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1
Grigoryeva, A. A., and A. A. Gavrichenkova. "Use of psychoactive substances by adolescents in different types of auto-aggressive behaviour." Psychology and Law 10, no. 1 (2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100110.
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The article presents research data on the characteristics of the psychoactive substances use in suicidal, self-harming and normative behaviour among adolescents. 131 adolescents with a high risk of suicidal behaviour, 142 adolescents with a high risk of self-harming behaviour and 553 adolescents with normative behaviour were examined. Methods used: the SL-19 questionnaire (Yunantskevich P.I., 2009) was used to identify adolescents with suicidal risk; “method of body modification and self-harm” (Polskaya N.A., 2017) - for identification adolescents with self-damaging behaviour, including the substance use (alcohol, drugs, tobacco). Based on data, it is concluded that half of adolescents prone to auto-aggressive behaviour are characterized by the formation of polymodal auto-aggressive complexes, including different types of auto-aggressive behaviour. Both suicidal and self-harming behaviours are accompanied by the use of different types of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco and drugs). The most discernible use of substance is noted in the group of adolescents with a high risk of suicidal behaviour. An assumption is made about the need to develop comprehensive preventive programs that take into account different types of adolescents’ auto-aggression.
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Hussin, Zalmizy, and Siti Rohana Ahmad. "Exploring Two Types of Aggressive Behavioural Risk Factors among Illegal Motorcycle Street Racers in Malaysia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.93.
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Illegal motorcycle street racing is a threat to civil society – it is a symbol of adolescents' inner rebellion who channelled their unfulfilled desire through aggressive behaviour on the road, causing significant social and economic impact. Aggressive behaviours have been associated with prohibited substances intake, lack of religious knowledge, problematic family structures, and school failure. In this qualitative study, abductive strategies oriented to phenomenological approaches were employed to assess two types of aggressive behaviour risk factors, which were substance abuse and problematic family structures. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty people in Penang, Malaysia, who participated in illegal street racing, referred to as Mat Rempits. Their responses were analysed using the NVivo software version 12. The results demonstrate three subthemes to prohibited substances intake: to relieve stress, for personal enjoyment, and for racing purposes, whereby the drugs are taken before races for the riders to be more courageous, aggressive, and agile manoeuvring the motorcycles. Meanwhile, the risk factor of family problems includes divorced and conflicted parents, raised by violence, being neglected, and not being appreciated by the family. Most of the participants stated that growing up with violence caused a psychological impact on their soul, making them stubborn, rude, and aggressive. The results demonstrate the need for a specific intervention programme for the adolescent to reduce their involvement in illegal street racing and aggressive behaviour.
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Phelps, Robert. "Risk Management and Agency Theory in is Projects – an Exploratory Study." Journal of Information Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629601100404.
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The way in which project teams respond to problems and manage risks during IT project developments is affected by the organizational context. In particular, it is affected by the implicit ‘contract’ between the team and the organization. This contract is controlled through the adherence to formal methodologies and the use of organizational control system. This paper looks at risk management from the point of view of team behaviour, focusing on behavioural response to risks in terms of effort and risk aversion. Three case studies of project team behaviour are used to illustrate the types of risk management behaviour which may arise under different contracts between project team and organization.
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Koprivnikar, Janet, Chris H. Gibson, and Julia C. Redfern. "Infectious personalities: behavioural syndromes and disease risk in larval amphibians." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2156.
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Behavioural consistency or predictability through time and/or different contexts (‘syndromes’ or ‘personality types’) is likely to have substantial influence on animal life histories and fitness. Consequently, there is much interest in the forces driving and maintaining various syndromes. Individual host behaviours have been associated with susceptibility to parasitism, yet the role of pre-existing personality types in acquiring infections has not been investigated experimentally. Using a larval amphibian–trematode parasite model system, we report that tadpoles generally showed consistency in their activity level in response to both novel food and parasite exposure. Not only were individual activity level and exploration in the novel food context correlated with each other and with anti-parasite behaviour, all three were significant predictors of host parasite load. This is the first empirical demonstration that host behaviours in other contexts are related to behaviours mitigating infection risk and, ultimately, host parasite load. We suggest that this system illustrates how reliably high levels of activity and exploratory behaviour in different contexts might maximize both energy acquisition and resistance to trematode parasites. Such benefits could drive selection for the behavioural syndrome seen here owing to the life histories and ecological circumstances typical of wood frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) larvae.
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Zortea, Tiago C., Seonaid Cleare, Ambrose J. Melson, Karen Wetherall, and Rory C. O’Connor. "Understanding and managing suicide risk." British Medical Bulletin 134, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa013.
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Abstract Background Suicidal behaviours and non-suicidal self-harm (NSSH) are global public health concerns that affect millions of lives. Sources of data This review is a narrative synthesis of systematic reviews, meta-analyses of randomized control trials (RCTs) and landmark studies published in scientific journals. Areas of agreement Restricting access to lethal means reduces the likelihood of future suicide deaths. Areas of controversy Our ability to predict future suicidal behaviour is no better than chance. No individual risk prediction instrument offers sufficient sensitivity and specificity to inform clinically useful decision-making. Growing points Different types of psychosocial interventions may be effective in preventing future suicide attempts; such interventions include clinical assessment, tailored crisis response and safety plans and follow-up contact. Areas timely for developing research Whilst some psychosocial interventions can be effective in reducing suicide risk, little is known about the mechanisms of recovery from suicidal thoughts and behaviours.
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Phillips, M. A., and J. M. Waterman. "Anti-snake behaviour in a facultative cooperative breeder, the Cape ground squirrel." Behaviour 151, no. 12-13 (2014): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003215.
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Predator harassment is an anti-predator behaviour that may increase an individual’s risk of predation, as individuals approach, threaten and harass a potential predator, yet this behaviour is still not well understood. The Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris) is a highly social facultative cooperative breeder from southern Africa that harasses several species of venomous snakes. We examined whether harassment was part of alloparental care by comparing harassment behaviours among different age and sex classes in Cape ground squirrel social groups. We also assessed how individuals adjusted their behaviour dependent on levels of risk by examining the Cape ground squirrel’s harassment behaviour among non-venomous, and two species of venomous snakes. We found adult females with emerged juvenile offspring took the most risk, harassing for longer durations and at higher intensities than other group members, suggesting that snake harassment was a maternal behaviour. Females with juvenile offspring only harassed the highest risk elapid snake but increased vigilance and inspection with increasing snake risk suggesting that the Cape ground squirrel can discriminate between different types of snake predators.
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Allen, Maximilian L., Yiwei Wang, and Christopher C. Wilmers. "Exploring the Adaptive Significance of Five Types of Puma (Puma concolor) Vocalizations." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1919.
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Communication is a central component of animal behaviour, yet communicative behaviours are poorly studied due to their complexity and varied functions. Pumas (Puma concolor) are wide-ranging, solitary felids that primarily use indirect cues (e.g., scent marking) for communication. Because these cryptic carnivores are rarely observed directly, little is known about their vocalizations in the wild. We recorded a variety of Puma vocalizations among females and family groups using motion-triggered video cameras and then attempted to understand the function of each vocalization. We found two categories of vocalizations: 1) attention-attracting (caterwauling and mewing), and 2) calls (contact, agitated, and alarm). Vocalizations to attract attention ranged across broad frequencies. Contact, agitated, and alarm calls are narrow-frequency vocalizations that varied in intensity and were used to communicate with nearby conspecifics. Vocal communication entails risk, and while some Puma vocalizations may provide benefits that outweigh their risk, others are structured to limit detection and risk. These observations highlight the importance of the structure of vocalizations used during different behaviours to understand their adaptive significance.
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van Staaveren, Nienke, Alison Hanlon, and Laura Ann Boyle. "Damaging Behaviour and Associated Lesions in Relation to Types of Enrichment for Finisher Pigs on Commercial Farms." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090677.
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EU legislation states that all pigs must have access to material that allows them to perform investigation and manipulation activities, thereby reducing the risk of pigs performing damaging behaviours (e.g., tail, ear and flank biting). We aimed to determine associations between damaging behaviours performed by finisher pigs, the related lesions and the use of different types of enrichment. Six randomly selected pens of finisher pigs were observed for 10 min each on 31 commercial pig farms in Ireland. All pigs were counted and the number of pigs affected by tail, ear and flank lesions was recorded. During the last 5 min, all occurrences of damaging behaviour (tail-, ear- and flank-directed behaviour) were recorded. The type (chain, plastic or wood) and number of accessible enrichment objects/pen was recorded. Chains were the most common (41.4% of farms), followed by plastic (37.9%) and wood (20.7%). Damaging behaviour was more frequent on farms that provided chains compared to plastic or wood. Farms with chains were associated with a higher frequency of flank-directed behaviour and tended to be associated with a higher frequency of tail-directed behaviour compared to farms that provided plastic devices. The prevalence of lesions tended to be higher on farms where chains were provided compared to wooden enrichment devices, mostly driven by a difference in the prevalence of mild tail lesions. Results support expert opinions that despite being commonly used, chains did not fulfill a role in reducing damaging behaviours and associated lesions in finisher pigs compared to other forms of enrichment.
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Aboyadana, Gabriel. "Monetary policy and bank risk-taking in sub-Sahara Africa." European Journal of Applied Economics 18, no. 1 (2021): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ejae18-28152.
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Monetary policy has been shown to influence the risk-taking behaviour of banks in Europe and North America. Africa has however received limited attention in this regard. This study contributes to the monetary policy and bank risk-taking literature for sub-Sahara Africa by examining a panel of commercial banks from 2001-2015 for different types of risks. We find that monetary policy significantly influences bank risk-taking both statistically and economically, but the effect differs across the types of risks. Bank size and profitability are important in determining how effective monetary policy impacts risk-taking. The effects are stronger for countries without exchange rate controls. In terms of policies, monetary authorities intending to pursue expansionary monetary policy must remedy the risk-taking response by banks.
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Davidson, Gabrielle L., Michael S. Reichert, Jodie M. S. Crane, William O'Shea, and John L. Quinn. "Repeatable aversion across threat types is linked with life-history traits but is dependent on how aversion is measured." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 172218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172218.
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Personality research suggests that individual differences in risk aversion may be explained by links with life-history variation. However, few empirical studies examine whether repeatable differences in risk avoidance behaviour covary with life-history traits among individuals in natural populations, or how these links vary depending on the context and the way risk aversion is measured. We measured two different risk avoidance behaviours (latency to enter the nest and inspection time) in wild great tits ( Parus major ) in two different contexts—response to a novel object and to a predator cue placed at the nest-box during incubation---and related these behaviours to female reproductive success and condition. Females responded equally strongly to both stimuli, and although both behaviours were repeatable, they did not correlate. Latency to enter was negatively related to body condition and the number of offspring fledged. By contrast, inspection time was directly explained by whether incubating females had been flushed from the nest before the trial began. Thus, our inferences on the relationship between risk aversion and fitness depend on how risk aversion was measured. Our results highlight the limitations of drawing conclusions about the relevance of single measures of a personality trait such as risk aversion.
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Aragoneses, Elena, and Emilio Chuvieco. "Generation and Mapping of Fuel Types for Fire Risk Assessment." Fire 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4030059.
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Fuel mapping is key to fire propagation risk assessment and regeneration potential. Previous studies have mapped fuel types using remote sensing data, mainly at local-regional scales, while at smaller scales fuel mapping has been based on general-purpose global databases. This work aims to develop a methodology for producing fuel maps across European regions to improve wildland fire risk assessment. A methodology to map fuel types on a regional-continental scale is proposed, based on Sentinel-3 images, horizontal vegetation continuity, biogeographic regions, and biomass data. A vegetation map for the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands was generated with 85% overall accuracy (category errors between 3% and 28%). Two fuel maps were generated: (1) with 45 customized fuel types, and (2) with 19 fuel types adapted to the Fire Behaviour Fuel Types (FBFT) system. The mean biomass values of the final parameterized fuels show similarities with other fuel products, but the biomass values do not present a strong correlation with them (maximum Spearman’s rank correlation: 0.45) because of the divergences in the existing products in terms of considering the forest overstory biomass or not.
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Weyrich, Philippe, Elena Mondino, Marco Borga, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anthony Patt, and Anna Scolobig. "A flood-risk-oriented, dynamic protection motivation framework to explain risk reduction behaviours." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-287-2020.
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Abstract. Private risk reduction behaviours can significantly reduce the negative impacts of flooding and flash floods. Over the past decades, researchers have used various socio-cognitive models or threat and coping mechanisms to explain individual protective behaviours. However, these models ignore the fact that people are not equally ready to act upon a danger, and they (the models) give limited insights into the effectiveness of communication strategies to foster risk reduction behaviours. Therefore, we explored the current state of homeowners' readiness to undertake risk reduction behaviours in flood risk areas by applying a dynamic protection motivation framework. We conducted a survey in an Italian municipality that experienced severe flash flooding in September 2018. The results show that people are motivated by different factors in prompting risk reduction behaviour based on their chosen types of protective measures. For example, people that undertook structural or avoidance measures are more likely to be motivated to protect themselves by increased perceptions of vulnerability and response efficacy and are less worried about expected flood losses compared to people that undertook only basic emergency measures. In this paper, we argue how these new insights contribute to targeting flood risk communication strategies to groups of individuals characterized by different readiness stages and motivations to protect themselves.
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Lee, Soonyeol, and Soonchul Lee. "Mediating effect of coping behavior on the relationship between driving stress and traffic accident risk." Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2011): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v24i4.673-693.
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The present study was conducted to determine the effects of driving stress on traffic accident risk. Specifically, this study verified the effects of driving stress on drivers' coping behaviors and the aptitude of mediating models through which coping behavior types affect traffic accident risk. As a result, driving stress directly increased traffic accident risk and indirectly affected them through(good and bad) coping behavior types. This indicates that driving stress directly and indirectly affect traffic accident risk by the medium of(good and bad) coping behavior types in multilateral ways.(Commercial and leisure-purposed) driving purposes showed significant differences in the relations between driving stress and traffic accident risk. Specifically, commercial drivers were affected by driving stress, compared to leisure-purposed drivers. As they were unable to defer or abandon driving even under driving stress, commercial drivers responded to the stress more sensitively and increased traffic accident risk by selecting inappropriate(bad) coping behaviors. The results show that the mere concentration on driving stress management cannot sufficiently lower the traffic accident risks caused by driving stress. This is because driving stress have indirect influences on traffic accident risk. Hence, it will be necessary to seek how to reduce driving stress and control coping behavior types in order to lower the traffic accidents risk by the stress.
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Aubert, Salomé. "An Overview of Scientific-Based Knowledge on Sedentary Behaviour Among the Pediatric Population - A Conceptual Model Development." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v7i1.1568.
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Sedentary behaviour has been identified as a specifically deleterious personal practice on multiple levels of health of individuals at all ages, including the pediatric population (i.e., 0 to 18 years of age). The aims of this paper are to (i) summarize the literature con-cerning the definition, the characteristics, the context, the determinants, and the conse-quences of sedentary behaviour among children and youth; (ii) propose a conceptual model that summarizes these findings; and (iii) highlight research gaps in the literature. Sedentary behaviours are common and complex behaviours that can potentially affect the health of children and youth on the physiological and psychological levels. Those deleterious effects on health can vary depending on how they are accumulated through-out the day, for example with or without interruption, or in which context. While child-hood engagement in sedentary behaviours is too high in the majority of countries where it has been assessed, developing research and policies that target the reduction of seden-tary behaviours among children and youth must be ranked as a top priority for all public health organizations worldwide. Although further research is needed concerning the identification of the specific determinants and consequences of different types and pat-terns of sedentary behaviours in various contexts, the Conceptual Model for the Study and Understanding of Children and Youth’s Sedentary Behaviour, gives an overview of the topic and supports the development of policy and further research.
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Viding, Essi, Henrik Larsson, and Alice P. Jones. "Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1503 (April 23, 2008): 2519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0037.
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This paper will broadly review the currently available twin and adoption data on antisocial behaviour (AB). It is argued that quantitative genetic research can make a significant contribution to further the understanding of how AB develops. Genetically informative study designs are particularly useful for investigating several important questions such as whether: the heritability estimates vary as a function of assessment method or gender; the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences varies for different types of AB; the environmental risk factors are truly environmental; and genetic vulnerability influences susceptibility to environmental risk. While the current data are not yet directly translatable for prevention and treatment programmes, quantitative genetic research has concrete translational potential. Quantitative genetic research can supplement neuroscience research in informing about different subtypes of AB, such as AB coupled with callous–unemotional traits. Quantitative genetic research is also important in advancing the understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental risk operates.
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Leonard, Lori, and Michael W. Ross. "The last sexual encounter: the contextualization of sexual risk behaviour." International Journal of STD & AIDS 8, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462971918788.
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We aim to apply critical incident methodology to details of respondents' last sexual encounter to provide contextualized data on sexual behaviour and alleviate the problem of recall bias. In areas of Houston, Texas, registering high prevalence rates of syphilis, we elicited information from 400 men and women about the last time they had sex. Details of time, place, partner, activities, and situational circumstances were collected in street intercept interviews. Nearly 50% of men and 30% of women were drunk or high the last time they had sex, and more than one-quarter of last encounters occurred in hotel or motel rooms. Drug use was not related to condom use. Both men and women were more likely to use condoms with new than with more familiar sex partners; however, women were less likely than men to report condom use across all types of sexual activity, and particularly for anal sex. The findings are being used to design a syphilis prevention intervention in the study communities.
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Nawi, Noorshella Che, Abdullah Al Mamun, Nurul Hasliana Binti Hamsani, and Mohd Nazri bin Muhayiddin. "Effect of Consumer Demographics and Risk Factors on Online Purchase Behaviour in Malaysia." Societies 9, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9010010.
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It is evident that there has been a rapid growth of electronic commerce and online shopping. Hence, this study examined the effect of selected antecedents and risk factors on online purchase behaviour in Malaysia under the premise of an adapted stimulus–organism–response (SOR) model. This study used a cross-sectional design to collect data from 330 selected respondents from Peninsular Malaysia. The findings revealed that the age of consumers, as well as perceived after-sales risk, financial risk, psychological risk, and social risk, had a significant effect on the online purchase behaviour in Malaysia. Apart from enriching the existing body of knowledge, this study offers several significant practical implications. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the government and online businesses should focus on Generation Y, who are known to be more tech-savvy, through policies and programmes in order to reduce the various types of perceived risks associated with online transactions. It is believed that this effort could enhance online consumerism among the residents of Malaysia.
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Diakakis, Michalis. "Types of Behavior of Flood Victims around Floodwaters. Correlation with Situational and Demographic Factors." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 4409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114409.
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Recently, human behavior around floodwaters has been acknowledged as one of the factors that influence the risk of fatal incidents. The present study analyzes the behavior of flood victims by developing a systematic classification of their actions at the time of the flood. Based on this taxonomy, the study examines a flood fatality database for Greece (1960–2019) to quantify the different types of behavior and to examine potential correlations with various demographical and situational factors. Results show that three-quarters of the victims exhibit a risk-taking behavior by deliberately coming in contact with floodwaters. Statistically significant associations were found between behavior and the demographics of the victims, the type surrounding environment, and the use of vehicles, indicating that certain situations and certain individuals are more prone to risk-taking behaviors than others. A statistical model shows that the behavior of a flood victim can be predicted with high accuracy by knowing certain variables of a fatal incident. The prevalence of risk-taking actions identified is a strong indication that human behavior is a crucial factor in flood mortality. The present study shows that a systematic classification of behaviors can help future interventions by highlighting the most common mechanisms of fatal incidents.
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Bedore, Christine N., Stephen M. Kajiura, and Sönke Johnsen. "Freezing behaviour facilitates bioelectric crypsis in cuttlefish faced with predation risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1886.
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Cephalopods, and in particular the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis , are common models for studies of camouflage and predator avoidance behaviour. Preventing detection by predators is especially important to this group of animals, most of which are soft-bodied, lack physical defences, and are subject to both visually and non-visually mediated detection. Here, we report a novel cryptic mechanism in S. officinalis in which bioelectric cues are reduced via a behavioural freeze response to a predator stimulus. The reduction of bioelectric fields created by the freeze-simulating stimulus resulted in a possible decrease in shark predation risk by reducing detectability. The freeze response may also facilitate other non-visual cryptic mechanisms to lower predation risk from a wide range of predator types.
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Carson, Valerie, Stephen Hunter, Nicholas Kuzik, Casey E. Gray, Veronica J. Poitras, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Travis J. Saunders, et al. "Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 6 (Suppl. 3) (June 2016): S240—S265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0630.
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This systematic review is an update examining the relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sedentary behaviour and health indicators in children and youth aged 5–17 years. EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Medline were searched in December 2014, and date limits were imposed (≥February 2010). Included studies were peer-reviewed and met the a priori-determined population (apparently healthy children and youth, mean age: 5–17 years), intervention (durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), comparator (various durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), and outcome (critical: body composition, metabolic syndrome/cardiovascular disease risk factors, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, academic achievement; important: fitness, self-esteem) study criteria. Quality of evidence by outcome was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative analysis was conducted. A total of 235 studies (194 unique samples) were included representing 1 657 064 unique participants from 71 different countries. Higher durations/frequencies of screen time and television (TV) viewing were associated with unfavourable body composition. Higher duration/frequency of TV viewing was also associated with higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores. Higher durations of TV viewing and video game use were associated with unfavourable behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour. Higher durations of reading and doing homework were associated with higher academic achievement. Higher duration of screen time was associated with lower fitness. Higher durations of screen time and computer use were associated with lower self-esteem. Evidence ranged from “very low” to “moderate” quality. Higher quality studies using reliable and valid sedentary behaviour measures should confirm this largely observational evidence.
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Vernarelli, Jacqueline A. "Impact of genetic risk assessment on nutrition-related lifestyle behaviours." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 72, no. 1 (October 25, 2012): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112002741.
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Genetic susceptibility testing for common complex disease is a practice that is currently in clinical use. There are two types of gene mutations, and therefore, two varieties of genotype testing: deterministic and susceptibility. As the term suggests, deterministic genes determine whether or not a person will develop a given trait in Mendelian fashion, such as Huntington's disease. Genotype screening for such deterministic mutations has existed for decades, and is commonly used in routine medical practice. In recent years, the sequencing of the human genome has identified several ‘susceptibility genes’ or genes with incomplete penetrance. Mutations in these genes may increase disease susceptibility, but are not causative for disease. Genetic susceptibility testing allows unaffected individuals to obtain risk information for a variety of common complex diseases and health conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), CVD, cancer and diabetes. The availability of genetic susceptibility testing has increased over the past decade, and several studies are now focusing on the impact that genetic testing has on health and other lifestyle behaviours related to nutrition. The aim of this paper is to review the literature and evaluate what, if any, impact genetic risk assessment has on behaviours related to nutrition and physical activity. This paper summarises seven clinical studies that evaluated the impact of disclosing genetic risk information for disease on nutrition-related health behaviour changes. Of these seven studies, only three studies reported that health behaviour change was influenced by genotype disclosure.
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Finkenauer, Catrin, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, and Roy F. Baumeister. "Parenting behaviour and adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: The role of self-control." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 1 (January 2005): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333.
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Cross-sectional data from 1359 boys and girls aged 10–14 years investigated whether parenting behaviours are directly or indirectly (through building self-control) associated with emotional (depression, stress, low self-esteem) and behavioural (delinquency, aggression) problems among adolescents. Replicating existing findings, both types of problems were directly, negatively related to adaptive parenting behaviour (high parental acceptance, strict control and monitoring, and little use of manipulative psychological control). Extending existing findings, self-control partially mediated the link between parenting behaviour and adolescent emotional and behavioural problems. Contrary to earlier suggestions, there was no sign that high self-control was associated with drawbacks or increased risk of psychosocial problems.
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Hamzah, Siti Raihana, Norizarina Ishak, and Ahmad Fadly Nurullah Rasedee. "Risk shifting elimination and risk sharing exposure in equity-based financing – a theoretical exposition." Managerial Finance 44, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 1210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-05-2017-0187.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine incentives for risk shifting in debt- and equity-based contracts based on the critiques of the similarities between sukuk and bonds. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a theoretical and mathematical model to investigate whether incentives for risk taking exist in: debt contracts; and equity contracts. Findings Based on this theoretical model, it argues that risk shifting behaviour exists in debt contracts only because debt naturally gives rise to risk shifting behaviour when the transaction takes place. In contrast, equity contracts, by their very nature, involve sharing transactional risk and returns and are thus thought to make risk shifting behaviour undesirable. Nonetheless, previous researchers have found that equity-based financing also might carry risk shifting incentives. Even so, this paper argues that the amount of capital provided and the underlying assets must be considered, especially in the event of default. Through mathematical modelling, this element of equity financing can make risk shifting unattractive, thus making equity financing more distinct than debt financing. Research limitations/implications Global awareness of the dangers of debt should be increased as a means of reducing the amount of debt outstanding globally. Although some regulators suggest that sukuk replaces debt, they must also be aware that imitative sukuk poses the same threat to efforts to avoid debt. In short, efforts to ensure future financial stability cannot address only debts or bonds but must also address those types of sukuk that mirrors bonds in their operation. In the wake of the global financial crisis, amid the frantic search for ways of protecting against future financial shocks, this analysis aims to help create future stability by encouraging market players to avoid debt-based activities and promoting equity-based instruments. Practical implications This paper’s findings are relevant for countries that feature more than one type of financial market (e.g. Islamic and conventional) because risk shifting behaviour can degrade economic and financial stability. Originality/value This paper differs from the previous literature in two important ways, viewing risk shifting behaviour not only in relation to debt or bonds but also when set against debt-based sukuk, which has been subjected to similar criticism. Indeed, to the extent that debts and bonds encourage risk shifting behaviour and threaten the entire financial system, so, too, can imitation sukuk or debt-based sukuk. Second, this paper is unique in exploring the ability of equity features to curb equityholders’ incentive to engage in risk shifting behaviour. Such an examination is necessary for the wake of the global financial crisis, for researchers and economists now agree that risk shifting must be controlled.
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Kleinow, Jacob, and Andreas Horsch. "The impact of state guarantees on banks’ ratings and risk behaviour." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 1 (2014): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i1_p3.
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State guarantees are supposed to have positive influence on banks’ ratings as they provide an additional safety net to depositors while lending the guarantor’s creditworthiness to the bank. Based hereupon, we research if and to what extent guarantees perceptibly affect market prices of securities issued by banks. Our results indicate that banks receive governmental rating subsidies of up to 7 notches depending on the region. Furthermore, literature suggests that guarantees and subsequent bailout expectations increase the risk appetite of banks enjoying this governmental support, as protected actors feel less incentivized to apply market discipline. Based hereupon, we consider the possibility of reversed causality: Is the probability of bailouts correlated to a bank’s risk taking? Analysing the drivers of governmental support for different types of banks, we find that governments are particularly willing to bail out (traditional commercial) banks with low returns on investment, or weak share performance, and a higher exposure to risk.
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Notaro, Domenico. "Scientists and Earthquake Risk Prediction: “Ordinary” Liability in an Extraordinary Case?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003573.
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This article aims to consider whether classic criminal offences (such as manslaughter) are adequate to reprove the scientists’ behaviour when major calamities are being judged to have caused the death of people and wide destructions. The fundamental problem hinges on the role of risk-assessment and consultancy carried out by the scientists, as well as on the unknown state of major risks. Then, to establish a link of causality between the defendants’ behaviour and the death-events affecting the victims, it must be proved that: a) the scientists “psychically” influenced the victims to leave any safety precaution in relation to the risk; b) the deaths of the inhabitants are not to be considered an “extraordinary” circumstance, even by experts. The difficulties faced by the Judge to fulfil these tasks prompt us to wonder whether other types of criminal charges would be more appropriate for sanctioning scientists who are found to be derelict in their duty of risk-assessment to authorities and citizens.
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Sareen, Jitender, Tracie O. Afifi, Tamara Taillieu, Kristene Cheung, Sarah Turner, Murray B. Stein, and Mark A. Zamorski. "Deployment-Related Traumatic Events and Suicidal Behaviours in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Armed Forces Personnel." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 11 (May 10, 2017): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717699174.
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Objective: Worldwide, there has been substantial controversy with respect to whether military deployment is a risk factor for suicidal behaviour. The present study examined the relationship between lifetime exposure to deployment and deployment-related traumatic events (DRTEs) and past-year suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal plans (SP), and suicidal attempts (SA). Method: Data were analysed from the 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (8161 respondents; response rate, 79.8%; aged 18-60 years). A total of 12 individual items assessed exposure to DRTEs (e.g., combat, witnessing human atrocities, feeling responsible for the death of Canadian or ally personnel, knowing someone who was injured or killed). We examined each individual DRTE type as well as the number of types of DRTEs in relation to suicidal behaviour. Results: Lifetime deployment was not significantly associated with suicidal behaviour. In models adjusted for sociodemographic variables, most of the individual DRTE items and the DRTE count variable were significantly associated with suicidal behaviours (adjusted odds ratio ranged between 1.10 and 5.32). When further adjusting for child abuse exposure, these associations were minimally attenuated, and some became nonsignificant. In models adjusting for mental disorders and child abuse, most DRTEs and number of types of DRTEs became nonsignificant in relation to SI, SP, and SA. Conclusions: Active military personnel exposed to increasing number of DRTEs are at increased risk for SI, SP, and SA. However, most of the association between DRTEs and suicidal behaviour is accounted for by child abuse exposure and mental disorders.
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Chinchanachokchai, Sydney, Theeranuch Pusaksrikit, and Siwarit Pongsakornrungsilp. "Exploring Different Types of Superstitious Beliefs in Risk-Taking Behaviors." Social Marketing Quarterly 23, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500416672439.
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Superstitions are common phenomena in human society, especially in Asian cultures. Superstitious beliefs can have a negative impact on the social well-being of people in society because they are highly associated with financial risk-taking and gambling behaviors. This study looks at the effects of different types of superstitious belief (proactive vs. passive) on consumers’ risk-taking behaviors. Categorized based on the characteristics associated with an illusion of control in a situation, proactive and passive superstitious beliefs were found to show differences in risk-taking behaviors. The results demonstrate that passive superstitious beliefs increase the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors when a superstitious object is introduced. The research suggests social marketing and public policy implications.
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Hodgins, Sheilagh, and Sanja Klein. "New Clinically Relevant Findings about Violence by People with Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743716648300.
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Objective: To review findings with clinical relevance that add to knowledge about antisocial and aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia. Method: Nonsystematic literature review. Results: Recent evidence shows that individuals who develop schizophrenia present cognitive deficits, psychotic-like experiences, and internalizing and externalizing problems from childhood onwards. Many of their relatives present not only schizophrenia-related disorders but also antisocial behaviour. While the increased risk of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia has been robustly established, recent findings show that by first contact with clinical services for psychosis, most people with schizophrenia who will engage in aggressive behaviour may be identified. At first episode, 2 distinct types are distinguishable: those who present a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood and those who began engaging in aggressive behaviour as illness onsets. Antipsychotic medications and other treatments shown to be effective for schizophrenia are needed by both types of patients. Additionally, those with a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood require cognitive-behavioural programs aimed at reducing these behaviours and promoting prosocial behaviour. Reducing physical victimisation and cannabis use will likely reduce aggressive behaviour. Evidence suggests that threats to hurt others often precede assaults. Conclusions: At first contact with services, patients with schizophrenia who have engaged in aggressive behaviour should be identified and treated for schizophrenia and for aggression. Research is needed to identify interactions between genotypes and environmental factors, from conception onwards, that promote and that protect against the development of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia.
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Paul, K. T., and D. A. King. "The burning behaviour of domestic upholstered chairs containing different types of polyurethane foams." Fire Safety Journal 16, no. 5 (January 1990): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(90)90010-c.
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Baron-Cohen, Simon, Jane Allen, and Christopher Gillberg. "Can Autism be Detected at 18 Months?" British Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 6 (December 1992): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.161.6.839.
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Autism is currently detected only at about three years of age. This study aimed to establish if detection of autism was possible at 18 months of age. We screened 41 18–month-old toddlers who were at high genetic risk for developing autism, and 50 randomly selected 18–month-olds, using a new instrument, the CHAT, administered by GPs or health visitors. More than 80% of the randomly selected 18–month-old toddlers passed on all items, and none failed on more than one of pretend play, protodeclarative pointing, joint-attention, social interest, and social play. Four children in the high-risk group failed on two or more of these five key types of behaviour. At follow-up at 30 months of age, the 87 children who had passed four or more of these key types of behaviour at 18 months of age had continued to develop normally. The four toddlers who had failed on two or more of these key types of behaviour at 18 months received a diagnosis of autism by 30 months.
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Mortimer, Beth, James A. Walker, David S. Lolchuragi, Michael Reinwald, and David Daballen. "Noise matters: elephants show risk-avoidance behaviour in response to human-generated seismic cues." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 30, 2021): 20210774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0774.
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African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) use many sensory modes to gather information about their environment, including the detection of seismic, or ground-based, vibrations. Seismic information is known to include elephant-generated signals, but also potentially encompasses biotic cues that are commonly referred to as ‘noise’. To investigate seismic information transfer in elephants beyond communication, here we tested the hypothesis that wild elephants detect and discriminate between seismic vibrations that differ in their noise types, whether elephant- or human-generated. We played three types of seismic vibrations to elephants: seismic recordings of elephants (elephant-generated), white noise (human-generated) and a combined track (elephant- and human-generated). We found evidence of both detection of seismic noise and discrimination between the two treatments containing human-generated noise. In particular, we found evidence of retreat behaviour, where seismic tracks with human-generated noise caused elephants to move further away from the trial location. We conclude that seismic noise are cues that contain biologically relevant information for elephants that they can associate with risk. This expands our understanding of how elephants use seismic information, with implications for elephant sensory ecology and conservation management.
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S., Gopalakrishnan, and Mohan Kumar P. "Risk factors of morbidity among construction workers: a review." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 4664. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204772.
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Construction industry is the second largest employer of workers the world over and is second only to the number of workers in the agricultural sector. Since construction industry and workers come under the un-organized sector, they are not benefitted by any of the advantages enjoyed by the workers in the organised sector. Most of the workers belong to the poor socioeconomic background and illiterates who are hired by the agents based on the construction manpower needs on a daily wages manner. Migrant workers from poorer and under developed areas of the country are increasingly being exploited for this purpose. The rigorous and strenuous construction work and their temporary and shabby living conditions make them vulnerable for several types of diseases and ill health, for which they may not get adequate and timely medical care and support. Workplace safety and workers safety are often compromised. They constantly face physical, chemical and biological risk factors. Risk factors and risk behaviour like smoking, tobacco use, alcoholism and even substance abuse among the construction workers contribute to their high morbidity and even mortality. This review article focuses on the various risk factors and the risk behaviours, which the construction workers are exposed and are prone to develop, leading to different types of morbid conditions at the work place as well as in their places of living.
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Tong, Ruipeng, Yunyun Yang, Xiaofei Ma, Yanwei Zhang, Shian Li, and Hongqing Yang. "Risk Assessment of Miners’ Unsafe Behaviors: A Case Study of Gas Explosion Accidents in Coal Mine, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101765.
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China’s coal mine production situation is grim and various types of accidents occur frequently, and gas explosion accidents are the highest incidence of coal mine accidents. The authors selected 200 gas explosion accidents of coal mine enterprises in recent years, and extracted a large number of workers’ unsafe behaviors. Meanwhile, four working types related to gas explosion accidents were obtained, namely ventilation, gas prevention and fire extinguishing, blasting, and electrician. This article listed some influencing factors of unsafe behaviors and corrected the probability of unsafe behaviors. In addition, a probabilistic risk assessment model was established, and the Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the risks caused by unsafe behaviors of various working types. The results show that the risk of unsafe behaviors caused by the ventilation working type is the highest, followed by gas prevention and fire extinguishing, and finally blasting and electrician. This paper studies the influencing factors of miners’ unsafe behaviors from the perspective of behavior, guarantees effectively the safety management of coal mine enterprises, and lays a foundation for studying unsafe behaviors related to coal mine gas explosions.
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Mikkelsen, Bent Egberg, Frantisek Sudzina, Marek Botek, Annette Quinto Romani, and Kristian Larsen. "Are Perceptions of Health Dependant on Social Class? Studying Soft Power and Symbolic Violence in a Health Promotion Program among Young Men at Vocational Schools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147517.
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Health behaviour among young people has a social gradient, and tends to be skewed in terms of gender as well. Young men in vocational educational settings are an example where the inequality in health is apparent. Addressing this problem requires an understanding of health behaviour and its determinants in the target group in order to be able to develop interventions that can address the problem. The aim of the paper is to investigate to what extent a multicomponent intervention based on the Whole School Approach, targeting the risk behaviours, smoking, eating and physical activity that have an impact on health behaviour among male students in a disadvantaged educational setting. The paper uses self-reported longitudinal data on risk behaviours from the “Gearing up the Body” 1-year intervention program that was implemented among students at a Danish vocational school. For the analysis, we created a score model to categorise students and behaviour. Analyses suggest that interventions had only a modest impact and what evidence there is shows that the interventions reduced the health behaviour scores by 0.03 points. More specifically, we find that symbolic violence reduces the health behaviour score of the healthy types by 0.20 points, whereas soft power increases the health behaviour of the unhealthy type by 0.05 points. An explanation for the disappointing results of the “Gearing up the Body” program is tension between different understanding of what is “right” and “wrong” health behaviour. We find that the ideas of soft power and symbolic violence can contribute to a better understanding of why health and health behaviour is understood differently among vocational students. Thus, the finding demonstrates that one needs to apply a participatory approach rather than a normative approach addressing the health behaviour of disadvantaged individuals.
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Tobias, Joseph A., and Alex L. Pigot. "Integrating behaviour and ecology into global biodiversity conservation strategies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0012.
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Insights into animal behaviour play an increasingly central role in species-focused conservation practice. However, progress towards incorporating behaviour into regional or global conservation strategies has been more limited, not least because standardized datasets of behavioural traits are generally lacking at wider taxonomic or spatial scales. Here we make use of the recent expansion of global datasets for birds to assess the prospects for including behavioural traits in systematic conservation priority-setting and monitoring programmes. Using International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List classifications for more than 9500 bird species, we show that the incidence of threat can vary substantially across different behavioural categories, and that some types of behaviour—including particular foraging, mating and migration strategies—are significantly more threatened than others. The link between behavioural traits and extinction risk is partly driven by correlations with well-established geographical and ecological factors (e.g. range size, body mass, human population pressure), but our models also reveal that behaviour modifies the effect of these factors, helping to explain broad-scale patterns of extinction risk. Overall, these results suggest that a multi-species approach at the scale of communities, continents and ecosystems can be used to identify and monitor threatened behaviours, and to flag up cases of latent extinction risk, where threatened status may currently be underestimated. Our findings also highlight the importance of comprehensive standardized descriptive data for ecological and behavioural traits, and point the way towards deeper integration of behaviour into quantitative conservation assessments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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Lin, Kai, Ivan Y. Sun, Jianhong Liu, and Xuan Chen. "Chinese Women’s Experience of Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring Factors Affecting Various Types of IPV." Violence Against Women 24, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216671221.
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Using a sample of 553 married and divorced women in a large city in southern China, this study tested the effects of demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, patriarchal ideology, and personal mentality and skills on women’s experience of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Divorced women were more likely than married women to experience all types of IPV. Risk behaviors were consistently related to IPV incidents, whereas the impact of patriarchal ideology and personal mentality and skills was equivocal. Limitations of the study and implications for future research and policy are discussed.
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Edinger, Wieke Huizing. "Food, Safety and the Behavioural Factor of Risk." European Journal of Risk Regulation 5, no. 4 (December 2014): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00004086.
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This paper aims to demonstrate that the current application of the concepts of risk and unsafety in Regulation 178/2002 (GFL) results in a grey area within EU food safety regulation. By means of the food safety risk assessment of aspartame it is illustrated that “grey area foods”, although not “unsafe” according to legal definition, could compromise human health because of, i.e., their nutritional composition. It will be argued that the grey area emerges from a narrow focus of food safety risk assessment within the ambit of the GFL, which disregards certain types of hazard and causes an information gap with respect to how food consumption, eating behaviour and health are interconnected. At the same time, the scope of food safety in the GFL is restricted to what is considered “normal” consumer behaviour in view of the information provided on food labels or generally available in society. In doing so, the legislator has set rather high standards for what may be expected of the average consumer in terms of the understanding and avoidance of behavioural risks. As a result, the consumer bears the responsibility for the consequences of the information gap.
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Langille, D., P. Andreou, and K. Wilson. "P2-S1.09 Associations between early sexual debut and two types of sexual risk behaviour in Nova Scotia adolescents." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, Suppl 1 (July 1, 2011): A223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.287.
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Montero-Quintana, Austin N., J. Abraham Vázquez-Haikin, Thomas Merkling, Pierrick Blanchard, and Marcela Osorio-Beristain. "Ecotourism impacts on the behaviour of whale sharks: an experimental approach." Oryx 54, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000017.
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AbstractTourists approaching wild animals can potentially cause disturbance as a result of the perceived predation risk. Risk effects arise when prey alter their behaviour in response to predators. This response may carry costs through its impact on fitness-related activities such as foraging. We recorded behavioural responses of whale sharks Rhincodon typus to experimental vessel and swimmer approaches. We simulated the disturbance caused by ecotourism in the foraging site of this planktivorous fish in Bahia de Los Angeles, Gulf of Baja California, Mexico. Stress-related behaviours (vigilance, change of direction, diving and acceleration) were more common directly after both types of disturbance than before, in particular after approach by a swimmer. Individuals were more likely to be vigilant when they were new to the bay, but we did not find evidence of within-season behavioural habituation. Sharks were 24% more likely to forage before human stimuli than after. Our study highlights negative effects of vessel and swimmer approaches on whale shark behaviour, with a short-term increase in stress-related behaviours potentially carrying energetic costs, combined with a decrease in food intake following the disturbance. Our results indicate concerns about the impact of ecotourism on large fish species. An important next step would be to determine whether these short-term behavioural responses to the perception of predation risk negatively affect fitness. Among other guidelines, we recommend preventing swimmers from approaching if whale sharks stop feeding when a vessel approaches.
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Blanco, Carlos, Alex Blaszczynski, Reiner Clement, Jeffrey Derevensky, Anna E. Goudriaan, David C. Hodgins, Ruth J. Van Holst, et al. "ASSESSMENT TOOL TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE RISK POTENTIAL OF GAMBLING PRODUCTS ASTERIG." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i1.625.
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Although most individuals who gamble do so without any adverse consequences, some individuals develop a recurrent, maladaptive pattern of gambling behaviour, often called pathological gambling or gambling disorder, that is associated with financial losses, disruption of family and interpersonal relationships, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour. Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible. ASTERIG, initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.
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Sheridan, Judith, and Matthew R. Sanders. "The Need for Effective Early Behavioural Family Interventions for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 13, no. 1 (May 1996): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027371.
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AbstractThere is a pressing need for the development of effective early family intervention programs for children showing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) behaviours with Conduct Disorder (CD) or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) behaviours. Previous research has indicated that children with ADHD are at high risk of developing comorbid CD or ODD behaviours. In addition, it has been shown that ODD or CD behaviours in childhood tend to persist and to have adverse effects on later social adjustment. However, ODD or CD behaviours are not necessary concomitants of ADHD, and it has been demonstrated that behavioural intervention can have both short- and long-term beneficial effects for children showing early signs of ODD or CD behaviours. In the short term, behavioural family interventions may be able to reduce oppositional behaviour, particularly in the preschool years. In the long term, early intervention has been shown to reduce the incidence of later antisocial behaviour in children at risk for this developmental trajectory. In this paper, it will be argued that behavioural family interventions have not been effectively utilised or promulgated in the community for children with ADHD despite the demonstrated efficacy of these types of interventons. A model of a multilevel system of intervention that can be tailored to the individual family's needs is presented.
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Bonnet, Agnès, Vincent Bréjard, and Jean-Louis Pedinielli. "Personality, Affectivity, and Alexithymia in Scuba Diving: Two Types of Risk Taking." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 11, no. 3 (September 2017): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0049.
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Objectives for this study were, first, to describe individual differences in risk taking among scuba divers. Differences were examined on personality dimensions and psycho-affective variables, including positive and negative affect, as well as alexithymia. In addition, the study examined contributors to two types of behavior associated with scuba diving—deliberate risk taking and controlled participation in a high-risk sport (non-risk-taking). A cross-sectional design was used, and 131 participants were assessed on extraversion-neuroticism, affectivity, and alexithymia. The broad dimensions of personality and affectivity explained risk taking among divers. Alexithymia differentially predicted two types of risktaking behavior (direct or short-term and indirect or long-term) and was associated significantly with short-term risk-taking behavior.
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Das, T. K., and Bing-Sheng Teng. "Time and Entrepreneurial Risk Behavior." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 22, no. 2 (January 1998): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879802200206.
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Risk and risk behavior form an important segment of the entrepreneurship literature. Entrepreneurial risk behavior has been studied with both trait and cognitive approaches, but the findings do not adequately explain either how entrepreneurs differ from non-entrepreneurs, or how different types of entrepreneurs can be specified in terms of their risk behavior. This paper is an attempt to address these issues by introducing two temporal attributes that we consider significant for understanding risk behavior, given that risk is inherently embedded in time. First, we suggest the notion of risk horizon, differentiating short-range risk from long-range risk. Second, we examine the risk behavior of entrepreneurs in terms of their individual future orientation, in tandem with their risk propensity. We propose a temporal framework that seeks to explain, at once, the different types of risk behavior among entrepreneurs as well as the distinction between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. The framework is also applied to networking and alliancing activities of entrepreneurs. Finally, a number of propositions are developed to facilitate empirical testing of the insights implicit in the temporal framework of entrepreneurial risk behavior.
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Ren, Monica. "How much do CEOs influence risk attitudes in a firm’s internationalization? Exploring Chinese mining SOES and NSOES." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 2 (2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i2p2.
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This paper provides an insight into comprehending Chinese firms’ strategic behaviour on risks in outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Qualitative case studies, based on eight Chinese mining state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises (SOEs and NSOEs). The findings suggest that: (a) the characteristics of CEOs (Chief Executive Officers) of both SOEs and NSOEs significantly influenced the firms’ internationalization risk attitudes; (b) the tenure of CEOs led to SOEs’ periodical and NSOEs’ perennial risk attitudes; (c) CEOs’ personalities and tenure tend to drive the directions of risk attitudes, while CEOs’ experiences and remuneration were linked with risk intensities. These results support the upper echelons theory, suggesting that in understanding different ownership types of Chinese firms’ internationalization risk attitudes, CEOs’ characteristics should be investigated.
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Hallgren, Mats, Thi-Thuy-Dung Nguyen, Neville Owen, Brendon Stubbs, Davy Vancampfort, Andreas Lundin, David Dunstan, Rino Bellocco, and Ylva Trolle Lagerros. "Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of passive and mentally active sedentary behaviours and physical activity with depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 217, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.60.
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BackgroundSedentary behaviour can be associated with poor mental health, but it remains unclear whether all types of sedentary behaviour have equivalent detrimental effects.AimsTo model the potential impact on depression of replacing passive with mentally active sedentary behaviours and with light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. An additional aim was to explore these relationships by self-report data and clinician diagnoses of depression.MethodIn 1997, 43 863 Swedish adults were initially surveyed and their responses linked to patient registers until 2010. The isotemporal substitution method was used to model the potential impact on depression of replacing 30 min of passive sedentary behaviour with equivalent durations of mentally active sedentary behaviour, light physical activity or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Outcomes were self-reported depression symptoms (cross-sectional analyses) and clinician-diagnosed incident major depressive disorder (MDD) (prospective analyses).ResultsOf 24 060 participants with complete data (mean age 49.2 years, s.d. 15.8, 66% female), 1526 (6.3%) reported depression symptoms at baseline. There were 416 (1.7%) incident cases of MDD during the 13-year follow-up. Modelled cross-sectionally, replacing 30 min/day of passive sedentary behaviour with 30 min/day of mentally active sedentary behaviour, light physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity reduced the odds of depression symptoms by 5% (odds ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.94–0.97), 13% (odds ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–1.00) and 19% (odds ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.93–0.90), respectively. Modelled prospectively, substituting 30 min/day of passive with 30 min/day of mentally active sedentary behaviour reduced MDD risk by 5% (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99); no other prospective associations were statistically significant.ConclusionsSubstituting passive with mentally active sedentary behaviours, light activity or moderate-to-vigorous activity may reduce depression risk in adults.
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De Vos, Johanna C. W., Dorita Du Toit, and Dané Coetzee. "The types and levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour of Senior Phase learners in Potchefstroom." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.994.
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Background: Worldwide, the health risks of decreasing physical activity levels and increasing sedentary behaviour among adolescents are a raising concern.Objective: To determine the types and levels of physical activity as well as that of sedentary behaviour of a group Senior Phase learners in South Africa.Methods: The adapted Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey (CLASS) questionnaire was used for determining the types and levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour of 230 Grade 7 learners, from three schools in Potchefstroom. Data were analysed by means of the SAS statistics programme, and descriptive statistics, as well as independent t-tests andeffect sizes (ES) were used.Results: Moderate to high-intensity physical activity levels of between 334 and 361 min per week were found, and sedentary behaviour of between 3077 and 3410 min per week, which implies that between 70.7% and 71.9% of the participants, did not meet the recommended health-based guidelines. Higher activity levels were shown during weekends, where the boys were significantly more active than girls (p < 0.001; ES between 0.21 and 0.56), and girls showed more sedentary behaviours than the boys (ES between 0.18 and 0.20). The leisure time physical activities with the highest participation were soccer, recreational swimming, jogging and dancing, while the sedentary activities were listening to music, riding a vehicle and being busy on the phone.Conclusion: Strategies need to be implemented to raise the physical activity levels of Senior Phase learners, especially during weekdays, and to decrease sedentary behaviour. With this view in mind, recommendations are made for Physical Education teachers.
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Saunders, Travis J., Travis McIsaac, Kevin Douillette, Nick Gaulton, Stephen Hunter, Ryan E. Rhodes, Stephanie A. Prince, et al. "Sedentary behaviour and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 10 (Suppl. 2) (October 2020): S197—S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0272.
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The purpose of this overview of systematic reviews was to determine the relationship between different types and patterns of sedentary behaviour and selected health outcomes in adults and older adults. Five electronic databases were last searched in May, 2019, with a 10-year search limit. Included reviews met the a priori population (community-dwelling adults aged 18 years and older), intervention/exposure/comparator (various types and/or patterns of sedentary behaviour), and outcomes criteria. Eighteen systematic reviews were included in the evidence synthesis. High levels of sedentary behaviour are unfavourably associated with cognitive function, depression, function and disability, physical activity levels, and physical health-related quality of life in adults. Reducing or breaking up sedentary behaviour may benefit body composition and markers of cardiometabolic risk. Total sedentary behaviour and TV viewing were most consistently associated with unfavourable health outcomes, while computer and Internet use may be favourably associated with cognitive function for older adults. The quality of evidence within individual reviews (as assessed by review authors) varied from low to high, while the certainty of evidence was low to very low. These findings have important public health implications, suggesting that adults should avoid high levels of sedentary behaviour and break-up periods of prolonged sitting. (PROSPERO registration nos.: CRD42019123121 and CRD42019127157.) Novelty High levels of sedentary behaviour are unfavourably associated with important health outcomes in adults. Reducing or breaking up sedentary behaviour may benefit body composition and markers of cardiometabolic risk. Computer and Internet use may be favourably associated with cognitive function in older adults.
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Калиниченко and O. Kalinichenko. "Using Tests, Modern Computer Technologies and Information Processing in Systems Diagnostics and Prevention of Addictive Behavior (short review)." Journal of New Medical Technologies 22, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13323.
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This article discusses the possibility of the effectiveness of the application of diagnostic methodologies to identify the propensity to addiction, examines the possibility of using modern computer technologies in the diagnosis and prevention of addiction, the formation of health-promoting behaviours. The author presents a review of modern tests, computer programs and computer technology that allows not only to evaluate the likely risk of addictive behavior, but also to suggest corrective measures with regard to personal, social, biological factors influencing the formation of addictive behavior. Each of the analyzed test methods is based on a large theoretical and empirical base. Test methods were tested for validity and reliability, and offer computer technologies and systems of processing of the received information are detailed instructions. The author has made an attempt to classify a number of methods and technologies for diagnosis of deviant forms of behaviour, to highlight their specificity, to identify opportunities and constraints. Studied computer techniques and traditional tests can be used as an independent diagnostic tools of various types of addictive behavior, can be included in the scorecard addicting behavior in general.
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Faraone, Stephen V., C. Hendricks Brown, Stephen J. Glatt, and Ming T. Tsuang. "Preventing Schizophrenia and Psychotic Behaviour: Definitions and Methodological Issues." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47, no. 6 (August 2002): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700604.
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Although schizophrenia onset usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, much research shows that its seeds are planted early in life and that eventual onset occurs at the end of a neurodevelopmental process leading to aberrant brain functioning. This idea, along with the fact that current therapies are far from fully effective, suggests that preventive treatments may be needed to achieve an ideal outcome for schizophrenia patients and those predisposed to the disorder. In this article, we review the methodological challenges that must be overcome before effective preventive interventions can be created. Prevention studies will need to define the target population. This requires the identification of risk factors that will be useful in selecting at-risk people for preventive treatment. We review currently identified risk factors for schizophrenia: genes, psychosocial factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, and viruses. We also review 3 different types of prevention programs: universal, indicated, and selective. For schizophrenia, we distinguish prevention programs that target prodromal cases and those that target the disorder's premorbid precursors. Although those targeting prodromal cases provide a useful framework for early treatment of the disorder, studies of premorbid individuals are needed to design a truly preventive treatment.
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Jones, Verity, Sarah Whitehouse, Lindsey McEwen, Sara Williams, and Luci Gorell Barnes. "Promoting Water Efficiency and Hydrocitizenship in Young People’s Learning about Drought Risk in a Temperate Maritime Country." Water 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182599.
Full textAbstract:
Engaging young citizens with drought risk and positive water behaviours is essential in domestic water demand management within the wider climate crisis. This paper evaluates a new research-informed, picture book—‘DRY: The Diary of a Water Superhero’—that explores UK drought. The book’s development was underpinned by research within the Drought Risk and You (DRY) project. The book’s concept and storyline were co-produced by an interdisciplinary team, including a creative practitioner. This focused on key themes: drought definitions and types; drought myths; adaptation and young people’s (YP) agency. Characters and storyline were co-created to promote YP’s autonomy as change agents, and to encourage intergenerational and community learning. This paper evaluates the book from three perspectives: of YP, trainee teachers (TT) and teachers. Emergent themes are triangulated: drought as a sensitive issue, subject knowledge and changes in behaviour, and YP’s misconceptions about drought and place. TT also contemplated their improved subject knowledge and barriers to engaging with positive water behaviours. Teachers reflected on classroom use of the book, prior experiences about teaching drought, curriculum context and st/age of YP engaged. This paper reflects on how these insights feed into school practice and water industry outreach, in developing effective learning resources that promote a valuing of water, behaviour change and wider hydrocitizenship among YP and their communities.