Relevant bibliographies by topics / Types of singing in China

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Academic literature on the topic 'Types of singing in China'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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YU, Yaxian, and Liliya Z. BORODOVSKAYA. "Types of singing in China: history and modernity of vocal culture." Service plus 18, no. 2 (2024): 103–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12178400.

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This study aims to explore the historical evolution and modernity of Chinese vocal music culture, focusing on comparing the differences and connections between traditional and modern vocal music in terms of singing style and technique, musical structure and composition, themes and cultural connotations, and performance forms and stage performances. First, the origin and development of Chinese vocal music is reviewed, and the characteristics of traditional vocal music, including forms of operatic vocal music (e.g., Peking Opera and Chinese Opera), folk songs and local operas, and their unique singing and expression techniques are analyzed in depth. This is followed by a discussion of the diversity and innovation of contemporary Chinese vocal music, an examination of vocal expression in contemporary popular music such as pop songs and rock music, and an analysis of the stylistic and expressive characteristics of contemporary vocal performers. Then, the relationship and interaction between traditional and contemporary vocal music is revealed by comparing the similarities and differences between traditional and contemporary vocal music in terms of singing style and technique, musical structure and composition, themes and cultural connotations, as well as performance form and stage presentation. Finally, the final section summarizes the main results of the study, formulates perspectives and suggestions for future vocal music research, and emphasizes the importance of cultural inheritance and innovation of vocal music across time and space. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis and research perspective for further in-depth study of the historical heritage and contemporary development of Chinese vocal music culture.
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Yang, T. "CHINESE NATIONAL ACADEMIC SINGING AS A PHENOMENON OF THE CONTEMPORARY MUSIC ART." SCIENTIFIC-DISCUSSION, no. 95 (December 16, 2024): 20–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14498991.

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Academic art in the new century is increasingly gaining new followers: performers, composers, and listeners, and new forms of embodiment along with traditional ones. It reveals at concerts, festivals, competitions, and is heard in music programs around the world. It never ceases to interest scientists who try on new approaches, methods of analysis and research. This all creates a necessity to clarify the concepts and characteristics of different developments, and to expand the empirical field of study including a variety of experiences from the West, East, and China. One of the new phenomena in the Chinese vocal art has become a synthesis of national tradition and European bel canto. This article is dedicated to this phenomenon. The term itself, its definition and cultural meaning is discussed here. We suggest a new term of “Chinese national academic art”, define its developing sound ideal which is given in comparison with other types of singing common in China – the folk singing and the European bel canto. The conclusion of our study is clear: in the formation of a new type of singing in China, two trends simultaneously prevail – on the one hand, the use of European bel canto techniques, on the other, the desire to preserve the national sound ideal.
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Sheng, Yihui. "Performative Readings of Printed Southern Arias in Late-Ming China." CHINOPERL: Journal of Chinese Oral and Performing Literature 43, no. 2 (2024): 143–76. https://doi.org/10.1353/cop.2024.a948460.

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Abstract: Printed collections of southern arias in late-Ming China often feature not only tune titles and lyrics of the arias but also seemingly unfathomable marks on or next to the lyrical words. The marks take various shapes, including circles, squares, teardrops, and dots, and, as a few scholars have pointed out, gesture toward the musicality of the arias (see, e.g., Carlitz 2005 and Lam 2005). However, none of the marks notates the exact melodies of the arias. For that reason, we as modern readers can no longer decipher from those collections the complete contours of the music despite the presence of "musical" indicators. Why did the late-Ming people who produced those collections choose not to notate the melodies, despite the availability of music notation systems? What can we understand about the late-Ming soundscape of southern arias through those marks? In this paper, I categorize the marks into two types of notations and propose "performative reading" s an analytical method. In excavating a singing culture of southern arias embedded in the notations, my performative readings illuminate how listening and singing experiences of southern arias in the late Ming transformed experiences of writing and reading them.
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BAO, NAIXUE, YI-LI CHANG, and KU WING CHEONG. "The Differences in 21st-Century 4C Skills Among Diverse University Choirs in China." Malaysian Journal of Music 13, no. 1 (2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134//mjm.vol13.1.1.2024.

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Choir singing originated from the choir of Christian churches in medieval Europe and first appeared in the 1st century. However, the focus of choir education had long been on musical knowledge, neglecting the cultivation of practical skills, resulting in variations in skill performance. In the 21st century, choir singing flourished, particularly in Chinese universities. Aligned with modern educational trends, choir singing aimed to foster students' 4C skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. Music educators gradually emphasized skill development, recognizing it as essential for students' future lives and careers. Nevertheless, the cultivation of these 4C skills remained at a preliminary stage, with varying understandings of skills across different universities leading to differing skill levels among choir ensemble students. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the disparities in the development of 4C skills among choir ensemble students from diverse Chinese universities. Three universities of different types were selected for the study, and a quantitative approach was employed through a case study to examine the differences in students' 4C skill development in the 21st century. Because most of the research was qualitative. Researchers distributed an online survey to all students in the music school's choir ensembles of the three universities, collecting a total of 220 valid responses. The analysis revealed that students in universities with a stronger musical emphasis exhibited a positive attitude towards skill cultivation and development. These findings provided valuable insights for the future of diverse forms of choir music education in terms of skill development.
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Wu, Zeyuan. "Music, Words, and Moral Cultivation: A Ming–Qing Debate on Qin Songs versus Instrumental Solos." CHINOPERL: Journal of Chinese Oral and Performing Literature 43, no. 2 (2024): 177–97. https://doi.org/10.1353/cop.2024.a948461.

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Abstract: This paper investigates how the relationship between music and words as communicative tools was understood and deployed by the practitioners of the qin (the seven-string zither) in late-imperial China. Qin song, a combination of qin playing and song singing, saw its heyday from the mid-Ming (1368–1644) to the early Qing (1644–1911). However, a debate about whether qin music should be accompanied with lyrics and/or singing also rose during this time, which eventually led to the decline of qin song from the eighteenth century onward. While previous scholars have considered this debate to be mainly about aesthetic preferences, I argue that what was more relevant was the broader Confucian discourse on the roles that music and words play in learning and communicating moral knowledge. By comparing these qin practitioners' arguments and musical works, especially different versions of "Guanju" in the qin repertoire, this paper depicts the chronological and theoretical development of four types of views that shaped the debate. My analysis of these four views suggests that both the rise and fall of qin song were results of the same intellectual trend, which may help us reconsider the late-imperial "philological turn" from a different perspective.
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Pengfei, Wei. "CHINESE TRADITIONAL ART — QUYI." Arts education and science 1, no. 1 (2020): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202001017.

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The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive cultural and art history analysis of such a form of performing arts as Quyi, which has deep historical roots in China. Quyi art is endowed not only with a unique aesthetic function, but also has cultural significance and plays an important role in the history of China. Based on the study of historical sources, the article analyzes the traditions of vocal performance of Quyi, taking into account the cultural characteristics of certain regions of China and dialect differences, vocal variations, types of performing techniques, styles, schools, etc. Key objects of the review are the individual vocal schools and the typology of Quyi. In connection with changes in cultural trends and anatomical justifications of sound production, the author proposes an updated classification of schools and styles of traditional Chinese art, which represents an innovative approach to the theory of studying the debated form of vocal performance art. Currently, in the background of the rapidly developing society, the accumulation of knowledge, the improvement of the cultural level of the population as a whole and the development of vocal traditions don't look optimistic. Most young people in China are not familiar with this form of traditional art and identify Quyi with singing, dancing, and other forms of musical creativity. In connection with the above, the study and the systematization of information about Quyi are relevant for modern musicology.
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Bing, Zhao, Md Jais Ismail, Huang Sile, and Wei Lun Wong. "Harmony Amidst Change: Revitalizing Guangxi's Intangible Cultural Heritage Music in Higher Education." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 4 (2024): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/5fat0w79.

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Guangxi's intangible cultural heritage music culture has a long history, diverse types, and profound connotations. As a precious and primitive ethnic music cultural heritage, Guangxi's intangible cultural heritage can improve the quality of contemporary vocal teaching in professional skills such as music singing, instrument performance, enhance the training quality of national vocal music talents in China, and promote the development of folk music culture in China. However, as the rapid development of modern society, these valuable musical traditions are facing gradual marginalization and oblivion. Based on this phenomenon, this study interviewed four professors and four students in the field of music education, as well as conducted a detailed survey questionnaire on 347 students from four universities in Guangxi (Guangxi Arts University, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Yulin Normal University, and Guangxi University of Foreign Language). The results show that students and educators maintain a strong interest in and a high level of respect for non-heritage music, despite the challenges of the current education system and resource allocation. Students and educators are eager to contribute to the preservation and transmission of this valuable cultural heritage to enhance the aesthetic and artistic sensibilities of university students and improve their musical aesthetic ability. Therefore, through investigation and analysis of the current situation and existing problems of music education in various universities, combined with the important significance of improving the music aesthetic ability of college students, targeted solutions are proposed to effectively improve the music aesthetic ability of music majors in universities.
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Zhiping, Fang, Sarayut Khan, and Kanokkan Kanjanarat. "Bridging Expectations and Satisfaction: The Effectiveness of After-School Music Training at Meiledi Art Center, Nanning, China." Journal of Advances in Humanities Research 3, no. 3 (2024): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56868/jadhur.v3i3.232.

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This study explores the effectiveness of after-school music training programs at the Meiledi Art Centre in Nanning, China, focusing on aligning student expectations and satisfaction across key dimensions of the educational experience. Objective: The objectives were to assess the demographic characteristics of students, evaluate their satisfaction levels with the programs, and identify key factors influencing their overall experience.A structured questionnaire was administered to 217 students aged 12 to 18 years, collecting data on satisfaction across five core dimensions: Supporting Environment, Course Content, Teaching Method, Teaching Material, and Learning Method. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including correlation analysis and ANOVA, were employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal high overall satisfaction among students, with the "Supporting Environment" receiving the highest ratings, reflecting the center's success in creating a conducive learning atmosphere. However, the "Learning Method" dimension received the lowest satisfaction scores, indicating areas where pedagogical improvements are needed. The results from hypothesis testing further supported the significance of these dimensions, with all five hypotheses confirming positive relationships between the quality of each dimension and overall student satisfaction. Notably, the supporting environment had the strongest impact on satisfaction (β = 0.44, p < 0.001). The ANOVA results indicated consistent satisfaction across different class types and campuses, with marginal significance favoring singing classes and the Liangqin campus. Additionally, the study highlights the demand for enhanced performance opportunities, improved digital infrastructure, and more diverse instrument rentals, reflecting evolving student needs. This study contributes to the broader discourse on music education by providing empirical evidence on the importance of aligning educational offerings with student expectations in a culturally diverse context.
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Lu, Guo Dongxing Liu. "A Study On The Dance Form Of Yangge In Hebei, China." Multicultural Education 9, no. 3 (2023): 54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7775257.

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<em>The development of the Yangge is closely related to human activities. At first, the Yangge was a repertoire hummed by people during labor, initially to relieve fatigue, and in the subsequent development it further absorbed various arts such as agricultural songs, rhizomes, and operas, and gradually became a folk dance with performance nature, which was liked by people. Yangge is a typical folk dance of the Han people, and is a key component of the life of the Han people. In a broad sense, Yangge refers to the folk dance that includes activities such as &quot;walking meeting&quot; and &quot;social fire&quot;; in a narrow sense, there are two main types of Yangge, the first one is Yangge (also called ground Yangge) and the second one is Yangge on stilts, the former one does not have The former does not have the item of stilts, but is danced on the flat ground. Yangge is also called differently in the north and south of China, and in the south it is called &quot;flower drum&quot; and &quot;tea picking&quot;. Hebei folk dance has a long history, the population flow between the various ethnic groups, many ethnic dance and music culture blend with each other, gradually evolved into the performance form of singing and dancing. The first one is Changli Yangge, the second one is Cangzhou Luzi, and the third one is Jingfu Lahua. In 2006 and 2008, these types of rice-songs were selected to be included in the national list of non-patrimonial heritage. In this thesis, the above three types of rice-songs are the main objects of the study, supplemented by some regional rice-songs to analyze the form of rice-song dance, to show the characteristics of Hebei dance, and to lay the theoretical foundation for the protection of non-heritage culture.</em> <em>The research content of this thesis is divided into the following four main contents: First, the living space of Hebei Yangge, from the natural ecological environment and human ecological environment to explain the influence of regional culture on the art form of Yangge, the living environment and customs of the folk determine the activity space of Yangge. Second, the dance form of Hebei Yangge, through field survey and Laban movement analysis mainly on the dance movement and performance characteristics to analyze and elaborate, from the dance ontology to typical movement form, role style, dance composition, props use several aspects of detailed analysis, so as to show the way of life of the villagers and folklore concept. Third, from the two aspects of music and costume and prop characteristics, the traditional Yangge performance is studied, and the villagers&#39; needs and aesthetic demands reflected in the Yangge performance are discussed. Four, Hebei Yangge cultural form interpretation, from the historical cultural form characteristics, geographical cultural form characteristics, folklore perspective of the development of Hebei Yangge and stage creation of cultural form four directions to discuss, Hebei Yangge in the social process of change, explore the value of the art of Yangge in the context of the new era.</em>
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Chernyavska, Marianna, and Sun Le. "Sound image of Peking opera in piano works of Chinese composers." Aspects of Historical Musicology 37, no. 37 (2024): 138–66. https://doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-37.07.

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Statement of the problem. Among the regional varieties of Chinese musical and dramatic art, the leading place belongs to the capital drama – Beijing (Peking) opera Jingcui, which has absorbed many elements of performances from other regions of China. This art form is considered one of the most valuable cultural treasures of China, it inspires many Chinese composers to create piano music, which presents the sound image of Peking opera. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the article is to identify and scientifically substantiate the connections of the piano works of Chinese composers of the 20th – 21st centuries with the national traditions of Beijing opera. The article involves genre, stylistic, historical, typological, philosophical and aesthetic, comparative, structural, functional, intonation, interpretive, and systemic research methods. The vast majority of scientific works in Chinese and English are devoted to the characteristics of the original tradition of Chinese culture, in particular, to the history of the development of Peking opera, where they consider the characters’ roles, the features of makeup and costumes, and the music that accompanies the opera performance. Nevertheless, there are currently no special works that address the stated topic, which determines the scientific novelty of the results of our research. Research results. The article analyzed the piano works that embody elements of Peking opera: “Willow Earrings” from the cycle “Wanhua in Beijing” (1938) by Jiang Wenye, the fantasy “Duo Yi” (1984) and “Little Beijing Gong” by Zhu Xiaoyu (1991), the fantasy on the themes of Peking opera “Pihuang” (1995) by Zhang Zhao, “Moments from Peking Opera” (2000) and the Concerto “Er Huang” for piano and orchestra (2009) by Chen Qigang. The versatility of the piano made it possible to reflect the sound image of Peking opera as a synthetic phenomenon in all its components. The presented piano works by Chinese composers widely demonstrate the use of elements of Peking opera as the embodiment of the national style. The main components of its manifestation are the pentatonic modal basis; adherence to the traditional sequence of the tempo-rhythmic organization of sections – banshi; embodiment of the characteristics of the singing styles “sipi” and “erhuan”; principles of variation of “banqiang” of the main themes – “duoban”, “yuanban”, “erliu”, “kuaiban”, “manban”, “daoban”, “yaoban”, etc.; imitation of playing techniques of Chinese instruments that accompany singing and other scenes; reproduction of images associated with the main characters of the opera; program names of piano pieces as a reflection of vivid impressions from stage performances. Conclusion. The combination of European compositional techniques and expressive means of Peking opera in piano pieces leads to the creation of a kind of synthetic musical language containing elements of Eastern and Western music, hence, various specific types of piano texture arise, based on traditional musical models of Chinese opera. The piano, imitating the sound of percussion and string instruments participating in Chinese opera performances, as well as various manners of opera singing, reproduces their characteristic sound effects and rhythms, using all the experience of modern Western music (tonal and atonal harmony, polyphony, timbre sonorous effects, etc.). Thus, the reproduction in Chinese piano music of the deep meaning of its ancient culture, one of the symbols of which is Peking opera, occurs with the help of modern compositional techniques and methods of musical development.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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Au, Wai-man Vivian, and 歐慧敏. "The queer female stardom emerging from transnational Chinese singing contests." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50162755.

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This research examines how the popular music industry has fostered queer female stardom in the greater China area since the 1980s. Compared with other forms of media, music seems easier as a platform to normalize, or even promote open, alternative sexual expressions with its highly affective qualities. With special references to mechanisms of regional singing contests, emphasis is placed primarily on three Chinese female champion-singers: Ho Denise Wan See (HOCC) from Hong Kong, Li Chris Yuchun from mainland China, and Zhang Yun-jing from Taiwan. The project argues that these singing contests contribute to the construction of contemporary transnational stardom, and are especially empowering and to the vocal privilege of emerging female singers. Consumption and reception of their music and sexually indeterminate public imaging will also be discussed as reinforcement of queer stardom and popularity throughout their performance careers. Since the public images and music videos of Ho, Li, and Zhang have constantly involved androgynous outfits and homoerotic imagery, and their subsequent songs loaded with sexually ambivalent or suggestive lyrics, the paper attempts to demonstrate that both their personal life and social responsibilities, both their sexuality and music weigh equally on their career. The star-texts are also important sites for signification and identification to spectators, so issues of fandom will be examined. As the candidate-stars actually grow with their fans in the “player-kill (PK)” context; they serve a mutual projection and monitory entity to mirror one another’s personal conduct and maturation.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Comparative Literature<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy
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Woolsey, Wendy S. "Effects of varied types of music on singing voice and articulation in patients with Parkinson's disease." Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/599.

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Jacobsen, Lesa Lynn. "Verbal imagery used in rehearsals by experienced high school choral directors : an investigation into types and intent of use /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136422.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-105). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Wong, Hon-yip, and 黃漢業. "Impacts of pedestrian schemes on the types of retailers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206589.

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Since 2000, Transport Department has been implementing pedestrian schemes in Hong Kong to provide a comfortable environment for pedestrians. Many studies have indicated that the retail environment in pedestrian streets would be enhanced. This study was conducted to understand the theoretical concepts about the effects of pedestrian streets to retailing. The distribution of different types of retailers in pedestrian streets and the nearby streets was investigated and the reasons and possible effects of the above findings were also examined. Field survey on business inventory in Mong Kok, Causweay Bay and Sheung Shui was conducted. Descriptive statistics was then used to explain the results and chi-square test was devoted to examining whether types of retailers depend on street types. This study showed that types of retailers depend on street types and provided evidence to support pervious researches that specific retailers including chain stores, merchandise retailing or clothing, jewellery and watches shops tended to located in pedestrian streets while some businesses including independent shops or shops selling low-end products were not. The impacts of implementing pedestrian schemes on the types of retailers were discussed. Since more visitors are willing to shop in pedestrian streets due to pleasant environment, retail turnover would usually increase and some investors may want to open shops in the streets to make profits. As a result, property owners would feel more confident to increase the rent of shop to gain more money as the demand of the limited rental street space increases. Those privileged businesses, which can afford higher rent, can open shops in pedestrian streets so the portion of underprivileged businesses in these streets is lower due to unaffordable rent. The study also indicated few more reasons to explain the distribution of retailers’ types. Accessibility is one the factors that affect the attractiveness of pedestrian streets, which also impact the retailers’ types. National economic trend and local factors would increase the portion of specific shops while market economy policy from the Government encourage distributing of retailers’ types using market principle. For the economic implications, privileged businesses would dominate pedestrian streets and affect economic diversity and businesses in pedestrian streets would be affected by economic trend. Moreover, property owners can make more money as rents go up. For social implications, products available in pedestrian streets become tourists-oriented and may not meet the local needs and local identity would gradually disappear. Finally, the study suggested the Government could provide space for independent retailers to continue their businesses and encourage underprivileged businesses to enhance their competiveness. Besides, in the policy point of view, the Government should assess the impacts on the distribution of retailers before implementing pedestrian schemes.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Urban Planning and Design<br>Master<br>Master of Science in Urban Planning
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Mecke, Ann-Christine. "Mutantenstadl : der Stimmwechsel und die deutsche Chorpraxis im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert." Berlin wvb, Wiss. Verl, 2007. http://www.wvberlin.de/data/inhalt/mecke.html.

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張艷馨 and Yim-hing Cheung. "Rare types and polymorphic variants of HPV in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970448.

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Lo, Wai Han. "Reproducing pleasure through rituals : the music culture of older adults and young people in Cantonese operatic singing lessons." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1470.

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Chan, Chun-ping, and 陳俊平. "The impact of different types of feedback on learning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37208901.

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Gao, Xin. "Motivation to learn English in China : coursebooks, school types and learning outcomes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408606.

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Chow, Man-ying, and 周敏盈. "Singing the right tones of the words: the principles and poetics of tone-melody mapping in Cantopop." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48079935.

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 In tone languages, tones, in addition to phonemes, are used to differentiate meanings. The tone of a word changes its meaning. This gives rise to a question regarding vocal music in such languages: does the melodic contour have to depend upon the lexical tones of the text so as to enhance the understanding of the text? This question has motivated a number of studies to examine the relationship between lexical tones and melody in different vocal genres of different tone languages. Yet a satisfactory answer is still missing. While existing studies reveal that the degree of conformity between speech tone and melody varies according to the genre as well as the language, some genres of Cantonese vocal music, such as Cantonese opera and Canto-pop, show a strikingly higher degree of tone-melody correspondence. Taking Canto-pop as the focus, the present study seeks to investigate the principles of tone-melody mapping—the underlying rules which govern the realization and perception of Cantonese speech tones in sung melody. It also seeks to gain a deeper understanding about how the constraints of speech tones affect the text-music interaction and why the preservation of speech tones is particularly prominent in this genre. Drawing insights from musicology, linguistics and psychology, the thesis presents an interdisciplinary research that casts new light on the subject of tone-melody relationship—the relationship between speech tones and sung melody in vocal music. It is found that the correspondence between musical intervals and tonal transitions in Cantonese speech can be crucial to tone perception in sung melody. But there are also occasions where the speech tones are still perceived correctly despite the occurrences of physical tone-melody mismatch, largely on account of the tonal, melodic, syntactic and semantic context. While a misperception of the speech tones may not always necessarily lead to a miscomprehension of the lyrics, it is still an aesthetic requirement for Cantopop to maintain perfect tone-melody mapping. This requirement even has an influence on the creative process of Cantopop.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Music<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy
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Books on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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Li, Desheng. Tectonic types of oil and gas basins in China. Petroleum Industry Press, 1991.

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Hall, Brian. The performer's guide to theater songs. 4th ed. Rovey Research in Performing Arts, 1998.

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Hsia, Tao-tai. Types of incarceration and forced labor in the People's Republic of China. Far Eastern Law Division, Law Library of Congress, 1990.

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Jin, Zhenmao. Lei xing ji lu pian: Ying xiang li de Zhongguo = Types documentary : image of China. Ji nan da xue chu ban she, 2014.

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Wei, Wang. Zhongguo liu xing yin yue yan chang feng ge yan jiu: Research on popular music singing style in China. Zhongguo wen lian chu ban she, 2016.

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Murashova, Natal'ya, and Tat'yana Kazanceva. The history of the Study of the Old Believer Spiritual Verse in the context of the study of the artistic system of extra-liturgical spiritual singing. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1867637.

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The monograph systematizes the historiography of the study of the Old Believer spiritual verse as an independent direction within the framework of the research of the all-Russian extra-liturgical spiritual singing. The chronological principle of the presentation of information resources allowed us to trace the dynamics in the development of research attention to the spiritual verse. The periodization of the history of the study of Old Believer texts of spiritual song-making is determined, the contribution of individual authors is comprehended, key problems are identified and further prospects for scientific research in the field of the musical and poetic heritage of the Old Believers are outlined. The index of publications presented in the work gives an exhaustive idea of the ways of formation and development of research interest in the spiritual song-making of carriers of pre-schismatic Orthodoxy and can be used as an information base for works devoted to spiritual verse. It consists of 447 bibliographic descriptions covering the period from 1859 to 2021. The nominal index includes 226 authors of articles, monographs, dissertations and compilers of collections of various types.&#x0D; It is intended for specialists engaged in the study of Old Believer culture, folklore, Russian religious poetry and sacred music.
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Siksimova, Marina, Ol'ga Begicheva, and Svetlana Mozgot. Solfeggio and music theory: a practical course. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1971854.

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The textbook combines all the main types and forms of practical work in the disciplines of the musical and theoretical cycle, as well as the main topics on musical literacy and music theory, forms of control papers (exam papers), which, as a rule, are presented in such publications separately, without following an integrated approach. The forms of planning and methods of implementation of independent work of students are elaborated and presented in detail. The proposed principle of systematic learning helps in the practical development of disciplines, contributes to the acquisition of the necessary professional knowledge, skills and abilities.&#x0D; It is intended for use in the classroom work of students of performing and theoretical departments of music colleges, as well as advanced students of the senior classes of SSMSH, DMSh and DSHI. It can be used for independent work of students of various specialties of secondary vocational education institutions and areas of higher education: 53.02.03 "Instrumental performance (by types of instruments)", 53.03.03 "Vocal art", 53.03.04 "The Art of folk singing", as well as for preparing applicants for entrance exams.
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Poldnikov, Dmitriy. Comparative History of Foreign Law in 2 tt. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2037407.

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The textbook presents an up-to-date view of the history of the law of foreign countries through the prism of identity, equivalence and diversity of legal traditions of the peoples of the East and West. The subject of study is the content of the leading legal traditions that give an idea of the range of historical types of law, the trends and conditions of their development from archaic forms to more complex ones, the possibilities of their renewal and reception when changing social patterns. Each legal tradition is considered according to a common analytical model: 1) historical context and bearers of tradition, 2) forms of law, the basis of its understanding, interpretation, application, 3) characteristic institutions in the most important areas of legal regulation.&#x0D; The first volume of the textbook explains the theoretical foundations of the historical and legal narrative, as well as the legal traditions of agrarian societies of Eurasia from the perspective of three ideal types: "the law of judges" (a means of resolving disputes in Mesopotamia, republican Rome, medieval England), "the law of scientists" (the path of righteous life in India, Islamic countries of the Middle East, medieval Western Europe), "the right of the ruler" (a means of managing society in imperial China).&#x0D; The textbook meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education and the educational standards of MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia in the field of "Jurisprudence".&#x0D; For undergraduate students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools and faculties of Russia and CIS countries.
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Il'vickaya, Svetlana. History of architecture of world confessions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1416908.

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The textbook discusses the features of the cult architecture of a number of Eastern countries. These are architectural monuments, the main types of temples, as well as the style trends of the main denominations of India, China, Japan, the region of Southeast Asia, Arab-Muslim countries, the Orthodox East, etc. The problem of cultural interaction between the West and the East in the context of architectural science and globalization in architecture is presented.&#x0D; It contains not only a theoretical part, but also a practical one, including the methodology for performing analytical work on this course, methods of architectural research of monuments, topics of scientific abstracts aimed at in-depth assimilation of theoretical material, as well as lists of recommended literature. The textbook completes the thesaurus of architectural terms.&#x0D; Meets the current requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education.&#x0D; For students of educational institutions of higher education — future architects, designers and art historians, for students studying related disciplines: urban planning, cultural studies, art history, design, etc., as well as for graduate students and teachers of architectural faculties and universities. It can be useful to all those who are interested in architectural monuments of world confessions.
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Drolma, Ani Ch_ying. Singing for Freedom. Quarto Publishing Group UK, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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Tang, Xiaobing. "Radio, Sound Cinema, and Community Singing." In Sensing China. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176220-8.

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Randau, Henk R., and Olga Medinskaya. "Types of Taxes." In China Business 2.0. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07677-5_26.

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Jinming, Yan, and Xia Fangzhou. "Types and Modes." In Comprehensive Land Consolidation in China. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003372745-4.

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Li, Linghao, Jiquan Chen, Xingguo Han, Wenhao Zhang, and Changliang Shao. "Types and Distribution of Chinese Grassland Ecosystems." In Ecosystems of China. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3421-8_5.

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Nassimbeni, Guido, and Marco Sartor. "Types of Sourcing in China: a Classification." In Sourcing in China. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625525_4.

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Gejin, Chao. "Types of oral epic texts." In Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003258001-12.

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Cheng, Yinong. "Methods for Drafting Other Types of Maps." In "Nonscientific” Traditional Maps of China. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1219-1_5.

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Sweeting, Marjorie M. "Karst Terminology and Karst Types in China." In Springer Series in Physical Environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79520-6_3.

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Jinghua, Li, Li Xiuhui, and Xu Kuangdi. "Casting Models in Ancient China, Types of." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0740-1_64-1.

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Feng, Tian. "Family Types from the Perspective of Family Burden." In Family Burden Coefficient in China. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b22938-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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Chen, Wen-Hu, Ya-Ze Yang, and Chuan-Ke Zhang. "Delay-Dependent Stability of SMIB with Two Types of Excitation Controllers." In 2024 IEEE China International Youth Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIYCEE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ciycee63099.2024.10846269.

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Zhang, Xueyuan, Enhou Han, Yuanlong Du, and Xiaohui Liu. "Development of Hydrogen Sensors and Application in China." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02343.

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Abstract Four new types of hydrogen sensor were developed and devised in our research group based on the electrochemical mechanism raised by Devanathan and Stachurski in 1962, which could easily measure the hydrogen permeation rate by attaching on the surface of the equipment or inserting into the reactor or pipelines. In this paper, the structures of four types and their application in oil and gas or refining industry were described. The fourth type was specially described in detail. The fourth type of hydrogen sensor developed in our lab was devised according to the operating condition and structure of propane tank. The sensitive anodic foil in the sensor was studied by SEM and electrochemical methods, which showed the deterioration of the foil with the usage. Some measures were taken to satisfy the field demands, e.g. the gel electrolyte was conveniently used in the place of the liquid. The field test results demonstrated the new hydrogen sensor was very practical in predicting the potential hazards due to sulfide stress corrosion cracking or hydrogen embrittlement.
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Liu, Yang-Chao, Wen-Jie Chen, Xin Qi, Yi Shen, Lin Gu, and Hong-Ping Ma. "Overview of Silicon Carbide Wafer Defect Types and Inspection Techniques." In 2024 21st China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2024 10th International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors (SSLCHINA: IFWS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/sslchinaifws64644.2024.10835376.

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Wu, Haotian, Lehua Wang, Shuling Huang, and Yuting Zhang. "Study on Reinforcement Mechanism and Support Effect of Different Types of Anchors on Surrounding Rock in Deep Buried Soft Rock Tunnel." In Conference Proceedings of The 12th International Symposium on Project Management, China. Aussino Academic Publishing House (AAPH), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/076061-0243.

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Polrolniczak, Edward, and Michal Kramarczyk. "Estimation of singing voice types based on voice parameters analysis." In 2017 Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements and Applications (SPA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/spa.2017.8166839.

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Yin, Jinlong, Donghong Gu, Fulong Tang, Xiaodong Tang, and Fuxi Gan. "Comparison of two types of phthalocyanine thin films." In Photonics China '98, edited by Duanyi Xu and Seiya Ogawa. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.318497.

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Yan, Nan, Steve An Xue, and Mok Ka Man. "Vocal tract dimensional characteristics of professional female singers with different types of singing voices." In 2011 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2011.6098560.

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Zhu, Fengyun, Ziye Fan, and Xihong Wu. "A nonlinear digital feedback oscillator based vibrato control model for singing synthesis." In 2014 IEEE China Summit & International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (ChinaSIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinasip.2014.6889213.

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Rahmawati, Laifa, and Dewi Irianti. "Frequency & sound intensity analysis in three types of cultivation cricket singing (Gryllus mitratus burm)." In THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION (ICoSEd 2021): Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) 2030: The Impacts, Challenges, and Strategies in Science Education. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114956.

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Li, Jinyan, Fuxi Gan, Donghong Gu, and Xiaodong Tang. "Measurement and analysis of the optical parameters of two types of dye films." In Photonics China '98, edited by Duanyi Xu and Seiya Ogawa. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.318498.

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Reports on the topic "Types of singing in China"

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Bhattacharya, Utpal, Amit Kumar, Sujata Visaria, and Jing Zhao. Do Women Receive Worse Financial Advice? An Audit Study in Hong Kong, China. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230181-2.

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This audit study examines whether financial advisors’ recommendations vary by client gender. It provides evidence that women are more likely than men to receive low-quality financial advice from some types of advisory firms. We explain this as the result of firms’ incentives and advisors’ beliefs about gender differences in financial knowledge.
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Hunt, Will. Sustaining U.S. Competitiveness in Semiconductor Manufacturing. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210024.

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Since 1990, the U.S. share of global semiconductor manufacturing capacity has declined while the shares of China, South Korea, and Taiwan have increased. If carefully targeted, CHIPS for America Act incentives could reverse this trend for the types of chips that matter most to U.S. national security. In this policy brief, the author assesses how CHIPS Act incentives should be distributed across different types of chips.
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Weinstein, Emily. China’s Use of AI in its COVID-19 Response. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200053.

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The current global pandemic has given China a chance to amplify its efforts to apply artificial intelligence across the public and private spheres. Chinese companies are developing and retooling AI systems for control and prevention. This data brief assesses the types of AI technologies used to fight COVID-19 and the key players involved in this industry.
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Zhang, Yanji, Wei Huang, Jiajie Wang, Hongjie Xia, and Zhongyu Zhou. Acupuncture for weight loss: Protocol for a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0098.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence from systematic reviews of acupuncture and intervention types for weight loss and to evaluate the breadth and methodological quality of them. Condition being studied: Acupuncture is one of the traditional therapies of Chinese medicine. As its effectiveness and safety, it has been widely used in clinical practice in China. Acupuncture is also used and frequently advocated for the treatment of obesity. A few clinical research, systematic review, or meta-analyses has proved its effectiveness and safety, but there are no comprehensive syntheses among these evidence.
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Chitale, Vishwas, and Janita Gurung. Harmonizing the vegetation classification of Kailash Sacred Landscape - Working paper. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1004.

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This paper is the collective effort of ICIMOD and partners to harmonize the vegetation classification of the Kailash Sacred Landscape. The vegetation map was prepared using field data, satellite data, and inputs from experts and partner institutions in China, India, and Nepal. The map provides information on the geographic extent, area coverage, and species composition of 14 vegetation and six land use-land cover types. The information can be used to enhance decision making for ecosystem management in the landscape. Additionally, the methods used in this study are dynamic and could be easily applied to other landscapes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya.
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Golub, Alla, Thomas Hertel, Huey-Lin Lee, Steven Rose, and Brent Sohngen. The Opportunity Cost of Land Use and the Global Potential for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Agriculture and Forestry. GTAP Working Paper, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp36.

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This paper analyzes the role of global land-use in determining potential greenhouse gas mitigation by land-based activities in agriculture and forestry. Land-based activities are responsible for over a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, yet the economics of land-use decisions have not been explicitly modeled in global mitigation studies. In this paper, we develop a new, general equilibrium framework which effectively captures the opportunity costs of land-use decisions in agriculture and forestry, thereby allowing us to analyze competition for heterogeneous land types across and within sectors and input substitution between land and other factors of production. In our analysis of carbon taxation, we find significant changes in the global pattern of comparative advantage as a result of differential mitigation costs across sectors, regions, and land types. We find that forest carbon sequestration is the dominant strategy for GHG emissions mitigation globally in the land using sectors. However, when compared to the rest of the world, land-use emissions abatement in the US and China comes disproportionately from agriculture, and, within agriculture, disproportionately from reductions in fertilizer-related emissions. In the world as a whole, agriculture-related mitigation comes predominantly from reduced methane emissions in the ruminant livestock sector, followed by fertilizer and methane emissions from paddy rice. The results also show how analyses that only consider regional mitigation may under- or over-estimate mitigation potential. For example, U.S.-specific analyses likely over-estimate the potential for abatement in agriculture. Finally, we note that this general equilibrium framework provides the research community with a practical methodology for explicit modeling of global land competition and land-based mitigation in comprehensive assessments of greenhouse gas mitigation options.
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Yu, Winifred, Courtney Luterbach, Elise Digga, et al. Association Between Outcomes and Dental Services in People at Risk of Post-Transplant Complications: A Rapid Response Review. AHRQ, 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_rapid_dental_transplant.

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This review is undertaken to answer the following questions: Key Question 1: What is the effectiveness of dental services in improving health outcomes in people at risk of post-transplant complications? Key Question 2: What are the clinical practice guidelines or standards for dental care for people at risk of post-transplant complications? Key Messages: A single small (n=75), fair-quality retrospective cohort study of patients who developed chronic oral graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after allogeneic HSCT in China found statistically significantly favorable cGVHD response rates, lower mucositis severity score, and lower rates of complications (erythema, ulcers, and plaques) among patients who used oral mucosal barrier protectant compared with the control group. We did not identify any evidence on other dental services or patients of other transplantation types. Of the nine relevant clinical practice guidelines by six professional organizations and one international expert panel, five were dental care-oriented guidelines for transplant patients, and four were overall health management for transplant patients with sections on dental care. All dental care management guidelines emphasize the importance of preventive dental care, such as oral hygiene education and routine dental examination. Two guidelines further advocate for the use of chlorhexidine oral rinse to reduce the risk of oral infection. These guidelines encourage collaboration between dentists and transplant teams to coordinate the timing of dental treatments and medication adjustments. Two guidelines outline management strategies for cGVHD, including the use of artificial saliva for xerostomia, topical immunosuppressive agents to manage oral mucositis, and palliative agents for pain management.
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Noone, Emily, and Lydia Harriss. Hypersonic missiles. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn696.

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This POSTnote looks at hypersonic missile technologies, efforts to develop them, potential applications, and the possible challenges they may present for missile defence and global stability. Key Points: • Hypersonic missiles combine speeds of over five times the speed of sound with significant manoeuvrability during flight. • Their manoeuvrability enables them to change trajectory during flight, making their flight-path and target difficult to predict. • They fly at lower altitudes than ballistic missiles, which means that they may be harder to track at long distances with some surface-based sensors, such as certain radar. • There are two main types of hypersonic missile: hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs). • HGVs are mounted onto rocket boosters for launch and may be accelerated to speeds of Mach 20 or more. The glider then separates from the booster and flies unpowered in the Earth’s upper atmosphere at altitudes of 30-80 km, before diving towards the target. • HCMs typically have a ramjet or scramjet engine that enables them to reach hypersonic speeds at altitudes of 20-40 km. • China and Russia have reportedly deployed hypersonic missiles that could deliver conventional or nuclear weapons. The US is testing multiple hypersonic technologies. • The AUKUS agreement between the UK, US and Australia includes developing hyper-sonic and counter-hypersonic technologies. • Developing hypersonic missiles requires significant research and development challenges to be overcome, contributing to their high development and manufacturing costs. • The speed, manoeuvrability and altitude of hypersonic missiles may challenge existing missile defences, although their uses and effectiveness are still being assessed. • Defence analysts disagree about the potential implications of hypersonic missiles for global peace and stability. Some suggest they could increase the risk of conflict escalation, while others say that they will not alter the strategic balance between nuclear powers. • Arms control, export controls and other measures may help limit potential harm to peace and stability, but these approaches face challenges.
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Corriveau, L., J. F. Montreuil, O. Blein, et al. Metasomatic iron and alkali calcic (MIAC) system frameworks: a TGI-6 task force to help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329093.

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Australia's and China's resources (e.g. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag and Bayan Obo REE deposits) highlight how discovery and mining of iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), iron oxide±apatite (IOA) and affiliated primary critical metal deposits in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic (MIAC) mineral systems can secure a long-term supply of critical metals for Canada and its partners. In Canada, MIAC systems comprise a wide range of undeveloped primary critical metal deposits (e.g. NWT NICO Au-Co-Bi-Cu and Québec HREE-rich Josette deposits). Underexplored settings are parts of metallogenic belts that extend into Australia and the USA. Some settings, such as the Camsell River district explored by the Dene First Nations in the NWT, have infrastructures and 100s of km of historic drill cores. Yet vocabularies for mapping MIAC systems are scanty. Ability to identify metasomatic vectors to ore is fledging. Deposit models based on host rock types, structural controls or metal associations underpin the identification of MIAC-affinities, assessment of systems' full mineral potential and development of robust mineral exploration strategies. This workshop presentation reviews public geoscience research and tools developed by the Targeted Geoscience Initiative to establish the MIAC frameworks of prospective Canadian settings and global mining districts and help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. The knowledge also supports fundamental research, environmental baseline assessment and societal decisions. It fulfills objectives of the Canadian Mineral and Metal Plan and the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative among others. The GSC-led MIAC research team comprises members of the academic, private and public sectors from Canada, Australia, Europe, USA, China and Dene First Nations. The team's novel alteration mapping protocols, geological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical framework tools, and holistic mineral systems and petrophysics models mitigate and solve some of the exploration and geosciences challenges posed by the intricacies of MIAC systems. The group pioneers the use of discriminant alteration diagrams and barcodes, the assembly of a vocab for mapping and core logging, and the provision of field short courses, atlas, photo collections and system-scale field, geochemical, rock physical properties and geophysical datasets are in progress to synthesize shared signatures of Canadian settings and global MIAC mining districts. Research on a metamorphosed MIAC system and metamorphic phase equilibria modelling of alteration facies will provide a foundation for framework mapping and exploration of high-grade metamorphic terranes where surface and near surface resources are still to be discovered and mined as are those of non-metamorphosed MIAC systems.
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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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