiang Chen, Min Gan, et al. "Influence of Limestone Types on Iron Ore Sintering." In 5th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118887998.ch46.
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Chirik, Paul J. "Electronic Structures of Reduced Manganese, Iron, and Cobalt Complexes Bearing Redox-Active Bis(imino)pyridine Pincer Ligands." In Pincer and Pincer-Type Complexes. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527681303.ch7.
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Rapti, Stavroula, Stamatis C. Boyatzis, Shayne Rivers, and Anastasia Pournou. "Siderophores and their Applications in Wood, Textile, and Paper Conservation." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_14.
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AbstractSince the 1950s, siderophores have been acknowledged as nature’s chelating powerhouse and have been given considerable attention concerning their crucial roles in microorganisms and plants for capturing non-bioavailable iron from aquatic and terrestrial environments, as well as for their applications in agriculture, health, and materials science and environmental research. In recent years, the exceptional affinity and complexing efficacy, as well as the high selectivity of these potent chelators towards iron(III), have led to investigations by researchers aiming at understanding their capacity for removing potentially harmful and aesthetically unacceptable iron stains from organic substrates in cultural heritage objects. In the context of the conservation of cultural heritage objects, potent chelators have been proposed to remove iron from surfaces by transferring it to the more soluble complexed phase. In this review, the origins and the types of bio-environments of siderophores as well as their structure and chemistry are investigated and related to the requirements of conservation. It is evident that, given the enormous potential that these chelators have, the research for their application in cultural heritage is at a preliminary level, and has to date been within the rather narrow context of cellulosic materials such as paper and wood. The results of research conducted to date are presented in this review and questions regarding the optimal use of siderophores as iron-removing agents are posed.
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Kapogianni, Eleni. "Types and Definitions of Irony." In The Cambridge Handbook of the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108698283.035.
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Watts, Edward J. "The Letter Collection of Aeneas of Gaza." In Late Antique Letter Collections. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520281448.003.0025.
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The 25 short letters of Aeneas of Gaza form one of late antiquity’s smallest and most idiosyncratic epistolary collections. The addressees of the letters and their epistolary personalities are mostly obscure. The collection instead seems to consist of a series of distinctive epistolary moments in which Aeneas shows his wit, irony, and penchant for baroque metaphors across a range of epistolary types. Its first letter, however, suggests that the collection was likely once much larger and well-developed, with the personalities of the addresses more vivid and Aeneas’s rhetorical flourishes more steadily paced. This suggests that we may now have an example of a truncated collection that offers insight into the ways that later Byzantines may have interacted with a late antique letter collection.
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Ossa-Richardson, Anthony. "The Combination Room." In A History of Ambiguity. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167954.003.0010.
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This concluding chapter reviews William Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity, a book about ambiguity in lyric poetry, but one that rejects the dominant concept in previous analyses of that subject, namely, artificial ambiguity. Its innovation was to adopt instead a form of inspired ambiguity, one made possible by the earlier invention of dramatic irony, and also, on another front, by the Freudian unconscious. Indeed, Empson was working with a structural analogue of inspired ambiguity, in which the two voices in a verse are not God and man but conscious and unconscious, or else conflicting desires or ‘forces’ in the author's mind. The chapter then considers in fuller detail three structuring concepts in Seven Types, embodied in three key words, each related to an idea that extends back through and beyond Freud. The first, ambivalence, is psychological; the second, primitive, is anthropological; and the third, hypocrisy, is ethical. All three are closely related, and by triangulating them, one may see with greater clarity what Empson brought to the traditions he inherited.
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Forceville, Charles. "Controversial Communication." In Visual and Multimodal Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845230.003.0011.
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Although neutral about ethics and ideologies, RT acknowledges that while claiming to be optimally relevant to their envisaged audiences, communicators may not be entirely truthful—or may shamelessly lie through their teeth—by accommodating the issue of trust in its model. More specifically, RT distinguishes between addressees believing (1) that a communicator is both competent and benevolent; (2) that the communicator is benevolent but not necessarily competent; or (3) that the communicator may be less than benevolent. This chapter examines a number of misleading mass-communicative visual and multimodal messages and shows how their contentious nature can be accounted for in RT terms. It further argues that the RT concept of “echoic mention,” developed to theorize irony, can be extended to other types of transformative use of original messages, and thereby is a cognate of what in other paradigms is called “intertextuality.”
Conference papers on the topic "Types of irony"
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Zhang, Yingrui, and Jeremy Moloney. "Corrosion Monitoring under Iron Sulfide Deposit: Testing Method Development." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4159.
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Abstract Different from other types of pipeline solids such as sand and iron carbonates, iron sulfide is semi-conductive and electrochemically reactive. This adds extra complexity to laboratory testing and evaluation compared with inert deposits. Previous laboratory testing has shown that the corrosion rate under iron sulfide deposits can be severely overestimated using electrochemical techniques. In the current work a laboratory iron sulfide synthesis method and an iron sulfide under-deposit corrosion testing methodology were developed to better assess and monitor this type of corrosion in a simulated pipeline environment. Two different types of iron sulfides were used to investigate the corrosion of carbon steel under such deposits. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and laser light extinction particle size analysis were utilized to characterize the surface morphology, composition, crystal structure and particle size of the different iron sulfides. A white light interferometric volume loss method was used to verify the under-deposit corrosion rate continuously monitored by the Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique.
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Islam, Md Aminul, Jiaren (Jimmy) Jiang, and Yongsong Xie. "Erosion-corrosion Assessment of Cr White Irons." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16478.
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Abstract Erosion-corrosion possesses a serious problem for the mining and mineral processing industries. Handling and processing of silica-based solids results in extremely severe wear conditions. Simultaneous action of erosion, corrosion and their synergistic interactions accelerates the material damage. Chrome white irons (CWI) are extensively used in the oilsands industry for slurry handling equipment. Erosion-corrosion resistance of CWI’s depends on the chemical composition, matrix microstructure, types and volume fraction of carbides. In this study, high-Cr white irons were assessed using a slurry pot erosion-corrosion testing apparatus, where the total erosion-corrosion (E-C) rate as well as the separate components of synergy were determined. It was found that corrosion resistance of white irons largely depends on the amount of dissolved chromium in the matrix. On the other hand, erosion resistance is controlled by the type and volume fraction of carbides. During erosion-corrosion, corrosion enhanced erosion dominates the synergistic component. Material degradation rate depends on the involved wear mechanisms. SEM observation revels that cutting of the metal matrix by erodent at low impingement angles, micro-fracture of the carbides and spallation are the dominant mechanisms.
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Lu, Haiping, Zhenning Gu, Johnathon Brooks, et al. "The Development of Novel Laboratory Test Method for Scale Inhibitor Evaluation in the Presence of Ferrous Iron." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14443.
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Abstract Ferrous iron is typically present in the brines of oil and gas production. Soluble iron is considered to adversely affect the performance of scale inhibitors against calcium carbonate scale. However, it is particularly difficult to prevent the oxidation of ferrous iron to form ferric iron with even trace amounts of oxygen in laboratory testing conditions. The oxide species of ferric iron have less solubility than the ferrous iron, and ferric hydroxide may adsorb scale inhibitors on its surface. Therefore, the presence of ferrous iron in laboratory testing poses a challenge for evaluating its effect on scale inhibitor performance. Recently, Kinetic Turbidity Test (KTT) has become a more recognized testing method for scale inhibitor evaluation. It is a novel laboratory test method using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to monitor the formation of scales at various dosages of tested products as a function of reaction time. In the presence of ferrous iron, in order to keep oxygen away from the ambient environment during the test, the instrument was placed into an anaerobic chamber for maintaining low level of oxygen environment (&lt; 1 ppm O2 in the chamber) during the testing process. This paper presents the approach to conduct KTT in the present of ferrous iron, and compares the testing data with and without ferrous irons on scale inhibitor performance by KTT and anaerobic bottle testing for both calcite and calcium sulfate inhibition. The selected inhibitor chemistries include four different types of phosphonates (Phosphonate A, B, C, and D) and five polymer inhibitors (Polymer A, B, C, D, E). Results show that KTT provides an efficient and data-driven approach for evaluating scale inhibitor performance in the presence of ferrous iron. The mechanisms of scale formation and scale inhibitor performance under the effects of iron were discussed. This paper provides insight for scale treatment chemistry and dosage in the presence of iron.
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Asperger, Robert G. "Iron Sulfide Pit Initiation, Propagation and Passivation." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93223.
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Abstract Iron sulfide pit initiation, propagation and inhibition were studied on a sour gas flow line using a full-flow test spool at a low pH in very high density brine. Electronically induced sulfide pits in high pH environments, reported in the literature, are reviewed and compared with this work. A special inhibitor was shown to stop propagation but not pit initiation. In the field work, unique pit shapes were found which are Type categorized for future reference. Micrographs of the gas space, inner surface of an old, sour pipeline show unique torus and sinuous metallic features. A correlation is made between the shapes of the pit Types and the torus and sinuous metallic features. A mechanism is proposed to explain these results. The shape of an old, iron-sulfide pit deposit is shown to correlate exactly to the shape of the hole penetrating the pipeline. The deposit illustrates that the iron liberated at the anode must migrate out through the solid until it is precipitated by the high concentration of aquated sulfide ions. This mechanism is in harmony with the pit initiation and propagation theory advanced here for the field experiments.
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Wong, Jennifer E., and Neil Park. "Further Investigation on the Effect of Corrosion Inhibitor Actives on the Formation of Iron Carbonate on Carbon Steel." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09569.
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Abstract Many studies have been conducted on the action of corrosion inhibitors on corrosion product layers. There are varying opinions: the inhibitor may preferentially interact with the metallic surface or the existence of a corrosion scale enhances inhibitor adsorption. This paper will address the effect of the type of corrosion inhibitor active on the growth of iron carbonate. Our paper1 presented at NACExpo 2008 explored the synergistic interaction a quaternized amine compound has with iron carbonate. This work is a continuation and examines how imidazoline and phosphate ester compounds interact with iron carbonate. Tests were performed using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) technique in conjunction with LPR (Linear Polarization Resistance), Tafel studies and EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy). Test samples composed of 1018 carbon steel were exposed to a pH 6.5 CO2-purged brine environment for the duration of the test. SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy) were used in the analyses of the corrosion samples in order to observe the morphology, thickness and crystal structure of the iron scale layer. This work will provide insight on how various types of corrosion inhibitor actives affect the growth of iron carbonate.
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Górecki, George. "Iron Phosphate Coatings - Morpholgy and Corrosion Resistance." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91381.
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Abstract The corrosion resistance of three types of iron phosphate coatings on cold-rolled steel was examined. The alkali metal phosphating baths studied were three of the types most commonly encountered in industrial finishing operations. Coating composition was varied by employing different accelerators in the phosphating bath. The components of each of the phosphate coatings were deduced by stripping test panels in a solution of 6 M HCl inhibited by Sb2O3. The stripping solution was then analyzed for the concentrations of ferrous iron, ferric iron, and phosphate. In the second part of the study, painted steel test panels were exposed to 5% salt fog as per ASTM B-117. Corrosion resistance was found to be strongly related to coating morphology. Corrosion performance suffered as the fraction of ferrous salts in the coating increased.
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Abdar, Payman Sharifi, Bruce Brown, and Srdjan Nesic. "Electrochemical Investigation and Modeling of Cathodic Reactions on Iron Sulfides in Acidic Solutions." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19428.
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Abstract With an increasing number of sour oil and gas fields in the world, mitigation of production related failures due to H2S corrosion is a key challenge. In H2S environments, the corrosion product layer could include different types of iron sulfides with various electrical and physiochemical properties. One of the main characteristics of iron sulfides is their semiconductive nature which could enhance the galvanic coupling between steel and this type of corrosion product layer. On that account, galvanic coupling between steel and iron sulfides is considered as the main culprit related to the higher risk of localized corrosion in H2S environments. However, the mechanism of galvanic coupling between steel and iron sulfides are still unclear as the nature of iron sulfides transformation and their electrochemical behavior have not been fully understood yet. The objective of this study is to investigate and model the electrochemical behavior of iron sulfides by specifically focusing on their cathodic characteristics in acidic solutions. Pyrite and pyrrhotite were used as the iron sulfides for these tests since they have been found when localized corrosion of steel was observed in sour pipeline conditions in the field. A rotating disk electrode (RDE) has been utilized for investigation of cathodic reactions occurring on the surface of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and X65 steel. Experiments have been performed in several pH values as well as different rotational speeds in order to characterize the nature of cathodic reactions. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to predict the cathodic current of iron sulfides, and then the results were compared with the experimental data.
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Gadala, Ibrahim, Magd Abdel Wahab, and Akram Alfantazi. "A Finite Element Model of the External Corrosion of Buried Pipeline Steel under the Combined Influence of Heat Transfer, Cathodic Protection, and Oxygen Diffusion in Surrounding Soil." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07012.
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Abstract This work presents a numerical model of the coupled interactions between temperature profile, electrolytic potential drop, and steady-state oxygen concentration gradient in soils surrounding buried pipelines. Three different soil types are considered (sand, clay, and peat), with porosity ratios varying between 0.4 and 0.8. Two volumetric wetness ratios are simulated for each soil type, representing moisture changes during successive soil drying-wetting cycles. The motivation behind this study is to model the interdependencies of heat transfer, cathodic protection, and oxygen diffusion on pipeline steel corrosion in various soil environments. A key benefit of the developed model is its rapid scalability, allowing the simulation of these interrelated phenomena for different geometries, dimensions, and boundary/initial conditions. The results of a select number of cases are presented in this paper. Based on the oxygen diffusion, cathodic protection, and iron oxidation behavior of an exposed 90° arc on the pipeline’s external surface facing a magnesium cathodic protection anode, it is found that drier sand and clay soil structures cause the most corrosion. The geometric location of the coating holiday relative to the ground surface and the cathodic protection anode has a particular influence on oxygen concentration and iron oxidation. Temperature fluctuations during seasonal weather cycles have observable effects on iron oxidation rates due to influences on heat transfer and oxygen diffusivity. An overall trend of decreased oxygen concentration and iron oxidation in wetter and warmer soils is detected and quantified.
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Szeliga, Michael J. "Cathodic Protection of Ductile Iron Water Pipelines." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02488.
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Abstract The premature failure of water pipelines has resulted in an increased awareness that preventing external corrosion on water mains is critical. Cathodic protection, which has been in wide use for decades in the oil and gas industry, has been recognized as a cost effective method to prevent external corrosion and premature failures. This paper explains how cathodic protection works, the different types of cathodic protection, and several case histories are discussed that show how cathodic protection has been applied to ductile iron water pipelines. The case histories include a wide range of piping sizes to show the effectiveness of cathodic protection for virtually all sizes of pipe.
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Abraham, D. P., N. L. Dietz, and N. Finnegan. "Characterization of Oxidation Products on a ZrFe2-Type Laves Intermetallic Exposed to 200°C Steam." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01139.
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Abstract The release of radioactive elements from the stainless steel-15 wt% zirconium (SS-15Zr) metal waste form will be governed by the corrosion behavior of ZrFe2-type intermetallics phases present in the alloy. In this article, oxidation products that formed on a ZrFe2-type intermetallic sample exposed to 200°C steam were characterized by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The data revealed two oxide layers on the sample surface: an outer crystalline iron-oxide layer and an inner amorphous zirconium-rich layer believed to be zirconium oxide. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that the zirconium-rich layer formed first. The iron-oxide layer appears to have resulted from the diffusion of iron through the zirconium-rich layer to the oxide-vapor interface.
Reports on the topic "Types of irony"
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Gross, G. A. Algoma-type iron-formation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207958.
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Gross, G. A. Lake Superior-type iron-formation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207956.
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Gandhi, S. S., and R. T. Bell. Kiruna/Olympic dam-type iron, copper, uranium, gold, silver. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/208028.
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Smalley, A. J., and P. J. Pantermuehl. TR-97-3 Friction Tests Typical Chock Materials and Cast Iron. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011982.
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Harrison, J. C., B. M. Saumur, and D. R. Skipton. Mineral and carving-stone resources of Baffin Island. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321858.
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Mineral resources of Baffin Island include iron (Mary River), diamonds, carbonate-hosted zinc and lead (Nanisivik), nickel, copper, platinum group elements, uranium, thorium, gemstones (sapphire, spinel, lapis lazuli), carving stone, and coal. Iron deposits include the Mary River No. 1 to 4 deposits of northern Baffin Island, which came into production in 2015 and contain 586 Mt grading 66% Fe. The Mesoproterozoic Borden Basin hosts the Nanisivik deposit, mined between 1976 and 2002; this is a Mississippi Valley-type deposit and contains 9.0% Zn, 0.7% Pb, and 41 ppm Ag. Diamond-rich kimberlite occurs as sheets and small pipes at Chidliak on Hall Peninsula; largest by area is the CH-1 (6 ha) pipe. At least 32 carving-stone localities are known; 7 communities on Baffin Island have good access to quarried material. Coal occurs in the Cretaceous-Paleogene Eclipse Trough of Bylot and northwestern Baffin islands. Exposures near Pond Inlet have been excavated for local use.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.
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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Doyle, Peter, Andrew Nelson, and Jason Harp. MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF IRON-CHROMIUM-ALUMINUM SAMPLES EXPOSED TO LOCA-TYPE CONDITIONS FOLLOWED BY QUENCH. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1840169.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Gourcerol, B., P. C. Thurston, D. J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, and J. Biczok. Depositional setting of Algoma-type banded iron formation from the Meadowbank, Meliadine, and Musselwhite gold deposits. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296629.
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Tew, W. L., G. F. Strouse, and C. W. Meyer. A revised assessment of calibration uncertainties for capsule type standard platinum and rhodium-iron resistance thermometers. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6138.
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