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Academic literature on the topic 'Types of risk behaviour'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Grigoryeva, A. A., and A. A. Gavrichenkova. "Use of psychoactive substances by adolescents in different types of auto-aggressive behaviour." Psychology and Law 10, no. 1 (2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100110.

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The article presents research data on the characteristics of the psychoactive substances use in suicidal, self-harming and normative behaviour among adolescents. 131 adolescents with a high risk of suicidal behaviour, 142 adolescents with a high risk of self-harming behaviour and 553 adolescents with normative behaviour were examined. Methods used: the SL-19 questionnaire (Yunantskevich P.I., 2009) was used to identify adolescents with suicidal risk; “method of body modification and self-harm” (Polskaya N.A., 2017) - for identification adolescents with self-damaging behaviour, including the substance use (alcohol, drugs, tobacco). Based on data, it is concluded that half of adolescents prone to auto-aggressive behaviour are characterized by the formation of polymodal auto-aggressive complexes, including different types of auto-aggressive behaviour. Both suicidal and self-harming behaviours are accompanied by the use of different types of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco and drugs). The most discernible use of substance is noted in the group of adolescents with a high risk of suicidal behaviour. An assumption is made about the need to develop comprehensive preventive programs that take into account different types of adolescents’ auto-aggression.

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Hussin, Zalmizy, and Siti Rohana Ahmad. "Exploring Two Types of Aggressive Behavioural Risk Factors among Illegal Motorcycle Street Racers in Malaysia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.93.

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Illegal motorcycle street racing is a threat to civil society – it is a symbol of adolescents' inner rebellion who channelled their unfulfilled desire through aggressive behaviour on the road, causing significant social and economic impact. Aggressive behaviours have been associated with prohibited substances intake, lack of religious knowledge, problematic family structures, and school failure. In this qualitative study, abductive strategies oriented to phenomenological approaches were employed to assess two types of aggressive behaviour risk factors, which were substance abuse and problematic family structures. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty people in Penang, Malaysia, who participated in illegal street racing, referred to as Mat Rempits. Their responses were analysed using the NVivo software version 12. The results demonstrate three subthemes to prohibited substances intake: to relieve stress, for personal enjoyment, and for racing purposes, whereby the drugs are taken before races for the riders to be more courageous, aggressive, and agile manoeuvring the motorcycles. Meanwhile, the risk factor of family problems includes divorced and conflicted parents, raised by violence, being neglected, and not being appreciated by the family. Most of the participants stated that growing up with violence caused a psychological impact on their soul, making them stubborn, rude, and aggressive. The results demonstrate the need for a specific intervention programme for the adolescent to reduce their involvement in illegal street racing and aggressive behaviour.

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Phelps, Robert. "Risk Management and Agency Theory in is Projects – an Exploratory Study." Journal of Information Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629601100404.

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The way in which project teams respond to problems and manage risks during IT project developments is affected by the organizational context. In particular, it is affected by the implicit ‘contract’ between the team and the organization. This contract is controlled through the adherence to formal methodologies and the use of organizational control system. This paper looks at risk management from the point of view of team behaviour, focusing on behavioural response to risks in terms of effort and risk aversion. Three case studies of project team behaviour are used to illustrate the types of risk management behaviour which may arise under different contracts between project team and organization.

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Koprivnikar, Janet, Chris H. Gibson, and Julia C. Redfern. "Infectious personalities: behavioural syndromes and disease risk in larval amphibians." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2156.

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Behavioural consistency or predictability through time and/or different contexts (‘syndromes’ or ‘personality types’) is likely to have substantial influence on animal life histories and fitness. Consequently, there is much interest in the forces driving and maintaining various syndromes. Individual host behaviours have been associated with susceptibility to parasitism, yet the role of pre-existing personality types in acquiring infections has not been investigated experimentally. Using a larval amphibian–trematode parasite model system, we report that tadpoles generally showed consistency in their activity level in response to both novel food and parasite exposure. Not only were individual activity level and exploration in the novel food context correlated with each other and with anti-parasite behaviour, all three were significant predictors of host parasite load. This is the first empirical demonstration that host behaviours in other contexts are related to behaviours mitigating infection risk and, ultimately, host parasite load. We suggest that this system illustrates how reliably high levels of activity and exploratory behaviour in different contexts might maximize both energy acquisition and resistance to trematode parasites. Such benefits could drive selection for the behavioural syndrome seen here owing to the life histories and ecological circumstances typical of wood frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) larvae.

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Zortea, Tiago C., Seonaid Cleare, Ambrose J. Melson, Karen Wetherall, and Rory C. O’Connor. "Understanding and managing suicide risk." British Medical Bulletin 134, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa013.

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Abstract Background Suicidal behaviours and non-suicidal self-harm (NSSH) are global public health concerns that affect millions of lives. Sources of data This review is a narrative synthesis of systematic reviews, meta-analyses of randomized control trials (RCTs) and landmark studies published in scientific journals. Areas of agreement Restricting access to lethal means reduces the likelihood of future suicide deaths. Areas of controversy Our ability to predict future suicidal behaviour is no better than chance. No individual risk prediction instrument offers sufficient sensitivity and specificity to inform clinically useful decision-making. Growing points Different types of psychosocial interventions may be effective in preventing future suicide attempts; such interventions include clinical assessment, tailored crisis response and safety plans and follow-up contact. Areas timely for developing research Whilst some psychosocial interventions can be effective in reducing suicide risk, little is known about the mechanisms of recovery from suicidal thoughts and behaviours.

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Phillips, M. A., and J. M. Waterman. "Anti-snake behaviour in a facultative cooperative breeder, the Cape ground squirrel." Behaviour 151, no. 12-13 (2014): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003215.

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Predator harassment is an anti-predator behaviour that may increase an individual’s risk of predation, as individuals approach, threaten and harass a potential predator, yet this behaviour is still not well understood. The Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris) is a highly social facultative cooperative breeder from southern Africa that harasses several species of venomous snakes. We examined whether harassment was part of alloparental care by comparing harassment behaviours among different age and sex classes in Cape ground squirrel social groups. We also assessed how individuals adjusted their behaviour dependent on levels of risk by examining the Cape ground squirrel’s harassment behaviour among non-venomous, and two species of venomous snakes. We found adult females with emerged juvenile offspring took the most risk, harassing for longer durations and at higher intensities than other group members, suggesting that snake harassment was a maternal behaviour. Females with juvenile offspring only harassed the highest risk elapid snake but increased vigilance and inspection with increasing snake risk suggesting that the Cape ground squirrel can discriminate between different types of snake predators.

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Allen, Maximilian L., Yiwei Wang, and Christopher C. Wilmers. "Exploring the Adaptive Significance of Five Types of Puma (Puma concolor) Vocalizations." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1919.

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Communication is a central component of animal behaviour, yet communicative behaviours are poorly studied due to their complexity and varied functions. Pumas (Puma concolor) are wide-ranging, solitary felids that primarily use indirect cues (e.g., scent marking) for communication. Because these cryptic carnivores are rarely observed directly, little is known about their vocalizations in the wild. We recorded a variety of Puma vocalizations among females and family groups using motion-triggered video cameras and then attempted to understand the function of each vocalization. We found two categories of vocalizations: 1) attention-attracting (caterwauling and mewing), and 2) calls (contact, agitated, and alarm). Vocalizations to attract attention ranged across broad frequencies. Contact, agitated, and alarm calls are narrow-frequency vocalizations that varied in intensity and were used to communicate with nearby conspecifics. Vocal communication entails risk, and while some Puma vocalizations may provide benefits that outweigh their risk, others are structured to limit detection and risk. These observations highlight the importance of the structure of vocalizations used during different behaviours to understand their adaptive significance.

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van Staaveren, Nienke, Alison Hanlon, and Laura Ann Boyle. "Damaging Behaviour and Associated Lesions in Relation to Types of Enrichment for Finisher Pigs on Commercial Farms." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090677.

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EU legislation states that all pigs must have access to material that allows them to perform investigation and manipulation activities, thereby reducing the risk of pigs performing damaging behaviours (e.g., tail, ear and flank biting). We aimed to determine associations between damaging behaviours performed by finisher pigs, the related lesions and the use of different types of enrichment. Six randomly selected pens of finisher pigs were observed for 10 min each on 31 commercial pig farms in Ireland. All pigs were counted and the number of pigs affected by tail, ear and flank lesions was recorded. During the last 5 min, all occurrences of damaging behaviour (tail-, ear- and flank-directed behaviour) were recorded. The type (chain, plastic or wood) and number of accessible enrichment objects/pen was recorded. Chains were the most common (41.4% of farms), followed by plastic (37.9%) and wood (20.7%). Damaging behaviour was more frequent on farms that provided chains compared to plastic or wood. Farms with chains were associated with a higher frequency of flank-directed behaviour and tended to be associated with a higher frequency of tail-directed behaviour compared to farms that provided plastic devices. The prevalence of lesions tended to be higher on farms where chains were provided compared to wooden enrichment devices, mostly driven by a difference in the prevalence of mild tail lesions. Results support expert opinions that despite being commonly used, chains did not fulfill a role in reducing damaging behaviours and associated lesions in finisher pigs compared to other forms of enrichment.

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Aboyadana, Gabriel. "Monetary policy and bank risk-taking in sub-Sahara Africa." European Journal of Applied Economics 18, no. 1 (2021): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ejae18-28152.

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Monetary policy has been shown to influence the risk-taking behaviour of banks in Europe and North America. Africa has however received limited attention in this regard. This study contributes to the monetary policy and bank risk-taking literature for sub-Sahara Africa by examining a panel of commercial banks from 2001-2015 for different types of risks. We find that monetary policy significantly influences bank risk-taking both statistically and economically, but the effect differs across the types of risks. Bank size and profitability are important in determining how effective monetary policy impacts risk-taking. The effects are stronger for countries without exchange rate controls. In terms of policies, monetary authorities intending to pursue expansionary monetary policy must remedy the risk-taking response by banks.

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Davidson, Gabrielle L., Michael S. Reichert, Jodie M. S. Crane, William O'Shea, and John L. Quinn. "Repeatable aversion across threat types is linked with life-history traits but is dependent on how aversion is measured." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 172218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172218.

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Personality research suggests that individual differences in risk aversion may be explained by links with life-history variation. However, few empirical studies examine whether repeatable differences in risk avoidance behaviour covary with life-history traits among individuals in natural populations, or how these links vary depending on the context and the way risk aversion is measured. We measured two different risk avoidance behaviours (latency to enter the nest and inspection time) in wild great tits ( Parus major ) in two different contexts—response to a novel object and to a predator cue placed at the nest-box during incubation---and related these behaviours to female reproductive success and condition. Females responded equally strongly to both stimuli, and although both behaviours were repeatable, they did not correlate. Latency to enter was negatively related to body condition and the number of offspring fledged. By contrast, inspection time was directly explained by whether incubating females had been flushed from the nest before the trial began. Thus, our inferences on the relationship between risk aversion and fitness depend on how risk aversion was measured. Our results highlight the limitations of drawing conclusions about the relevance of single measures of a personality trait such as risk aversion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Yoon, Dalhee. "PEER-RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH TYPES OF CHILD MALTREATMENT AND ADOLESCENT RISK BEHAVIORS IN A SAMPLE OF AT-RISK YOUTH." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1551892563043939.

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Birks, Yvonne. "Role of an adapted index of type A behaviour : relationships with health and reactivity, and a role in 'composite risk'." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325600.

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Doty, Laura J. "The relationship between body composition, body fat distribution, and cortisol concentrations across behavior types as risk factors for coronary artery disease in men." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1244095.

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This study examined percent fat, fat distribution, and resting cortisol concentrations between personality types for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Males (n= 29, 43 ± 8.8 years) selected through the Jenkins Activity Survey, scoring >_ 75th percentile (Type A=15) or S 30th percentile (Type B=14), had the following measures: percent fat, lipid profile, and waist-to-hip ratio. Each hour, heart rate, blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and cortisol were measured. A prediction model determined risk of CAD. Type A had a tendency to have higher DBP, but was only significant at one time point (F= 3.390, p= .022). Type B showed significantly higher total (t= -2.688, p= .012) and LDL cholesterol (t= -3.612, p= .001). Although we did not show many significant differences between groups, within groups, many significant correlations were detected among the variables measured. Further studies will justify the associations between percent fat, fat distribution, and cortisol across personality types.
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Nylander, Charlotte. "Protective factors, health-risk behaviours and the impact of coexisting ADHD among adolescents with diabetes and other chronic conditions." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Pediatrik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282964.

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Mental health problems are increasing in Swedish adolescents and mortality rates are higher in this age group than among younger. 10-20% of all adolescents suffer from a chronic medical condition (CC). Few protective factors (PF) and clustering of health-risk behaviours (HRB) are frequent among adolescents with CCs. One of the most common CC in Swedish adolescents is type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Metabolic control often deteriorates during adolescence, especially in girls. Poor metabolic control is associated with increased risk for long-term complications, of which cognitive problems are common. However, the implication of cognitive/executive problems in patients with T1DM has not been sufficiently studied. Neither has the impact of neurodevelopmental problems (NDP), such as ADHD, on HRB in adolescents with CCs been analysed. Methods: In paper I and II the questionnaire ”Life and Health in Youth” was distributed to all students in year nine and year two of the upper secondary school in the county of Sörmland, 2008 (n=5771) and 2011 (n=5550). Adolescents with CCs were compared to healthy peers with regard to PFs and HRBs. In paper III, the ”Five to Fifteen” questionnaire was used in 175 paediatric patients with T1DM. Patients with indications of NDPs were compared with patients without such problems with regard to metabolic control. In paper IV, the BRIEF questionnaire and the ADHD Rating Scale as well as data from the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry was used in 241 adolescents with T1DM. Patients with indications of executive problems were compared with patients without such problems with regard to diabetes control. Results: CCs were associated with few PFs and clustered HRBs. The combination of CCs and low numbers of PFs was found to be associated with an increased risk of clustered HRBs. In the presence of coexisting ADHD the pattern of few PFs and clustering of HRBs was aggravated. ADHD was more common among adolescents with other CCs. Definite memory and learning problems as well as mild executive problems were associated with poor metabolic control, especially among adolescents. Executive problems were also associated with many outpatient visits and low physical activity. Girls with T1DM tended to self-report executive problems to a larger extent than boys, while parents more often reported these problems in boys. Conclusion: Knowledge about factors influencing treatment adherence and life in general is essential in the work with chronically ill adolescents. Focus must be put on enhancing PFs in order to avoid HRBs. Identification of coexisting NDPs, such as ADHD, is crucial, since such problems can adversely influence treatment adherence, HRBs and school achievements

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Dickie, Kasha Elizabeth. "Relationships between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behaviour, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, in black South African women." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2749.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), constitute the second highest cause of mortality in South Africa (SA) and seem to be exacerbated by the high prevalence of obesity, particularly amongst black SA women. Although the aetiology of obesity is complex, common antecedents for its development include a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the association between physical activity (PA) and risk factors for CVD and T2D in a sample of apparently healthy black SA women. The aims of this thesis were addressed in two separate studies with the following objectives: Study 1: i) to compare body composition and metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D between active and inactive groups classified according to international PA recommendations for health (Part 1, crosssectional analysis) and ii) to determine whether PA level predicts changes in body composition and metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D over a 5.5-year follow-up period (Part 2, longitudinal analysis); Study 2: to examine the independent effects of PA, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and sedentary time on body composition and metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D (cross-sectional analysis). In part 1 of study 1, a sample of 240 apparently healthy black SA women(26±7 years) underwent the following measurements in 2005/6: PA (Global PhysicalActivity Questionnaire (GPAQ)), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computerised tomography), blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations. Thereafter (part 2), a sub-sample of women (n=57) underwent follow-up testing after a 5.5-year follow period (2010/11), which included additional measurements of objective PA (accelerometry) and CRF (VO2max, ml/kg/min) measured during a submaximal step-test. Study 2 included women from the follow-up subsample and 19 additional women (n=76). Cross-sectional comparisons of objective PA, CRF and sedentary time with body composition and metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D were examined. Study 1: Using the GPAQ, the majority (61%) of women were sufficiently active, meeting the guidelines for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) according to international criteria. Women who were active had significantly lower body weight (p<0.001), measures of body fat (BMI, fat mass, %body fat, waist circumference, central and appendicular fat mass, p<0.001), and measures of insulin resistance (fasting serum insulin, p=0.010 and HOMA-IR, p=0.010, respectively), and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, p=0.041) compared to the inactive group. At follow-up, bodyweight increased from 82.0±19.6 kg to 89.5±19.2 kg (p<0.001) in the active group, and from 91.0±15.6 kg to 98.3±13.2 kg (p<0.001) in the inactive group, whereas serum lipid concentrations remained unchanged (p>0.05), and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in those who were active (78±7 vs. 74±14 mmHg, p=0.039). Study 2: Using accelerometry as an objective measure of PA, more than half (51.3%) of the women met international MVPA criteria and the goal of ≥10 000 steps per day (55.3%). Greater light PA and steps per day, but not MVPA, were associated with lower trunk (central) fat mass (r=-0.25, p=0.03, r=-0.31, p=0.01 and r=-0.09, p=0.42, respectively). Conversely, greater sedentary time was associated with higher TG and TG/HDL-C (r=0.36, p=0.01 and r=0.34, p=0.04, respectively), and these relationships were independent of body fat. In addition, higher CRF was associated with reduced body fat% (r=-0.34, p=0.02) and central fat mass (r=-0.31, p=0.03), as well as reduced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; r=-0.41, p=0.01). These associations were independent of body fat and PA, but not VAT. CRF was inversely associated with sedentary time (r=-0.31, p=0.03) and not with any of the PA variables (p>0.05). Both PA and CRF level were associated with reduced total and central fat mass, and reduced metabolic risk for CVD and T2D amongst a sample of apparently healthy black SA women. Promotion of increasing daily PA, including light-intensity and MVPA, whilst reducing sedentary time, and increasing CRF should be encouraged to reduce levels of obesity and risk factors for CVD and T2D.

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Graham, Neil M. H. "Psychosocial risk factors for hypertension in Australian adults /." Title page, contents and synopsis only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmg741.pdf.

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Sousa, Sergio Almeida de. "Essays on behaviour under risk." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14497/.

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This thesis consists of three essays on behaviour under risk. First, I investigate experimentally three related questions: (1) the effects of small-scale changes in wealth on risk attitudes; (2) whether potential changes in risk attitudes induced by such wealth increment are affected by (a) by the span of time this small-scale change in wealth has been anticipated for, and (b) the form taken by the wealth increment. There are three major results. One, whether risk attitudes are affected by a small-scale change in wealth depends on the form taken by the wealth increment. Two, that failure in replicating "house" money effect suggests that people may treat windfall money differently from earned money. Three, that the attitudes to risk are stable over the span of time we investigate. Second, I investigate how cognitive ability relates to consistency of behaviour under risk. Individual behaviour can be consistent in several forms. I find that individuals with higher cognitive ability display more consistent behaviour - in terms of choice and displayed type of risk preferences. Yet, in contrast to some recent studies, I find that individual measures of attitudes toward risk are not associated with cognitive ability. Third, I investigate the efficacy of a punishment mechanism in promoting cooperative behaviour in a public goods game when enforcement of punishment is uncertain. Numerous experimental studies have found that a sanctioning system can promote cooperative behaviour. But they rely on perfect enforcement of punishment. I find that a sanctioning system can no longer promote cooperative behaviour in a public goods game when punishment enforcement is a low-probability event.

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McEwen, Marylyn Morris, Rogelio Andrès Elizondo-Pereo, Alice E. Pasvogel, Irene Meester, Javier Vargas-Villarreal, and Francisco González-Salazar. "A Modified Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System to Assess Diabetes Self-management Behaviors and Diabetes Care in Monterrey Mexico: A Cross-sectional Study." FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625711.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the leading causes of death from worldwide non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of diabetes in the Mexico (MX)-United States border states exceeds the national rate in both countries. The economic burden of diabetes, due to decreased productivity, disability, and medical costs, is staggering and increases significantly when T2DM-related complications occur. The purpose of this study was to use a modified behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) to describe the T2DM self-management behaviors, diabetes care, and health perception of a convenience sample of adults with T2DM in Monterrey, MX. This cross-sectional study design, with convenience sampling, was conducted with a convenience sample (n = 351) of adults in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, MX who self-reported a diagnosis of T2DM. Potential participants were recruited from local supermarkets. Twenty-six diabetes and health-related items were selected from the BRFSS and administered in face-to-face interviews by trained data collectors. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. The mean age was 47 years, and the mean length of time with T2DM was 12 years. The majority was taking oral medication and 34% required insulin. Daily self-monitoring of feet was performed by 56% of the participants; however, only 8.8% engaged in blood glucose self-monitoring. The mean number of health-care provider visits was 9.09 per year, and glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) was assessed 2.6 times per year. Finally, only 40.5% of the participants recalled having a dilated eye exam. We conclude the modified BRFSS survey administered in a face-to-face interview format is an appropriate tool for assessing engagement in T2DM self-management behaviors, diabetes care, and health perception. Extension of the use of this survey in a more rigorous design with a larger scale survey is encouraged.

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Räikkönen, Katri. "Type A behavior and coronary heart disease risk factors in Finnish children, adolescents and young adults." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, Dept. of Psychology, 1990. http://books.google.com/books?id=eA1sAAAAMAAJ.

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Anderson, Janet. "Risk-taking, dangerous behaviour in childhood." Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3576/.

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This thesis describes qualitative research into risk-taking, dangerous behaviour in childhood using a post-Kleinian, psychoanalytic clinical approach. Risk-taking, dangerous behaviour itself has received no research attention, although a wider category of externalising behaviour has been the subject of many studies. Many factors have been identified which are associated with externalising behaviour but there is an absence of explanation between these factors and the problematic behaviour, neither a causal nor a meaningful link being made between them. Assessment and therapeutic treatments of children from three different age groups were undertaken. Clinical data from different sources were analysed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory, within a psychoanalytic framework. The factors already known to be associated with externalising behaviour were found to be present in the research families but none of these factors, nor other similarities and differences between families based on historical data, provided an organising principle enabling the risk-taking, dangerous behaviour to be understood. The organising principle which meaningfully discriminated between cases was the evident emotion of the parent or primary carer and an exploration of this revealed different emotional configurations in the parent-child relationship. Three different configurations were identified, emerging from the clinical material, which were linked to and extend established psychoanalytic theory. These were called illusory-haven, no-haven and periloushaven each of which is unsafe for the child. The connections made between these configurations and Oedipal theory gives the latter a central place in understanding the origin, structure and meaning of the risk-taking, dangerous behaviour. The concepts developed have significance for clinical work and are useful tools for any professionals working with children and families, helping them to identify different family patterns for which there are different strategies and different prognoses.

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Books on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Smart, Diana. Patterns and precursors of adolescent antisocial behaviour: Types, resiliency and environmental influences. Melbourne: Crime Prevention Victoria, 2003.

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Richter, Matthias. Risk Behaviour in Adolescence. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92364-2.

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Green, Bo, Robert Cressy, Frederic Delmar, Theodore Eisenberg, Barry Howcroft, Mervyn Lewis, Dirk Schoenmaker, James Shanteau, and Robert Vivian, eds. Risk Behaviour and Risk Management in Business Life. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2909-3.

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Risk analysis and human behaviour. New York: Earthscan, 2012.

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Regulation and banks' behaviour towards risk. Aldershot, Hants: Dartmouth, 1990.

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Minford, Patrick. Nominal contracts as behaviour towards risk. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1997.

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Anderson, Janet. Risk-taking, dangerous behaviour in childhood. London: University of East London, 2001.

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Bhandari, Amit K., and Ashok Kundu, eds. Microfinance, Risk-taking Behaviour and Rural Livelihood. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1284-3.

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Wagenaar, Willem Albert. Paradoxes of gambling behaviour. Hove, UK: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988.

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Strang, Joan. HIV/AIDS risk behaviour among adult male prisoners. London: Home Office Research and Statistics Department, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Hrubá, D., E. Nová, and P. Kachlík. "Smoking is associated with other types of risk behaviour." In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 217. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_88.

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Duran, Miguel A., and Ana Lozano-Vivas. "Agency Problems in Banking: Types of and Incentives for Risk Shifting." In Financial Crisis, Bank Behaviour and Credit Crunch, 53–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17413-6_4.

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Milch, V., and K. Laumann. "Which types of leadership behaviors can promote safety in an interorganizational context?" In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 1873–79. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-284.

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Neenan, Michael, and Windy Dryden. "Types Of Homework Assignment." In Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 165–68. Third edition. | London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021. | Series: 100 key points and techniques: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003134053-71.

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Granskaya, J., and V. Zaicev. "Risk-Taking Behaviour." In Psychology and Law in Europe, 212–28. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315317045-16.

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Whittle, Helen C., and Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis. "Offender Behaviour." In Online Risk to Children, 55–71. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118977545.ch4.

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François, Dominique, André Pineau, and André Zaoui. "Various Types of Damage." In Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, 1–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4930-6_1.

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McIlwraith, Angus. "Employee risk." In Information Security and Employee Behaviour, 29–53. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429281785-3.

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Chell, Elizabeth. "What Types of People?" In The Psychology of Behaviour in Organizations, 3–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18752-2_1.

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Chell, Elizabeth. "What Types of People?" In The Psychology of Behaviour in Organizations, 1–28. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22939-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Simorangkir, Jungjungan, Marina Letara Nababan, May Rauli Simamora, and Winarti Agustina. "Risk Behaviour and Youth Resilience-Based on Demographic Profile." In International Conference of Education in the New Normal Era. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/iceiakn.v1i1.236.

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Youth who has the ability to adapt and survive in difficult times have a high level of resilience. This study aims to look at the dominant Behavior of adolescents currently and the youth resilience based on gender, types of school, and school major. The sample in this study was 264 high school teenagers in Indonesia. This study used a quantitative method with two design which is a cross-sectional survey and comparative studies. The results showed some of the most risk behaviors seen by students were smoking (84.09%), fighting parents (68.49%), skipping school (60.23%), fighting teachers and school principals (55.68%), and fighting between students (54.17%). The risk behaviors that were rarely seen by teenage students were drugs (5.68%), free sex (4.55%). Stealing (43.18%) and excessive drinking (41.67%) have moderate popularity. Also, there was no significant difference in resilience-based on gender, type of school, and school major. These studies provide an overview of schools of the importance of the availability of Counseling Guidance teachers in providing guidance services and resilience materials.

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Karinna, Karinna, and Viverita Viverita. "The Effects of Ownership Types, Concentration, and Foreign Banks’ Modes of Entry Risk-Taking Behaviour and Capital Ratio." In Proceedings of the 1st Sampoerna University-AFBE International Conference, SU-AFBE 2018, 6-7 December 2018, Jakarta Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-12-2018.2286324.

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Rosa, Inês C., João P. Firmo, João R. Correia, and P. Mazzuca. "Influence of elevated temperatures on the bond behaviour of GFRP bars to concrete – pull-out tests." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0861.

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<p>This paper presents experimental investigations on the bond behaviour between concrete and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars at moderately elevated temperatures. Pull-out tests were performed on two types of ribbed GFRP rebars, embedded in concrete cylinders, from ambient temperature up to 300 °C; in these tests, the influence of the rebars’ diameter (8 mm <i>vs. </i>12 mm) was also investigated. Specimens were first heated up to the predefined temperature (measured at the GFRP-concrete interface) and then loaded up to failure. The results obtained confirmed that the stiffness and strength of the GFRP rebars-concrete interface suffer significant reductions with temperature; results were also compared with those obtained in a similar experimental campaign performed by the authors, in which sand-coated GFRP rebars were used: this comparison showed that the bond strength of ribbed rebars is significantly less affected by temperature than that of sand-coated ones.</p>

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Reuland, Yves, Lorenzo Diana, Pierino Lestuzzi, and Ian F. C. Smith. "Using data interpretation to enhance post-seismic decision making at urban scale." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1789.

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<p>Recent events around the globe are evidence that earthquake action is still a threat for many structures. Low replacement and retrofitting rates of urban housing mean that many buildings do not comply with seismic actions defined in present-day seismic codes and thus, important post- seismic assessment activities are still to be expected. City-scale resilience, which implies rapid recovery of building functionalities, is undermined by the slowness and qualitative nature of visual inspection (being current practice for post-seismic assessment). A methodology involving model- based interpretation of post-seismic data sources to assess residual capacity of damaged buildings is presented. Vibration measurements and visual inspection outcomes are combined to reduce the uncertainty related to residual capacity. Simplified behaviour models for recurrent building types are used to predict building behaviour during future events. A simulated scenario on a real building stock of a typical Swiss city subjected to moderate seismicity is used for illustration.</p>

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Pistone, Elisabetta, Hanno Töll, and Thomas Hauser. "Continuous Monitoring System of Metro Lines to Assess Long-term Behaviour of Massive Train Wheels." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0425.

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<p>This paper presents the results of a continuous monitoring system placed on the Metro line in Vienna, Austria, aimed at assessing the long-term behaviour of massive train wheels. Until today, conventional resilient wheels are used on Viennese metro trains. However, it is planned to substitute this type of wheels with massive wheels.</p><p>Since 2016 three train sets were therefore equipped with massive wheels and let circulate in the underground railway network under trial runs. Nine measuring systems were installed within the metro network in the form of monitoring stations to continuously record data during these train passages. Selected indicators are permanently measured, post-processed and transmitted in real time to a web-interface accessible. On the basis of approximately 2,000 daily recorded trains, statistical analysis has been performed, thus providing information on train condition and on the impact of massive wheels.</p>

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Ambrassa, Elisa, Alice Comune, Stefano Podestà, Lorenzo Diana, and Pierino Lestuzzi. "Seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings through BIM." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1496.

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<p>After destructive earthquakes occurred in Italy between 2009 and 2016, the Italian Parliament approved in 2017 a new version of the Sisma Bonus, which includes Guidelines for the classification of the seismic risk of buildings. In Sisma Bonus, the seismic risk is evaluated through two methods: simplified or detailed. In this paper, the simplified approach is integrated into a Building Information Modelling (BIM) software, Autodesk Revit. The vulnerability assessment of existing masonry buildings is performed following the macroseismic approach (EMS-98). Various masonry-building types are assigned to vulnerability classes with a specific seismic vulnerability index. The procedure proposes to evaluate a final vulnerability index as a quantitative evaluation, instead of the qualitative one by EMS-98. Vulnerability analysis is inserted directly in Revit to create an interaction between BIM and seismic scenarios. Features that characterise each masonry type are inserted into newly created Revit Templates. Two additional modifiers account for mechanical aspects of masonry (mortar quality, transversal connections, etc.) and global building behaviour (vertical and in-plane irregularities, presence of anti-seismic devices, etc.). A flowchart developed in Dynamo automates the vulnerability index calculation using features of the BIM model.</p>

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Pozo-Cruz, Jesús del, Juan Antonio Corral-Pernía, Fátima Chacón-Borrego, and Rosa María Alfonso-Rosa. "An educational behaviour lifestyle-based program to prevent risk factors of type 2 diabetes among older adults." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2018 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.proc2.16.

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Lunabba, Torsten, Milla Ranta, Kimmo Julku, and Heikki Lilja. "Fatigue accumulation comparison of simulated traffic flow and design loads." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0713.

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<p>The authors present a fatigue load analysis parallel to their previous studies on simulated site- specific traffic flow and its comparison to static design load models (IABSE, Stockholm 2016, Lunabba et.al.) and fatigue load models (IABSE, Copenhagen, 2018, Lunabba et.al). This research paper expands the previous study to fatigue accumulation analysis of bridges with varying span lengths and transversal stiffness and presents a method where a typical site-specific traffic flow can be compared to Eurocode design load models for fatigue assessment. The accumulated fatigue damage (for typical material dependent SN-curves) of simulated traffic was firstly compared to the characteristic static load model LM1 and secondly to accumulated fatigue damage caused by design fatigue load models FLM1 and FLM3. The study was conducted to one, two and three span bridges having variable span lengths and transversal stiffness characteristics. The study took into account the differences of the load placement (according to Eurocode design loads are placed on the notional lane, but simulated load is placed on the real traffic lanes of the bridge). The study gives guidance to national authorities to pinpoint the most vulnerable bridge types in the bridge stock and the bridges sensitivity to frequent heavy special transportations. In addition, important information about the behaviour and functionality of Eurocode’s fatigue design approach is gained.</p>

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Yasseri, Sirous F., and Jake Prager. "Protection of Pipelines in Shipping Lanes." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67018.

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Design implies choice from among alternatives — for each alternative solution the designer should assess the total associated risk. The total risk is a composite of both the likelihood of various levels of hazards, and the uncertainty in the response behaviour of the system. The selection or decision process demands a weighing of the costs, risks, and benefits of the alternatives. Using an example, a probabilistic method is outlined for deciding upon the depth of burial of pipelines in shipping lanes. Producing a well-engineered solution to this problem involves the synthesis of many kinds of information. There is a requirement to analyse statistical information on the types of hazards, their frequencies and their possible growth. There is also generally a choice of measures that can be used to protect the pipeline. The choice of protective measure demands a weighing of costs, risks, and benefits and must also include any characteristic which leads to economic or other losses. In this paper each hazard is classified into five levels based on the amount of damage a hazard could impart on the system (this is termed the “demand levels”). These demand levels, when subjected to the system, result in various damage states. The damage states, which are assumed to be the cost of repair or replacement, are also represented in five discrete forms. These five general states of damage are defined in terms of such loss-related factors as level of repair cost, degree of the structural and non-structural damage and the fraction of people injured or killed.

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Campos e Matos, António, José Luís Barbosa, Mário Durão, and Ricardo Leite. ""Autopista Urbana Siervo de la Nación" - Flyover at México City Lake Zone: The importance of design to achieve a sustainable infrastructure during ist life-cycle." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0258.

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<p>The “Autopista Urbana Siervo de la Nación” (AUSN) Highway, is located at Mexico City, and is currently under construction. The highway, with a length of 14.5Km and 4 lanes divided in 2 carriageways (A4 type cross section), intends to target the milestone of a fast and safe road axis. The available right-of-way to built the new infrastructure presents several restrictive constrains that led to the construction of a flyover throughout approx. 90% of the AUSN total length.</p><p>The unique geotechnical scenario that characterizes the Valle de México’s lake zone, with the well- known regional settlement phenomena, along with the peculiar features that define the seismic action within the “lacustres” areas of the city, associated with high structural response amplification, lead to complex structural solutions and demanding calculations, particularly concerning the foundation´s design, optimizing the structure behaviour and minimizing the global costs during all the infrastructure’s life cycle.</p>

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Reports on the topic "Types of risk behaviour"

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Smyth, Emer, and Merike Darmody. Risk and protective factors in adolescent behaviour: The role of family, school and neighbourhood characteristics in (mis)behaviour among young people. ESRI, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs119.

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de Jong, S. V. Z., H. A. J. Russell, and M. I. Leybourne. Anticipating demand for groundwater geoscience: groundwater risk information seeking behaviour among stakeholders in southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/299768.

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Luo, Jian-Yu, Xiao-Rong Tang, Hao Wen, Chun-Zhi Tang, Li-Ming Lu, and Neng-Gui Xu. Tobacco smoke exposure and risk of different pathologic types of stroke: A comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.6.0062.

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Bridges, Todd, Jeffrey King, Jonathan Simm, Michael Beck, Georganna Collins, Quirjin Lodder, and Ram Mohan. Overview : International Guidelines on Natural and Nature-Based Features for Flood Risk Management. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41945.

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The application of natural and nature‑based features (NNBF) has grown steadily over the past 20 years, supported by calls for innovation in flood risk management (FRM) and nature‑based solutions from many different perspectives and organizations. Technical advancements in support of NNBF are increasingly the subject of peer‑reviewed and other technical literature. A variety of guidance has been published by numerous organizations to inform program‑level action and technical practice for specific types of nature‑based solutions. This effort to develop international guidelines on the use of NNBF was motivated by the need for a comprehensive guide that draws directly on the growing body of knowledge and experience from around the world to inform the process of conceptualizing, planning, designing, engineering, constructing, and operating NNBF.

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Yonally, Emilie, Nadia Butler, Santiago Ripoll, and Olivia Tulloch. Review of the Evidence Landscape on the Risk Communication and Community Engagement Interventions Among the Rohingya Refugees to Enhance Healthcare Seeking Behaviours in Cox's Bazar. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.032.

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This report is the first output in a body of work undertaken to identify operationally feasible suggestions to improve risk communication and community engagement efforts (RCCE) with displaced Rohingya people in Cox’s Bazar. Specifically, these should seek to improve healthcare seeking behaviour and acceptance of essential health services in the camps where the Rohingya reside. It was developed by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) at the request of the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office in Bangladesh. As a first step in this process, this review paper synthesises and assesses the quality of evidence landscape available in Cox’s Bazar and how the Rohingya seek and access healthcare services in Cox’s Bazar and presents the findings from key informant interviews on the topic. Findings are structured in five discussion sections: (1) evidence quality; (2) major themes and variations in the evidence; (3) learnings drawn and recommendations commonly made; (4) persistent bottlenecks; and (5) areas for further research. This synthesis will inform a roundtable discussion with key actors working for the Rohingya refugees to identify next steps for RCCE and research efforts in Cox’s Bazar to improve health outcomes among the Rohingya.

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Nelson, Gena. A Systematic Review of the Quality of Reporting in Mathematics Meta-Analyses for Students with or at Risk of Disabilities Coding Protocol. Boise State University, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/sped138.boisestate.

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The purpose of this document is to provide readers with the coding protocol that authors used to code 22 meta-analyses focused on mathematics interventions for students with or at-risk of disabilities. The purpose of the systematic review was to evaluate reporting quality in meta-analyses focused on mathematics interventions for students with or at risk of disabilities. To identify meta-analyses for inclusion, we considered peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2020; we searched five education-focused electronic databases, scanned the table of contents of six special education journals, reviewed the curriculum vitae of researchers who frequently publish meta-analyses in mathematics and special education, and scanned the reference lists of meta-analyses that met inclusion criteria. To be included in this systematic review, meta-analyses must have reported on the effectiveness of mathematics-focused interventions, provided a summary effect for a mathematics outcome variable, and included school-aged participants with or at risk of having a disability. We identified 22 meta-analyses for inclusion. We coded each meta-analysis for 53 quality indicators (QIs) across eight categories based on recommendations from Talbott et al. (2018). Overall, the meta-analyses met 61% of QIs and results indicated that meta-analyses most frequently met QIs related to providing a clear purpose (95%) and data analysis plan (77%), whereas meta-analyses typically met fewer QIs related to describing participants (39%) and explaining the abstract screening process (48%). We discuss the variation in QI scores within and across the quality categories and provide recommendations for future researchers so that reporting in meta-analyses may be enhanced. Limitations of the current study are that grey literature was not considered for inclusion and that only meta-analyses were included; this limits the generalizability of the results to other research syntheses (e.g., narrative reviews, systematic reviews) and publication types (e.g., dissertations).

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Schnabel, Filipina, and Danielle Aldridge. Effectiveness of EHR-Depression Screening Among Adult Diabetics in an Urban Primary Care Clinic. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0003.

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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) and depression are important comorbid conditions that can lead to more serious health outcomes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) supports routine screening for depression as part of standard diabetes management. The PHQ2 and PHQ9 questionnaires are good diagnostic screening tools used for major depressive disorders in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This quality improvement study aims to compare the rate of depression screening, treatment, and referral to behavioral health in adult patients with DM2 pre and post-integration of depression screening tools into the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients aged 18 years and above with a diagnosis of DM2 and no initial diagnosis of depression or other mental illnesses. Chart reviews included those from 2018 or prior for before integration data and 2020 to present for after integration. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from a pool of 33,695 patients in the clinic with DM2 from the year 2013-2021. Thirty of the patients were prior to the integration of depression screening tools PHQ2 and PHQ9 into the EHR, while the other half were post-integration. The study population ranged from 18-83 years old. Results All subjects (100%) were screened using PHQ2 before integration and after integration. Twenty percent of patients screened had a positive PHQ2 among subjects before integration, while 10% had a positive PHQ2 after integration. Twenty percent of patients were screened with a PHQ9 pre-integration which accounted for 100% of those subjects with a positive PHQ2. However, of the 10% of patients with a positive PHQ2 post-integration, only 6.7 % of subjects were screened, which means not all patients with a positive PHQ2 were adequately screened post-integration. Interestingly, 10% of patients were treated with antidepressants before integration, while none were treated with medications in the post-integration group. There were no referrals made to the behavior team in either group. Conclusion There is no difference between the prevalence of depression screening before or after integration of depression screening tools in the EHR. The study noted that there is a decrease in the treatment using antidepressants after integration. However, other undetermined conditions could have influenced this. Furthermore, not all patients with positive PHQ2 in the after-integration group were screened with PHQ9. The authors are unsure if the integration of the depression screens influenced this change. In both groups, there is no difference between referrals to the behavior team. Implications to Nursing Practice This quality improvement study shows that providers are good at screening their DM2 patients for depression whether the screening tools were incorporated in the EHR or not. However, future studies regarding providers, support staff, and patient convenience relating to accessibility and availability of the tool should be made. Additional issues to consider are documentation reliability, hours of work to scan documents in the chart, risk of documentation getting lost, and the use of paper that requires shredding to comply with privacy.

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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.

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Rancans, Elmars, Jelena Vrublevska, Ilana Aleskere, Baiba Rezgale, and Anna Sibalova. Mental health and associated factors in the general population of Latvia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/0mqsi9.

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Description The goal of the study was to assess mental health, socio-psychological and behavioural aspects in the representative sample of Latvian general population in online survey, and to identify vulnerable groups during COVID-19 pandemic and develop future recommendations. The study was carried out from 6 to 27 July 2020 and was attributable to the period of emergency state from 11 March to 10 June 2020. The protocol included demographic data and also data pertaining to general health, previous self-reported psychiatric history, symptoms of anxiety, clinically significant depression and suicidality, as well as a quality of sleep, sex, family relationships, finance, eating and exercising and religion/spirituality, and their changes during the pandemic. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used to determine the presence of distress or depression, the Risk Assessment of Suicidality Scale was used to assess suicidal behaviour, current symptoms of anxiety were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. (2021-02-04) Subject Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keyword: COVID19, pandemic, depression, anxiety, suicidality, mental health, Latvia

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Bolton, Laura. WASH in Schools for Student Return During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.024.

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The literature on WASH and school re-opening during the COVID-19 pandemic is dominated by guidelines with little in the way of recent evidence or lessons learned. Analysis of data from school re-openings at the end of 2020 suggests that with mitigation measures in place community infection rates should not be affected by children returning to school. Although children carry a lower risk of infection, they do have large numbers of contact in the school environment, so hygiene and distancing measures are important. The key guidelines for WASH in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic include: children and all school staff must be educated with regards to hand hygiene; hand hygiene stations must be provided at entrances and exits; hand washing must be frequent and requires sufficient water and soap; school buses should have hand hygiene measures in place; and the school environment must be disinfected daily. Environmental, or nudge-based, cues are recommended to support behaviour change in children based on pre-COVID-19 evidence. Examples include colourful footprints leading to a handwashing facility, images of eyes above handwashing facilities, embedding toys in soap, and putting pictures of germs on surfaces.

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