Academic literature on the topic 'Types of pronouns'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Types of pronouns.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Types of pronouns"
1
Ngo, Binh, and Elsi Kaiser. "Effects of grammatical roles and topicality on Vietnamese referential form production." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4354.
Full textAbstract:
We conducted two studies on the use of null and overt pronouns and noun phrases in Vietnamese, with a focus on referents’ grammatical roles, grammatical parallelism and topicality. Vietnamese overt pronouns differ from English-type languages as they also function as kin terms. The first study investigated narratives and finds that referential form choice is influenced by the grammatical role and grammatical position of the antecedent: When the subject of the current clause refers to the subject of the preceding clause (subject parallelism), we find a high rate of (null and overt) pronouns. Lack of parallelism triggers mostly NPs. When the object of the current clause refers to the object of the preceding clause (object parallelism), we also find more pronouns than in non-parallel cases. Interestingly, null pronouns only occur in parallel cases. Crucially, we find no clear differences in the distribution of null vs. overt pronouns, suggesting that grammatical roles and parallelism have the same effects on both pronoun types. Using passivization to manipulate topicality, Experiment 2 further investigated the null vs. overt pronoun choice and found that pronouns are strongly preferred for topicalized subjects in passives and that null pronouns exhibit a stronger sensitivity to topicality than overt pronouns. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first experimental investigation of a kin-term-based pronoun system.
2
Erniati, Erniati. "PRONOMINA PERSONA BAHASA MELAYU AMBON DI WILAYAH TUTUR KOTA AMBON." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v16i1.1799.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study is to describe the types of personal pronouns in the Ambonese Malay language. This research applies the qualitative descriptive method to analyze the language phenomenon objectively. The research data are oral data taken from communication between the people in Ambon City and its surroundings, which consists of all ages of the Ambonese Malay language speaker. The data are collected using the observation method, recording, and writing technique. The analysis of selected data is using a descriptive qualitative method. The results show that there are several pronouns of the Ambonese Malay language. They are first-singular personal pronouns, and first-plural personal pronouns; second-singular personal pronouns, and second-plural personal pronouns; third-singular personal pronoun, and third-plural personal pronouns; kinship lexeme personal pronouns.
3
Jegede, Olusegun O., and Akintunji M. Akinola. "Errors of Pronoun Usage among Nigerian Secondary School Students." LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v2i2.458.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the errors of pronoun usage among Nigerian Secondary School Students. The study looked specifically at pronoun types, and identified and examined the errors that secondary school students make in their use. The research subjects were students of public secondary schools in Oyo West Local Government Area. There are fifteen (15) public secondary schools in the Local Government Area. However, out of the fifteen (15) public secondary schools, five (5) were chosen. The researcher made use of stratified sampling technique in order to classify the respondents’ view into different characteristics for clear and better results. A total of one hundred (100) students were selected for the study, with twenty (20) students selected from each school. Test questions with options were designed specifically for the students in the selected schools. The test questions focused on all the aspects of pronoun usage, especially the areas where students make errors such as subjective case pronouns, objective case pronouns, possessive case pronouns and tactic pronouns. The test was adequately supervised to see that the respondents did not consult their mates for any assistance before they could respond to the test. It was administered in the classroom for their convenience and proper supervision. There were twenty (20) questions in the test, four questions each were on the subjective case, objective case, possessive case, problematic pronouns usages and unique pronouns types (indefinite pronoun and reciprocal pronouns). At the end, the test scripts were collected and marked. The errors made were identified and categorised and examined. The study clearly showed that secondary school students in Nigeria use pronouns that are inaccurate or incorrect in their expressions. In this vein, the study showed that these errors occur because the students have not fully learned the correct use of the pronouns. The study also found that the teaching method applied in the teaching of English grammar in secondary schools is not very effective and English language teachers need to set up a workable teaching and evaluation method that will show how well a learner has learned. The study concluded that the students need constant exposure to the English language to fully develop communicative competence in it.
4
Boyeldieu, Pascal. "Personal pronouns in Bua languages." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 292–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-292-335.
Full textAbstract:
Bua languages in general are poorly documented and many aspects of their morphosyntax are still undescribed. The purpose of this paper is to outline a state of the art concerning the structure and operation of the personal pronoun systems. Largely based on unpublished or restricted documentation, it systematically reviews the systems of eight languages, commenting on both the identity of persons and the types of functional paradigms. Despite numerous shortcomings and uncertainties, interesting observations can be made concerning the 1st person plural ‘exclusive’/‘inclusive’ contrast, the logophoric pronouns, the tonal polarity of Subject and Object pronouns, and different types of personal possessive constructions.
5
Kampen, Jacqueline van. "Discourse-related V1 declaratives in Dutch." Linguistics in the Netherlands 37 (October 27, 2020): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00043.kam.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper discusses two types of discourse-related V1 declaratives in Dutch. The first type involves a missing argument. In the position before the finite verb a referential 3rd person pronoun is deleted. The deletion of the pronoun is constrained by the recoverability condition, which requires that its referential features can be reconstructed from context. I will argue that only the deletion of a d(emonstrative)-pronoun is “topic drop”. Deleted topic d-pronouns are subject to the same syntactic conditions as overt topic d-pronouns. Like the overt d-pronoun, the deleted d-pronoun refers to the focus constituent of the preceding sentence. A deleted p(ersonal)-pronoun, by contrast, does not have a uniquely determined antecedent. The second type of V1 declarative is found in so-called “narrative inversion” in which all arguments are present, and no empty element needs to be postulated. Various types of narrative inversion and the kind of discourse relation they imply are discussed.
6
Palomar, Manuel, Antonio Ferrández, Lidia Moreno, Patricio Martínez-Barco, Jesús Peral, Maximiliano Saiz-Noeda, and Rafael Muñoz. "An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Texts." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 4 (December 2001): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342662.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun phrase antecedents of third person personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and omitted pronouns (zero pronouns) in unrestricted Spanish texts. We define a list of constraints and preferences for different types of pronominal expressions, and we document in detail the importance of each kind of knowledge (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and statistical) in anaphora resolution for Spanish. The paper also provides a definition for syntactic conditions on Spanish NP-pronoun noncoreference using partial parsing. The algorithm has been evaluated on a corpus of 1,677 pronouns and achieved a success rate of 76.8%. We have also implemented four competitive algorithms and tested their performance in a blind evaluation on the same test corpus. This new approach could easily be extended to other languages such as English, Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese.
7
Déchaine, Rose-Marie, and Martina Wiltschko. "Decomposing Pronouns." Linguistic Inquiry 33, no. 3 (July 2002): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438902760168554.
Full textAbstract:
Starting with the idea that the notion “pronoun” is not a primitive of linguistic theory, we propose that it is necessary to recognize (at least) three pronoun types: pro-DP, pro-fP, and pro-NP. Evidence supporting this three-way split comes from the sensitivity of certain proforms to the predicate/argument distinction, the internal structure of proforms, and the binding-theoretic properties of proforms. Recognizing different pronoun types also sheds light on the formal (dis)similarities between obviation and switch-reference.
8
Lederer, Jenny. "Understanding the Self: How spatial parameters influence the distribution of anaphora within prepositional phrases." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 3 (July 26, 2013): 483–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper investigates the distribution of reflexive and nonreflexive pronouns in the prepositional phrase, concluding that multiple semantic factors play a role in the appearance of one pronoun over the other. The distributional trends in English are explained by referencing the crucial role space plays in grammar, and the resulting implications for Binding Theory (Chomsky 1995) are discussed. The motivating forces for the corpus distribution are based on perceived directionality and location of the denoted event with respect to the body of the event's protagonist. The patterns found in the corpus data are attributed to a range of factors that play a role in the semantic specifications and associations of the pronouns themselves. First, it is argued that the high rate of reflexive pronouns in events that are metaphorically located in the body is due to the reflexive pronoun's close semantic association with the concept of self, a metaphorical body-internal entity. Second, it is argued that the reflexive pronoun is used to signal either an event which is performed on the body (in the referent's peri-personal space) or directed toward the body. Cases of these types are explained by a schematic, semantic parallelism between syntactically complex reflexive events and syntactically simple reflexive events. In both cases, the reflexive pronoun signals a contrastive element. In syntactically complex cases, the PP examples (e.g. John pushed the box toward himself), and syntactically simple cases, those with basic clause structure (e.g. John kicked himself), the reflexive is used to signal that the direction of the event is counter to the direction of expectation, thus explaining why certain reflexive events (e.g. bathe, or pull something toward you) do not have to, and most often, do not occur with the reflexive pronoun.
9
Pratiwi, Rahayu, Rahma Putri Aulia, and Lilis Suryani. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 5 (September 15, 2019): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i5.p608-615.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research was to know the most types of error and the most error of personal pronouns in descriptive text due to the eleventh-grade students in their descriptive paragraph writing. This research conducted qualitative research. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi in Academic Year 2018/2019. To get the data, the researchers gave an instruction for the students to make a descriptive text about person, conduct the students' writing result, read the students’ writing result, identified the type of students’ writing error from their text, classified the type of personal pronouns error from students’ writing, and identified the high students, middle students and lower students. The sample of this research is nine students of eleventh grade from PFPT A Class (Broadcast). The result showed that there are four types of errors, they are: omission, addition, misordering, and disordering. In students’ writing had been found many errors that focused on personal pronoun is 8 or 32% of omission error, 0 or 0% of addition error, 17 or 68% of mis-formation error, and 0 or 0% of disordering error. So, the highest percentage of types of error is a mis-formation error that is 17 or 68%. The most error of personal pronouns in descriptive text due by the students is when they used a subject pronoun. Keywords: Error Analysis, Personal Pronoun, Descriptive Text.
10
Fraurud, Kari. "Pronoun Resolution in Unrestricted Text." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 1-2 (June 1988): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001748.
Full textAbstract:
Quantitative and qualitative studies of referential relations in unrestricted natural text are necessary both for a better theoretical understanding of referential processes, and for the development of empirically well-founded algorithms for anaphora resolution in the framework of natural language processing (NLP) systems. The aim of the study reported in this paper was to provide preliminary empirical data on anaphoric pronouns in Swedish. The relation between the pronoun and its antecedent was studied for 600 pronouns in three different types of unrestricted written Swedish text, and a simple pronoun resolution algorithm was tested on the sample.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of pronouns"
1
Gao, Lei. "Review of Whistleblowing Studies in Accounting Research Examining Corporate Internal Whistleblowing Policy." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4762.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three studies. The first study provides a review and synthesis of past accounting research regarding factors that influence whistleblowing. The second study is a content analysis to examine the variation of organizations’ internal whistleblowing policy, including both the content characteristics of the policy and the linguistic characteristics of the policy. In terms of the content characteristics of the whistleblowing policy, this study focuses on who is covered in the policy, where to report, employees’ responsibility, corporate investigation procedures, disciplinary action against the wrongdoer, and anti-retaliation policy. In terms of the linguistic characteristics of the internal whistleblowing policy, this study focuses on the types of pronouns, the language uncertainty of the policy, and the tone of the policy (positive or negative). Furthermore, the overlaps between the content characteristics and the linguistic characteristics are also identified.
The third study is a 2 by 2 between-subjects experiment to investigate the best design of companies’ internal whistleblowing policy. By breaking the internal whistleblowing policy into the reporting policy (responsibility to report and reporting channel) and the anti-retaliation policy (protection against retaliation), the experiment manipulates the type of pronouns for the reporting policy (first-person pronoun reporting policy or third-person pronoun reporting policy) and type of pronouns for the anti-retaliation policy (first-person pronoun anti-retaliation policy or third-person pronoun anti-retaliation policy). Results suggest that first-person reporting policy is better than third-person reporting policy at encouraging reporting unethical behaviors and this is mediated by the language vividness effect.
2
Oliveira, FlÃvia Cristina CÃndido de. "SequÃncia narrativa: narrativa ou script? um estudo da infraestrutura em produÃÃes textuais de 6Â ano." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4816.
Full textAbstract:
nÃo hÃEsta pesquisa està centrada no estudo de produÃÃes textuais de alunos de 6 ano do ensino fundamental II, cujo gÃnero pertence ao conto popular. A abordagem dada ao tema teve como base pressupostos da LinguÃstica Textual, com Ãnfase no protÃtipo narrativo de Adam (1992; 2008) e no ISD de Bronckart (2007), especificamente, no tipo de discurso narraÃÃo. O objetivo à analisar a infraestrutura desses textos, verificando a presenÃa da sequÃncia narrativa ou do script, alÃm da construÃÃo do texto com as categorias: tempos verbais, organizadores temporais e pronomes. A pesquisa apresenta um carÃter teÃrico-prÃtico e à delineada em quase-experimental com um corpus que se compÃe de quarenta e duas (42) produÃÃes textuais divididas em produÃÃo inicial (PI) e produÃÃo final (PF). Essas produÃÃes textuais foram recolhidas durante um perÃodo de trÃs semanas com atividades, que tratavam das categorias citadas anteriormente, em forma de oficinas à luz das sequÃncias didÃticas de Schneuwly; Dolz (2004). A anÃlise levou-nos a observar que muitas das produÃÃes foram estruturadas segundo a sequÃncia narrativa de Adam (1992; 2008), outras, porÃm, apresentaram somente o script, conforme Bronckart (2007), comprometendo a infraestrutura textual de gÃneros do narrar como o que nos propomos a construir com os alunos do 6 ano. Apreendemos que os alunos possuem a estrutura narrativa internalizada, porÃm nÃo sabem distinguir entre o processo de intriga e o script, produzindo textos que apenas enumeram aÃÃes. Ao construÃ-los utilizam-se das categorias elencadas, priorizando os tempos verbais do narrar, apesar de em algumas situaÃÃes essas construÃÃes parecerem equivocadas. Os organizadores temporais, segunda categoria analisada, funcionam nesses textos como um elemento que auxilia os tempos verbais com as locuÃÃes adverbiais que se apresentam com maior incidÃncia. Na categoria pronomes, as construÃÃes apresentam anÃforas que demonstram o uso de um mecanismo da lÃngua, evitando repetiÃÃo de elementos no texto, o que constitui para um aluno em processo de desenvolvimento da escrita uma estruturaÃÃo de ideias. Acreditamos que a pesquisa constitui-se em uma reflexÃo teÃrica sobre a construÃÃo do texto narrativo de alunos de 6 ano. Esperamos ter contribuÃdo para compreensÃo da importÃncia da diferenciaÃÃo entre um texto narrativo e um script. A relevÃncia dessa pesquisa està na compreensÃo dessas categorias na infraestrutura do texto que auxiliam o aluno a produzir gÃneros do narrar e ao professor compreender esse processo, valorizando e auxiliando o aluno na construÃÃo da produÃÃo textual narrativa.
This work aims at analyzing the text productions of the II level fundamental sixth grade, concerned to the genre of popular narratives. The approach given to the theme is based on Text Linguistics, emphasizing Adamâs (1992; 2008) narrative prototype and Bronckartâs (2007) sociodiscursive interactionism, particularly about the type of narrative discourse. The objective is to analyze the infrastructure of these texts, verifying the presence of the narrative sequence or of the script, as well as of the constructions with the following categories: verb tenses, temporal organizers and pronouns. This is a theoretical-practical research, which can be described as an almost experimental one, whose corpus is formed by forty-two (42) text productions, divided into initial production and final production. These text productions, which were done by workshops in the light of Schneuwly and Dolzâs (2004) didactic sequences, were collected in a period of three weeks, containing activities with the categories previously cited. We observed that a lot of productions were structured according to Adamâs (1992; 2008) narrative sequences. However, other texts presented only the script, according to Bronckart (2007), what can jeopardize the text infrastructure of narrative genres as we proposed to construct with these students of the sixth grade. We noticed that the students have the narrative structure internalized, but they can not distinguish the plot process from the script, producing texts which only enumerate actions. When they build them, they use the mentioned categories, prioritizing narrative verb tenses, although some of these situations appear to be wrong. The temporal organizers, which are the second category analyzed, have the function of an auxiliary of the verb tenses with the most frequent adverbial locutions. Referring to the pronouns, the constructions present anaphors which show the use of a language mechanism that avoids the repetition of text elements. This results in the constitution of a writing development process and an idea structure process by the students. We believe that this research consists in a theoretical reflection about the construction of narrative texts by students of the sixth grade. We hope to contribute to the importance of differing a narrative text from a script. The relevance of this research is defined by the comprehension of these categories to the text infrastructure, which help the students to product narrative genres, and the teachers to comprehend this process, valuing and helping the students in the narrative text production.
3
Fossard, Marion. "Aspects cognitifs de l'anaphore pronominale : approche psycholinguistique et ouverture neuropsycholinguistique auprès de deux patientes atteintes de démence type Alzheimer." Toulouse 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU20073.
Full textAbstract:
La forme des expressions référentielles dénotant des entités dans le discours dépend souvent de la manière dont les représentations mentales de ces entités ont été établies précédemment. Ainsi, certaines entités mentionnées dans un énoncé sont plus centrales, plus focalisées que d'autres, et cette focalisation imposerait des contraintes sur l'utilisation des différents types d'expressions référentielles à disposition. Notre recherche, s'appuyant sur des modèles psycholinguistiques du traitement de l'anaphore (modèle du Focus en mémoire de Sanford et garrod, 1981, 1994 ; théorie du Centrage de Gosz, Joshi et Weinstein, 1995, 1998), se donne pour objectif d'étudier le fonctionnement référentiel de deux types de pronoms : le pronom anaphorique (il) et le pronom anaphorico-déictique (celui-ci). La première expérience consacrée à l'étude du contraste référentiel existant entre le pronom anaphorique et le nom propre répété, vise à tester en langue française des résultats précédemment obtenus en langue anglo-américaine par Gordon et al. (1993, 1995). Les deux autres expériences intéressent le fonctionnement de deux types de pronoms cités plus haut. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que seuls les pronoms seraient sensibles à la focalisation des entités de discours (contrairement aux noms propres répétés), mais dans des directions opposées : si le pronom anaphorique indique de maintenir son attention sur l'entité la plus focalisée ; le pronom anaphorico-déictique indiquerait un déplacement du centre d'attention. Ce dernier marqueur, dont le fonctionnement ne s'exprime clairement qu'en situation de "contrôle des risques d'ambigui͏̈té référentielle" (Charolles, 1995), nous a amenés à tenter deux simulations de nos résultats. Ces simulations, dont le but est d'éclairer les mécanismes cognitifs sous-jacents au fonctionnement de l'anaphore pronominale, constitue une base pour notre étude du fonctionnement référentiel auprès de patients atteints de démence type AlzheimerThe form of referential expressions used to refer to specific entities in a discourse often depends on the way in which mental representations of these entities have been previously established. Consequently, some entities mentioned in an utterance are more salient, more"focused" than others, and this focusing would set constraints in using different types of referential expressions available. The goal of our research - based on psycholinguistic models of anaphora processing ("theory of focus" in memory, Sanford and Garrod, 1981, 1994 ; "centering theory", Grosz, Joshi & Weinstein, 1995, 1998) - is to study the referential functioning of two kinds of pronouns : anaphoric pronouns (il) and anaphoric-deictic pronouns (celui-ci). Our first experiment studying the referential contrast between anaphoric pronoun and repeated proper noun is an attempst to assess, in the French language, some results previously obtained in English by Gordon et al. (1993, 1995). Two others experiments aim at characterising the functioning of both above mentioned types of pronouns. Results indicate that only pronoun processing would be sensitive to the focusong of discourse entities (unlike repeated proper noun processing), but in opposite ways : indeed, if an anaphoric pronoun, clearly indicates to maintain attention on the focused entity, an anaphoric-deictic pronoun would rather indicate a shift in attention locus. Regarding the latter type of pronoun, whose functioning is particulary clear in situations of "control of referential ambiguity risk" (Carolles, 1995), it led us to an attempt to a simulation of induced our own results. These simulations, whose goal is to specify cognitive mechanisms underlying pronominal anaphora processing, constitute the basis for our study of referential functioning in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type
4
Oliveira, Flavia Cristina Candido de. "Sequência narrativa: narrativa ou script? um estudo da infraestrutura em produções textuais de 6º ano." http://www.teses.ufc, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5875.
Full textAbstract:
OLIVEIRA, Flavia Cristina Candido de. Sequência narrativa: narrativa ou script? um estudo da infraestrutura em produções textuais de 6º ano. 2010, 215 p.Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010.Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-06T15:50:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FCCdeOliveira.pdf: 19104463 bytes, checksum: 6c6a573146a2e4d37c8e0327deb66e2b (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-09-23T23:27:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FCCdeOliveira.pdf: 19104463 bytes, checksum: 6c6a573146a2e4d37c8e0327deb66e2b (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-23T23:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_diss_FCCdeOliveira.pdf: 19104463 bytes, checksum: 6c6a573146a2e4d37c8e0327deb66e2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
This work aims at analyzing the text productions of the II level fundamental sixth grade, concerned to the genre of popular narratives. The approach given to the theme is based on Text Linguistics, emphasizing Adam’s (1992; 2008) narrative prototype and Bronckart’s (2007) sociodiscursive interactionism, particularly about the type of narrative discourse. The objective is to analyze the infrastructure of these texts, verifying the presence of the narrative sequence or of the script, as well as of the constructions with the following categories: verb tenses, temporal organizers and pronouns. This is a theoretical-practical research, which can be described as an almost experimental one, whose corpus is formed by forty-two (42) text productions, divided into initial production and final production. These text productions, which were done by workshops in the light of Schneuwly and Dolz’s (2004) didactic sequences, were collected in a period of three weeks, containing activities with the categories previously cited. We observed that a lot of productions were structured according to Adam’s (1992; 2008) narrative sequences. However, other texts presented only the script, according to Bronckart (2007), what can jeopardize the text infrastructure of narrative genres as we proposed to construct with these students of the sixth grade. We noticed that the students have the narrative structure internalized, but they can not distinguish the plot process from the script, producing texts which only enumerate actions. When they build them, they use the mentioned categories, prioritizing narrative verb tenses, although some of these situations appear to be wrong. The temporal organizers, which are the second category analyzed, have the function of an auxiliary of the verb tenses with the most frequent adverbial locutions. Referring to the pronouns, the constructions present anaphors which show the use of a language mechanism that avoids the repetition of text elements. This results in the constitution of a writing development process and an idea structure process by the students. We believe that this research consists in a theoretical reflection about the construction of narrative texts by students of the sixth grade. We hope to contribute to the importance of differing a narrative text from a script. The relevance of this research is defined by the comprehension of these categories to the text infrastructure, which help the students to product narrative genres, and the teachers to comprehend this process, valuing and helping the students in the narrative text production.
Esta pesquisa está centrada no estudo de produções textuais de alunos de 6º ano do ensino fundamental II, cujo gênero pertence ao conto popular. A abordagem dada ao tema teve como base pressupostos da Linguística Textual, com ênfase no protótipo narrativo de Adam (1992; 2008) e no ISD de Bronckart (2007), especificamente, no tipo de discurso narração. O objetivo é analisar a infraestrutura desses textos, verificando a presença da sequência narrativa ou do script, além da construção do texto com as categorias: tempos verbais, organizadores temporais e pronomes. A pesquisa apresenta um caráter teórico-prático e é delineada em quase-experimental com um corpus que se compõe de quarenta e duas (42) produções textuais divididas em produção inicial (PI) e produção final (PF). Essas produções textuais foram recolhidas durante um período de três semanas com atividades, que tratavam das categorias citadas anteriormente, em forma de oficinas à luz das sequências didáticas de Schneuwly; Dolz (2004). A análise levou-nos a observar que muitas das produções foram estruturadas segundo a sequência narrativa de Adam (1992; 2008), outras, porém, apresentaram somente o script, conforme Bronckart (2007), comprometendo a infraestrutura textual de gêneros do narrar como o que nos propomos a construir com os alunos do 6º ano. Apreendemos que os alunos possuem a estrutura narrativa internalizada, porém não sabem distinguir entre o processo de intriga e o script, produzindo textos que apenas enumeram ações. Ao construí-los utilizam-se das categorias elencadas, priorizando os tempos verbais do narrar, apesar de em algumas situações essas construções parecerem equivocadas. Os organizadores temporais, segunda categoria analisada, funcionam nesses textos como um elemento que auxilia os tempos verbais com as locuções adverbiais que se apresentam com maior incidência. Na categoria pronomes, as construções apresentam anáforas que demonstram o uso de um mecanismo da língua, evitando repetição de elementos no texto, o que constitui para um aluno em processo de desenvolvimento da escrita uma estruturação de ideias. Acreditamos que a pesquisa constitui-se em uma reflexão teórica sobre a construção do texto narrativo de alunos de 6º ano. Esperamos ter contribuído para compreensão da importância da diferenciação entre um texto narrativo e um script. A relevância dessa pesquisa está na compreensão dessas categorias na infraestrutura do texto que auxiliam o aluno a produzir gêneros do narrar e ao professor compreender esse processo, valorizando e auxiliando o aluno na construção da produção textual narrativa.
5
Modarresi, Fereshteh. "Bare nouns in Persian." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17366.
Full textAbstract:
Diese Dissertation untersucht das variable Verhalten von sogenannten „bare nouns“ (Nominale ohne Artikel) im Persischen. Dieses Verhalten kann jedoch nicht verstanden werden ohne eine Reihe von entscheidenden Eigenschaften der persischen Satzstruktur zu betrachten. Dazu gehören Informationsstruktur, Prosodie und Wortstellung, sowie die semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen verschiedener morphologischer Markierungen im Persischen. Die vorliegende Dissertation kann daher zum besseren Verständnis von satzinterner Syntax, Semantik und Prosodie des Persischen beitragen. Ich beginne meine Untersuchung mit dem Vergleich der BNs in verschiedenen Positionen mit Nominalen, die mit verschiedenen Morphemen gekennzeichnet sind. Die quasi-inkorporierten Nominale im Persischen scheinen zur Klasse der diskursintransparenten inkorporierenden Sprachen zu gehören. Doch dies scheint nicht immer zu stimmen, unter bestimmten Umständen zeigen persische BNs Diskurstransparenz. In Kapitel 3 untersuche ich daher, unter welchen Umständen BNs Diskurstransparenz zeigen und warum. In Kapitel 3 präsentiere ich einen Alternativvorschlag zu Farkas & de Swart, in dem ich darlege, dass ein BN tatsächlich einen neuen Diskursreferenten einführt. Aber der Numerus von BNs ist neutral (numerusneutralen Diskursreferenten).In der zweiten Hälfte der Dissertation wird die Interpretation von BNs in verschiedenen Positionen und mit unterschiedlichen grammatischen Funktionen diskutiert. Kapitel 4 konzentriert sich auf BNs in Objektposition. Wir stellen einen direkten Vergleich an zwischen BNs als tatsächliche BNs, d.h. Nominale, die nicht mit einem Morphem markiert sind, und Kontexten, in denen sie mit dem Morphem -ra auftreten. Ich werde argumentieren, dass -ra lediglich markiert, dass ein BN oder auch ein anderes Nominal nicht in seiner VP-internen Position interpretiert, sondern in eine VP-externe Domäne bewegt wird. Das bedeutet, das Morphem -ra ist ein syntaktisches Morphem auf Phrasenebene.This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.
6
Chen, Hsiang-Yun 1979. "Donkey pronouns." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6076.
Full textAbstract:
Donkey pronouns seem to defy the conventional categories of referential and anaphoric pronouns and hence cannot be analyzed as variables. An orthodox treatment is that donkey pronouns are semantically equivalent to definite descriptions. I argue on the contrary that donkey pronouns can be analyzed as bound variables given a distinct notion of binding. I provide a systematic comparison between the static, description-theoretic approach and Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), a representative of dynamic semantics. By exposing the inadequacy of various descriptivist theories, I motivate and argue that DRT is the better alternative. DRT is superior for being a coherent and flexible analysis of donkey pronouns, a unified analysis of pronouns in general, and an intuitively appealing model of meaning. In addition, I uncover the similarities between the situational descriptivist account and DRT. I show that when fully elaborated, the former turns out to be a notational variant of the latter. I then trace their common problems to the Lewisian assumptions of quantification and conditionals; my proposed solutions suggest non-trivial modifications to and clarifications of the underlying Lewisian framework.text
Books on the topic "Types of pronouns"
1
Lappin, Shalom. E-type pronouns, I-sums, and donkey anaphora. [Netherlands]: Kluwer, 1994.
Find full text
2
Lifanov, Konstantin. The inflection of the Slovak literary language. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1046272.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph is devoted to a full description of inflection in the Slovak literary language in accordance with the latest changes in the codification, reflected in the "Rules of the Slovak orthography" 2013 Consistently discusses the declination of nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs, and the conjugation of verbs in present, future, past and pluperfect tenses. Types of declension and conjugation are seen primarily in paradigms allocated in the Slovak linguistics, but also additionally provides word paradigms, with some deviations from the basic paradigms. Detail of a doublet form, and their status, including those identified on the basis of national corpus of the Slovak language. Written in accordance with the program on the grammar of the Slovak language, adopted at the philological faculty of Moscow state University named after M. V. Lomonosov.
Designed for students of Slovak as the main language or second foreign language, optional or yourself, for Slavists wide profile and also for owning Slovak language adjustments knowledge of Slovak grammar, in accordance as amended by the latest changes.
3
Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
4
Haspelmath, Martin. Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.
5
Haspelmath, Martin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means of an indefiniteness marker or based on generic nouns such as ‘person’ or ‘thing’. The book has also shown that functional explanations are prominent in negative indefinite pronouns, and that the regularities of diachronic change are explained by the theory of grammaticalization. The main synchronic typological generalizations took the form of universal implications among different functions of indefinite pronouns, expressed by the implicational map.
6
Zimmermann, Michael. Null subjects, expletives, and the status of Medieval French. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
In view of considerable differences from prototypical null-subject (NS) languages and recent proposals of different types of NS language, this chapter reconsiders the status of Medieval French, generally analysed as a NS language, regarding the NS parameter. It is essentially shown that Medieval French displays traits incompatible with an analysis as a consistent or partial NS language, particularly the existence of overt TP subject expletives, the highly frequent occurrence of overt referential subject pronouns in embedded clauses, and the consistent occurrence of an overt generic subject pronoun. From this and the fundamental insight that, in prototypical non-NS languages such as Modern Standard French, null subjects (NSs) are licit in a restricted number of contexts, the chapter concludes that Medieval French constitutes a non-NS language in which, as in the modern stage, NSs are principally possible in contexts of left-peripheral focalization.
7
Haspelmath, Martin. The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, focusing on the ways in which such pronouns arise and change over time in different languages and the regularities in these changes. It first considers diachronic typology before describing four main source constructions for indefiniteness markers: the ‘dunno’ type, the ‘want/pleases’ type, the ‘it may be’ type, and the ‘no matter’ type. It then examines the six parameters of grammaticalization, three of which are paradigmatic (integrity, paradigmaticity, paradigmatic variability) and three are syntagmatic (scope, bondedness, syntagmatic variability). It also looks at desemanticization, with particular emphasis on three competing theories of semantic grammaticalization, before concluding with an overview of the indefinites that express the free-choice functions and their use as true universal quantifiers.
8
Ludwig, Kirk. The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
9
Abbott, Barbara. Reference. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews aspects of the way we use linguistic expressions (primarily noun phrases, NPs) to talk about things. After reviewing various types of NPs with respect to their possible use in referring (e.g. proper names, demonstratives, pronouns, definite descriptions, indefinite descriptions, generics), we turn to what it is that speakers are referring to, distinguishing real world from hypothetical and discourse referents. Figures of speech such as metonymy are briefly considered. Another important issue concerns choice of NP; for any given referent there are typically many possible expressions that could be used, and much research has concerned how the choices among them are made. Finally we consider the perspective of the addressee, and what factors (such as new and old information) play a role in interpreting intended referents.
10
Otsuka, Yuko. Ergative–Absolutive Patterns in Tongan: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.40.
Full textAbstract:
Tongan (Polynesian) shows ergative-absolutive (ERG-ABS) patterns in morphology as well as syntax, but the ERG-ABS pattern is not consistent throughout the language. Noun morphology shows a split between clitic pronouns and other types of nouns. In syntax, three phenomena show an ERG-ABS contrast: (a) relativization using the gap strategy is limited to ABS and ERG-relatives require resumption; (b) coordinate reduction applies only if the gap and the antecedent are in the same case, be it ABS or ERG; and (c) only ABS, but not ERG, can serve as the antecedent of the null SE anaphor. No single factor can account for all three of these phenomena and at least two of the three patterns are shown to be better viewed as PF-phenomena. The data suggest that syntactic ergativity should be understood as a construction-specific phenomenon rather than a language-specific property.
Book chapters on the topic "Types of pronouns"
1
Emmott, Catherine. "The Observing We in Literary Representations of Neglect and Social Alienation: Types of Narrator Involvement in Janice Galloway’s ‘Scenes from the Life No. 26: The Community and the Senior Citizen’ and Jon McGregor’s Even the Dogs." In Pronouns in Literature, 151–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95317-2_9.
Full text
2
Weisheitelová, J., and Petr Sgall. "On the syntax of some types of pronouns in Czech." In Contributions to Functional Syntax, Semantics and Language Comprehension, 239. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/llsee.16.16wei.
Full text
3
Okamura, Akiko. "2. Common features and variations in the use of personal pronouns in two types of monologic academic speech." In Dialogue Studies, 33–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ds.21.06oka.
Full text
4
Egli, Urs, and Klaus von Heusinger. "The epsilon operator and E-type pronouns." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 121. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.114.07egl.
Full text
5
Leiß, Hans, and Shuqian Wu. "Type Reconstruction for $$\lambda $$ -DRT Applied to Pronoun Resolution." In Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics. Celebrating 20 Years of LACL (1996–2016), 149–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53826-5_10.
Full text
6
Corbalán, María Inés. "A Syntactic Treatment for Free and Bound Pronouns in a Type-Logical Grammar." In Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 14th International Conference, 223–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62410-5_27.
Full text
7
"24. Types of Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives I." In English Grammar Guide for Language Students, 127–32. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463233334-025.
Full text
8
"35. Types of Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives II." In English Grammar Guide for Language Students, 199–202. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463233334-036.
Full text
9
van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Simple sentences." In The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 255–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Embroidering the distinction made in the chapter (18) on negation, this chapter discusses the full spectrum of simple sentences with a nominal predicate based on a noun, genitive-possessive construction, question-word, pronoun, demonstrative, and copular forms. Furthermore, negated and question forms, as well as combinations thereof, are discussed for these types of predicate. Besides a preliminary account of ordering principles for the noun phrase, special attention is given to copular forms of possessive nouns and inflected pronouns. Existential predicatesare: var ‘there is’ and its negational counterpart yok. Such structures are essential when it comes to expressing availability or possession. The final section is on verbal predicates, showing that there are two ordering patterns for the relative positions of the question particle and personal endings.
10
Schwarz, Michal, Ondřej Srba, and Václav Blažek. "A comparative approach to the pronominal system in Transeurasian." In The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages, 554–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0033.
Full textAbstract:
The present chapter focuses mostly on personal pronouns in Transeurasian languages. A brief introduction describes the main typological similarities and differences among the pronominal systems of all branches. The main part gives a summary of the declension of personal pronouns in the five branches. The overview is based on sets of tables with declensions of Turkic (separately for subgroups), Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese branches. Further tables reconstruct pronominal declensions for the daughter protolanguages and the final result is an attempt to reconstruct and comment on the Transeurasian protosystem. The third part gives an overview of other types of pronouns, mainly demonstratives, possessive and reflexive forms, interrogatives with related indefinite and negative forms. At the end of the chapter, internal loanwords and elements borrowed from other than Transeurasian languages are mentioned.
Conference papers on the topic "Types of pronouns"
1
Budennaya, E. V., A. A. Evdokimova, Ju V. Nikolaeva, and N. V. Sukhova. "REFERENTIAL PHENOMENA IN SPEAKER'S KINETIC CHANNELS." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-133-146.
Full textAbstract:
The article addresses the relation of referential expressions and co-occurring kinetic phenomena (hand and head gestures) on the material of the RUPEX multimodal corpus. The results reflect significant differences in how individual movements and gestures are aligned with two major types of reference (full NPs vs. reduced expressions). It was initially assumed that full NPs are more often accompanied by a gesture. Our data support this hypothesis not only through the material of hand gestures, but also through head movements. Moreover, full NPs are more likely to be accompanied by downward movements in both manual and cephalic channels, as well as by metadiscourse gestures, in comparison to reduced referential units (personal and demonstrative pronouns). In addition, pronouns are more likely to be aligned with pointing hand gestures and zero reference is often accompanied by descriptive hand gestures. However, the kinetic behavior of the interlocutors is determined by a variety of factors, including the topic of the conversation, which predisposes to certain types of gestures and the relative position of the interlocutors.
2
Stanislavová, Veronika. "Role osobních zájmen v odborném anglicky psaném diskurzu a rozvoj dovednosti akademického psaní." In Učení a vyučování cizím jazykům ve výzkumu. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9822-2020-6.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the literature review is to map the research field associated with the topic of the frequency use of personal pronouns in written academic discourse of university students. The work discusses the main concepts, presents the analyses of 14 empirical studies, and answers two research questions: What are the main findings of the current research? What methods and approaches are preferred in this type of research?
3
Geka, Aoi. "Topicality of the ‘Copula. form Shi in Santa Mongolian." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.3-2.
Full textAbstract:
Santa (Dunxian) Mongolian cotnains a form called shi emanating from the copula ‘是 (shiP4P)’ of Chinese. In previous research, this form is known as a borrowed form that can occur with the indigenous copula wo., However, shi has been variously described as a ‘copula’ (刘 1981; Kim 2003; Napoli 2004), ‘copula verb’ (Field 1997), and a ‘postposition to show presentation’ (布和等编1986). As yet, there has not been a unified description of the actual function of shi. In this presentation, I pay attention to topicality after having analyzed the environment and the meaning of shi. First, regarding the environment, I pay attention to the elements preceding shi. From the analysis of the type of noun phrases that appear before shi and noun phrases that do not appear, I show that more definite noun phrases such as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns do appear, while less definite noun phrases such as interrogatives do not appear. Secondly, regarding the meaning function, I pay attention to examples frequently using shi. From the analysis of these examples, I show that shi has functions such as presenting a condition. Finally, regarding topicality, I contrast the topicality of Santa Mongolian shi with that of the Chinese 是, the original language of borrowing, and the Japanese wa, which is known as a topic marker. With this in mind, I conclude that the shi from Santa Mongolian should be analyzed as a topic marker and not as a copula.
4
Singh, Pardeep, and Kamlesh Dutta. "Analysis and Comparison of Antecedent Type of Demonstrative Pronoun in Context of Co-reference Resolution: A Corpus Based Study of Hindi for Monologue and Dialogue." In 2014 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicn.2014.122.
Full text