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Books on the topic 'Types of pronouns'
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1
Lappin, Shalom. E-type pronouns, I-sums, and donkey anaphora. [Netherlands]: Kluwer, 1994.
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2
Lifanov, Konstantin. The inflection of the Slovak literary language. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1046272.
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The monograph is devoted to a full description of inflection in the Slovak literary language in accordance with the latest changes in the codification, reflected in the "Rules of the Slovak orthography" 2013 Consistently discusses the declination of nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs, and the conjugation of verbs in present, future, past and pluperfect tenses. Types of declension and conjugation are seen primarily in paradigms allocated in the Slovak linguistics, but also additionally provides word paradigms, with some deviations from the basic paradigms. Detail of a doublet form, and their status, including those identified on the basis of national corpus of the Slovak language. Written in accordance with the program on the grammar of the Slovak language, adopted at the philological faculty of Moscow state University named after M. V. Lomonosov.
Designed for students of Slovak as the main language or second foreign language, optional or yourself, for Slavists wide profile and also for owning Slovak language adjustments knowledge of Slovak grammar, in accordance as amended by the latest changes.
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Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.
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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
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Haspelmath, Martin. Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.001.0001.
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Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.
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Haspelmath, Martin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0009.
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This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means of an indefiniteness marker or based on generic nouns such as ‘person’ or ‘thing’. The book has also shown that functional explanations are prominent in negative indefinite pronouns, and that the regularities of diachronic change are explained by the theory of grammaticalization. The main synchronic typological generalizations took the form of universal implications among different functions of indefinite pronouns, expressed by the implicational map.
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Zimmermann, Michael. Null subjects, expletives, and the status of Medieval French. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0004.
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In view of considerable differences from prototypical null-subject (NS) languages and recent proposals of different types of NS language, this chapter reconsiders the status of Medieval French, generally analysed as a NS language, regarding the NS parameter. It is essentially shown that Medieval French displays traits incompatible with an analysis as a consistent or partial NS language, particularly the existence of overt TP subject expletives, the highly frequent occurrence of overt referential subject pronouns in embedded clauses, and the consistent occurrence of an overt generic subject pronoun. From this and the fundamental insight that, in prototypical non-NS languages such as Modern Standard French, null subjects (NSs) are licit in a restricted number of contexts, the chapter concludes that Medieval French constitutes a non-NS language in which, as in the modern stage, NSs are principally possible in contexts of left-peripheral focalization.
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Haspelmath, Martin. The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, focusing on the ways in which such pronouns arise and change over time in different languages and the regularities in these changes. It first considers diachronic typology before describing four main source constructions for indefiniteness markers: the ‘dunno’ type, the ‘want/pleases’ type, the ‘it may be’ type, and the ‘no matter’ type. It then examines the six parameters of grammaticalization, three of which are paradigmatic (integrity, paradigmaticity, paradigmatic variability) and three are syntagmatic (scope, bondedness, syntagmatic variability). It also looks at desemanticization, with particular emphasis on three competing theories of semantic grammaticalization, before concluding with an overview of the indefinites that express the free-choice functions and their use as true universal quantifiers.
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Ludwig, Kirk. The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
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Abbott, Barbara. Reference. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.004.
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This chapter reviews aspects of the way we use linguistic expressions (primarily noun phrases, NPs) to talk about things. After reviewing various types of NPs with respect to their possible use in referring (e.g. proper names, demonstratives, pronouns, definite descriptions, indefinite descriptions, generics), we turn to what it is that speakers are referring to, distinguishing real world from hypothetical and discourse referents. Figures of speech such as metonymy are briefly considered. Another important issue concerns choice of NP; for any given referent there are typically many possible expressions that could be used, and much research has concerned how the choices among them are made. Finally we consider the perspective of the addressee, and what factors (such as new and old information) play a role in interpreting intended referents.
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Otsuka, Yuko. Ergative–Absolutive Patterns in Tongan: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.40.
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Tongan (Polynesian) shows ergative-absolutive (ERG-ABS) patterns in morphology as well as syntax, but the ERG-ABS pattern is not consistent throughout the language. Noun morphology shows a split between clitic pronouns and other types of nouns. In syntax, three phenomena show an ERG-ABS contrast: (a) relativization using the gap strategy is limited to ABS and ERG-relatives require resumption; (b) coordinate reduction applies only if the gap and the antecedent are in the same case, be it ABS or ERG; and (c) only ABS, but not ERG, can serve as the antecedent of the null SE anaphor. No single factor can account for all three of these phenomena and at least two of the three patterns are shown to be better viewed as PF-phenomena. The data suggest that syntactic ergativity should be understood as a construction-specific phenomenon rather than a language-specific property.
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Sawada, Osamu. Pragmatic Aspects of Scalar Modifiers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.001.0001.
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This book investigates pragmatic aspects of scalar modifiers. Through a detailed analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of comparatives with indeterminate pronouns, positive polarity minimizers, intensifiers, and expectation-reversal adverbs in Japanese and other languages, the book shows that scalarity is utilized not just for measuring a thing/event in the semantic level, but also for expressing various kinds of pragmatic information, including politeness, priority of utterance, the speaker’s attitude, and unexpectedness, at the level of conventional implicature (CI). The similarities and differences between at-issue and CI scalar meanings are analyzed using a multidimensional composition system (Potts 2005; McCready 2010). Two types of pragmatic scalar modifiers are proposed: a higher-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which utilizes an implicit pragmatic scale, and a lower-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which recycles the scale of an at-issue gradable predicate. The book also investigates the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers that are embedded in the complement of an attitude predicate, and claims that there is a semantic shift from a CI to a secondary at-issue entailment in the case of non-speaker-oriented readings. It will also show that there is a phenomenon of “projection of not-at-issue meaning via modal support” in lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers. Finally, the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers is also discussed. This book claims that although semantic scalar meanings and pragmatic (CI) scalar meanings are compositionally different, there is a relationship between the two, and it is important to look at both kinds of meaning in a uniform/flexible fashion.
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Baauw, Sergio. The Acquisition of Binding and Coreference. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.22.
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In this chapter the acquisition of pronouns and reflexives is discussed. It reviews several accounts of the so-called Delay of Principle B Effect, the absence of this effect in some languages, and the structural factors that influence its appearance in child language. It also discusses children’s alledged target-like performance on reflexives in several languages with different type of reflexives. The chapter concludes that provided a balanced experimental design is used, the experimental results point at early mastery of Principle A and B, and that children’s difficulties with the interpretation of pronouns and reflexives are to be found at the interfaces between syntax and discourse or semantics, and may be due to limited (syntactic) processing resources.
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Longuenesse, Béatrice. The First Person in Cognition and Morality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845829.001.0001.
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The book is the revised version of two lectures presented, in the spring 2017, as the Spinoza lectures in the University of Amsterdam. Both lectures explore the contrast and collaboration between two types of standpoint on the world, each of which finds expression in a specific use of the first-person pronoun “I.” One standpoint is the particular standpoint we have on the world insofar as we are spatially and temporally located, biologically unique, socially and culturally determined individuals. The other is the universally communicable standpoint we share or can hope to share with all other human beings, whatever their particular biological, social, or cultural determination. The book explores the degree to which using the first-person pronoun “I” is the expression of one or the other standpoint. The first lecture explores this question in relation to the exercise of our mental capacities in abstract reasoning and knowledge of objective facts about the world. The second lecture explores this question in relation to what we take to be our moral obligations.
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Saugera, Valérie. Dictionary-unsanctioned Anglicisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.003.0004.
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This core chapter reports on the findings from the investigation of the Libération corpus. Systematic tracking of dictionary-unattested Anglicisms occurring over a year of press language reveals that contact with global English has resulted in new patterns of borrowing and processes for extending the French lexicon, for the short and long term. A major finding is that the database includes many types of Anglicisms with very few tokens: global English is a robust supplier of transient words (nonce borrowings and very low-frequency items) which complement the more durable lexicon. Diachronic comparisons show that these Anglicisms typically have a short life cycle in the French lexicon, though some Anglicisms from the corpus entered subsequent editions of the dictionary. The data also reveal the less common borrowing of items from closed classes, including pronoun himself, stressed article the, and the preposition-like series starring/featuring/including.
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Ruda, Marta. Syntactic representation of null arguments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0010.
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Focusing on definite-argument drop, this chapter puts forward the hypothesis that null arguments are minimally represented as [nPn] and maximally as a fully-fledged pronoun ([DP D [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]] or [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]). The (un)availability of such arguments in a language is a consequence of independent features of its grammar: the lexical specification of its nominalizing n heads (esp. their association with phonetic material) and the avaialbility of post-syntactic type-shifting operations (esp. ι). The working of this approach is illustrated mostly with data from English, Polish, and Kashubian. The two latter languages are argued here to differ from English with respect to the inflectional properties of their nouns, as well as with respect to the mechanisms of NP interpretation. The chapter discusses the predictions thehypothesis makes about the identity of null arguments with respect to cross-linguistic variation in the patterns of argument omission.