Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Types of sentences'

Darbo objektas - vientisiniai ir sudėtiniai sakiniai literatūrologų R. Brūzgienės, J. Sprindytės, A. Kalėdos tekstuose. Tyrimo objektas - tirti vientisinius ir sudėtinius sakinius bei jų tipologiją.
The work object - types of simple and composite sentences in R. Brūzgienė's, J. Sprindytė's, A. Kalėda's texts. The aim of research - investigate simple and composite sentences and their typology.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1995.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 28, 1995." Also available in print.

Recent studies have highlighted the co-occurrence of speech disorders with language disorders, yet few studies have attempted to explore the relationship between them. This thesis examines the sentence-level abilities of children with different types of speech disorders, and addresses the following questions: (i) Can children with different types of speech disorders be differentiated according to their sentence-level performance? (ii) Is there a more-than-chance co-occurrence of sentence-level difficulties in children with different types of speech disorders? (iii) What is the relationship between speech disorders and sentence production? (iv) Is sentence imitation an efficient, effective and reliable method of assessing expressive syntax in children with severe speech difficulties? The research focuses on two groups of children, each with a different type of speech disorder: one using atypical phonological processes consistently (CPD) and the other using atypical phonological processes inconsistently (IPD). Their performance was compared to children with SLI and typical development. Results of a group study assessing sentence imitation revealed that children with CPD were no more likely to have co-occurring sentence-level difficulties than typically developing children. The IPD group showed difficulties at the sentence level, with significant variation within the group. Further investigations of sentence processing-related skills found that the IPD group could be divided into those who had IPD only and obtained high sentence imitation scores, and those who had co-occurring IPD and sentence-level difficulties, reflected in their low sentence imitation scores. The performance of the low-scoring IPD children was similar to the SLI group's performance in terms of their sentence imitation accuracy scores and most sentence processing-related abilities. However, they could be differentiated by the types and proportions of their errors and their sentence imitation performance when repeating sentences containing multi-syllabic words. The theoretical and clinical implications of the research outcomes are explored.

This thesis examines the intonation patterns of Modern Greek with regard to different interpretations of the sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative).

14 utterances are produced by Greek native speakers (2 men and 2 women) so as to express various speech acts: STATEMENT, QUESTION, COMMAND and REQUEST.

The acquisition of the F0 curve for each utterance by means of the Wavesurfer tool leads to an analysis of the pitch movements and their alignments.

After the F0 curves are analyzed and illustrated using the Excel program we are able to compare and group them. Thus, we come up with 5 different intonation patterns. After a second-level comparison based on the fact that some of the F0 curves were similar but they differed only as far as the final pitch movement is concerned, we ended up with 3 fundamental categories of intonation patterns: Category I whose main feature is the rising pitch movement aligned to the onset of the stressed syllables. This category includes only sentences that denote Statement so we can call it the STATEMENT category. Category II’s main characteristic is a dipping pitch movement aligned to the head of the utterance that is the stress of the verb or a particle that signifies negation (/min/, /den/). Sentences meaning Command or Request belong to this category. Lastly, Category III’s intonation pattern consists of peaking pitch movements aligned to the initial and final stressed syllables. Interrogative sentences belong to this category no matter their interpretation.

A secondary goal of the thesis is to examine to which extent intonation can be a safe criterion for the “correct” interpretation of a sentence. A de facto presumption that since the ratio between the number of utterances (14) and the different intonation patterns (5) is not 1:1 there can always be misunderstandings among speakers, is basically verified by the results of our perception test conducted to Greek native speakers: Greek native speakers were able to identify most of the speech acts that were expressed by the most common (default) sentence type (i.e. imperative sentence for COMMAND and interrogative for QUESTION) however there were combinations that they had difficulties to identify, such as interrogative sentences that were denoting other than QUESTION, e.g. REQUEST or STATEMENT.Ending, a perception test conducted to Flemish speakers (subjects that were native speakers of another language than Greek) showed that they were more successful in sentences that meant STATEMENT and QUESTION but they could hardly identify an interrogative sentence that meant other than QUESTION and they also confused between COMMAND and REQUEST. This implies that the intonation used to convey different interpretations is basically language-dependent.

Concluding, this study offers a description of the intonation patterns (based on pitch movements) regarding the 3 sentence types with 4 different interpretations. Our findings prove that the intonation for some cases (i.e. for sentences that express COMMAND or STATEMENT) seems to be structure-independent and for others structure-dependent (cf. the interrogative sentences). Additionally, the fact that the negation can play an important role for the choice of intonation pattern (as shown for the case of COMMAND and STATEMENT) could be considered as a structure-dependent feature of intonation. This approach contrasts the approach used for many years in the traditional Grammar according to which the structure alone (sentence type) defines the meaning that is to be conveyed.

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The Internet is a enormous and fast growing digital repository encompassing billions of documents in a diversity of subjects, quality, reliability, etc. It is increasingly difficult to scavenge useful information from it. Thus, it is necessary to provide automatically techniques that allowing users to save time and resources. Automatic text summarization techniques may offer a way out to this problem. Text summarization (TS) aims at automatically compress one or more documents to present their main ideas in less space. TS platforms receive one or more documents as input to generate a summary. In recent years, a variety of text summarization methods has been proposed. However, due to the different document types (such as news, blogs, and scientific articles) it became difficult to create a general TS application to create expressive summaries for each type. Another related relevant problem is measuring the degree of similarity between sentences, which is used in applications, such as: text summarization, information retrieval, image retrieval, text categorization, and machine translation. Recent works report several efforts to evaluate sentence similarity by representing sentences using vectors of bag of words or a tree of the syntactic information among words. However, most of these approaches do not take in consideration the sentence meaning and the words order. This thesis proposes: (i) a new text summarization solution which identifies the document type before perform the summarization, (ii) the creation of a new sentence similarity measure based on lexical, syntactic and semantic evaluation to deal with meaning and word order problems. The previous identification of the document types allows the summarization solution to select the methods that is more suitable to each type of text. This thesis also perform a detailed assessment with the most used text summarization methods to selects which create more informative summaries for news, blogs and scientific articles contexts.The sentence similarity measure proposed is completely unsupervised and reaches results similar to humans annotator using the dataset proposed by Li et al. The proposed measure was satisfactorily applied to evaluate the similarity between summaries and to eliminate redundancy in multi-document summarization.
Atualmente a quantidade de documentos de texto aumentou consideravelmente principalmente com o grande crescimento da internet. Existem milhares de artigos de notícias, livros eletrônicos, artigos científicos, blog, etc. Com isso é necessário aplicar técnicas automáticas para extrair informações dessa grande massa de dados. Sumarização de texto pode ser usada para lidar com esse problema. Sumarização de texto (ST) cria versões comprimidas de um ou mais documentos de texto. Em outras palavras, palataformas de ST recebem um ou mais documentos como entrada e gera um sumário deles. Nos últimos anos, uma grande quantidade de técnicas de sumarização foram propostas. Contudo, dado a grande quantidade de tipos de documentos (por exemplo, notícias, blogs e artigos científicos) é difícil encontrar uma técnica seja genérica suficiente para criar sumários para todos os tipos de forma eficiente. Além disto, outro tópico bastante trabalhado na área de mineração de texto é a análise de similaridade entre sentenças. Essa similaridade pode ser usada em aplicações como: sumarização de texto, recuperação de infromação, recuperação de imagem, categorização de texto e tradução. Em geral, as técnicas propostas são baseados em vetores de palavras ou árvores sintáticas, com isso dois problemas não são abordados: o problema de significado e de ordem das palavras. Essa tese propõe: (i) Uma nova solução em sumarização de texto que identifica o tipo de documento antes de realizar a sumarização. (ii) A criação de uma nova medida de similaridade entre sentenças baseada nas análises léxica, sintática e semântica. A identificação de tipo de documento permite que a solução de sumarização selecione os melhores métodos para cada tipo de texto. Essa tese também realizar um estudo detalhado sobre os métodos de sumarização para selecinoar os que criam sumários mais informativos nos contextos de notícias blogs e artigos científicos. A medida de similaridade entre sentences é completamente não supervisionada e alcança resultados similarires dos anotadores humanos usando o dataset proposed por Li et al. A medida proposta também foi satisfatoriamente aplicada na avaliação de similaridade entre resumos e para eliminar redundância em sumarização multi-documento.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prosodic cues used by 7 to 11 year-old children to signal questions and declarative statements in terms of changes in fundamental frequency (F0), duration, and intensity. Additional aims were to evaluate how children's use of prosody changes as a function of gender and method of elicitation. A group of 16 children participated in three different types of elicitation tasks (imitative, reading, and naturalistic). An acoustic analysis revealed that the participants produced the different sentence types using a variety of acoustic cues. Not only do children vary the mean of F0 and intensity at the end of the sentences, but they also seemed to use relative differences in peak intensity and F0. Differences between sentence types were also found in the F0 and intensity slope in the terminal portion of sentences. In addition, the way in which the participants signaled sentence type changed as a function of speaker gender and elicitation method for a limited number of acoustic measures. Although the present study found acoustic differences in how the participants' produced the sentence types, additional research is needed to determine the perceptual impact of such differences.

This study aims at examining in detail the linguistic characteristics of sentential idioms (‘idiomatische Sätze’, IS) in German, e.g. Das kannst du dir an den Hut stecken.; Du hast wohl Tomaten auf den Augen!; Da lachen ja die Hühner!. In theoretically and empirically investigating their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features and productive potential, it is shown that IS can only be described properly by looking at the interfaces between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and by systematically investigating pattern formation. In this respect, the study goes far beyond traditional phraseological research. As a theoretical background, the study refers to research on phraseology, sentence types and sentence mood, linguistic evaluation, morphological productivity, and the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Relevance Theory. Empirical evidence comes from a large corpus of written German, a linguistic experiment on productivity, and introspective data. With respect to syntax, the study shows that IS are bound to one or a few different sentence types, varying according to the degree of restriction of their speech act potential. The complex semantics of IS is shown to consist not only of a literal and an idiomatic, but also of a third, mediating representational level. The idiomatic meaning of IS is described as evaluative meaning. Pragmatically, IS are dependent on special contextual environments to obtain a proper interpretation. A context model is developed which makes use of certain categories of evaluation. Moreover, a relevance-theoretic approach is sketched in order to explain which functional advantages IS might have compared to non-idiomatic utterances. With respect to productivity, ten different idiomatic patterns of construction are identified and described in detail. It is experimentally demonstrated that these patterns are productive to a greater or lesser degree dependent on their internal syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic features.

Repetitions in child-directed speech (CDS) have been shown to vary over time, and are suggested to affect first language acquisition. Correlations between verbal contents of repetitions in CDS and children’s language development have been suggested. The verbal contents of repetitions in Swedish CDS have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the verbal contents of repetitions in Swedish CDS during the child’s first 2 years and possible changes in proportions of repetitions during the same time span. Verbal contents of repetitions in parents’ speech in 10 parent-child dyads as the children were 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months old were investigated focusing on word classes, sentence types and whole-constituent change. The results were compared to the children’s productive vocabularies at the age of 30 months. Possible occurrences of item-based constructions and frequent frames in the repetitions were also examined. The overall results revealed patterns concerning change in verbal contents in repetitions over time and correlations between verbal contents in repetitions and child language development. Two proposals were made: parents adjust the complexity of their speech to linguistic developmental stages of their children, and linguistic variation in the input increases as the child grows older.
Repetitioner i barnriktat tal (BRT) har visat sig variera över tid, och har föreslagits påverka förstaspåksinlärning. Även ett samband mellan det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i BRT och barns språkutveckling har föreslagits. Det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i svenskt BRT har inte undersökts tidigare. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i svenskt BRT under barnets två första år och möjliga förändringar gällande andelen repetitioner under samma tidsperiod. Det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i föräldrars tal hos tio förälder-barn-dyader då barnen var 3, 6, 9, 12 och 24 månader gamla undersöktes med fokus på ordklasser, satstyper och förändringar gällande konstituenter. Resultaten jämfördes med barnens produktiva ordförråd vid 30 månaders ålder. Även den möjliga förekomsten av typbaserade konstruktioner (item-based constructions) och frekventa ramar (frequent frames) undersöktes. De övergripande resultaten uppvisade mönster gällande förändringar inom det verbala innehållet i repetitioner över tid samt ett samband mellan det verbala innehållet i repetitioner och barns språkutveckling. Två antaganden gjordes: föräldrar justerar komplexiteten i sitt tal efter språkliga utvecklingsfaser hos sina barn, och den språkliga variationen i inputen ökar med barnets ålder.
MINT: Modelling infant language acquisition from parent-child interaction (MAW 2011.007)

In our information age, it is of the highest importance that information is easy to understand by as many members of the potential target audience as possible. The present study analyses and compares the readability of 20 newspaper articles, half from the tabloid Daily Mail and the other half from the broadsheet The Daily Telegraph. The methods used to analyse the articles are mathematic readability formulas based on sentence and word length, as well as analyses of the use of the active and the passive voice, type-token ratio, number of clauses per sentence, and linking words. The results do not completely align with each other. Three of the five methods – the readability formulas, the use of the passive voice, and clauses per sentence – suggest that the Daily Mail articles are easier to understand, whereas the type-token ratios imply the opposite, and the linking words results did not show a difference in readability.

This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework.
El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.

La present tesi consisteix en una anàlisi compativa de tres gèneres de discurs ?conversa informal (llengua oral prototípica), classe magistral (gènere intermedi) i prosa acadèmica (llengua escrita prototípica)? en català, en tres aspectes de l'estructuració i la complexitat lingüística: la densitat lèxica, la composició oracional i la connexió textual (total: 90 trets lèxics, gramaticals i textuals analitzats). Els objectius principals són a/ dotar la lingüística catalana d'una descripció detallada, fins ara inexistent, del contrast lingüístic entre oralitat i escriptura, i b/ fer una aportació a la recerca internacional sobre el tema per intervenir, d'una banda, en el debat originat sobre la complexitat sintàctica i, especialment, sobre la presència d'oracions subordinades en els dos modes de discurs i, de l'altra, per ampliar aquesta mena d'investigació a l'àmbit del discurs, com han reclamat alguns tractadistes.
La presente tesis consiste en un análisis comparativo de tres géneros de discurso ?conversación informal (lengua oral prototípica), clase magistral (género intermedio) y prosa académica (lengua escrita prototípica)? en catalán, en tres aspectos de la estructuración y la complejidad lingüística: la densidad léxica, la composición oracional y la conexión textual (total: 90 rasgos léxicos, gramaticales y textuales analizados). Los objetivos principales son a/ dotar la lingüística catalana de una descripción detallada, hasta ahora inexistente, del contraste lingüístico entre oralidad y escritura, y b/ hacer una aportación a la investigación internacional sobre el tema para intervenir, por un lado, en el debate originado sobre la complejidad sintáctica y, especialmente, sobre la presencia de oraciones subordinadas en los dos modos de discurso y, por otro lado, para ampliar este tipo de investigación al ámbito del discurso, como han reclamado algunos tratadistas.
The present work consists of a comparative analysis of three discourse genres --informal conversation (prototypical oral language), academic lecture (intermediate genre), and academic prose (prototypical written language)-- in Catalan, focusing on three aspects of linguistic structure and complexity: lexical density, sentence composition, and textual connexion (total: 90 lexical, grammatical, and textual features analysed). The main purposes are: (a) to provide Catalan linguistics with a detailed description --non-available so far-- of the linguistic opposition between literacy and speech; and (b) to make a contribution to the international research in this field in order to, on the one hand, participate in the discussion about the syntactic complexity, and, especially, about the presence of subordinated clauses in the two modes of discourse, and, on the other, extend this kind of research to the discourse level, as some researchers have claimed.

碩士
輔仁大學
西班牙語文學系碩士班
101
Es bien sabido, el español es una lengua totalmente distinta del idioma chino tanto en sus estructuras como en sus usos, los cuales muchas veces forman parte de las dificultades más engorrosas para los estudiantes taiwaneses. Los usos de la impersonalidad, sin duda, pertenece a una de ellas. Sin embargo lo que los compañeros aprenden sobre este uso es relativamente poco, por lo tanto, me gustaría presentar un análisis de una forma detallada y ordenada sobre los usos y las construcciones de la impersonalidad para poder ayudarles a nuestros compañeros a tener un mejor conocimiento sobre este tema.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English
Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat op genoemde datum in werking getree het. 'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248 afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien. Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan bewerkstellig. Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig.
The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon. Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance collection and enforcement methods. Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period 1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders. Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more effective enforcement of maintenance orders. A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection.
Private Law
LL. M. (Law)

This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli. The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories. The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated. The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion. Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles. Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage. Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections: idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax. Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories: metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic; negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters. Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed. Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories.
African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)