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1
Ngo, Binh, and Elsi Kaiser. "Effects of grammatical roles and topicality on Vietnamese referential form production." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4354.
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We conducted two studies on the use of null and overt pronouns and noun phrases in Vietnamese, with a focus on referents’ grammatical roles, grammatical parallelism and topicality. Vietnamese overt pronouns differ from English-type languages as they also function as kin terms. The first study investigated narratives and finds that referential form choice is influenced by the grammatical role and grammatical position of the antecedent: When the subject of the current clause refers to the subject of the preceding clause (subject parallelism), we find a high rate of (null and overt) pronouns. Lack of parallelism triggers mostly NPs. When the object of the current clause refers to the object of the preceding clause (object parallelism), we also find more pronouns than in non-parallel cases. Interestingly, null pronouns only occur in parallel cases. Crucially, we find no clear differences in the distribution of null vs. overt pronouns, suggesting that grammatical roles and parallelism have the same effects on both pronoun types. Using passivization to manipulate topicality, Experiment 2 further investigated the null vs. overt pronoun choice and found that pronouns are strongly preferred for topicalized subjects in passives and that null pronouns exhibit a stronger sensitivity to topicality than overt pronouns. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first experimental investigation of a kin-term-based pronoun system.
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Erniati, Erniati. "PRONOMINA PERSONA BAHASA MELAYU AMBON DI WILAYAH TUTUR KOTA AMBON." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v16i1.1799.
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The objective of this study is to describe the types of personal pronouns in the Ambonese Malay language. This research applies the qualitative descriptive method to analyze the language phenomenon objectively. The research data are oral data taken from communication between the people in Ambon City and its surroundings, which consists of all ages of the Ambonese Malay language speaker. The data are collected using the observation method, recording, and writing technique. The analysis of selected data is using a descriptive qualitative method. The results show that there are several pronouns of the Ambonese Malay language. They are first-singular personal pronouns, and first-plural personal pronouns; second-singular personal pronouns, and second-plural personal pronouns; third-singular personal pronoun, and third-plural personal pronouns; kinship lexeme personal pronouns.
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Jegede, Olusegun O., and Akintunji M. Akinola. "Errors of Pronoun Usage among Nigerian Secondary School Students." LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v2i2.458.
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This study examined the errors of pronoun usage among Nigerian Secondary School Students. The study looked specifically at pronoun types, and identified and examined the errors that secondary school students make in their use. The research subjects were students of public secondary schools in Oyo West Local Government Area. There are fifteen (15) public secondary schools in the Local Government Area. However, out of the fifteen (15) public secondary schools, five (5) were chosen. The researcher made use of stratified sampling technique in order to classify the respondents’ view into different characteristics for clear and better results. A total of one hundred (100) students were selected for the study, with twenty (20) students selected from each school. Test questions with options were designed specifically for the students in the selected schools. The test questions focused on all the aspects of pronoun usage, especially the areas where students make errors such as subjective case pronouns, objective case pronouns, possessive case pronouns and tactic pronouns. The test was adequately supervised to see that the respondents did not consult their mates for any assistance before they could respond to the test. It was administered in the classroom for their convenience and proper supervision. There were twenty (20) questions in the test, four questions each were on the subjective case, objective case, possessive case, problematic pronouns usages and unique pronouns types (indefinite pronoun and reciprocal pronouns). At the end, the test scripts were collected and marked. The errors made were identified and categorised and examined. The study clearly showed that secondary school students in Nigeria use pronouns that are inaccurate or incorrect in their expressions. In this vein, the study showed that these errors occur because the students have not fully learned the correct use of the pronouns. The study also found that the teaching method applied in the teaching of English grammar in secondary schools is not very effective and English language teachers need to set up a workable teaching and evaluation method that will show how well a learner has learned. The study concluded that the students need constant exposure to the English language to fully develop communicative competence in it.
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Boyeldieu, Pascal. "Personal pronouns in Bua languages." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 292–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-292-335.
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Bua languages in general are poorly documented and many aspects of their morphosyntax are still undescribed. The purpose of this paper is to outline a state of the art concerning the structure and operation of the personal pronoun systems. Largely based on unpublished or restricted documentation, it systematically reviews the systems of eight languages, commenting on both the identity of persons and the types of functional paradigms. Despite numerous shortcomings and uncertainties, interesting observations can be made concerning the 1st person plural ‘exclusive’/‘inclusive’ contrast, the logophoric pronouns, the tonal polarity of Subject and Object pronouns, and different types of personal possessive constructions.
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Kampen, Jacqueline van. "Discourse-related V1 declaratives in Dutch." Linguistics in the Netherlands 37 (October 27, 2020): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00043.kam.
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Abstract This paper discusses two types of discourse-related V1 declaratives in Dutch. The first type involves a missing argument. In the position before the finite verb a referential 3rd person pronoun is deleted. The deletion of the pronoun is constrained by the recoverability condition, which requires that its referential features can be reconstructed from context. I will argue that only the deletion of a d(emonstrative)-pronoun is “topic drop”. Deleted topic d-pronouns are subject to the same syntactic conditions as overt topic d-pronouns. Like the overt d-pronoun, the deleted d-pronoun refers to the focus constituent of the preceding sentence. A deleted p(ersonal)-pronoun, by contrast, does not have a uniquely determined antecedent. The second type of V1 declarative is found in so-called “narrative inversion” in which all arguments are present, and no empty element needs to be postulated. Various types of narrative inversion and the kind of discourse relation they imply are discussed.
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Palomar, Manuel, Antonio Ferrández, Lidia Moreno, Patricio Martínez-Barco, Jesús Peral, Maximiliano Saiz-Noeda, and Rafael Muñoz. "An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Texts." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 4 (December 2001): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342662.
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This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun phrase antecedents of third person personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and omitted pronouns (zero pronouns) in unrestricted Spanish texts. We define a list of constraints and preferences for different types of pronominal expressions, and we document in detail the importance of each kind of knowledge (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and statistical) in anaphora resolution for Spanish. The paper also provides a definition for syntactic conditions on Spanish NP-pronoun noncoreference using partial parsing. The algorithm has been evaluated on a corpus of 1,677 pronouns and achieved a success rate of 76.8%. We have also implemented four competitive algorithms and tested their performance in a blind evaluation on the same test corpus. This new approach could easily be extended to other languages such as English, Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese.
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Déchaine, Rose-Marie, and Martina Wiltschko. "Decomposing Pronouns." Linguistic Inquiry 33, no. 3 (July 2002): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438902760168554.
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Starting with the idea that the notion “pronoun” is not a primitive of linguistic theory, we propose that it is necessary to recognize (at least) three pronoun types: pro-DP, pro-fP, and pro-NP. Evidence supporting this three-way split comes from the sensitivity of certain proforms to the predicate/argument distinction, the internal structure of proforms, and the binding-theoretic properties of proforms. Recognizing different pronoun types also sheds light on the formal (dis)similarities between obviation and switch-reference.
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Lederer, Jenny. "Understanding the Self: How spatial parameters influence the distribution of anaphora within prepositional phrases." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 3 (July 26, 2013): 483–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0013.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the distribution of reflexive and nonreflexive pronouns in the prepositional phrase, concluding that multiple semantic factors play a role in the appearance of one pronoun over the other. The distributional trends in English are explained by referencing the crucial role space plays in grammar, and the resulting implications for Binding Theory (Chomsky 1995) are discussed. The motivating forces for the corpus distribution are based on perceived directionality and location of the denoted event with respect to the body of the event's protagonist. The patterns found in the corpus data are attributed to a range of factors that play a role in the semantic specifications and associations of the pronouns themselves. First, it is argued that the high rate of reflexive pronouns in events that are metaphorically located in the body is due to the reflexive pronoun's close semantic association with the concept of self, a metaphorical body-internal entity. Second, it is argued that the reflexive pronoun is used to signal either an event which is performed on the body (in the referent's peri-personal space) or directed toward the body. Cases of these types are explained by a schematic, semantic parallelism between syntactically complex reflexive events and syntactically simple reflexive events. In both cases, the reflexive pronoun signals a contrastive element. In syntactically complex cases, the PP examples (e.g. John pushed the box toward himself), and syntactically simple cases, those with basic clause structure (e.g. John kicked himself), the reflexive is used to signal that the direction of the event is counter to the direction of expectation, thus explaining why certain reflexive events (e.g. bathe, or pull something toward you) do not have to, and most often, do not occur with the reflexive pronoun.
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Pratiwi, Rahayu, Rahma Putri Aulia, and Lilis Suryani. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 5 (September 15, 2019): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i5.p608-615.
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The objective of this research was to know the most types of error and the most error of personal pronouns in descriptive text due to the eleventh-grade students in their descriptive paragraph writing. This research conducted qualitative research. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi in Academic Year 2018/2019. To get the data, the researchers gave an instruction for the students to make a descriptive text about person, conduct the students' writing result, read the students’ writing result, identified the type of students’ writing error from their text, classified the type of personal pronouns error from students’ writing, and identified the high students, middle students and lower students. The sample of this research is nine students of eleventh grade from PFPT A Class (Broadcast). The result showed that there are four types of errors, they are: omission, addition, misordering, and disordering. In students’ writing had been found many errors that focused on personal pronoun is 8 or 32% of omission error, 0 or 0% of addition error, 17 or 68% of mis-formation error, and 0 or 0% of disordering error. So, the highest percentage of types of error is a mis-formation error that is 17 or 68%. The most error of personal pronouns in descriptive text due by the students is when they used a subject pronoun. Keywords: Error Analysis, Personal Pronoun, Descriptive Text.
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Fraurud, Kari. "Pronoun Resolution in Unrestricted Text." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 1-2 (June 1988): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001748.
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Quantitative and qualitative studies of referential relations in unrestricted natural text are necessary both for a better theoretical understanding of referential processes, and for the development of empirically well-founded algorithms for anaphora resolution in the framework of natural language processing (NLP) systems. The aim of the study reported in this paper was to provide preliminary empirical data on anaphoric pronouns in Swedish. The relation between the pronoun and its antecedent was studied for 600 pronouns in three different types of unrestricted written Swedish text, and a simple pronoun resolution algorithm was tested on the sample.
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Postal, Paul M. "Contrasting extraction types." Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 1 (March 1994): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700016212.
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This paper grounds a novel typology yielding three major types of English (L(eft)-extraction, defined by their relation to resumptive pronouns (RPs): (1) B-extractions, which require RPs in their extraction sites, (2) A1-extractions, which allow RPs in their extraction sites, and (3) A2-extractions, which forbid RPs in their extraction sites. Type B is represented by topicalization; type A1 by most instances of question extraction. The A/B distinction is supported by correlations with restrictions on definite pronouns. A2-extractions, e.g. free relative extraction, are insensitive to such and unlike A1/B-extractions are incompatible with what I call selective islands, which is explained.
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Pricilia, Pricilia, Sri Minda Murni, and Sisilia Fitriany Damanik. "POLITENESS IN USING PAKPAKNESE IN PERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS IN DAILY CONVERSATION AT JAMBU MBELLANG." LINGUISTICA 8, no. 4 (February 8, 2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jalu.v8i4.17033.
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This descriptive qualitative research deals with the Politeness in Using Pakpaknese in Personal Subject Pronouns in Daily Conversation at Jambu Mbellang. The problem of the study were to find the (1)types of politeness in using Pakpaknese in personal subject pronouns show daily conversation, (2)how to personal subject pronouns show daily conversation and (3)why Pakpak people need to show personal subject pronoun by Pakpaknese. The data were collected by taken 30 people (15 male and 15 female) at Jambu Mbellang District as respondent/participant were collected by using questionnaire, recording the daily conversation of Pakpaknese people,the last data the researcher used interview and then were transcribed. The data were analyzed by qualitative research based on Brown and Levinson. The result of the research shown that second types of politeness show pakpaknese,how do Pakpak people show personal subject pronouns and why Pakpak people need show personal subject pronouns. The analyzed of questionnaire that speaker male speak to male the equal language were often used and in the speaker male speak female the younger language were often used. In the speaker of female speak female show younger language to used communication and female speak male the older language were often used. types of politeness in show PSP, on record the answer how Pakpak people show PSP that conversation found four speech function , and used interview found intimacy, politeness, relation, adapting situation into ever conversation in Pakpak why Pakpak people need to show PSP.Keywords : pakpaknese, personal pronouns, politeness,
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Authier, Gilles. "Clusivity and the history of personal pronouns in East Caucasian." Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s1 (August 1, 2021): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2019.
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Abstract Personal pronouns are among the most stable lexemes in the East Caucasian family, which consists of at least forty different languages distributed over eight well established branches, with nevertheless important variations and paradigmatic reshaping across branches, languages, and even dialects. The 1st and 2nd singular pronouns have been replaced or changed shape at least once in many subparts of the family, and the main 1st person singular innovation was apparently followed by areal spread. Most languages retain two different pronouns for the 1st person plural European pronoun, but the cognates are not always clear, suggesting that although clusivity is an inherited feature of East Caucasian pronominal paradigms, its history is complex, with various types of loss and renewal. This paper attempts to draw a fine-grained and accurate picture of these 1st person plural pronouns and their history within the larger setting of personal pronouns in general. Most individual stories behind variation across branches, languages and dialects provide reasons to see inclusive pronouns as prone to be maintained or renewed over time, whereas exclusive pronouns (1st person singular or plural) are specially targeted by avoidance and replacement processes.
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Kratzer, Angelika. "Making a Pronoun: Fake Indexicals as Windows into the Properties of Pronouns." Linguistic Inquiry 40, no. 2 (April 2009): 187–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2009.40.2.187.
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This article argues that natural languages have two binding strategies that create two types of bound variable pronouns. Pronouns of the first type, which include local fake indexicals, reflexives, relative pronouns, and PRO, may be born with a “defective” feature set. They can acquire the features they are missing (if any) from verbal functional heads carrying standard λ-operators that bind them. Pronouns of the second type, which include long-distance fake indexicals, are born fully specified and receive their interpretations via context-shifting λ-operators (Cable 2005). Both binding strategies are freely available and not subject to syntactic constraints. Local anaphora emerges under the assumption that feature transmission and morphophonological spell-out are limited to small windows of operation, possibly the phases of Chomsky 2001. If pronouns can be born underspecified, we need an account of what the possible initial features of a pronoun can be and how it acquires the features it may be missing. The article develops such an account by deriving a space of possible paradigms for referential and bound variable pronouns from the semantics of pronominal features. The result is a theory of pronouns that predicts the typology and individual characteristics of both referential and bound variable pronouns.
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Arafiq, Arafiq. "The The Syntax of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language." International Linguistics Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): p13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v3n2p13.
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This article aims at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language, a language spoken by approximately 9000 people who inhabit the eastern part of Sumbawa Island. This number of speakers does not include those who live in Reo Pota Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. The Bima Language is grouped into Sumba-Bima Subgroup of Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) branch of Austronesian Language. Data in this study are the linguistic units from morphems level to clausal level. The data were taken from conversations and monologues recorded in the real situations in which the Bima Language is used. The focus of this paper is to describe the personal pronoun system of the Bima Language, describing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. Based on the analysis, the Bima Language has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitics. Both sets of personal pronouns show the same syntactic properties and distributions. These two sets of personal pronouns are able to occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addition to their distributions, these two sets of personal pronouns can occur with numerals, relatives, and NPs. However, only full personal pronouns can combine with demonstratives.
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Bouma, Gerlof, and Holger Hopp. "Coreference preferences for personal pronouns in German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48 (January 1, 2007): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.48.2007.354.
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This paper presents psycholinguistic evidence on the factors governing the resolution of German personal pronouns. To determine the relative influence of linear order versus grammatical function of potential antecedents, two interpretation-preference tasks were designed. Their specific aim was to disentangle salience factors conflated in previous research on pronoun interpretation, such as linear or-der, first mention and topicalization. Experiment 1 tested pronoun resolution to non-sentence-initial position (scrambling) and Experiment 2 tested pronoun resolution to sentence-initial position (topicalization). The results across different verb types and across different syntactic contexts in Experiments 1 and 2 show that grammatical function, yet neither linear order, first mention nor topicalization predicts pronoun resolution in German.
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COLE, MARCELLE. "Pronominal anaphoric strategies in the West Saxon dialect of Old English." English Language and Linguistics 21, no. 2 (July 2017): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431700020x.
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Building on previous studies that have discussed pronominal referencing in Old English (Traugott 1992; van Gelderen 2013; van Kemenade & Los 2017), the present study analyses the pronominal anaphoric strategies of the West Saxon dialect of Old English based on a quantitative and qualitative study of personal and demonstrative pronoun usage across a selection of late (postc. AD 900) Old English prose text types. The historical data discussed in the present study provide important additional support for modern cognitive and psycholinguistic theory. In line with the cognitive/psycholinguistic literature on the distribution of pronouns in Modern German (Bosch & Umbach 2007), the information-structural properties of referents rather than the grammatical role of the pronoun's antecedent most accurately explain the personal pronoun vs demonstrative pronoun contrast in the West Saxon dialect of Old English. The findings also highlight how issues pertaining to style, such as the author–writer relationship, text type, subject matter and the conventionalism propagated by text tradition, influence anaphoric strategies in Old English.
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Noguchi, Tohru. "Two Types of Pronouns and Variable Binding." Language 73, no. 4 (December 1997): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417326.
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Noguchi, Tohru. "Two types of pronouns and variable binding." Language 73, no. 4 (1997): 770–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1997.0021.
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GRINSTEAD, JOHN, MORGAN DONNELLAN, JENNIFER BARAJAS, and MARY JOHNSON. "Pronominal case and verbal finiteness contingencies in child English." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 275–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000392.
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ABSTRACTChild English speakers use nonnominative pronouns in subject position but do not tend to use these types of pronouns with finite verbs. Recent findings demonstrate that knowledge of the pronoun paradigm is relevant to pronoun case errors below the 60% correct finiteness marking level but irrelevant above it. We use a receptive test with children who are above the 60% correct finiteness marking level and show that judgments of nominative case and verb finiteness correlate (r = .549, p < .001, n = 49), consistent with the predictions of case theory. Children at this level of finiteness marking show no asymmetry in feminine versus masculine nonnominative errors, but they do allow third singular –s with nonnominatives, which is problematic for both agreement tense omission model and constructivist priming accounts.
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Kuvshinskaya, Yulia. "Russian Indefinite Pronoun kakoj-libo: Non-Standard Usage and Changes in the Semantics." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0053.
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Abstract The paper deals with meaning and use of an indefinite pronoun kakojlibo ‘any/some’ in the modern Russian language. Research based on corpus data revealed non-standard usage of the pronoun kakoj-libo ‘any/some’. The paper describes main types of the deviations and evaluates their pragmatic and semantic effect. Finally, tendencies of the change in semantics and use of these pronouns are characterized.
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Al-Jarrah, Lina Ali, Yazan Shaker Al-Mahameed, and Imad Abedalkareem Ababneh. "A Comparative Study of Personal Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns in Arabic, English and Spanish." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.12.13.
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This study aims at conducting a comprehensive comparison of pronouns in three languages namely Arabic, English and Spanish. The comparison is implemented in light of three types of pronouns; personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and relative pronouns. The comparison aims chiefly at revealing areas of differences and similarities between pronouns in the three languages under investigation. The researchers compare pronouns in terms of their types, classifications and main characteristics. The comparison is accompanied with illustrative examples to enhance understanding the use of pronouns in the three languages. The needed data for the study are collected from different linguistic resources so that a detailed examination and exploration of pronouns in the three languages is made based on the collected resources. The results of analysis of pronouns reveal that pronouns in the three languages share the same referential function, which is assigning some elements to their actual referents. The analysis also depicts that the three languages act differently in terms of using those pronouns, in the sense that the differences are mostly exhibited in the pronouns specifying the number of referents, their gender and distance from referent.
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Teekhachunhatean, Roongaroon. "The Distinctions between Indefinite Pronouns and Interrogative Pronouns in Thai." MANUSYA 6, no. 2 (2003): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00602005.
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This article aims to present a study of the distinctions between two types of pronouns in Thai-indefinite pronouns and interrogative pronouns, which are homophonous and homographic but different in function. The results of the study reveal that they can be distinguished both syntactically and semantically. Therefore, they can be classified into two word classes.
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Ibragimova, Latofat. "LEXICO-SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF PRONOUNS OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a6.
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The article provides information on the types of pronouns in accordance with their semantic and grammatical features. The division of personal pronouns into two is illustrated by examples. The article reveals the lexical and semantic features of pronouns.
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Rispoli, Matthew. "Pronoun case overextensions and paradigm building." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008709.
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ABSTRACTPronoun case errors, or overextensions, like *me want it are characteristic of English child language. This paper explores a hypothesis that the morphological structure of a pronoun influences the pattern of these errors. The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) attempts to analyse English pronoun case forms into stems and affixes, but cannot because of their irregularity. Nevertheless the LAD extracts a phonetic core for each pronoun (e.g. /m-/ for the ist sg., /h-/ for the 3rd masc. sg.). The phonetic core blocks the overextension of suppletive nominative forms like I and she. This hypothesis predicts strong differences in the frequency and types of errors between pronouns with suppletive nominatives and those without. Evidence for this hypothesis was found in a transcript database of twelve children, with data collected in one hour samples every month from 1;0 to 3;0. 20,908 pronouns were examined, 1347 of which were errors. Statistical analyses of these data provide support for this hypothesis.
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Budennaya, Evgeniya V. "In Search of the Trigger: Literary and Non-literary Texts as Examples of Different Aspects of Russian Referential Evolution." Slovene 9, no. 2 (2020): 210–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.11.
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The article deals with the diachronic path of Russian pronoun expansion, which affected the period of the 11th–17th centuries: paki li Øpro soromit Øpro sebe svobodna > jesli on osramit — ona svobodna ‘if he rapes [the slave], she is freed’ (the treaty of 1191–1192 between Novgorod, Gotland, and the German Cities, and its modern translation). The initial trigger of this phenomenon is often attributed to the realm of the third person since the third-person auxiliary was lost first and the third-person subject pronoun massively expanded earlier than the first- and second-person subject pronouns. Nevertheless, one cannot argue that the latter was caused by the former, since the new subject pronouns did not only replace the old auxiliary forms but were also detected in finite verbal clauses where no auxiliaries were ever used. To explore what exactly caused the expansion of pronouns and how this expansion took place in different types of clauses, a diachronic analysis of finite clauses with reduced subject reference was conducted, with a special focus on the type of the predicate. Within the analysis, the referential data of three different Old Russian registers—informal, official and literary—were examined and compared to each other. The results support the hypothesis of copula drop as a trigger for the expansion of pronouns and demonstrate that several intermediate stages of this process can be detected in official and literary texts, where the course of evolution was slower. Thus, only official texts allow us to discover the earlier stage of new referential pronouns substituting former verbal copulas, and only in literary works can we find the transitional elliptical pattern without pronouns or copulas, which existed before the new pronominal pattern.
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Afros, Elena. "Gothic Relative Clauses Introduced by and Revisited." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-066001002.
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The Gothic invariant relativizers and have been analyzed in different ways. Von der Gabelentz and Loebe (1836/1846), Harbert (1992), Klinghardt (1877), and Streitberg (1910) treated and as indeclinable relative particles. Musić (1929) and Wright (1954), on the other hand, regarded them as relative pronouns. The present study shows that in the attested Gothic, and do not form a symmetric system with the opposition of gender. In addition, and appear to lack the grammatical categories of number and case applicable to the pronominal relativizers in Gothic and therefore cannot be classified as pronouns. Significantly, the elements and are reserved for certain types of antecedents and constructions, which might indicate that diachronically, they might have been in complementary distribution with relative pronouns, as suggested by Delbrück (1909). Synchronically, however, it is impossible to account for overlapping distribution of the relativizers and , the relative pronoun based on the demonstrative, and the complementizers and .
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Pan, Haihua, and Yan Jiang. "The Bound Variable Hierarchy and Donkey Anaphora in Mandarin Chinese." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.2.2.01pan.
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Cheng and Huang (1996) argue that both unselective binding and E-type pronoun strategies are necessary for the interpretation of natural language sentences and claim that there exists a correspondence between two sentence types in Chinese and the two strategies, namely that the interpretation of the “wh … wh” construction (which they call “bare conditional”) employs the unselective binding strategy, while the ruguo ‘if’ and dou ‘all’ conditionals use the E-type pronoun strategy. They also suggest that there is a complementary distribution between bare conditionals and ruguo/dou conditionals in the sense that the latter allows all the NP forms, e.g. (empty) pronouns and definite NPs, except for wh-phrases in their consequent clauses, and can even have a consequent clause with no anaphoric NP in it, while the former permits only the same wh-phrase appearing in both the antecedent clause and the consequent clause. Although we agree with Cheng and Huang on the necessity of the two strategies in natural language interpretation, we see apparent exceptions to the correspondence between sentence types and interpretation strategies and the complementary distribution between wh-phrases and other NPs in bare conditionals and ruguo/dou conditionals. We think that the claimed correspondence and complementary distribution are the default or preferred patterns, or a special case of a more general picture, namely that (i) bare conditionals prefer the unselective binding strategy and the ruguo ‘if’ and dou ‘all’ conditionals, the E-type pronoun strategy; and (ii) wh-phrases are more suitable for being a bound variable, and pronouns are more suitable for being the E-type pronoun. This paper proposes a Bound Variable Hierarchy to help account for the distribution of wh-phrases and pronouns in Chinese conditionals and claims that any deviation from the preferred patterns will require additional contexts or accommodation.
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Ruys, E. G. "A Note on Weakest Crossover." Linguistic Inquiry 35, no. 1 (January 2004): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438904322793365.
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Conditions on variable binding are of two types:those that (roughly) require a pronoun to be A-bound, and those that ban locally ā-bound pronouns. While the two types are usually felt to be extensionally equivalent, argue here on the basis of weakest crossover that the former type, which fits the Minimalist Program better, is also empiri cally superior.
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Bader, Markus, and Yvonne Portele. "Discourse and Form Constraints on Licensing Object-First Sentences in German." Languages 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020082.
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In German, the subject usually precedes the object (SO order), but, under certain discourse conditions, the object is allowed to precede the subject (OS order). This paper focuses on main clauses in which either the subject or a discourse-given object occurs in clause-initial position. Two acceptability experiments show that OS sentences with a given object are generally acceptable, but the precise degree of acceptability varies both with the object‘s referential form (demonstrative objects leading to higher acceptability than other types of objects) and with formal properties of the subject (pronominal subjects leading to higher acceptability than non-pronominal subjects). For SO sentences, acceptability was reduced when the object was a d-pronoun, which contrasts with the high acceptability of OS sentences with a d-pronoun object. This finding was explored in a third acceptability experiment comparing d-pronouns in subject and object function. This experiment provides evidence that a reduction in acceptability due to a prescriptive bias against d-pronouns is suspended when the d-pronoun occurs as object in the prefield. We discuss the experimental results with respect to theories of German clause structure that claim that OS sentences with different information-structural properties are derived by different types of movement.
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Culy, Christopher. "Agreement and Fula pronouns." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 1 (June 1, 1996): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i1.107402.
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This paper is concerned with agreement patterns exhibited by pronouns in five varieties of Fula. It is argued that some pronouns show agreement in pronominality, which is an unusual type of agreement, but nonetheless extremely robust in Fula. Other types of agreement are also presented, and the consequences of the Fula data for theories of agreement is discussed.
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Gillingham, Gwendolyn. "Focusing on unlikely accented nominals: context, alternatives and implied expectations." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2663.
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In English, accenting a pronoun occasionally switches its reference rela- tive to an unaccented pronoun: (1) John pushed Bill and... a. heb/# j fell. b. HEj/#b fell. However, accent does not always have this effect - it is not licit in (2) below: (2) John bought Bill a drink and then... a. hej/?b went home. b. # HE went home. This paper argues that the felicity of the accent in (1b) is dependent on a presupposition of relative unlikeliness, which is unfulfilled in (2b). The presence of this accent is due to a focus-sensitive operator, Opunlikely, which presupposes the existence of a likelier alternative to the asserted one. The reference and the distribution of accented pronouns is due to the satisfaction of this presupposition. Opunlikely not only accounts for accents on pronouns, but also on coreferential nouns and other types of constituents as well. Finally, this operator also accounts for the distribution of accent and unlikeliness associated with other focus-sensitive constructions.
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Azar, Zeynep, Aslı Özyürek, and Ad Backus. "Turkish-Dutch bilinguals maintain language-specific reference tracking strategies in elicited narratives." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 376–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919838375.
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Aim: This paper examines whether second-generation Turkish heritage speakers in the Netherlands follow language-specific patterns of reference tracking in Turkish and Dutch, focusing on discourse status and pragmatic contexts as factors that may modulate the choice of referring expressions (REs), that is, the noun phrase (NP), overt pronoun and null pronoun. Methodology: Two short silent videos were used to elicit narratives from 20 heritage speakers of Turkish, both in Turkish and in Dutch. Monolingual baseline data were collected from 20 monolingually raised speakers of Turkish in Turkey and 20 monolingually raised speakers of Dutch in the Netherlands. We also collected language background data from bilinguals with an extensive survey. Data and analysis: Using generalised logistic mixed-effect regression, we analysed the influence of discourse status and pragmatic context on the choice of subject REs in Turkish and Dutch, comparing bilingual data to the monolingual baseline in each language. Findings: Heritage speakers used overt versus null pronouns in Turkish and stressed versus reduced pronouns in Dutch in pragmatically appropriate contexts. There was, however, a slight increase in the proportions of overt pronouns as opposed to NPs in Turkish and as opposed to null pronouns in Dutch. We suggest an explanation based on the degree of entrenchment of differential RE types in relation to discourse status as the possible source of the increase. Originality: This paper provides data from an understudied language pair in the domain of reference tracking in language contact situations. Unlike several studies of pronouns in language contact, we do not find differences across monolingual and bilingual speakers with regard to pragmatic constraints on overt pronouns in the minority pro-drop language. Significance: Our findings highlight the importance of taking language proficiency and use into account while studying bilingualism and combining formal approaches to language use with usage-based approaches for a more complete understanding of bilingual language production.
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Szczegielniak, Adam. "Two types of resumptive pronouns in polish relative clauses." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2005 5 (December 31, 2005): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.5.06szc.
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This paper discusses two types of resumptive pronouns found in Polish relative clauses: (i) adjacent resumptives and (ii) embedded resumptives. It will be argued that adjacent resumptives are truncated forms of the relative operator, whereas embedded resumptives are ‘regular’ resumptive pronouns found in other languages like Hebrew and Russian. Support for this claim will come from analyzing the differences between adjacent and embedded resumptives, and analyzing the similarities between adjacent resumptives and relative operators. Cross-linguistic data involving the interaction of relative clause formation and resumption, as well as the interaction of cliticization and resumption will provide additional support for the above claim.
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Gagarina, Natalia Vladimirovna. ""The hare hugs the rabbit. He is white ... Who is white?": Pronominal anaphora in Russian." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48 (January 1, 2007): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.48.2007.357.
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This paper investigates the production and comprehension of intrasentential anaphoric pronominal reference in Russian. In particular, it examines the elicited imitation and comprehension of three anaphoric pronouns in subject position – personal 3rd singular masculine, demonstrative and zero – in one hundred and eighty monolingual Russian-speaking children and twenty adults. The three types of pronouns were designed to have an antecedent in the preceding sentence containing a verb and two arguments. These antecedents differ in their syntactical role and animacy. The sentence position, agentivity and topicality remained constant. The sentences with (in)animate subjects and objects constituted the following four 'conditions': two sentences with a subject and an object being either animate or inanimate and two sentences with a subject and an object exhibiting a diverse (in)animacy. Regarding the resolution of the anaphoric pronouns the similarity principle (or feature-concord rule) and its possible violations were tested. This principle suggests that an anaphoric pronoun is most likely resolved to the antecedent with a maximum of similar characteristics or features and it primarily governs the assignment of an antecedent to anaphoric pronouns in subject position in the absence of the violating conditions. Results show the influence of this rule on the anaphora resolution process increasing with age, on the one hand, and the development of the impact of animacy, syntactic role and the type of anaphoric pronouns that violate the feature-concord rule, on the other.
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Gerasimova, Anastasia А. "When ni- and -nibud’ are logically equivalent: Evidence from Russian nominalizations." Rhema, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2020-1-9-23.
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This paper deals with the two sets of polarity sensitive items in Russian: ni- and -nibud’ pronouns. Non-specific indefinite -nibud’ pronouns (NSIs) are possible only in propositions that do not ensure truth, i.e. non-veridical contexts. Although clause-mate negation creates such a context, NSIs are incompatible with it and are substituted by negative ni- pronouns that are licensed only by negative concord. The incompatibility of NSIs with negation can be resolved in subjunctive sentences and embedded purpose čtoby-clauses, however, the licensing conditions in these cases are not defined. In this paper I introduce another context which licenses both types of pronouns, namely, negated process nominalizations. I determine the licensing conditions for the two types of pronouns in nominalization, and test previous approaches against the new data. In particular, I argue that -nibud’ pronouns are licensed in the scope of the nonveridical operator that is introduced in the main clause.
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Patel-Grosz, Pritty, and Patrick G. Grosz. "Revisiting Pronominal Typology." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 2 (April 2017): 259–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00243.
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The overarching goal of this article is to shed new light on the debate over whether pronouns ( she/ he/ it) generally have the syntax and semantics of definite descriptions ( the woman/ the man/ the thing) or that of individual variables. As a case study, we investigate the differences between personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in German. We argue that the two types of pronouns have the same core makeup (both contain a null NP and a definite determiner), but demonstrative pronouns have additional functional structure that personal pronouns lack. This analysis is shown to derive both their commonalities and their differences, and it derives the distribution of demonstrative vs. personal pronouns by means of structural economy constraints.
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Chanchaochai, Nattanun. "On acquiring a complex personal reference system: experimental results from Thai children with autism." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.468.
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Reference of pronouns may be constrained via lexical presuppositions, includingmarked F-features, implicated presuppositions, and deictic center shifting in certain languages.This paper explores the acquisition of personal reference terms in Thai, a language that hasa highly complex personal reference system. The participants of the study were 67 typicallydevelopingchildren (TD) and 29 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a populationwhich has long been observed to have difficulties with pronouns. The children were asked tocomplete simple production and comprehension tasks on personal reference terms. Overall,ASD children performed on par in production but significantly poorer in comprehension thanTD children. Given the freedom of choice in the production task, ASD children preferred usingfixed referential terms for self-reference, whereas TD children opted for personal pronouns. Interms of comprehension, ASD children were shown to generally be able to detect the personfeatures but they seemed to struggle the most with the pragmatic aspects of personal referenceterms. Our results support previous literature that lexical presuppositions are acquiredearlier than implicated presuppositions. We add to the literature that the types or the amount ofimplicated presuppositions matter in acquisition.Keywords: implicated presupposition, pragmatic inference, pronoun, personal reference, acquisition,deixis, Thai
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Yuniar, Intan, and Novia Juita. "Penanda Kohesi Gramatikal dalam Novel Anak Rantau Karya Ahmad Fuadi." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 8, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v8i2.109672.
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This study aimed to described the markers of grammatical cohesion in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau and to explain the dominant markers of grammatical cohesion found in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau. This type of research because the data is in the form of languange units (paragraphs, sentences, clauses, and phrases) which contain grammatical cohesion markers. The data source of this research is from the novel Anak Rantau by Ahmad Fuadi. Methods and technique the research data collection use the observation and note method and technique used, namely the tapping technique. The findings of this study are, first, the four markers of grammatical cohesion in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau by: (a) references or referred to as references are divided into three type, including: personal pronouns, demonstrative references, and comparative references. (b) conjuction and liaison is divided into three types, namely: liaison between clauses, liaison between sentences, and liaison between paragraphs. (c) substitution or what is commonly called restitution is divided into four types, nominal substitution, verbal substitution, fractal substitution, and clausal substitution. (d) ellipsis or impingement. Second, the dominant grammatical cohesion marker found in Ahmad Fuadi's novel Anak Rantau, namely the references contained in personal pronouns or what can be called a persona reference was found as many as 1193 data. The author of the novel mostly uses personal pronouns, especially in the pronoun persona III (third) closely bound form, namely 797 data found and mostly refers to the character Hepi and Lenon.
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Bol, Gerard W., and Folkert Kuiken. "Het Gebruik Van Pronomina Bij Kinderen Van Een Tot Vier." Psycholinguistiek en taalstoornissen 24 (January 1, 1986): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.24.06bol.
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In this article we discuss the sequence of emergence of six different types of pronouns in 36 Dutch children from one to four. This study is part of a larger project concerning the morphosyntactic development in normal Dutch children of that age. The aim of this project is to find out whether or not there are patterns in the language of three different groups of language impaired children compared to the non-language impaired children. The main conclusions of this article are: the number of pronouns increases as the child gets older. Dutch children make very few mistakes in producing the pronouns studied. The sequence of emergence of interrogative pronouns reflects the order which is found in the English literature on the subject. Demonstrative pronouns are the first to emerge in the system, followed by personal pronouns. The subject forms emerge before the object forms. There is a clear tendency for singular pronouns to emerge before plurals.
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Bittner, Dagmar. "Influence of animacy and grammatical role on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns in German L1-acquisition." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48 (January 1, 2007): 103–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.48.2007.356.
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In anaphora resolution theory, it has been assumed that anaphora resolution is based on a reversed mapping of antecedent salience and anaphora complexity: minimal complex anaphora refer to maximal salient antecedents. In order to ex-amine whether and by which developmental steps German children gain command of this mapping maxim we conducted an experiment on production and comprehension of intersentential pronouns including the three pronoun types zero, personal, and demonstrative pronoun. With respect to antecedent salience, the experiment varied syntactic role (subject/object) and in/animacy. Six age groups of children (age range from 2;0 to 6;0) and an adult control group has been tested. The hypothesis arising from the mapping maxim is that zero pronoun correlates with more salient antecedents than personal and demonstrative pronoun, the latter correlating with the least salient antecedents. The results are: In production, children first establish the opposition of zero pronoun with animate antecedents vs. demonstrative pronoun with inanimate antecedents. In a next step, syntactic role comes into play and a more complex system opposing the three presented pronoun types is established. In comprehension, however, the effect of pronoun type re-mains weak and antecedent features remain a strong factor in reference choice. However, also adults employ pronoun type and antecedent features. The oldest children and the adults show variation in personal pronoun resolution according to the animacy pattern of the potential antecedents. In case of identical animacy features, the subject is the preferred candidate; in case of distinct animacy features, there is a tendency to choose the object antecedent.
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WILLIS, DAVID. "On the distribution of resumptive pronouns and wh-trace in Welsh." Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 3 (November 2000): 531–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700008380.
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Welsh has generally been analyzed as allowing two types of relative clauses and other A´-constructions, one involving movement leaving a wh-trace, the other involving a resumptive pronoun in situ. In this paper, I argue that, despite the appearance of agreement, which seems to license a null resumptive pronoun, relative clauses formed on a number of syntactic positions (object of periphrastic verb, object of preposition, embedded subject) may involve movement. Both movement and non-movement strategies are argued to be available for some syntactic positions (object of preposition, embedded subject), and separate constraints must therefore be established for the distribution of each. Resumptive pronouns are argued to be subject to a variant of the A´-Disjointness Requirement. For wh-trace, the Welsh evidence is compatible only with an account involving multiple cyclic movement via a VP-external position (SpecAgrOP) as well as SpecCP.
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Bosch, Peter, and Carla Umbach. "Reference determination for demonstrative pronouns." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48 (January 1, 2007): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.48.2007.353.
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This paper discusses results from a corpus study of German demonstrative and personal pronouns and from a reading time experiment in which we compared the interpretation options of the two types of pronouns (Bosch et al. 2003, 2007). A careful review of exceptions to a generalisation we had been suggesting in those papers (the Subject Hypothesis: "Personal pronouns prefer subject antecedents and demonstratives prefer non-subject antecedents") shows that, although this generalisation correctly describes a tendency in the data, it is quite wrong in claiming that the grammatical role of antecedents is the relevant parameter. In the current paper we argue that the generalisation should be formulated in terms of in-formation-structural properties of referents rather than in terms of the grammatical role of antecedent expressions.
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Ravid, Dorit, Janet G. van Hell, Elisa Rosado, and Anita Zamora. "Subject NP patterning in the development of text production." Written Language and Literacy 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2002): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.5.1.04rav.
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This paper examines how choice of subject NP types and structures changes in the development of text construction, and the extent of variation in the developmental patterns which are produced in speech and in writing. The population for this study consisted of 80 participants — 40 grade-school children and 40 university-level adults — with 20 participants in each of four languages: Dutch, Hebrew, English, and Spanish. The database for each language-specific analysis consisted of 40 grade-school texts and 40 adult texts. In each group, half were spoken texts and half written, half were narratives and half expository texts: altogether 320 texts. All subject NP slots in each text were counted and classified by category of realization (zero, pronoun, or lexical), by pronoun type (personal vs. impersonal), and by lexical complexity (terminal NPs governing a single lexical noun vs. non-terminal NPs governing more than one lexical noun). In general, the written expositions of adults are the preferred site for lexical subjects and for non-terminal subjects. Among both children and adults, narratives contain more personal subject pronouns, and expository texts contain more impersonal pronouns. Several cross-linguistic differences emerged (mainly between Spanish and the other three languages), reflecting differences in the syntactic, inflectional, and pronominal patternings of the target languages.
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Franks, Steven, and Linda Schwartz. "Binding and non-distinctness: a reply to Burzio." Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 1 (March 1994): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700016236.
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A serious and widely recognized problem of the standard Binding Theory is that it has no non-circular definition of the crucial notions ‘anaphor’, ‘pronoun’ and ‘R-expression’. Burzio (1991) proposes a significant new characterization of these notions, based on their absolute and relative morphological content. Specifically, he proposes that different NP types can be distinguished by their Θ-feature content: anaphors lack Θ-features altogether, pronouns have Θ-features and no other features, and R-expressions have Θ-features plus referential information, as in (1). The Binding Theory can then be regarded as a single principle, stated in (2).
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Gillmann, Melitta, and Wolfgang Imo. "„Du rotziger Blasebalckemacherischer Dieb! Solst du mich dutzen?“ – Funktionen des Personalpronomens du in Gryphius’ „Peter Squentz“." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 49, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 121–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2021-2023.
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Abstract This paper examines the variations and functions of the deictic address pronoun du (you) in the satirical Baroque drama “Absurda Comica. Oder Herr Peter Sequentz” written by Andreas Gryphius. Two types of address forms dominate in the drama, which vary in a highly systematic way. The most common one is the honorific form ihr ‘you’, which appears in addresses to humans of equal social status among both craftsmen and nobles. The more intimate pronoun du mainly occurs when the characters address themselves, their body parts or feelings and deities. Even lovers use the polite pronoun ihr; they switch to du solely when the beloved one is either absent or dead. In addition, there is a switch to du when the characters get into a quarrel, which illustrates the well-known connection of address pronouns to the expression of social deixis and politeness as well as the local, context-sensitive mechanisms of pronoun choice. Finally, generic uses of du are restricted to proverbs in the drama.
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Rabain-Jamin, Jacqueline, and Emilie Sabeau-Jouannet. "Playing with pronouns in French maternal speech to prelingual infants." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 2 (June 1989): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010382.
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ABSTRACTConventional and displaced uses of pronouns in maternal speech to refer to the baby were investigated in a developmental study of six mother—infant dyads using video-recordings of their free play at three, seven and ten months. These pronominal uses were analysed in a number of semantic contexts to determine how interactive situations influence the use of different types of pronouns. Results show that third- and first-person pronouns occur significantly more often in the semantic context of affect-oriented activities than in the semantic context of goal-directed activities. For second-person pronouns the results are the opposite. The contrast found between these two contexts, i.e. where the child is presented as the agent of a meaningful activity or not, shows how the place constructed for the baby as an interlocutor in maternal speech evolves with age. This study underlines the part the third person plays with its descriptive value in the acquisition of the system of pronouns.
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Sarathy, Vasanth, and Matthias Scheutz. "On Resolving Ambiguous Anaphoric Expressions in Imperative Discourse." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016957.
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Anaphora resolution is a central problem in natural language understanding. We study a subclass of this problem involving object pronouns when they are used in simple imperative sentences (e.g., “pick it up.”). Specifically, we address cases where situational and contextual information is required to interpret these pronouns. Current state-of-the art statisticallydriven coreference systems and knowledge-based reasoning systems are insufficient to address these cases. In this paper, we introduce, with examples, a general class of situated anaphora resolution problems, propose a proof-of-concept system for disambiguating situated pronouns, and discuss some general types of reasoning that might be needed.
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Poletto, Cecilia, and Emanuela Sanfelici. "On relative complementizers and relative pronouns." Linguistic Variation 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16002.pol.
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Abstract This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il) qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “complementizers” and “pronouns” have the same categorial status, i.e. they are wh-items and are part of the relative clause-internal head.
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Minlos, Philip R. "Slavic Relative ČTO/CO: between Pronouns and Conjunctions." Slovene 1, no. 1 (2012): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2012.1.1.5.
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This paper presents the key points concerning Slavic relative constructions with a group of kindred invariable lexemes: Russian что, BCS što, Czech, Polish co, Slovak čo, and their cognates. These constructions are classified into two main types, depending on whether the third-person pronoun is used for marking the relative target. Across Slavic languages, the parameters governing the distribution between the two types are closely connected. The interpretation of these parameters (as well as their microvariation) is presented within the functional-typological approach. Syntactic category (part of speech) of the lexemes is discussed in diachronic perspective: in the more innovative construction with third-person pronoun, čto functions more as a complementizer; in the more conservative construction without the pronoun, čto retains some pronoun traits.