Academic literature on the topic 'Types of purchasing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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Ji, Hye Kyung. "Purchasing Factors on Celebrity Fashion Hot Items and the Purchasing Characteristics upon Consumer Types." Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 69, no. 4 (2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2019.69.4.051.

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Lee, Taekyu, and Mooyul Huh. "Determinants of Purchasing Intention depending on Retailing Types." Korean Logistics Research Association 26, no. 6 (2016): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17825/klr.2016.26.6.139.

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Shealy, Robert. "The Purchasing Job in Different Types of Businesses." Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management 21, no. 4 (1985): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493x.1985.tb00145.x.

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Zhen, Feng, Xinyu (Jason) Cao, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, and Guangliang Xi. "Associations Between Online Purchasing and Store Purchasing for Four Types of Products in Nanjing, China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2566, no. 1 (2016): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2566-10.

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Schmaus, Diane C. "Types of computers; printer problems; purchasing the right printer." AORN Journal 52, no. 6 (1990): 1250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)69204-7.

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Truong, Dothang. "The Relationship between B2B E-Procurement Solutions and the Purchasing Portfolio." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 6, no. 2 (2016): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2016040104.

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Business-to-business e-procurement has attracted special attention from the academia and industry. However, e-procurement platforms are not homogenous and the use of e-procurement solutions for a specific purchasing situation has not been adequately addressed. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between e-procurement types and the purchasing portfolio. A large scaled survey was conducted to collect data from purchasing organizations in different industries. The results showed significant differences in purchasing situations across three types of e-procurement.
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Lee, Dong Myung, and Cheol Seung Seo. "Purchasing Strategies based on Business Strategy and Types of Product." Journal of the Korea Management Engineers Society 22, no. 2 (2017): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35373/kmes.22.2.3.

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Tilikidou, Irene, and Antonia Delistavrou. "Types and influential factors of consumers' non-purchasing ecological behaviors." Business Strategy and the Environment 17, no. 1 (2007): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.500.

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Azzadina, Irna, Aulia Nurul Huda, and Corinthias Pamatang Morgana Sianipar. "Understanding Relationship between Personality Types, Marketing-mix Factors, and Purchasing Decisions." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 65 (December 2012): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.133.

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Kaufmann, Lutz, and Julia Gaeckler. "On the relationship between purchasing integration and purchasing decision-making speed." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 45, no. 3 (2015): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-05-2013-0150.

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Purpose – First, this study expands knowledge on the strategic decision process dimension decision-making speed by analyzing decision-making speed and two possible antecedents in a purchasing context. Second, it takes an additional step toward clarifying the relationship between strategic and lateral integration. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the potential mediating effect of lateral purchasing integration on the relationship between strategic purchasing integration and purchasing decision-making speed. Design/methodology/approach – This research analyzes survey data of 152 firms from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland using covariance-based structural equation modeling. Findings – The results of the structural equation model provide strong support for the hypothesized relationships. Strategic purchasing integration drives lateral purchasing integration, which in turn positively influences purchasing decision-making speed. Research limitations/implications – This study focusses solely on internal types of integration. A logical next step would be to further enrich the model by including external dimensions, such as supplier or customer integration. Practical implications – This study should help managers gain a better understanding of the relationship between strategic and lateral purchasing integration, highlighting their positive impact on decision-making speed. Decision-making speed is particularly important for companies operating in volatile markets and time-constrained business environments. Originality/value – This study offers new insights into the theoretical and empirical connection between intra-organizational purchasing integration, unpacked as strategic purchasing integration and lateral purchasing integration, and purchasing decision-making speed. Furthermore, it offers insights into decision-making speed in a purchasing context.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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Kim, Hyeongwoo. "Essays on exchange rate models under a Taylor rule type monetary policy." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148588616.

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Huuang, Tu-Sheng, and 黃塗生. "Types and Decisions of Equipment Purchasing of Taiwan''s IC Foundries." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38911783940319561383.

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碩士
國立交通大學
科技管理學程碩士班
90
Types and decisions of Equipment Purchasing of Taiwan’s IC Foundries Student: Tu-Sheng Huang Advisor: Dr. Chih-Young Hung Institute of Management of Technology National Chiao Tung University Abstract For firms in the IC foundry industry, expenditures on fixed assets are almost always the largest part in their annual budgets. In turn, equipment purchasing constitutes the major element in the expenditure on fixed assets. Despites of its adverse effect on the cash flows of an IC foundry firm, the purchasing of equipment is important to the firm’s capability in terms of wafers ship-out. The focus of this thesis is on the equipment purchasing of Taiwan’s IC foundries. Specifically, three issues are addressed. First, an analysis is made to classify the types of equipments purchased. We found that the types of equipments purchased can be classified by the following six factors: process capability, materials, product requirements, product mix, product types, and purpose. Second, a decision model of equipment purchasing is proposed. Lastly, we investigate the relationship between the revenue and the expenditure for IC foundries. Data of two of the largest foundries in Taiwan are collected and analyzed. Research methods include expert interviews, AHP, descriptive statistical analysis, and lagged regression analysis. The results of our statistical analysis suggest that people in charge of equipment-purchasing decisions of the IC foundries in Taiwan seem to be able to anticipate and act accordingly to the business cycle of IC industry. Keywords: Taiwan IC foundries, Equipment purchasing, Decision making, AHP
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Hung, Ya-Chi, and 洪雅棋. "A Study of Types of Children Industry and Factors on Purchasing Products among Parents." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11867250737775920391.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
幼兒保育系所
100
The study is to understand the scope and types of current children industry, the marketing models of various types of children industry, and the types of such industry in the future as well as its trends etc.; besides, it would analyze the difference and similarity among parents of different backgrounds. In order to achieve the above purpose, the research methods used by the study include literature review, questionnaire investigation and interview method. Based on the research purpose and the results of literature review, the author uses self-made “Questionnaire on types of children industry and its factors on purchasing products” as well as “Outline of investigation &; interview on the types of child-related industry and factors on purchasing products among Parents” to engage in questionnaire investigation and interview, so as to collect and understand how parents with different backgrounds and the industry view the scope and types of child-related industry at present, marketing model of various children industry and the types and trend of such industry in the future. The research objects include parents of little children from zero to three years old, school-children of kindergarten and elementary, and the interviewees are the owners of child-related industry; while stratified random sampling is used in questionnaire investigation to issue 1200 questionnaires and receive 809 effective samples. Then, during data process of the questionnaire, SPSS for Window 17.0 of statistic package software is applied to engage in analysis. Besides, semi-structured interviews are focused on six owners of the industry and the interview data are organized, summarized and integrated into the research results. The conclusions received from inducing the research results are as follows: I.There are three types of relevant children industries, including children education and caring industry, children culture and arts industry as well as industry of children articles for daily use. II.Children products with high quality, safety certification and interesting would be first considered by parents to buy. III.When the industry tries to set up the prices of children products, they should consider the consumption level, family economic conditions of the region, and the quality of their products. IV.Parents would usually get information of child-related children industry from the introductions of family and friends, internet, newspaper &; magazine, DM catalog and attending activities of the industry. V.Locations with high-quality environment, equipment and easy to reach should be considered as the access to the products of children industry so as to fit the parents’ requirements. VI.The service personnel of the industry should be characterized as having professional capacity, enthusiasm, kindness and friendliness, patience and problem-solving skills so that the expectations of children’s parents could be satisfied. VII.Among the products, prices, accesses to information, location and service quality, the parents value the last most. VIII.The children industry has been prone to diversify, professionalize as well as getting more and more delicate, while new types of children industry are rising and thriving. In the end, the author provides suggestions based on the research results for future researches to take a reference.
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Lin, Yu-Kuang, and 林育廣. "Research on Different Types of Aquarium Shops Affecting the Purchasing Behavior of the Higher Customer Loyalty." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e63y26.

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碩士
國立中興大學
生物產業管理研究所
106
As the change of environment and family structure, Taiwan has gradually become an aged and low fertility society. Due to many factors, pets have become an important role in the life of modern family. As a result, it makes pets raising industry becomes prevalent. Industry about aquatic pets has been in Taiwan for fifty years. Because ornamental fish is easy to raise, less noise, and eco-friendly, it gradually becomes popular in Taiwan. Since aquarium shops also focus on diversity for the demand of consumers, the traditional aquarium shops integrated into compound aquarium shops and theme aquarium shops . This research is to analyze the preference of consumers toward different types of aquarium shops and experience in raising aquatic pets. It further discusses the higher consumer loyalty followed by four different aspects, such as motivations, background, demand, and situational factors. This research adopts an independent simple t test to analyze the raising experience. For example, the difficulties that has been encountered, the solution after encountering the difficulties, and the species of fish that are owning now. Furthermore, a Logit model and a Multinomial Logit model are adopted to examine the behavior change in the types of aquarium shops. The Research outcomes show that a reasonable price, nearby households location, and good service are the reasons why traditional aquarium shops attract customers. The compound aquarium shops focus on a good decoration, product diversity, and time-limited promotion to attract consumers. Theme aquarium shops usually attract customers through rare species and professional consultation although their price is often more expensive. As for the experience, male owners would not buy it again if they have insufficient knowledge and difficulty leading to extra cost, and they are not able to solve problems efficiently and endanger fish. To sum up, every aquarium shops should broaden their professional skills to deal with consumers’ needs and professional consultation. Therefore, it would possible to enhance and maintain the higher consumer loyalty.
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PENG, WEN HAI, and 溫海鵬. "The Study on the Relationship between Marketing Mix Strategies and Purchasing Intentions about Pharmacy of Different Types." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27306100261148893974.

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碩士
義守大學
管理學院管理碩士在職專班
101
Owing to the impact of the development of circulation and the commerce modernization as well as the influence of National Health Insurance and the trend of the Separation of Prescribing and Dispensing, the changing quantity and quality of pharmacy apply the marketing strategies based on the spirit of business management to enhance the purchasing intentions of consumers. This study aims to explore the relationship between marketing mix strategies and purchasing intentions about pharmacy of different types. A total of 420 pharmacy consumers in Kaohsiung City were included in the research sample. After deleting invalid questionnaires, 363 valid samples were effective. It uses the pharmacy type scale, marketing mix strategies scale and the purchasing intentions scale as their research tools to collect data. The study adopts such methods as reliability test, factor analysis, descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis to analyze the information collected from formal research data. The findings were as follows: (1) Purchasing intentions was significantly influenced by marketing mix strategies; (2) There were significant predictive efficacy of pharmacy of different types on marketing mix strategies; (3) Marketing mix strategies of pharmacy of different types show different effects on purchasing intentions. Based on the research conclusion, this research has also developed suggestions to pharmacy industries as below: (1) Use marketing mix strategies to enhance the cognitive perspective of purchasing intentions of consumers; (2) Make good use of promotion and marketing channel strategy to difference positioning to attract consumers; (3) Make good use of resources and ability of pharmacy to enhance the cognitive perspective of purchasing intentions of consumers. In addition, recommendations for future research and applications of research methods tuning, longitudinal studies and variables increment were suggested.
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Chen, Chien-Yu, and 陳芊妤. "THE MODERATING EFFECT OF DIRECTING MARKETING AND PRODUCT TYPES ON THE CUSTOMER’S PURCHASING INTENTION OF PROMOTION STRATEGY." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22026516369120321032.

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碩士
大同大學
事業經營學系(所)
94
In this study, we used a reference prices* promotion situations* product types * shopping mode between-subjects experiment design to examine the effect of reference prices and promotion situations on purchasing intention. In addition, we also examined the moderating effect of TV/Online Shopping and product types. The results indicate that the reference prices significantly affect consumer’s purchasing intention. The interaction effects of reference prices and TV/Online Shopping have significant differences on purchasing intention. It means TV/Online Shopping have the moderating effect. We also find the product types have not the moderating effect.
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Chang, Hsiang-Mei, and 張湘梅. "The Moderating Effect of TV Shopping/Online Shopping on the Consumer's Purchasing Intention of Different Promotion Types and Promotion Situations." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75704098906496039976.

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碩士
大同大學
事業經營研究所碩士班
93
In the recent years, many people have good look at fashion sunrise industry of TV Shopping Channel in Taiwan. In 2004, it created NT$30,000,000,000 dollars for Taiwan T-Commerce Shopping Channel. It can be predicted that it will reach NT$50,000,000,000 dollars in 2005 and NT$200,000,000,000 dollars in 2008. Besides, a study about consumers’ behaviors in Internet from III indicated that more than 40% people always browse Online Shopping websites in Taiwan and spend NT$10,000 dollars average per year. For 2001 to 2004, Online Shopping website will promote the position from 6 to 2. It shows that online shopping still popular for people in Taiwan. In this study, we used a 2*2*2 experiment design to examine the effect of promotion types and promotion situations on consumer’s purchasing intention. In addition, we also examine the moderating effect of TV Shopping and Online Shopping. The results indicate that the promotion types (monetary/nonmonetary) and promotion situations (Time Limited/Amount Limited) are not significantly affect consumer’s purchasing intention. The interaction effects of promotion situation and TV Shopping/Online Shopping have significant difference on purchasing intention. Contrast to Online Shopping, TV Shopping has higher purchasing intention in promotions of Time Limited. It means that TV Shopping/Online Shopping have a moderating effect.
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Chen, Chih-Hsien, and 陳誌賢. "The Effects of Chineselized Foreign Brand Name Cognition and Brand Attitude on Purchasing Intention-Product Types and Brand of Origin Country as Moderator Variables." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60400527146826098209.

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碩士
逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
98
This research is to aim at the effect of brand recognition and brand attitude, based on Chineselized Foreign brand name, using brand of origin country and product types as moderate variables. The main contribution of this study is to find out some rules to understand consumers’ congnition and attitude of Chinese brand name, which is imported from foreigh countries and use Chinese brands to entry local market. Different from the past experiences and studies, this study uses brand of origin countries and product types to measure all consumers how the cognition and attitude of Chinese brand names. In past, most of studies were focus on how to translate a foreign band or how to define rules of naming. In this study, we define 2 brand of orign countries by three product types to measure how the cognition and attitude of Chinese Brand and Chinese sub-brand. Meanwhile, there is no regulation of naming of Chinere Brand and Chinese Sub-brand, which are also kind of measurements of feeling to Chinese names when we measure all of variables. In this study, there are some key points concluded below: 1.One of factors of Brand of Origin County (BOC) will affect Chinese brand name cognition and Chines Sub-brand name attitude. 2.When Chinese brnad name and attitude congnized highly, the cognition’s degree of sub-brand will be down as well. 3.Product type is one of vairiables, especially in Specialty goods, which is the strongest variable to affect the congnition of consumers.The most input of time and researching cost, the more cognition of Chinese brand name. However, it is one of concerns that consumers are unable to absorb any potential risk to make the wrong decision to purchase one product which is un-known brand name.
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CHEN, WEI-CHIH, and 陳威志. "D&O insurance needs and enterprises purchasing D&O insurance on insurance amounts from views of business control types, supervisors internalization and restated financial statements." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84249653986584483753.

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碩士
國立中央大學
會計研究所
101
In recent years, because of continuous outbreaks of bribery and fraud events, the government, enterprises and investors gradually place more and more emphasis on corporate governance. In Taiwan, Directors and Officers Liability Insurance is one of the corporate governance issues that have caught much attention for the past few years. In the past, researches about D&O insurance mostly point out that there exists high relevance between the motive for insurance needs and corporate governance. Hence, from the point of view of corporate governance, our study investigates the reasons to influence both D&O insurance needs and enterprises purchasing D&O insurance on insurance amounts. Our study explores the reasons to influence D&O insurance needs and enterprises purchasing D&O insurance on insurance amounts from views of business control types, supervisors internalization and restated financial statements. We categorize business control types into family enterprises and non-family enterprises, supervisors internalization into enterprises with and without supervisors internalization. Moreover, we also examine the number of times to restate financial statements on the impacts of D&O insurance needs and insurance amounts for enterprises purchasing D&O insurance. For empirical results, we take OLS regression model and use Logistic and Tobit regression model in the sensitivity test to reach stable status. Empirical results reveal that non-family enterprises compared with family enterprises are more likely to purchase D&O insurance and also with higher insurance amounts. Besides, enterprises without supervisors internalization and with higher times to restate financial statements are more probable to purchase insurance with higher amounts. Our results hope to arouse the attention on insurance issues for the government, enterprises, investors and insurance companies. We provide the motives of enterprises purchasing D&O insurance and insurance amounts on D&O insurance for investors and insurance companies.
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Yang, Chih-Hung, and 楊志鴻. "The Effects of Price Promotion on Purchasing Intention:Impulse Purchasing Consumers Type as Moderators." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00560649624762082004.

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碩士
中國文化大學
企業實務管理數位學習碩士在職專班
101
In recent years, many convenience stores have joined the coffee war, competition has become even more intense. The industry attracts consumers with a variety of marketing tactics. In the current market, due to the promotion battle, various convenience stores have launched similar discount rate. Consumers at different convenience stores but feel almost the same price promotions. The study divided into monetary and non-monetary of scenarios. Through regression analysis trying to understand whether price promotions will attract consumers and increase purchase intention. To explore the impulse buying consumers between price promotion with purchase intention relationship. The results showed: 1. Prices promotion influences consumers purchase intention. 2. Types of impulse buying consumer influences consumers purchase intention. 3. Under the interference of impulse buying consumers, price promotions not influence consumers purchase intention. 4. Female or below 20 years old or below high school/vocational high school, those impulse buying trait with influence. Key Words: price promotion, impulse consumer trait, purchase intention.
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Books on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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(Firm), Management Concepts. Types of contracts. Management Concepts, 2003.

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National Association of Purchasing Management. Contract terms and conditions (Ts & Cs): For purchase orders and other contract types. National Association of Purchasing Management, 1993.

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R, Carter Joseph. Purchasing: Continued improvement through integration. Business One Irwin, 1993.

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Ireland. Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform: Purchasing of tyres by the Garda Síochána. Stationery Office, 2001.

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Henry, James. The turn of the screw: Authoritative text, contexts, criticism. 2nd ed. W.W. Norton, 1998.

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Henry, James. The turn of the screw: & The lesson of the master. Prometheus Books, 1996.

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Henry, James. Otra vuelta de tuerca. Alianza, 2005.

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Henry, James. The turn of the screw: &, In the cage. Modern Library, 2001.

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Henry, James. The turn of the screw: And The Aspern papers. Wordsworth Edns., 1993.

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Henry, James. The turn of the screw. G.K. Hall, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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Pooler, Victor H., and David J. Pooler. "Buying for Service-Type Companies, and MRO." In Purchasing and Supply Management. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6027-2_15.

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Carrillo, Miriam, Alicia Gonzalez-Sparks, and Nestor U. Salcedo. "Relationship Between Legitimate and Expert Social Power Types of Preadolescent Children on the Influence Perception in Their Mothers’ Purchasing Behavior in Peruvian Toy Stores." In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_71.

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Yu, Li, Sang-Binge Tsai, Dakai Li, Limei Teng, and Guodong Li. "A Research of the Influence on the Consumer Behavior From CSR Information Embedded in the Process of Online Purchasing." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3537-9.ch007.

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As the online purchasing is becoming prevalent, more and more corporates started to show their CSR information in the processes of online retail. For example: some CSR information could be showed in the “COMMODITY DETAILS”. Could this kind of information affect consumer behavior? By recognizing three types of embedded CSRC information, according to the consumer behavior experiments, this paper will show CSR's influences on the consumer behavior such as evaluation of the company, purchasing intention, and purchasing intention. By the comparison of the results after three types' CSR communication, we found that CSR information could significantly affect consumer behavior and the consumer response will differ from different types of CSR information embedded.
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Yu, Li, Sang-Binge Tsai, Dakai Li, Limei Teng, and Guodong Li. "A Research of the Influence on the Consumer Behavior From CSR Information Embedded in the Process of Online Purchasing." In Corporate Social Responsibility. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6192-7.ch081.

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As the online purchasing is becoming prevalent, more and more corporates started to show their CSR information in the processes of online retail. For example: some CSR information could be showed in the “COMMODITY DETAILS”. Could this kind of information affect consumer behavior? By recognizing three types of embedded CSRC information, according to the consumer behavior experiments, this paper will show CSR's influences on the consumer behavior such as evaluation of the company, purchasing intention, and purchasing intention. By the comparison of the results after three types' CSR communication, we found that CSR information could significantly affect consumer behavior and the consumer response will differ from different types of CSR information embedded.
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Wallace, Lacey Nicole. "Gun Ownership and Gun Purchasing." In Handbook of Research on Mass Shootings and Multiple Victim Violence. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0113-9.ch019.

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Much of the debate over mass shootings has centered on the broader topics of gun ownership and gun purchase. This chapter details what is currently known and unknown about gun ownership in the U.S., including why individuals choose to own guns and the demographics of gun owners. While the focus is on adults, this chapter also touches on the reasons juveniles may opt to carry or possess guns. This chapter further addresses mass shootings by examining how mass shootings affect gun purchase and gun ownership patterns when they occur. The sources and types of guns used in mass shootings are also discussed. Lastly, the chapter highlights several efforts to restrict gun purchasing, all aimed at reducing the number of mass shootings that occur in the U.S. Throughout the chapter, specific, real-life examples are used to provide context for discussion. Examples of laws and policies at the state and federal level are provided as additional context.
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Kaplan, Andreas M., and Michael Haenlein. "Understanding Purchasing Behavior within Virtual Worlds." In Organizations and Social Networking. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4026-9.ch005.

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Although the hype around virtual worlds has slowed down in recent months, chances are high that this type of social media will increase in importance over years to come. Many companies which pioneered in entering virtual worlds have left these environments after their first steps. One of the reasons for these initial failures is likely the lack of understanding of in-world consumers and their expectations toward virtual commerce. The purpose of the authors’ chapter is therefore to investigate consumer purchase behavior within the virtual social world Second Life. Specifically, the authors analyze the types of purchase behavior consumers show within such an environment (planned purchases vs. impulse buying) and the factors that influence the decision to buy virtual products and services in exchange for real life money. For this, the authors’ study is based on a combination of a qualitative pre-study consisting of 29 in-depth interviews and a quantitative analysis based on responses obtained from a representative sample of 580 Second Life residents. The authors’ analysis results in the following three findings: First, the authors show that Second Life residents engage in two different types of purchase behavior: planned purchases and impulse buying. Second, the authors show that traditional consumer behavior theories and concepts can be transferred to similar behavior in a virtual world, although with different degrees of importance for different variables. And finally, the authors show that a Second Life resident’s usage intensity and consumption experience have a significant moderating influence on planned purchase behavior but not on impulse buying. From a managerial perspective, the authors’ results imply that Real Life companies that maintain Second Life flagship stores may consider communicating about their virtual products and services within real life. Additionally, Second Life stores should try to make the purchasing process as simple and convenient as possible (in order to increase planned purchases) and to create an overall exciting and pleasant shopping environment to elicit positive emotions among their potential customers (in order to maximize the probability of impulse buying). Finally, since purchasing behavior within Second Life appears to be more individualistic than what can be observed in real life, firms can consider offering virtual products and services in Second Life that are highly extravagant and may never be purchased in Real Life due to fear of other people’s opinions-–which is likely to be of particular importance for fashion goods.
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Rehme, Jakob, Daniel Kindstrom, and Staffan Brege. "Know Your Why's How's - Towards a Contingency Model for Industrial E-Procurement." In Strategies for Generating E-Business Returns on Investment. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-417-0.ch006.

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This chapter uses traditional marketing and purchasing strategy models to forward a model for e-procurement. It maintains that there are two major classes of e-procurement solutions used in industry, both deriving from traditional marketing models: e-procurement solutions that focus on enhancing relationships to enable integration between buyer and seller, and solutions that are transaction-oriented and have their primary function in strengthening market forces, thus making industrial markets more competitive. It is argued that the e-procurement solutions used should be related to the purchasing strategies employed and the different steps of the purchasing process. We propose a model based on purchasing strategies that identify appropriate e-procurement solutions to be considered for different types of purchased items. This model can be used to evaluate purchasing initiatives, both from an academic and a practical perspective.
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Kamarulzaman, Nitty Hirawaty, and Richard W. Eglese. "Managing Purchasing with Different E-Procurement Solutions." In Optimization of Supply Chain Management in Contemporary Organizations. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8228-3.ch010.

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Increased demand from the market to carry out rapid business transactions has led many companies to seek to improve their regular business transactions. The progressive development of the internet in establishing a variety of electronic marketplaces has facilitated companies to move towards applying e-procurement technologies. This indirectly increases the competitiveness of companies due to well managed purchasing activities using e-procurement technologies. The strategic decision by the top management in implementing e-procurement technologies is mainly concentrated on managing the supply of external resources and preferred to focus on the implementation of green supply chain activities to increase the environmental performance with e-procurement technologies. With the spread of internet technologies, which led to changes in business strategy and its uses, companies will be provided with a digital platform for online business transactions. Therefore, business through electronic media (e-media) have the potential and power to transform business transactions and business relationships. E-procurement became the most important strategy for the business to purchase or procure goods or materials from global suppliers. Despite the claims on usability of e-procurement technologies, some companies however show little interest in applying e-procurement technologies because of the difficulty the companies to perform purchasing activities and other key aspects that influence the companies to exploit the technologies. As a major contributor to the growth of the agriculture sector, the Malaysia Palm Oil Industry (MPOI) should explore the potential of e-procurement and other relevant technologies to be exploited in the industry and enhance its competitiveness. The information on the applicability of e-procurement technologies for different types of materials at different stages of the industry supply chain will assist the industry players to achieve efficient purchasing activities. Hence, in this chapter the case study discussed will provide relevant e-procurement solutions with respect to the MPOI and will provide comprehensive purchasing activities of different types of products along the supply chain through e-procurement technologies.
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Almendros, Esmeralda Crespo, and Salvador del Barrio García. "Experts vs. Novices." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4373-4.ch018.

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As each year sees an increase in the number of Internet users, so too the percentage of purchases made online increases. It is for this reason that firms are showing a growing interest in designing effective communication strategies that help to achieve their online business objectives. Online sales promotion is one of the most widely used communication tools on the Internet. However, there is little research into its effect on purchase intention and how this effect may vary depending on the type of incentive offered and the consumer’s level of experience in using the Internet. This chapter seeks to analyze which types of online sales promotions (utilitarian vs. hedonic) are most effective at triggering online purchasing and whether the user’s past experience of the Internet is capable of moderating the effect of the type of incentive on online purchasing.
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Lin, Angela, and Jonathan Foster. "Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and Its Influence on Book Purchasing Decisions." In Consumer Information Systems and Relationship Management. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4082-5.ch009.

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Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is playing an increasingly influential role in informing consumers’ purchasing decisions. Previously confined to seeking information from a small group of family and friends, consumers are now able via the Internet and social media, to draw on the contributions of a much larger group of other consumers. This chapter presents findings from a content analysis of a selection of book readers’ contributions to the Anobii Digital Bookshelf review site. The research questions guiding this analysis are: do online book reviews influence consumers’ book purchasing decisions? What conditions affect the influence of online book reviews? What are the consequences of online book reviews for consumers’ book purchasing decisions? The evidence from this study suggests that online book reviews play an influential role in the majority of Anobii members’ purchasing decisions; and that the opinions of other readers are sought primarily because of their perceived independence. Findings in relation to the informational and social attributes of book reviews, along with their framing are also presented. The chapter concludes with discussing the implications of the study for the implementation and use of eWOM, including the need to differentiate between different consumer types, being cognizant of the issue of source credibility, and the informational and social attributes that contribute to this, and of possible social and technological biases.
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Conference papers on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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Josimovski, Saso, Lidija Pulevska Ivanovska, Martin Kiselicki, and Brankica Boceva. "CORRELATION OF COVID-19 IN THE ONLINE PURCHASING PROCESS." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2021.0009.

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The paper establishes the central point for researching factors that influence buying decisions in the online purchasing process. The benefits of e-commerce for both buyers and sellers place it as the default method of shopping in the near future. Through empirical research, e-commerce growth is being established as rapidly rising through recent years, which has been accelerated by specific factors introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data shows that e-commerce is dependent on several different factors during normal circumstances, which also include the level of development of the country as one of the main precursors. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced greatly the importance of these established factors for online purchasing, rendering many of them obsolete. The paper structures the research to outline the most relevant factors influencing online purchasing decisions pre-pandemic and during pandemic times, and to draw relevant conclusions and recommendations for future practical implementations of e-commerce models. Research shows that new factors need to be introduce in these types of abnormal times, as the nature of the pandemic made non-contact interactions the norm in the past year. By introducing the six stages of pandemic behavior, online retailers can better understand the factors influencing online purchasing process in pandemic times. Finally, specific recommendations can be made to improve the e-commerce acceptance both at industry and company levels.
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Poliduts, Aleksey, and Yuner Kapkaev. "Economic Growth: Types and Factors." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01404.

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The article deals with the content of economic growth as an economic category through determining its type, indicators and factors. It proposed grading factors based on the various existing theoretical approaches. With all the variety of growth factors and options for sorting the basic separation occurs in the direct and indirect factors, internal and external, intensive and extensive, the factors of supply, demand and distribution, controlled and uncontrolled factors, factors of economic and non-economic, interchangeable and supplemented growth factors. The author points out the main trends and features of economic growth, determining the pace and quality of economic growth in Russia at the present stage of development. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of knowledge, which allows to study economic phenomena and processes in their constant interaction and development. Sources of data in the study is an analytical and statistical materials the IMF, the World Bank and the Federal State Statistics Service. Formulate a set of restrictions for sustainable economic growth in Russia, due to the influence of various kinds of factors. As highlighted in its basic elements: the raw structure of Russian exports, weak competitiveness of downstream industries, the economic sanctions imposed in 2014 by the Western countries, reducing the purchasing power of the ruble against the reserve currencies. The results may help to improve the efficiency of stimulating the development and maintenance of high economic growth in the implementation of measures of state regulation both in Russia and in other countries.
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ILIE, Constantin, and Margareta ILIE. "MACRO-MANAGEMENT INDICES MODELED WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK. INFLUENCES ON PURCHASING POWER PARITIES." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/03.10.

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The present paper shows research results regarding Artificial Neural Network simulation on macroeconomics indices and their influences over purchasing power parities. The objective was the successful build, train, and testing of different types of Artificial Neural Network to determine the best structure for applications. In modeling and simulation, authors used, not only the classical indices but also, the new ones such as online companies and houses with internet connections. The method used Artificial Neural Networks in the form of feedforward and different functions and algorithms for simulating the influence between several indices over the purchasing power parities. The results showed that’s the best Artificial Neural Network hidden neurons function is tanh and the best solver four weights optimization was Adam algorithm. Applying them, the research results in absolute error smaller than 0.002 and a mean squared error smaller than 2*10-6 . These results proved that the chosen Artificial Neural Networks can be applied to the problem modeled and can be used further for a greater amount of data. The small error demonstrates the efficiency of training and the possibility of using the proposed type and features of an Artificial Neural Network.
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Ling Wei and Ming-hao Yang. "A long-term energy purchasing model of distribution company in power market with DG and multi-types contracts." In 2008 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2008.5211731.

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Zhou, Xiao, Danyang Liu, Jianxun Lian, and Xing Xie. "Collaborative Metric Learning with Memory Network for Multi-Relational Recommender Systems." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/619.

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The success of recommender systems in modern online platforms is inseparable from the accurate capture of users' personal tastes. In everyday life, large amounts of user feedback data are created along with user-item online interactions in a variety of ways, such as browsing, purchasing, and sharing. These multiple types of user feedback provide us with tremendous opportunities to detect individuals' fine-grained preferences. Different from most existing recommender systems that rely on a single type of feedback, we advocate incorporating multiple types of user-item interactions for better recommendations. Based on the observation that the underlying spectrum of user preferences is reflected in various types of interactions with items and can be uncovered by latent relational learning in metric space, we propose a unified neural learning framework, named Multi-Relational Memory Network (MRMN). It can not only model fine-grained user-item relations but also enable us to discriminate between feedback types in terms of the strength and diversity of user preferences. Extensive experiments show that the proposed MRMN model outperforms competitive state-of-the-art algorithms in a wide range of scenarios, including e-commerce, local services, and job recommendations.
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Linke, Barbara S., Anthony Toribio, Shannon Geary, Ulf P. Neumann, and Anjali A. Roeth. "Performance Testing of Endoscopic Biopsy Forceps." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6358.

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Endoscopic biopsy forceps are the key to minimally invasive procedures to an endoscopic surgeon. These surgeons have to maneuver forceps with cutting performance through the body while maintaining minimal damage to the narrow channels during insertion. The amount of precision the user needs to successfully perform endoscopic surgery is high enough to create a preference amongst surgeons. Physicians are often not involved in the purchasing decision on the instruments, but they usually can provide their preference of instrument mainly based on the subjective perception of how an instrument feels or works in their hands. To base discussions between surgeons and purchasing departments on quantitative data of forceps use performance, this study aims to provide a performance testing method for different instruments such as different brands, designs, reusable or single-use, or instruments in different wear stages. Ultimately, this will allow to determine which instrument performs with the maximum efficiency at the lowest cost. First, findings in the literature on forceps failure, wear and testing are described. Then, the forceps design and handling during a biopsy are investigated. A preliminary test set-up is introduced for a repeatable biopsy test for endoscopic forceps. Different tissue types and samples can be used in the test stand to define an ideal acceleration profile for the forceps during biopsy and the cut can be analyzed by microscopy afterwards. A sensor on the operator’s wrist measures acceleration and jerk while pulling at the forceps, which will give new insight into the performance of different forceps types and forceps in different wear states, independent from forceps’ brand, design or wear states.
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Wagner, George H. "Emission Monitoring and Testing of Combustion Processes." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-134.

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An outline of the federal regulations which require toting and continuous monitoring of combustion process emissions is presented. A discussion of the NOx RACT regulations and the differences between selected state agencies is presented. A brief review of the components of the proposed enhanced monitoring rule is provided. The technology and types of continuous emission monitors (CEM) currently available for criteria and hazardous air pollutants are described. The new CEM technologies being developed for criteria and hazardous air pollutants are summarized. The factors to be considered in purchasing, installing, certifying and operating a CEM system are outlined. The approved EPA test methods, procedures for new test method development and the new EPA stationary source and analyses database are reviewed. The use of continues monitors to develop individual combustion curves for optimization of reduced emissions is summarized. The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standard (QAQPS) network of databases is introduced.
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Razu, Swithin S., and Shun Takai. "Impacts of Government Policies, Fuel Cell Cost, and Battery Cost on Greenhouse Gas Emission of Light-Duty Vehicles." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12701.

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The aim of this paper is to study the impact of public government policies, fuel cell cost, and battery cost on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the US transportation sector. The model includes a government model and an enterprise model. To examine the effect on GHG emissions that fuel cell and battery cost has, the optimization model includes public policy, fuel cell and battery cost, and a market mix focusing on the GHG effects of four different types of vehicles, 1) gasoline-based 2) gasoline-electric hybrid or alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs), 3) battery-electric (BEVs) and 4) fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). The public policies taken into consideration are infrastructure investments for hydrogen fueling stations and subsidies for purchasing AFVs. For each selection of public policy, fuel cell cost and battery cost in the government model, the enterprise model finds the optimum vehicle design that maximizes profit and updates the market mix, from which the government model can estimate GHG emissions. This paper demonstrates the model using FCV design as an illustrative example.
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Akramov, Azamat, and Rano Isakovna Mardanova. "IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT INTO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN." In Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7362.

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The experience of Western countries with a developed market infrastructure shows that the public procurement system naturally became an integral part of the sphere of internal commodity exchange of certain types of products and services and one of the mechanisms for maintaining competition and a liberal way of doing business. The objective basis for the existence and progressive development of the public procurement system in the national economy of many countries is the fact that in the process of fulfilling their target functions, individual government departments and organizational structures of any of them are forced to face the problem of material and technical support both for the implementation of state and local programs, and for the implementation of their current activities. As a rule, it is solved by purchasing the necessary material and intangible resources, goods, works and services through purchases, called state, in the process of specially organized competitive bidding. The purpose of this article is to show the experience of developed countries in the implementation of public procurement.
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Razu, Swithin S., and Shun Takai. "An Approach to Study Impact of Public Policy, Exogenous Variables, and Vehicle Design on Greenhouse Gas Emission." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70414.

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The aim of this paper is to study the impact of public policies and uncontrollable (exogenous) variables as well as optimal vehicle design on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the US transportation sector. The overall model is divided into the government model and an enterprise model. To examine the effect of GHG emissions and exogenous variables, the optimization model includes public policy, exogenous variables, and a market mix focusing on the GHG effects of four different types of vehicles, 1) gasoline-based 2) gasoline-electric hybrid or alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs), 3) battery-electric (BEVs) and 4) fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). The public policies taken into consideration are infrastructure investments for hydrogen fueling stations and subsidies for purchasing AFVs. An exogenous variable taken into consideration are gasoline prices. For each selection of public policy and exogenous variables in the government model, the enterprise model finds the optimum vehicle design that maximizes profit and updates the market mix, from which the government model can estimate GHG emissions for that selection and can choose a public policy accordingly to produce a desired effect. This paper demonstrates the model using FCV design as an illustrative example.
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Reports on the topic "Types of purchasing"

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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, and Muhammad Razin Abdullah. Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.002.

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• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.
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