Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Types of secondary electrons

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Types of secondary electrons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Types of secondary electrons.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Konvalina, Ivo, Filip Mika, Stanislav Krátký, Eliška Materna Mikmeková, and Ilona Müllerová. "In-Lens Band-Pass Filter for Secondary Electrons in Ultrahigh Resolution SEM." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142307.

Full text

Abstract:

Scanning electron microscopes come equipped with different types of detectors for the collection of signal electrons emitted from samples. In-lens detection systems mostly consist of several auxiliary electrodes that help electrons to travel in a direction towards the detector. This paper aims to show that a through-the-lens detector in a commercial electron microscope Magellan 400 FEG can, under specific conditions, work as an energy band-pass filter of secondary electrons that are excited by the primary beam electrons. The band-pass filter properties verify extensive simulations of secondary and backscattered electrons in a precision 3D model of a microscope. A unique test sample demonstrates the effects of the band-pass filter on final image and contrast with chromium and silver stripes on a silicon substrate, manufactured by a combination of e-beam lithography, wet etching, and lift-off technique. The ray tracing of signal electrons in a detector model predicate that the through-the-lens detector works as a band-pass filter of the secondary electrons with an energy window of about 3 eV. By moving the energy window along the secondary electron energy spectrum curve of the analyzed material, we select the energy of the secondary electrons to be detected. Energy filtration brings a change in contrast in the image as well as displaying details that are not otherwise visible.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Merli, P. G., and V. Morandi. "Low-Energy STEM of Multilayers and Dopant Profiles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 11, no. 1 (January 28, 2005): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605050063.

Full text

Abstract:

A conventional scanning electron microscope equipped with a LaB6 source has been modified to operate in a scanning transmission mode. Two detection strategies have been considered, one based on the direct collection of transmitted electrons, the other on the collection of secondary electrons resulting from the conversion of the transmitted ones. Two types of specimens have been mainly investigated: semiconductor multilayers and dopant profiles in As-implanted Si. The results show that the contrast obeys the rules of mass–thickness contrast whereas the resolution is always defined by the probe size independently of specimen thickness and beam broadening. The detection strategy may affect the bright field (light regions look brighter) or dark field (heavy regions look brighter) appearance of the image. Using a direct collection of the transmitted electrons, the contrast can be deduced from the angular distribution of transmitted electrons and their collection angles. When collecting the secondary electrons to explain the image contrast, it is also necessary to take into account the secondary yield dependence on the incidence angle of the transmitted electrons.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Nengsih, Erlinda, Aried Eriadi, and Anzharni Fajrina. "Review: Antioxidant Activity Test of Various Types of Mangroves." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine 6, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i08.003.

Full text

Abstract:

Free radicals are reactive oxygen that have unpaired electrons looking for partners by binding to electron molecules in the vicinity. Free radicals can cause several degenerative diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. The content of secondary metabolites in mangroves has the potential to prevent various diseases. Several methods commonly used to estimate the presence of antioxidants in plants include DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferrous reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid). The results of recent studies showed that some mangrove plants have antioxidant activity including: Rhyzophora mucronata, Nypa fruticans, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius L, Acrostichum aureum dan Scaevola taccada. Mangrove plants that have the highest IC50 value were found in leaves (methanol extract). The antioxidant activity of mangrove plants is caused by the presence of secondary metabolites contained in the extract such as flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Savic, Marija, and Marija Radmilovic-Radjenovic. "Gas discharges modeling by Monte Carlo technique." Chemical Industry 64, no. 3 (2010): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind091221022s.

Full text

Abstract:

The basic assumption of the Townsend theory - that ions produce secondary electrons - is valid only in a very narrow range of the reduced electric field E/N. In accordance with the revised Townsend theory that was suggested by Phelps and Petrovic, secondary electrons are produced in collisions of ions, fast neutrals, metastable atoms or photons with the cathode, or in gas phase ionizations by fast neutrals. In this paper we tried to build up a Monte Carlo code that can be used to calculate secondary electron yields for different types of particles. The obtained results are in good agreement with the analytical results of Phelps and. Petrovic [Plasma Sourc. Sci. Technol. 8 (1999) R1].

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Postek, M. T. "Electron detection modes and their relation to linewidth measurement in the Scanning Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144668.

Full text

Abstract:

The basic premise underlying the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for linewidth measurement for semiconductor research and production applications is that the video image acquired, displayed, and ultimately measured reflects accurately the structure of interest. It should be understood that not all the secondary electrons detected originate at the point of impact with the primary electron beam. Those that do are referred to as Type I electrons. Some of the signal is contributed by re-emergent backscattered electrons creating secondary electrons at the surface of the sample (Type II electrons) and at the final lens polepiece (Type III electrons). Other signal contributions include line-of-sight backscattered electrons and other sources particular to each instrument (Type IV electrons). The effects of these four types of contributions to the actual image or linewidth measurement have not been fully evaluated. In measurement applications, error due to the actual location of signal origination will not affect pitch measurements as the errors cancel. However, in linewidth measurement, the errors are additive and thus give twice the edge detection error to the measured width. The basic intent of this work is to demonstrate the magnitude of these errors relative to the mode of signal detection at a variety of beam acceleration voltages.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kohashi, Teruo. "Magnetization Analysis by Spin-Polarized Scanning Electron Microscopy." Scanning 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2420747.

Full text

Abstract:

Spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy (spin SEM) is a method for observing magnetic-domain structures by detecting the spin polarization of secondary electrons. It has several unique abilities such as detection of full magnetization orientation and high-spatial-resolution measurement. Several spin-SEM experiments have demonstrated that it is a promising method for studying various types of magnetic materials and devices. This review paper presents several spin-SEM observations to demonstrate the capability and potential of spin SEM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Basko, M. M. "Preheating of heavy-ion-beam targets by secondary particles." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004316.

Full text

Abstract:

The contribution of different sorts of secondary particles to the preheating of thermonuclear targets driven by heavy-ion beams is analyzed. Two types of illumination geometry are considered: side-on and face-on locations of the fuel with respect to the ion beam. It is shown that a substantial preheating can be expected from (1) nuclear fission fragments for the face-on fuel position and (2) δ-electrons and low-Z nuclear fragments for the side-on fuel location. All the X-ray and gamma photons of various origin are shown to produce a negligible fuel heating.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

KWEON, MINJUNG. "FIRST LOOK AT BEAUTY AND BEAUTY-JET TAGGING VIA SECONDARY VERTEXING WITH ALICE IN p+p COLLISIONS AT $\sqrt{S} = 7\,\, \rm{TeV}$." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 07 (July 2011): 1629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311019994.

Full text

Abstract:

The heavy flavour single electron data from RHIC indicate strong coupling of heavy quarks to the medium. The LHC extends greatly the kinematic range to high transverse momentum which enables new tests of heavy quark jet dynamics. Jets containing beauty hadrons have distinctive properties from other types of jets, which enhance their clear identification. We first introduce a method to preferentially select electrons from beauty hadron decay by reconstructing secondary vertices and show the results of this approach on simulated data. A preliminary look at the heavy flavour electron analysis and the beauty analysis in p + p collisions at [Formula: see text] is also presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Joy, David C. "Image modelling for SEM-based metrology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014467x.

Full text

Abstract:

Much of the success of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be attributed to the fact that the images that it produces appear similar to those seen by our eyes. Consequently the interpretation of SEM micrographs is perceived as a straightforward process. Although this casual approach works well enough for many qualitative purposes, when the SEM is to be used to make precise dimensional measurements of micron-sized features, such as resist strips or conductor pads, then more care must be paid to the details of image formation.Two types of electron signal, backscattered (BS) and secondary (SE), are usually available in an SEM. In many respects quantitative image interpretation is more straightforward for backscattered than for secondary electrons because Monte Carlo trajectory tracing techniques can be employed to compute the expected variation of signal with beam position.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Steck, M. "Magnetic micro structure evaluation by means of electron beam measuring techniques." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 762–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100176940.

Full text

Abstract:

The trend to micro miniaturization of magnetic devices with structure dimensions in the sub micrometer range at present necessitates more and more test techniques with a high spatial resolution. The electron beam techniques have been proved to be particularly suitable even ensuring high quality and reliability of these devices.In principle, two different types of measurement can be distinguished. In the sample-hitting type, the e-beam hits the sample and interacts with certain magnetic properties of the specimen. Two categories can be divided: reflection mode and transmission mode. In reflection mode, secondary electrons (SE) and back scattered electrons (BSE) are created by the primary beam. These SE change their trajectories due to the magnetic micro field at the specimen’s surface yielding to different signals at the detector. This contrast is very well known as magnetic contrast type 1. Magnetic contrast type 2 uses the change in the BSE-generation volume due the internal magnetization of the sample. A very new and promising technique is secondary electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA). SEMPA analyses the SE-spin which depends on the direction of magnetization in the magnetic domains. In reflection mode, SEMPA offers the best spatial resolution (sub-0.1 μm) up to now.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Taborelli, Mauro. "Magnetism of epitaxial thin films and single-crystal surfaces studied with spin-polarized secondary electrons /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8545.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Skladaný, Roman. "Návrh detektoru sekundárních elektronů pro ultravakuový elektronový mikroskop." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402574.

Full text

Abstract:

In this master’s thesis, a mechanical design of an in-column secondary electrons (SE) detector is presented. It is an ultravacuum compatible fibre-scintillation detector designed for use in an ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscope (UHV SEM). The designed in-column SE detector was manufactured and tested upon overcoming R&D challenges. The first section of this thesis deals with theoretical basis needed for understanding of functional principles of UHV SEM system and means of SE’s detection. In the second section, mechanical design of the in-column SE detector is described. The last section describes functionality of the designed detector. Effectiveness of light shielding of the detector was tested and the detective quantum efficiency was measured. Finally, images created by the designed in-column detector and an in-chamber SE detector were evaluated and compared.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Cai, Zhongli. "DNA damage induced by secondary electrons and x-rays." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4204.

Full text

Abstract:

X-rays are widely used in medical diagnosis and radiotherapy. The effects of X-rays on cells are dominated by their actions on the cellular DNA. The interaction of X-rays with DNA produces photoelectrons, Auger electrons, Compton electrons and large quantities of secondary electrons (SE), the majority of which have energies lower than 70 eV. This thesis aims to compare the DNA damage induced by SE and X-rays. A dosimetry method to measure the absorbed dose of Al[subscript k alpha] X-rays (1.5 keV) in ultrahigh vacuum chamber (UHV) using radiochromatic dosimetry films and a color scanner was developed. This provided the value for the absorbed dose in dry biological samples irradiated under UHV, allowing direct comparison of DNA damage induced by Al[subscript k alpha] X-rays and SE. The induction of covalent interduplex DNA crosslinks (CL) by X-rays was detected using restriction enzyme digestion and alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. The G value for CL induction in DNA in UHV by Al[subscript k alpha] X-rays is 16 « 4 nmol J[superscript -1], 2.8 fold that of double strand breaks (DSB). G(CL) in air by soft X-rays (14.8 keV) is 3 « 1([gamma] [approximate] 6, [gamma] is defined as the number of water molecules per nucleotide,) and 3.2 « 0.4 ([gamma] [approximate] 21) nmol J[superscript -1], 61 and 89% of those for DSB. These results suggest that CL is an important type of DNA damage, possibly as important as DSB in radiobiology. A new method of studying SE-induced DNA damage in comparison to Al[subscript k alpha] X-rays under identical experimental conditions was developed, using thin and thick films of DNA deposited on tantalum. X-ray induced SE emission from the tantalum serves as a source of SE in UHV. The lower limits of G values for DNA SSB and DSB induced by SE were derived to be: 86 « 2 and 8 « 2 nmol J[superscript -1], respectively. These values are 1.5 and 1.6 times larger than those obtained with 1.5 keV photons. The enhanced DNA damage by SE emission from tantalum exposed to soft X-rays (14.8 keV) in air was studied as a function of DNA hydration levels. The enhancement factor for SSB, DSB and CL induced by SE vs X-rays were derived to be: 5.0 « 0.8, 3.6 « 1.0 and 9 « 4 at [gamma] [approximate] 6, and 8 « 1, 9 « 2 and 5.0 « 1.4 at [gamma] [approximate] 21, respectively. This study provides a molecular basis for understanding the enhanced interface biological effects during X-ray diagnostic examination and radiotherapy. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of a 5'-32 P-labelled 3'-thiolated oligonucleotide chemisorbed on gold was bombarded by low energy electrons (LEE) of 8 to 68 eV."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Zheng, Yi. "Damage to simple DNA components induced by secondary electrons." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4218.

Full text

Abstract:

A major objective of our research group is to understand the mechanism of DNA damage induced by secondary electrons and its relationship to radiosensitization. My project focuses on simple systems, in which small DNA components, nucleosides (dThd), nucleotides (dTp), oligonucleotides (GCAT and CGTA) and modified oligonucleotides, are exposed to low energy electrons, and the subsequent reactions are studied by chemical analysis of the products. A new low-energy electron irradiation system was constructed in which a relatively large area of target compounds can be irradiated. Thus, this system provides sufficient amount of damage products for further chemical analysis by HPLC, GC/MS and LC/MS. Our systematic studies revealed two main types of LEE-induced fragmentation reactions in DNA: (1) cleavage of the N-glycosidic and (2) cleavage of the phosphodiester bond. The results show that phosphodiester bond cleavage by 4-15 eV electrons involves cleavage of the C-O bond rather than the P-O bond. Below 14 eV, the yield of LEE-induced damage products in DNA is dominated by the formation of transient anions located around 6 and 10 eV. Beyond 14 eV, direct LEE impact is believed to contribute substantially to damage. Our studies suggest that electron transfer occurs from the base moiety to the sugarphosphate backbone in DNA, but the inverse does not occur, in agreement with theoretical studies. The present study provides a chemical basis for the formation of strand breaks by the reaction of LEE with DNA. The capture of non-thermalized electrons with 4-10 eV of energy by DNA bases may be an important factor in DNA damage in living cells.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Elliott, Sarah Louise. "Dopant profiling with the scanning electron microscope." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270885.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Cai, Linghui, and 蔡凌辉. "Monte Carlo simulation of positron induced secondary electrons in thincarbon foils." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45460863.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Aebi, Philippe. "Experimental and theoretical study of scattering state fine structures observed in secondary electron spectroscopy from solid surfaces /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1989. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8994.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Pintao, Carlos Alberto Fonzar. "Novo arranjo para determinar os coeficientes de emissão e a distribuição de energia dos elétrons secundários emitidos por sólidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-14112007-091415/.

Full text

Abstract:

Neste trabalho estudou-se um novo arranjo de medida para se obter a distribuição de energia dos elétrons secundários emitidos e os coeficientes de emissão por um sólido. Pelo fato deste arranjo permitir a medida direta do potencial de superfície no caso dos polímeros e da ddp de contato no caso dos metais, foi possível aplicar e descrever teoricamente o método de medida empregado para determinar o espectro energético dos secundários para a platina, Teflon-FEP, Mylar, PVDF- α, PVDF- β e polimero condutor. As cargas acumuladas durante a irradiação dos polímeros foram compensadas através do próprio feixe eletrônico. Este procedimento não é muito usual em relação aqueles aplicados na literatura e mostrou-se bastante eficaz. Pela primeira vez empregou-se o método dinâmico para determinar o coeficiente de emissão total em função da energia dos elétrons incidentes nos metais e verificou-se que estes resultados são idênticos aqueles obtidos pelo método do pulso. Um desdobramento natural ao aplicar o método dinâmico aos metais foram as medidas realizadas para camadas de ouro com espessura de 50 nm, 10 nm e 2,5 nm depositada sobre o Teflon-FEP, que deram origem ao modelo das duas camadas na interpretação dos resultados experimentais.
A new arrangement of measure was developed in this study, in order to obtain the energy distribution from the emitted secondaries and the emission yields by a solid. Because this arrangement allowed the direct measurement of the surface potential, in the case of metals, it was possible to apply and describe theoretically the mensuration method employed, to determine the energy distribution of the secondaries to platinum, Teflon-FEP. Mylar, PVDF α, PVDF- β and thie conducting polymer. The charges accumulated during the polymers irradiation were compensated through the electronic beam itself. This proceeding is not very usual, as referring to the ones applied in literature, and it proved to be very efficacious. The dynamic method was employed for the first time to metals in order to determine the total emission yield in function of the energy of the inciding electrons and it was found out that these results were identical to the ones obtained through the pulse method. As a natural development, by applying the dynamic method to metals, the measurements achieved were also applied to golden layers 50 nm, 10 nm and 2,5 nm wide deposited on Teflon-FEP, and they gave birth to the two layers, in the interpretation of the experimental results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Porter, Troy Anthony. "Signatures of the propagation of primary and secondary cosmic ray electrons and positrons in the galaxy." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php848.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Includes bibliographical references (8 p.) Examines some of the consequences of the acceleration and production, and propagation, of high energy electrons and positrons in the Galaxy. In particular, predictions are made of the diffuse photon signals arising from the interactions of electrons and positrons with gas, low energy photons, and the galactic magnetic field during their transport in the Galaxy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Kay, Gillian. "Science practical work: what types of knowledge do secondary science teachers use?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13355.

Full text

Abstract:

Includes bibliographical references.
The prominence of practical work in science curricula today infers that these activities offer unique learning experiences for achieving specific goals. Yet, but for a few exceptions, practical work in school science is often neglected and has not been effective in achieving the goals normally associated with it. The rationale behind this study was that an understanding of the bases for decisions made as teachers plan, enact and assess practical work in Grade 8 and 9 natural sciences, may reveal the nature of the knowledge base required for effective practical work. It was thought that such insight might also shed light on some of the reasons for the apparent lack of effective practical work in South African schools. Furthermore it could inform the design of those aspects of pre - service and in - service teacher professional learning programmes aimed at developing the knowledge and skills required for effective practical work. There is a paucity of research on the knowledge base required for science practical work and no instruments designed to measure, capture or describe such a knowledge base, were found. The aim of this study was firstly to develop a valid and reliable instrument to facilitate the analysis of what teacher s say and do with respect to practical work, and secondly to get a feel for using this instrument for the purpose it was intended. Informed by literature, and using Shulman’s notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as the theoretical lens, the analytical instrument, called the practical work PCK table (PPCK T able), consisting of different categories and sub - categories of knowledge, was developed. A number of strategies were used to improve the validity and reliability of the instrument. These strategies included: i) using the instrument to analyse interviews and lessons of three natural sciences teachers working in three different educational settings, ii) soliciting the input from experts in the field of PCK, and iii) determining the inter - rater agreement in the interpretation of the categories or sub - categories among four raters by calculating the percentage agreement and the Fleiss’ kappa statistic. Addressing the shortcomings revealed by these measures culminated in the final version of the instrument, the practical work knowledge table (PracK Table) and its accompanying codebook. The second aim was addressed by conducting a pilot case study to explore the usefulness of the PracK Table as a heuristic device. A series of eight Grade 9 lessons taught by one teacher were observed. Data sources included lesson observations, teacher and learner interviews, worksheets and samples of learners’ work. The PracK Table was used to identify and describe the knowledge the teacher drew on when he engaged his learners in practical work. This study has shown the construct, ‘PCK for practical work’, to be invalid. It also revealed that a useful, valid and reliable instrument could be developed, if it is informed by authoritative literature, and if its validity and reliability are empirically tested in real contexts. In the case study the strengths and weaknesses in a teacher’s knowledge and practice could readily be identified using PracK Table as the analytical tool. The findings of the case study indicate that a broad knowledge base and access to laboratory resources, although necessary, does not always translate into effective practical work. Furthermore, it suggests that for well - qualified, experienced natural sciences teachers, teaching in fairly well - resourced schools, it is their theories about teaching and learning in general that is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of the practical work they engage in. These findings could have significant implications for the development of teacher professional learning programmes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Books on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Azmoodeh, Manoochehr. Abstract data types and algorithms. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan education, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Azmoodeh, Manoochehr. Abstract data types and algorithms. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Azmoodeh, Manoochelur. Abstract data types and algorithms. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan education, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

l'éducation, Ontario Ministère de. Sciences: Le curriculum de l'Ontario copies types de 9e année. Toronto, Ont: Ministère de l'éducation, 2000.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

l'éducation, Ontario Ministère de. Sciences: Le curriculum de l'Ontario copies types de 10e année. Toronto, Ont: Ministère de l'éducation, 2002.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Persell, Caroline Hodges. Teacher personnel policies and possible outcomes in four types of secondary schools: Final report. New York, NY (269 Mercer St., New York 10003): Dept. of Sociology, New York University, 1985.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

l'éducation, Ontario Ministère de. English: Le curriculum de l'Ontario copies types de 9e année. Toronto, Ont: Ministère de l'éducation, 2000.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

l'éducation, Ontario Ministère de. English: Le curriculum de l'Ontario copies types de 10e année. Toronto, Ont: Ministère de l'éducation, 2002.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Yamamoto, Atsumasa. Secondary flows and losses in two types of straight turbine cascades: Part 2-A Rotor case. Tokyo: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Yamamoto, Atsumasa. Secondary flows and losses in two types of straight turbine cascades: Part 1-A Stator case. Tokyo: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1988.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Goldstein, Joseph I., Dale E. Newbury, Joseph R. Michael, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, John Henry J. Scott, and David C. Joy. "Secondary Electrons." In Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 29–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6676-9_3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ahlers, Reinhard. "The Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Methodology." In New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs, 81–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9_7.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe FENIX project has started to develop future business models for the efficient recovery of secondary resources. It would not be enough just to improve business models based on traditional linear approaches. Rather, new approaches must be developed with a particular focus on environmental and climate changes. Electronic scrap is no longer scrap, but must be seen as valuable material. Using the mobile phone as an example, FENIX has developed technologies to get recyclable materials out of scrapped mobile phones and to process them into new materials and final products. The developed technological approaches are not limited to mobile phones, but can be used for all types of electronic waste. FENIX has only focused on the logistic chain from the dismantling of the cell phones to the manufacturing of new materials and products (recycling chain). This, of course, involves a lot of effort in dismantling the e-waste, as the recycling process was not yet considered when developing the products currently on the market. Such eco-design approaches would certainly reduce the disassembly effort in the future. FENIX business models should not only be based on economic success but also consider ecological effects at the same time. Therefore, an accompanying Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) has been carried out to prove the advantages of the developed business models. From the interim assessment, recommendations for further technical development directions were repeatedly given to achieve the best possible economic and ecological solutions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Stefani, Giovanni. "Correlation Experiments with Secondary Electrons." In Collision Theory for Atoms and Molecules, 191–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5655-4_5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Dapor, Maurizio. "Secondary Electron Yield." In Transport of Energetic Electrons in Solids, 111–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43264-5_9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Dapor, Maurizio. "Secondary Electron Yield." In Transport of Energetic Electrons in Solids, 81–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03883-4_7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Dapor, Maurizio. "Secondary Electron Yield." In Transport of Energetic Electrons in Solids, 85–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47492-2_7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Seigler, David S. "Miscellaneous Types of Alkaloids." In Plant Secondary Metabolism, 692–711. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0_37.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Reimer, Ludwig. "Imaging with Secondary and Backscattered Electrons." In Scanning Electron Microscopy, 227–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13562-4_6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kirschner, Jürgen. "Spin-Polarized Secondary Electrons from Ferromagnets." In Surface and Interface Characterization by Electron Optical Methods, 267–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9537-3_14.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Reimer, Ludwig. "Emission of Backscattered and Secondary Electrons." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 135–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38967-5_4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Sato, Mitsugu, Hideo Todokoro, and Kaneo Kageyama. "Snorkel-type conical objective lens with E cross B field for detecting secondary electrons." In SPIE's 1993 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by William B. Thompson, Mitsugu Sato, and Albert V. Crewe. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.155697.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ng, Jerry, and Kaisa Honkanen. "Fuel Efficiency – Challenges and Innovations in Emulsified Fuel Technology." In SNAME 5th World Maritime Technology Conference. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/wmtc-2015-187.

Full text

Abstract:

Emulsified fuel technology has been developed since the early 1980’s to the improve combustion efficiency of marine diesel engines by creating a secondary atomization effect after the initial fuel injection. The main challenge is to measure the improved sfoc of ships accurately and reliably. This paper presents a proposed method to measure the sfoc accurately and reliably to the order of 1%. Electronic governor also poses new challenge to measuring the sfoc of ships burning emulsified fuel. Meanwhile, fuel types supplied to ship owners are of increased varying properties although still complying to ISO8217 standard. This paper describes the innovations in emulsified fuel technology that were developed to meet these challenges.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Adadurov, Alexander F. "Secondary electrons produced by soft x rays." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Edward J. Morton. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.363700.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Rudko, Georgii, Mariia Kyrilo, and Maksym Ozerko. "MULTICOMPONENT DEPOSITS WITH BY-PRODUCT AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF FELDSPAR RAW MATERIALS FOR MODERN TECHNOLOGIES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/32.

Full text

Abstract:

"Feldspar is raw materials with a growing volume of production every year, as well as a price for it. Feldspar consumption has been gradually increasing in ceramics, glass industry for solar panels, housing, and building construction. Feldspar raw materials include intrusive, effusive rocks, weathering crust of crystalline rocks, sedimentary altered and altered rocks, as well as partially medium and basic aluminosilicate rocks. It was defined an industrial application for each species of feldspar. Potassium feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, sanidine) are used in electroceramic, electrode, abrasive, and ceramics industries. For these productions, the potash module is fixed in a ratio of 2: 1. For some industries, in particular the manufacture of high-voltage ceramics, the necessary feldspars are as close as possible to pure potassium (with a modulus of at least 4: 1, which corresponds to 80% of the orthoclase component). Potassium-sodium raw materials, from a potassium modulus of at least 0.9, are used for building construction. Sodium minerals with non-standardized potassium modulus are used for the glass industry, the production of enamels, and products such as vitreous porcelain. Calcium feldspars, represented by plagioclase of higher numbers, have limited practical application and their presence in feldspar concentrates is undesirable. According to mineral associations, all types of feldspar raw materials can be divided into five types: 1) feldspar (syenites, trachitis); 2) quartz-feldspar (pegmatites, granites, sands, etc.); 3) nepheline-feldspar (nepheline syenites, alkaline pegmatites); 4) quartz-sericite-feldspar (shales, secondary quartzites); 5) quartz-kaolinite-feldspar (sands, alkaline kaolins, secondary quartzites). It is shown on the example of Ukrainian deposits of feldspar minerals that complex deposits with by-products become the main source for production. Especially if these are new mining operation facilities. The authors have identified three main types of such complex multicomponent deposits: 1) deposits of intrusive rocks where weathering crust of crystalline rocks are mined as a byproduct; 2) complex deposits, where feldspar rocks are enclosing or overburden and can also be considered as byproducts; 3) deposits where feldspar concentrate can be produced as a product of ore components processing."

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Mikhailov, Vladimir, and Emiliano Mocchiutti. "Secondary positrons and electrons observed by PAMELA spectrometer." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0243.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Borisov, S. S., and S. I. Zaitsev. "One particularity of energy-angular secondary electrons spectrum." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Anatoly M. Filachev. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.693210.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Žilavý, P. "Energy Distributions of Secondary Electrons Under Different Conditions." In NEW VISTAS IN DUSTY PLASMAS: Fourth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2134647.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Wilbraham, R. J., C. Boxall, and R. J. Taylor. "Surface Decontamination by Photocatalysis." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16068.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently in the nuclear industry, surface contamination in the form of radioactive metal or metal oxide deposits is most commonly removed by chemical decontamination, electrochemical decontamination or physical attrition. Physical attrition techniques are generally used on structural materials (concrete, plaster), with (electro)chemical methods being used to decontaminate metallic or painted surfaces. The most common types of (electro)chemical decontamination are the use of simple mineral acids such as nitric acid or cerium (IV) oxidation (MEDOC). Use of both of these reagents frequently results in the dissolution of a layer of the substrate surface increasing the percentage of secondary waste which leads to burdens on downstream effluent treatment and waste management plants. In this context, both mineral acids and MEDOC can be indiscriminate in the surfaces attacked during deployment, e.g. attacking in transit through a pipe system to the site of contamination resulting in both diminished effect of the decontaminating reagent upon arrival at its target site and an increased secondary waste management requirement. This provides two main requirements for a more ideal decontamination reagent: Improved area specificity and a dissolution power equal to or greater than the previously mentioned current decontaminants. Photochemically promoted processes may provide such a decontamination technique. Photochemical reduction of metal ion valence states to aid in heavy metal deposition has already been extensively studied [1], with reductive manipulation also being achieved with uranium and plutonium simulants (Ce) [2]. Importantly photooxidation of a variety of metals, including neptunium [3], has also been achieved. Here we report on the potential application of this technology to metal dissolution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kuroda, Katsuhiro, Atsuko Takafuji, Ken-ichi Yamamoto, and Mitsugu Satou. "Optimized secondary electron collection in in-lens-type objective lens." In SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Eric Munro and Henry P. Freund. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.221579.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Mishra, Naresh C., Rajib Biswal, Dinakar Kanjilal, and Devesh K. Avasthi. "Defect creation by swift heavy ion induced secondary electrons." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Gary P. Grim and Richard C. Schirato. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.893025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Types of secondary electrons"

1

Thieberger, P. Proposed Magnetic Suppression of Secondary Electrons for the SNS Collimators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157235.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Sydorenko, D., A. Smolyakov, I. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses. Plasma-Sheath Instability in Hall Thrusters Due to Periodic Modulation of the Energy of Secondary Electrons in Cyclotron Motion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/959391.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Baluk, Nadia, Natalia Basij, Larysa Buk, and Olha Vovchanska. VR/AR-TECHNOLOGIES – NEW CONTENT OF THE NEW MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11074.

Full text

Abstract:

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the media content shaping and transformation in the convergent dimension of cross-media, taking into account the possibilities of augmented reality. With the help of the principles of objectivity, complexity and reliability in scientific research, a number of general scientific and special methods are used: method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, method of monitoring, observation, problem-thematic, typological and discursive methods. According to the form of information presentation, such types of media content as visual, audio, verbal and combined are defined and characterized. The most important in journalism is verbal content, it is the one that carries the main information load. The dynamic development of converged media leads to the dominance of image and video content; the likelihood of increasing the secondary content of the text increases. Given the market situation, the effective information product is a combined content that combines text with images, spreadsheets with video, animation with infographics, etc. Increasing number of new media are using applications and website platforms to interact with recipients. To proceed, the peculiarities of the new content of new media with the involvement of augmented reality are determined. Examples of successful interactive communication between recipients, the leading news agencies and commercial structures are provided. The conditions for effective use of VR / AR-technologies in the media content of new media, the involvement of viewers in changing stories with augmented reality are determined. The so-called immersive effect with the use of VR / AR-technologies involves complete immersion, immersion of the interested audience in the essence of the event being relayed. This interaction can be achieved through different types of VR video interactivity. One of the most important results of using VR content is the spatio-temporal and emotional immersion of viewers in the plot. The recipient turns from an external observer into an internal one; but his constant participation requires that the user preferences are taken into account. Factors such as satisfaction, positive reinforcement, empathy, and value influence the choice of VR / AR content by viewers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Groeneveld, Caspar, Elia Kibga, and Tom Kaye. Deploying an e-Learning Environment in Zanzibar: Feasibility Assessment. EdTech Hub, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0028.

Full text

Abstract:

The Zanzibar Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) and the World Bank (the Bank) approached the EdTech Hub (the Hub) in April 2020 to explore the feasibility of implementing a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The Hub was requested to focus primarily on the deployment of a VLE in lower secondary education, and this report consequently focuses primarily on this group. The report is structured in four sections: An introduction to provide the background and guiding principles for the engagement with a short overview of the methodology applied. An analysis of the Zanzibar education system with a particular focus on elements relevant to deploying a VLE. This includes the status of ICT infrastructure, and a summary of the stakeholders who will play a role in using or implementing a VLE. A third section that discusses types of VLEs and content organisation, and their applicability to the Zanzibar ecosystem. A conclusion with recommendations for Zanzibar, including short- and long-term steps. In this collaboration with Zanzibar’s MoEVT, the Hub team sought to understand the purpose of the proposed VLE. Based on discussions and user scenarios, we identified two main education challenges a VLE may help to resolve. In the short term, students cannot go to school during the COVID-19 crisis, but need access to educational content. There is content, but no flexible and versatile platform to disseminate content to all students. In the long term, a mechanism to provide students with access to quality, curriculum-aligned content in school, or remotely, is required.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Types of secondary porosity of carbonate rocks in injection and test wells in southern peninsular Florida. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri944013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!