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Books on the topic 'Types of sentences'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Riggs, Ann. Sentence types and punctuation. Mankato, MN: Creative Paperbacks, 2011.

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Riggs, Ann. Sentence types and punctuation. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2012.

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Riggs, Ann. Sentence types and punctuation. London: Franklin Watts, 2012.

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Sentence types and punctuation. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2012.

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5

Klein, Mavis. Life sentences: Five personality types : a guide to understanding people. London: Heterodox, 1989.

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Romanov, Aleksandr. Penal law of the Russian Federation: General and Special parts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/925785.

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The focus is on the subject and objectives of penal law of the Russian Federation, its sources and methods, types of penal norms, history and types of penal systems, the provisions of the Criminal Executive code of the Russian Federation, other penal laws and normative legal acts on the activities of bodies in charge of execution of punishments, exercising control and supervision over conditionally sentenced persons and persons with a suspended sentence. The characteristic of organization and activity of criminal-Executive system of the Russian Federation, highlights the issues of its reforms. Detail the issues of legal status of convicts established the order and conditions of execution and serving sentences, the use of other measures of criminal-legal nature, means of correction of convicts, providing medical care to prisoners, the performance requirements for the serving of sentences, organisation of support of liberated and control over them. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students of law faculties of educational institutions of higher education, enrolled in the academic programs of bachelor, specialist, master and post-graduate students, teachers, practical workers of law enforcement bodies and all those interested in issues of corrections, legal status of prisoners, the penal laws and the application of other measures of criminal-legal nature.
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Lippman, Laura. Life sentences. New York: William Morrow/Harper-Collins, 2009.

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Lippman, Laura. Life sentences. London: Avon, 2009.

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9

Lippman, Laura. Life sentences. Bath: Windsor, 2009.

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10

Davies, Eirian C. Sentence types in English discourse: A formal approach. Duisburg: Linguistic Agency University, 1989.

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11

Romero-Figueroa, Andrés. Basic word order and sentence types in Kari'ña. München: LINCOM Europa, 2000.

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12

Discourse and grammar: From sentence types to lexical categories. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2012.

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13

Life sentence. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2003.

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14

Life sentence. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2003.

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15

Yim, Hyung-Soon. The intonational phonology of direct and indirect imperative sentence types in Seoul Korean. München: Lincom Europa, 2003.

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16

Sentenced to death. Waterville, Me: Wheeler Pub., 2011.

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17

Drechsel, Ulrich. Typen des einfachen Satzes im Polnischen und ihre deutschen Entsprechungen. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 1994.

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18

Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 22. Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787679.003.0022.

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This chapter explains specific types of sentence and provide guidance on how a defence solicitor might prepare and deliver a plea in mitigation. It discusses when discretionary custodial sentence can be imposed; custody between the ages 18 and 21; length of custodial sentence; suspended sentence of imprisonment; concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences; fixed length sentences; sentencing dangerous offenders; community sentences; community sentences under the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003; guilty plea credit and community orders; enforcement of community orders under the CJA 2003; deferring sentence; fines; compensation orders; conditional discharge; absolute discharge; bind over; ancillary orders; structuring a plea in mitigation; advocacy and the plea in mitigation; and professional conduct.
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Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 22. Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198765905.003.0022.

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This chapter explains specific types of sentence and provide guidance on how a defence solicitor might prepare and deliver a plea in mitigation. It discusses when discretionary custodial sentence can be imposed; custody between the ages 18 and 21; length of custodial sentence; suspended sentence of imprisonment; concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences; fixed length sentences; sentencing dangerous offenders; community sentences; community sentences under the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003; guilty plea credit and community orders; enforcement of community orders under the CJA 2003; deferring sentence; fines; compensation orders; conditional discharge; absolute discharge; bind over; ancillary orders; structuring a plea in mitigation; advocacy and the plea in mitigation; and professional conduct.
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20

Hannibal, Martin, and Lisa Mountford. 22. Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823216.003.0022.

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This chapter explains specific types of sentence and provide guidance on how a defence solicitor might prepare and deliver a plea in mitigation. It discusses when discretionary custodial sentence can be imposed; custody between the ages 18 and 21; length of custodial sentence; suspended sentence of imprisonment; concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences; fixed length sentences; sentencing dangerous offenders; community sentences; community sentences under the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003; guilty plea credit and community orders; enforcement of community orders under the CJA 2003 in the event of breach; deferring sentence; fines; compensation orders; conditional discharge; absolute discharge; bind over; ancillary orders; structuring a plea in mitigation; advocacy and the plea in mitigation; and professional conduct.
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21

Loewen, Nancy. Frog. Frog? Frog!: Understanding sentence types. 2014.

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22

Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.

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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
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23

Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.

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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.
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24

Portner, Paul. Sentence mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.003.0003.

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Sentence mood is the linguistic category which marks the fundamental conversational function, or “sentential force,” of a sentence. Exemplified by the universal types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences (as well as by less-common types), sentence mood has been a major topic of research in both linguistics and philosophy. This chapter identifies the two main theories which address the topic, one based on speech act theory and the other on dynamic approaches to meaning. It explains and evaluates current research which uses the two theories, and identifies the most important insights which come out of each.
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25

Ludwig, Kirk. The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
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26

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Sentence Types. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.8.

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“Declarative,” “interrogative,” and “imperative” are grammatical labels, while “statement,” “command,” and “question” describe type of speech act. The major sentence types correspond to these types, and are found in every language. There are also minor, less well-described types, such as exclamatives. Boundaries between sentence types are not water-tight. A command can be phrased using a statement, or as a question, with a difference in illocutionary force. A question may imply a statement rather than seeking information or pronounced with command intonation, and then be understood as a plea, a request, or an order. The versatility of sentence types is often rooted in cultural conventions and strategies of “saving face.” Speech acts reflect numerous communicative tasks, and can be mapped onto the sentence types in a specific way. The number of sentence types in a given language is finite, while the number of potential communicative tasks can be open-ended.
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27

Rusten, Jeffrey. The Tree, the Funnel, and the Diptych. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.29.

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This chapter introduces three common types of long sentence in Thucydides: the “tree,” in which the main action is presented as an initial fact to be explicated and complicated, the “funnel,” in which the main action is final culmination of a complex of motives or observations, and the “diptych,” in which the main action is a hinge that opens to the reader two tableaux, a “before” and “after,” and displays how they contrast with or mirror each other (the diptych). The chapter explicates the syntactical complexities of Thucydides’ long sentences schematically in order to demonstrate the relations between the numerous clauses; overall, it shows how these sentences serve to reveal Thucydides’ analysis.
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28

Ecay, Aaron, and Meredith Tamminga. Persistence as a diagnostic of grammatical status: The case of Middle English negation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0013.

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This chapter proposes the use of persistence effects (repetitiveness in variant choice) to diagnose grammatical relationships between surface forms in cases of language change. We illustrate using Middle English corpus data on the change from ne to not as the English sentence negator. During the transition period, ne and not could co-occur as well as appear independently. Prior accounts differ on whether sentences containing both negators are a distinct third option (Wallage 2008) or represent the independent appearance of ne and not (Frisch 1997). We spell out the predictions that these analyses make for persistence across sentence types, and argue that the persistence data provide a new line of evidence for Wallage’s three-atom analysis.
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29

Wuttke, N. A. Compound sentence in modern German. FRС Komi SC of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/89606008.

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The purpose of the manual is to improve practical skills in reading and translating authentic German literature. The article deals with the structure of a compound sentence, the types of subordinate sentences, and the subordinate clauses that are distinguished according to the functional-syntactic criterion in terms of their linguistic characteristics and peculiarities of translation into Russian. The presented extensive language material is selected in accordance with innovative trends in the field of complex structure, and it reflects the system connections in the grammatical structure of the modern German language.
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30

Pietroski, Paul M. Semantic Typology and Composition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0011.

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How many types of expression meaning are there, and are some types more basic than others? According to a familiar tripartite proposal, languages like English generate (i) denoters of a basic type <e>; (ii) truth-evaluable sentences of a basic type <t>; and (iii) expressions of nonbasic types that are characterized recursively: if <A> and <B> are types, so is <A,B>; where expressions of type <A,B> signify functions, from things of the sort signified with expressions of type <A> to things of the sort signified with expressions of type <B>. On this view, human languages are importantly like the language that Frege invented to study the foundations of arithmetic. In this chapter it is argued that each third of the tripartite proposal is wrong. An alternative is then sketched according to which there are exactly two semantic types, corresponding to monadic and dyadic concepts.
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31

von, Heusinger Klaus, Schwabe Kerstin, and Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung., eds. Sentence type and specificity. Berlin: ZAS, 2001.

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32

Hailey, Elizabeth Forsythe. Life Sentences. Dell, 1987.

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33

Davis, Wayne A. Calculability, Convention, and Conversational Implicature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0004.

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I applaud the arguments in Lepore and Stone (2015) that Gricean, Neo-Gricean, and Relevance theories of conversational implicature and utterance interpretation are deeply flawed because the additional meanings speakers convey when using sentences are conventional rather than calculable. I then go on to rebut several conclusions Lepore and Stone endorse that do not follow: that there is no such thing as conversational implicature; that in figurative speech speakers do not mean anything beyond what the sentences they utter mean; that anything a speaker means is something the speaker directly intends and says; and that any meanings conveyed conventionally are given by the grammar or semantics of the language. Along the way, I argue that conventions are constituted by certain causal processes, not mutual expectations, and I distinguish two types of speaker meaning.
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34

Fodor, Janet Dean, Stefanie Nickels, and Esther Schott. Center-Embedded Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0007.

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Doubly center-embedded relative clause constructions such as “The rat that the cat that the dog chased killed ate the malt” are notoriously difficult to parse. Many explanations have been offered. This chapter proposes a novel one: an alignment problem at the syntax-prosody interface, consisting of a mismatch between the heavily nested syntactic structure and the flat structure required by prosodic phrasing. Selective shrinking and lengthening of phrases within the sentence can coax the prosodic processor into creating rhythmic packages that fit well with the nested syntactic tree structure. Long outer phrases and short inner ones help with that, while short outer phrases and long inner ones hinder it. The chapter discusses two experiments—reading aloud with facilitation; reading aloud followed by grammaticality judgment—that provide evidence that produced prosody is the causal link between phrase lengths and ease of processing, though not exhibiting a “missing-VP effect” for either sentence type.
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35

New York (State). Dept. of Correctional Services. Division of Program Planning, Research, and Evaluation, ed. Time served by specific offense type. Albany, NY: State of New York Dept. of Correctional Services, Division of Program Planning, Research and Evaluation, 1985.

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36

Asa Question Types Antonyms Sentence Completions Analogies Gre Preparation Guide. Manhattan Prep Publishing, 2010.

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37

Final Sentence. Berkley, 2013.

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38

Final Sentence. Wheeler Publishing, 2014.

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39

Arche, María J., Antonio Fábregas, and Rafael Marín, eds. The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.001.0001.

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Copular verbs and copular sentences have been for many years a central issue in the theoretical discussions about the nature of (light) verbs and other grammatical categories, the ingredients of predication structures, the properties of nominal categories, agreement, and the interaction between syntax and semantics at the level of clause structure. The current research on copulas has gone beyond the investigation of what kind of objects they are, and has implications for the nature of agreement and other formal processes in syntax and morphology, as well as proposals about the types of structure building operations available in natural languages, the types of features that lexical selection is sensitive to, and the possibility that languages have access to semantically-empty elements required for the satisfaction of purely formal properties. The twelve works included in this volume illustrate the state of the art of these discussions through the analysis of detailed patterns of data from a variety of languages.
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40

New York (State). Dept. of Correctional Services. Division of Program Planning, Research, and Evaluation, ed. Time served by specific offense type, 1984 releases to parole supervision. Albany, N.Y: State of New York, Dept. of Correctional Services, Division of Program Planning, Research and Evaluation, 1985.

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41

Lobina, David J. On recursive parsing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0006.

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The processing of a linguistic expression, when viewed as a complex of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) phrases (SHCs), whilst suggestive of a recursive solution—that is, a sentence is a matrix SHC (subject-verb-object) composed of internal SHCs and the completion of the overall task is divisible into smaller but equivalent subtasks—in fact proceeds iteratively. This is here shown by manipulating the memory load of processing SHCs and measuring the reaction times of participants to extraneous tones placed at specific places within a sentence. The results show that there is a decreasing tendency in reaction times across a sentence, this pattern being explained in terms of two different types of uncertainty, a linguistic type and a more perceptual type. The results are discussed in the context of classic results with the tone-monitoring technique and future work along these lines is announced.
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42

Medl, Robert Edward. Parafoveal processing of words in sentences: What type of information gained? 1995.

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43

Peled, Yishai. Sentence Types and Word-Order Patterns in Written Arabic: Medieval and Modern Perspectives. BRILL, 2009.

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44

Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.

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This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.
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45

Hegedűs, Veronika. Particle-verb order in Old Hungarian and complex predicates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the distribution of verbal particles in Old Hungarian, and argues that despite the word order change from SOV to SVO in Hungarian, the particle-verb order did not change because the previous pre-verbal argument position was reanalysed as a pre-verbal predicative position where complex predicates are formed in overt syntax. Predicative constituents other than particles show significant word order variation in Old Hungarian, apparently due to optionality in predicate movement (while variation found with particle-verb orderings can be attributed to independent factors). It is proposed that after the basic word order was reanalysed as VO, internal arguments and secondary predicates could appear post-verbally and it was the still obligatory movement of particles that triggered the generalization of predicate movement, making all predicates pre-verbal in neutral sentences at later stages. This process involves a period of word order variation as predicate movement gradually generalizes to different types of predicates.
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46

Martin, Fabienne, and Florian Schäfer. Sublexical modality in defeasible causative verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0006.

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This chapter is dedicated to an ambiguity characteristic of what we call defeasible causative verbs (of which ‘teach’ is an example). With agentive subjects, the change of state (CoS) encoded by these verbs (e.g. a learning process) can be entirely denied, giving rise to what we call the “zero-CoS” non-culminating reading of these verbs. With causer subjects, however, the same verbs seem to entail the occurrence of (a part of) the CoS (including in imperfective sentences). We argue that this ambiguity cannot be handled by positing different event structures under the agentive and non-agentive uses. Under the analysis proposed, the semantics of these verbs involve a sublexical modal component à la Koenig and Davis (2001), both with agent and causer subjects. In favor of positing a sublexical modality with all types of subject, we investigate the conditions under which the zero-CoS reading is available even with a subset of inanimate subjects and “non-intentional” agents.
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47

Volker, Nerlich. Part V Fairness and Expeditiousness of ICC Proceedings, 38 The Role of the Appeals Chamber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0038.

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This chapter analyses the role and function of the Appeals Chamber of the ICC. The right to appeal under the Statute goes beyond what is mandated by human rights law. This contribution analyses the specificities of appeals in the ICC system, including the relationship of the Appeals Chamber to other Chambers, its jurisdiction over different types of appeal under Articles 81 and 82 (e.g. interlocutory appeal, and appeal against final decisions of the Trial Chamber), review and revision of sentences, and the relevant standards of review. The chapter contrasts approaches of the ICC with the practice of the Appeals Chambers of the ICTY and ICTR, which have used their first cases to clarify and develop the law. It shows that the ICC has taken an approach of judicial restraint. It argues that development of the law in small steps may be the most effective approach to building a lasting and meaningful role of the Appeals Chamber in the ICC system.
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48

Charlow, Nate. Clause-Type, Force, and Normative Judgment in the Semantics of Imperatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0003.

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This paper argues that imperatives express contents that are both cognitively and semantically related to, but nevertheless distinct from, modal propositions. On this analysis, imperatives semantically encode features of planning that are modally specified. Uttering an imperative amounts to tokening this feature in discourse, and thereby proffering it for adoption by the audience. This analysis resolves empirical problems that confront two major strands of theorizing about imperatives. It also suggests an appealing reorientation of clause-type theorizing, in which the cognitive act of updating on a typed sentence plays a central role in theorizing about both its semantics and role in discourse.
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49

Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaette reverses the scale of the gradable predicate and conventionally implies that the opposite situation is generally true. It is also proposed that there are two types of counter-expectational expressions that use scalarity: a relative type, which represents “above expectation” (e.g. yoppodo), and a reversal type, which expresses counter-expectation via polarity reversal (e.g. kaette). Comparison with wh-exclamatives, sentence exclamation, and the counter-expectational but is also discussed.
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50

Stokke, Andreas. Lying and Insincerity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.001.0001.

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This book is a comprehensive study of lying and insincere language use. Part I is dedicated to developing an account of insincerity qua linguistic phenomenon. It provides a detailed theory of the distinction between lying and ways of speaking insincerely without lying, as well as accounting for the relation between lying and deceiving. A novel theory of assertion in terms of a notion of what is said defined relative to questions under discussion is used to underpin the analysis of lying and insincerity throughout the book. The framework is applied to various kinds of insincere speech, including false implicature, bullshitting, and forms of misleading with presuppositions, prosodic focus, and different types of semantic incompleteness. Part II discusses the relation between what is communicated and the speaker’s attitudes involved in insincere language use. It develops a view on which insincerity is a shallow phenomenon in the sense that whether or not a speaker is being insincere depends on the speaker’s conscious attitudes, rather than on deeper, unconscious attitudes or motivations. An account of a range of ways of speaking while being indifferent toward what one communicates is developed, and the phenomenon of bullshitting is distinguished from lying and other forms of insincerity. This includes insincere uses of language beyond the realm of declarative sentences. The book gives an account of insincere uses of interrogative, imperative, and exclamative utterances.
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