Academic literature on the topic 'Types of TB'
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Journal articles on the topic "Types of TB"
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Salim, Saema. "Prevalence, Types and Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Review." Scientific Inquiry and Review 4, no. 4 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir/2020/44/999.
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Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as one of the main cause of death in human beings in recent years. TB is caused by a group of species called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and it causes three million deaths each year around the world. In 2010, the global estimated incidence of TB was about 8.0 million. The number of deaths from TB among HIV-negative patients was 1.0 million while the number of deaths among the HIV-positive TB was about 0.40 million. The higher incident and elevation of MDR cases demand efforts to shift focus to various control strategies against TB. According to WHO, in 2014 magnitude of TB was recorded as 126 positive cases per 0.1 million population in the world. Pakistan ranks fourth in high TB burden countries where each year approximately 297,000 TB cases are reported. Tuberculosis can be comprehensively grouped into two main types; pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs and is most common type of TB. In 15 to 20 % cases of the active TB, the infection spreads from lungs to different parts of the body. This condition is called extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Different treatment regimens are available for tuberculosis.
 
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Suputra, Anak Agung Gede, I. Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra, and Luh Seri Ani. "Evaluation of Work Performance Two Types of Community Tuberculosis Workers in Gianyar Regency." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 3, no. 1 (2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2015.v3.i1.p10.
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Background and purpose: One of the strategies adopted to improve coverage of TB patients (BTA+) in Gianyar Regency is to involve the pakraman (desa adat) TB cadres and the regular (PPTI) TB cadres with four tasks in order to help health care workers to trace and find tuberculosis suspect patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate work performance between two types of community TB cadres in Gianyar Regency. Methods: This study was an observational research using secondary data of cadres work reports and interview to study participants to understand cadres characteristics and health workers supervision. Numbers of participants were all village TB cadres namely 29 pakraman and 88 regular TB cadres located in Gianyar Regency. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation sheets. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted. Results: The result shown that work performance of pakraman TB cadres was statistically better than regular TB cadres (adjusted RP=6.1; 95%CI: 3.3-11.2). Better work performance of pakraman TB cadres was found in all four tasks of cadres namely helping education (adjusted RP=7.8; 95%CI: 4.2-14.2), finding tuberculosis suspects (adjusted RP=7.4; 95%CI: 1.7-33.1), tracing of defaulters TB suspects (adjusted RP=17.1; 95%CI: 1.8-166.4) and tracing loss of follow up TB patients (adjusted RP=3.8x108; 95%CI: (1.6-8.9)x108). Conclusion: Work performance of pakraman TB cadres was better than regular TB cadres in all four tasks.
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Apriyani, Mella, Jajang Jajang, and Agustini Tripena Br Sb. "IMPLEMENTASI MODEL REGRESI LOGISTIK MULTINOMIAL PADA PENGELOMPOKAN PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS." Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 13, no. 1 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2021.13.1.3612.
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There are three types of Tuberculosis (TB) patients at Banyumas Region Hospital, namely negative pulmonary TB, positive pulmonary TB, and extra pulmonary TB. Types of TB generally caused by age, cae of history, gender, level of education, and domicile. One of the methods that used to find a correlation between types of TB with the affect is regression analysis. This study used multinomial logistic regession analysis because types of TB is categorical and the data is 156 TB’s patients recorded at 2018/2019. The result showed that the level of education be a dominant factor to affect TB. Here, we noted that patients with basic education level have a 5,843 time odds for getting positive pulmonary TB and 2,224 times for getting extra pulmonary TB. The multinomial logistic regression model is then given as probability for getting positive pulmonary TB with factor level of education is greather than negative pulmonary TB and extra pulmonary TB.
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Khine, Khine Zaw, Gyi Aung, Wah Aung Wah, and Win Ei Phyu. "Cutaneous TB: Different Clinical Types and Comparing the Values of its Diagnostic Tests." Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal 29, no. 3 (2017): 222–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711706.
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Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) can present with a wide range of clinical presentations depending on the route of infection, immune status of the patient and whether or not there has been previous sensitization with TB. The occurrences of different forms of cutaneous TB vary globally.Depending on the types of cutaneous TB, the efficacies of different diagnostic tests are varying and there is no single perfect tool. In this study, the available diagnostic tests for cutaneous TB such as tuberculin test, smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), histopathologic examination, TB culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis DNA from skin biopsy specimen were done in 25 clinically diagnosed cutaneous TB cases attending the Dermatology Ward, YGH from June 2014 to August 2015. The positivity of diagnostic test results were compared according to the types of cutaneous TB.
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Shabalina, I. Yu, Ya O. Chesalina, L. A. Semenova, et al. "TYPES OF INFLAMMATION IN ENDOBRONCHIAL BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 9, no. 2 (2025): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2025-9-2-14-27.
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Aim: to determine the frequency of different types of inflammatory reactions detected in the specimens of endobronchial biopsies (EBB), endobronchial cryobiopsies (EBCB) based on the histology test results at the background of different patterns of endoscopic and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) of trachea and bronchi in patients with respiratory TB. Materials and methods. A cohort retrospective study included 89 patients aged 18 to 84 years with respiratory TB complicated by endobronchial TB detected by bronchoscopy. Serial EBB or EBCB during bronchoscopy examination as well as cytology and histology tests of biopsy specimens were performed for all patients. Results. Depending on the type of inflammatory reaction in EBB/ EBCB specimens, patients were categorized into 3 groups based on the histology tests results: group 1 included 32 patients with TB type granulomatous inflammation, group 2 included 31 patients with granulomatous inflammation of bronchial wall with no evidence of specificity, and group 3 included 26 patients with apparent chronic nonspecific inflammation of bronchial wall. Significant differences were observed in frequency of the occurred inflammatory reactions specified by the histologic examination of bronchobiopsy specimens depending on the endoscopically identified form of endobronchial TB and the prevalence of the specific process at different levels of airway lesions and duration of symptom persistence prior to the verification of endobronchial TB diagnosis by bronchoscopy. Conclusion. More aggressive forms of endobronchial TB with severe inflammation of the bronchial wall and the process extending beyond the basal membrane (infiltrative-ulcerative lesions, bronchonodular fistulas) and widespread processes involving the trachea and main bronchi were significantly more frequently observed in the TB type granulomatous inflammation of the bronchial wall. Granulomatous inflammation with no evidence of specificity, detected in 35% of patients with endobronchial TB, was most frequently observed in the relatively localized infiltrative bronchial TB. In 29% of patients with endobronchial TB, chronic nonspecific inflammation of the bronchial wall was detected in EBB specimens, which may lead to diagnostic errors.
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Khine, Khine Zaw, Gyi Aung, Wah Aung Wah, and Win Ei Phyu. "Cutaneous TB: Different Clinical Types and Comparing the Values of its Diagnostic Tests." Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal 29, no. 3 (2017): 222–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375350.
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Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) can present with a wide range of clinical presentations depending on the route of infection, immune status of the patient and whether or not there has been previous sensitization with TB. The occurrences of different forms of cutaneous TB vary globally. Depending on the types of cutaneous TB, the efficacies of different diagnostic tests are varying and there is no single perfect tool. In this study, the available diagnostic tests for cutaneous TB such as tuberculin test, smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), histopathologic examination, TB culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis DNA from skin biopsy specimen were done in 25 clinically diagnosed cutaneous TB cases attending the Dermatology Ward, YGH from June 2014 to August 2015.
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Svalov, Andrey V., V. O. Vas’kovskiy, José M. Barandiarán, Iñaki Orue, A. N. Sorokin, and G. V. Kurlyandskaya. "Magnetoresistive Properties of Tb/Ti and Tb/Si Multilayers." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.237.
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Magnetic, magnetoresistive and structural properties of Tb/Ti and Tb/Si nanoscale multilayers prepared by alternative deposition of Tb layers and Ti or Si spacers are comparatively studied. It was concluded that spin disorder scattering is responsible for the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance observed in multilayers of both types.
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Faye, Lindiwe Modest, Mojisola Clara Hosu, and Teke Apalata. "Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Study of Patients’ Characteristics in Selected Healthcare Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 12 (2024): 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121594.
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This study investigated the characteristics and outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in selected rural healthcare facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A retrospective review of clinical records from 456 patients, covering the period from January 2018 to December 2020, revealed a statistically significant relationship between DR-TB types and age groups (Chi-square statistic: 30.74, p-value: 0.015). Younger adults (19–35 years) and middle-aged adults (36–50 years) are more frequently affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which are the most prevalent forms of DR-TB. Less common types, including Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH TB, were observed in smaller numbers. The study suggests that DR-TB imposes a heavy burden on the working age population. Gender analysis shows that while the frequency of DR-TB differs between males and females, the percentage distribution of DR-TB types is relatively equal. Both genders are predominantly affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which together account for nearly 90% of cases. Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH-resistant TB are much less common, comprising only a small percentage of cases in both males and females. High-risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking are linked to a wider diversity of DR-TB types, while occupations like mining and prison work show higher rates of RR-TB and MDR-TB. In HIV-positive individuals, DR-TB is more common, but the distribution of DR-TB types between HIV-positive and negative groups shows no statistically significant difference. However, HIV-positive individuals have a 20% lower survival rate (65%) compared to HIV-negative patients (85%). Financial stability and comorbidities also significantly influence outcomes, with patients having stable income and fewer high-risk comorbidities experiencing better survival and treatment outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities and strengthening healthcare infrastructure to improve DR-TB treatment outcomes in rural Eastern Cape.
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Zolotova , N. V., N. Yu Kharitonova, V. V. Streltsov, G. V. Baranova, and O. G. Komissarova. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF PULMONARY TB PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOLERANCE TO TB DRUGS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 7, no. 3 (2023): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2023-7-3-85-91.
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Objective: a comparative study of psychological features of patients with different types of tolerance to TB chemotherapy. Materials and methods. We studied psychological features of 68 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB aged 34.0 ± 10.1 years, out of them were 53 female (77.9%) and 15 male (22.1%) patients. Psychological features and life quality was studied before TB chemotherapy using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and the SF-36 questionnaire. Tolerance to TB drugs was assessed by the attending physician using standard clinical and laboratory studies. Results. Adverse reactions to TB drugs were observed in 52 out of 68 patients (76.5%), and 16 patients (23.5%) had satisfactory tolerance to TB drugs. Different psychological disorders were diagnosed in 25 out of 68 patients (36.8%), a positive psychological status was observed in 43 out of 68 patients (63.2%). The matching of psychological features and TB drug tolerance revealed that patients with the positive psychological status prevailed in the group without adverse reactions to TB drugs as compared to those with adverse reactions (87.5% vs 55.8%, р < 0.01). The number of patients with the negative psychological status in the first group was significantly less as compared to the group with adverse reactions (12.5% vs 44.2%, р < 0.01). The level of physical, emotional functions, life activity, and mental health was significantly lower in patients with adverse reactions. Conclusion. The present study has demonstrated psychological aspects of tolerance to TB drug. Patients with the negative psychological status should be referred to the potential risk group for adverse reactions to TB drugs. The complex of basic therapeutic activities for this category of patients should include psychological rehabilitation aimed to recover psychological resources and adaption potential of the personality
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D., Victor Prabhakar, Lakshmi Keerthana R., Shaik Salma, et al. "Tuberculosis: an overview of current literature on types, diagnosis and drug therapy." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (2019): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192939.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is a global problem and increases in case rates are occurring not only in the developing countries of the world but also in several industrialized nations. There has also been an alarming increase in the number and proportion of cases caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple first-line drugs. The increase in multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis has re-taught physicians about the importance of pursuing and ensuring treatment until cure. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. This article offers an overview of types, diagnosis and management of TB.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Types of TB"
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Routin, Eddy. "Local Tb theorems and Hardy type inequalities." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656023.
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In this thesis, we study local Tb theorems for singular integral operators in the setting of spaces of homogeneous type. We give a direct proof of the local Tb theorem with L^2 integrability on the pseudo- accretive system. Our argument relies on the Beylkin-Coifman-Rokhlin algorithm applied in adapted Haar wavelet basis and some stopping time results. Motivated by questions of S. Hofmann, we extend it to the case when the integrability conditions are lower than 2, with an additional weak boundedness type hypothesis, which incorporates some Hardy type inequalities. We study the possibility of relaxing the support conditions on the pseudo-accretive system to a slight enlargement of the dyadic cubes. We also give a result in the case when, for practical reasons, hypotheses on the pseudo-accretive system are made on balls rather than dyadic cubes. Finally we study the particular case of perfect dyadic operators for which the proof gets much simpler. Our argument gives us the opportunity to study Hardy type inequalities. The latter are well known in the Euclidean setting, but seem to have been overlooked in spaces of homogeneous type. We prove that they hold without restriction in the dyadic setting. In the more general case of a ball B and its corona 2B\B, they can be obtained from some geometric conditions relative to the distribution of points in the homogeneous space. For example, we prove that some relative layer decay property suffices. We also prove that this property is implied by the monotone geodesic property of Tessera. Finally, we give some explicit examples and counterexamples in the complex plane to illustrate the relationship between the geometry of the homogeneous space and the validity of the Hardy type inequalities.
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Trottier, Danielle. "Mécanismes de transfert d'énergie Eu²⁺ - Tb³⁺ et Ce³⁺ - Tb³⁺ dans des fluorures de type KYF." 63-Aubière : Impr. U.E.R. Sci, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361103639.
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Krejčí, Kamil. "Výroba repliky motoru Laurin-Klement." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228574.
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The goal of the graduation thesis is building of a working replica of the motorcycle engine Laurin&Klement, type TB from 1902. The thesis focuses on the manufacturing of cast parts. The piece production of the engine has been based on extant original pieces, missing pieces have been manufactured according to period photographs and leaflets. This method can be applied for production of missing or damaged pieces of historical motorcycles‘ engines.
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ROBINET, SOPHIE. "Fluorescence d'ions ln#3#+ (eu#3#+, dy#3#+, tb#3#+, ce#3#+) dans des solutions solides fluorees desordonnees de type fluorine." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF21579.
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Ce travail est consacre a l'etude de la photoluminescence d'ions terres rares dans des solutions solides de type fluorine a exces d'anions. En etudiant la solution solide ca#(#1##x#) eu#x f#(#2#+#x#) par spectroscopie f. L. N. (fluorescence line narrowing), en excitant dans le niveau #5do (574-580 nm) nous avons pu mettre en evidence des environnements differents de l'ion eu#3#+. Les symetries ponctuelles determinees par denombrement des raies des transitions #5d#0#7f#1 et #5d#0#7f#2, sont en bon accord avec les polyedres de coordination decrivant les modeles de clusters proposes par differents auteurs. L'etude optique montre egalement un processus de relaxation croisee entre ions eu#3#+ important, lors de l'excitation dans le niveau #5l#6. L'extinction des transitions issues des #5d#j (j=1, 2, 3) par ce processus indique qu'il existe des distances courtes entre les ions eu#3#+ attribuables a des eu#3#+ distribues dans des clusters. Dans la solution solide fluorine fortement substituee ba#(#1##x#) yxf#(#2#+#x#) avec x=0,20, l'etude de la fluorescence des ions dy#3#+ et tb#3#+ a confirme l'existence d'amas d'ions cationiques trivalents. Ainsi pour l'ion dy#3#+, l'ajustement des declins de fluorescence a ete realise par le modele de burshtein etabli pour une repartition desordonnee. L'extinction des transitions a partir du niveau #5d#3 de l'ion tb#3#+ est attribuee au processus de relaxation croisee entre les ions. Nous avons cherche a ameliorer le rendement de fluorescence des ions dy#3#+ et tb#3#+ par un mecanisme de transfert d'energie en utilisant l'ion ce#3#+ comme ion donneur
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Isaboke, James N. "Risk Factors for Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Complications among Foreign-Born Persons in Houston, Texas." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1897.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading public health problem across the world. For various reasons, TB and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have increased. Clarification on TB/HIV co-infection and homelessness as risk factors for TB and MDR-TB is required to inform policy interventions to reduce TB-related morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In this quantitative study, data from the Houston Health Department (N = 341) were analyzed to explore the relationship between TB and MDR-TB outcomes and TB/HIV co-infection and type of housing/homelessness. Foreign-born persons are disproportionately affected in the United States. The socio-ecological model provided a theoretical framework for the investigation. Multiple and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between variables, controlling for age and gender. Results indicate that HIV infected persons were more likely than non-infected persons to contract TB, and homeless persons were more likely than non-homeless persons to contract TB/MDR-TB, suggesting that high TB/HIV co-infection rates increase prevalence of TB and MDR-TB while improvements in housing reduce prevalence of TB and MDR-TB. However, no significant associations between variables were found. The odds ratio, Exp(B) = 0.000, p -?¥ 0.90, 95% Cl [0.000, with no upper bound values] was observed for both independent variables. Regular screening for TB/HIV co-infection among persons with high TB and MDR-TB risk profiles is recommended. Further investigation is required. Inclusion of more covariates could further elucidate more evidence of an association between variables. Study findings may support interventions to reduce TB-related morbidity, leading to positive social change.
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Phejar, Mathieu. "Étude de composés de type LaFe13-xSix(H,C)y et Y1-xRxFe2D4,2 (R = Er, Tb) pour la réfrigération magnétique à température ambiante." Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575658.
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La première partie des travaux réalisés durant cette thèse a été dédiée à l'élaboration de composés de type LaFe13-xSix (1,2 < x < 2,3) par une méthode de synthèse qui, jusque là, n'avait pas encore été utilisée pour ce type de matériaux : la mécanosynthèse à haute énergie. Il a fallu déterminer les conditions de synthèse et de recuit optimales pour l'obtention d'échantillons monophasés. L'homogénéité de ces derniers a été systématiquement analysée par diffraction des rayons X et microsonde électronique. Les résultats ont montré qu'une microstructure plus fine favorise la formation de la phase désirée : un recuit de 30 minutes (au lieu de 30 jours pour les composés massifs) à 1373K sut à l'obtention d'un composé quasi-monophasé. Ceci représente un gain de temps non négligeable pour tous procédés industriels. D'après les mesures magnétiques eectuées, les composés synthétisés par broyage mécanique possèdent des propriétés magnétiques et magnétocaloriques similaires aux composés massifs. Ils présentent une transition métamagnétique des électrons itinérants induite par le champ ou la température. Leur température de Curie augmente avec le taux de Si, variant de 200K à 235K respectivement lorsque x varie de 1,4 à 2,0 alors que leur variation d'entropie magnétique diminue de 20 J/kg K à 4 J/kg K sous une variation de champ de 0-2 T. La deuxième partie de l'étude a consisté à améliorer les propriétés magnétocaloriques des composés intermétalliques en procédant à l'insertion d'atomes interstitiels tels que l'hydrogène ou le carbone. Conformément à la littérature, les mesures magnétiques ont montré une nette augmentation de la température de transition (jusqu'à température ambiante) dans les deux cas par effet magnétovolumique tout en conservant un eet magnétocalorique important. Les analyses par diffraction des neutrons en température effectuées sur les composés deutérés (hydrogénés) ont permis de suivre l'évolution des données cristallographiques ainsi que des moments magnétiques par atomes de Fe indépendamment des sites cristallographiques qu'ils occupent. Il ressort de cette étude que ces composés présentent un grand intérêt dans la recherche de futurs matériaux magnétocaloriques pour la réfrigération magnétique à température ambiante. Dans le cadre de l'exploration de nouveaux systèmes magnétocaloriques, les propriétés magnétiques et magnétocaloriques des composés Y1-xRxFe2D4;2 (R = Er et Tb) ont également été étudiés en couplant les analyses magnétiques avec les mesures de diffraction des neutrons en fonction de la température et du champ appliqué. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence l'influence importante de la nature et du taux de terre–rare substitué à l'yttrium sur l'eet magnétocalorique.
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Janio, Anthony L. "A study of the relationship between the magnetoelastic properties and microstructure of rare earth/iron compounds of the type Tb/Dy Feâ†2." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328238.
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Junker, Michel. "Etude et optimisation des propriétés optiques et morphologiques d'un luminophore du type La1-x-yCexTbyPO4." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843196.
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L'un des luminophores utilisés dans les lampes trichromatiques est un phosphate mixte de lanthane-cérium-terbium La<sub>1-x-y</sub>Ce<sub>x</sub>Tb<sub>y</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. Ses propriétés optiques et morphologiques doivent être adaptées à son utilisation. Ce travail concerne l'étude et l'optimisation de ces propriétés. Comme le luminophore est obtenu par calcination d'un précurseur, il apparaît que cette étape a une influence sur son rendement quantique, c'est à dire sur son efficacité. C'est la nature de l'atmosphère de calcination qui est déterminante. La morphologie finale du luminophore peut être contrôlée par l'ajout, avant l'étape de calcination, d'un composé au précurseur. La nature de ce composé dépend des impuretés présentes dans le précurseur et provenant de la synthèse de celui-ci.
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Musold, Harald. "Interessenentwicklung an Grund- und Oberschulen im Fach Naturwissenschaften in der 5. und 6. Jahrgangsstufe." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18126.
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Die Interessenabnahme von Schülerinnen und Schülern in der Sekundarstufe 1 in allen naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern ist nicht nur bekannt, es liegen bereits diverse Untersuchungen über die Ursachen dieser Abnahme vor. Dabei standen sowohl die fachlichen Inhalte als auch die Tätigkeiten im Unterricht im Fokus der Untersuchungen. Warum aber gerade in der Oberschule das Interesse abnimmt und warum eine derartig starke Abnahme des Interesses nicht bereits in der Grundschule zu beobachten ist, bleibt zu eruieren. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen der Interessenentwicklung von Schülerinnen und Schülern von der 5. zur 6. Jahrgangsstufe l in Berliner Oberschulen und Grundschulen im Fach Naturwissenschaften soll zur Klärung dieser Frage beitragen. Bei gleichen fachlichen Inhalten kann der Fokus ganz auf den Unterricht und dessen Umsetzung gelegt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, ob Grundschullehrkräfte in ihrem Unterricht das Interesse der Schülerinnen und Schüler besser fördern als Oberschullehrkräfte. Dahingehend wird eine Querschnittstudie sowohl an Grund- als auch an Oberschulen mit Schülerinnen und Schülern der 5. und 6. Jahrgangsstufe durchgeführt. Erhoben werden das Interesse und die Motivation der Lernenden am Unterricht und die im Unterricht eingesetzten Unterrichtsmethoden. Als Basis für eine Förderung der Interessenentwicklung wird die Befriedigung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse (Deci & Ryan, 1993) zugrunde gelegt.
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung weisen keine nennenswerten Unterschiede zwischen den Unterrichts-methoden von Grundschul- und Oberschullehrkräften auf. Gleichzeitig zeigt sich eine Interessenabnahme über die Klassenstufen an Ober- und Grundschulen. Des Weiteren wird ein eindeutiger Unterschied in der Befriedigung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse nach Kompetenzerleben, Autonomieerleben und sozia-ler Eingebundenheit über die Schulformen hinweg deutlich. Die Unterschiede in der Befriedigung der psy-chologischen Grundbedürfnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass es dennoch einen Unterschied im Unterricht zwischen Grund- und Oberschulen geben muss. Darüber hinaus geben Sie Anlass zu der Vermutung, dass der Schulwechsel als solcher einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Interessenentwicklung hat.<br>The decline of student interest in the natural sciences, which occurs in secondary school (7th – 10th) grades, is not only a known fact, but also has been the subject of many research studies to discover its causes. In these studies, both subject matter and classtime activities were the primary focus. Why precise-ly this interest declines in the upper grades and why such a marked decline in interest is not already ob-servable in primary school are the questions at hand. A direct comparison of the development of student interest in the natural sciences between the 5th and 6th grades in a regular primary school as well as those in a special secondary school (grundständiges Gym-nasium), which begins with the 5th grade, can contribute to the clarification of these questions. If the sub-ject matter is the same, the emphasis can be on the instruction itself and its implementation.
This thesis presents a study that elucidates if primary school teachers are more capable of stimulating the interests of students in their classes than their special secondary school counterparts. For that reason a cross-sectional study of students in the 5th and 6th grades at primary schools and special secondary schools was conducted in which the interest and motivations of students and the teaching methods em-ployed were examined.
In this study, the satisfaction of psychological basic needs served as the basis for the stimulation of inter-est development (Deci & Ryan, 1993).
The results of this research show no substantial differences between the teaching methods of primary and special secondary school teachers.
However, the decline of interest between the grades examined could be verified across primary and special secondary schools. Furthermore, a clear difference in the satisfaction of psychological basic needs across school forms could be shown. These differences suggest, that there has to be a distinction between educa-tion in primary and special secondary schools after all. In addition one can conclude from this research that the progression to a higher school level itself has a decisive impact on interest development.
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Newton-Foot, Mae. "Understanding the evolution and function of the mycobacterial Type VII ESX secretion systems (T7SSs) and their substrates." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79805.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis disease, contains five copies of the ESAT-6
gene cluster, each encoding a dedicated ESX protein secretion system which has been defined as a novel
Type-VII secretion system. The ESX have been implicated in virulence and survival of M. tuberculosis, and
as such present a promising target for novel treatment interventions. This study has investigated the
evolution, regulation, functions and substrates of the ESX secretion systems.
The evolutionary history of the ESX secretion systems was established using in silico and phylogenetic
analyses of the sequenced mycobacteria, closely related actinomycetes and WXG-FtsK clusters from other
bacteria. The ESX-4 gene cluster appears to have evolved with the start of the evolution of the
mycomembrane, followed by the duplication of ESX-3, which marks the evolution of the genus
Mycobacterium. The ESX-1 duplication occurred next, followed by ESX-2 and ESX-5 which occur only in the
slow growing mycobacteria. Five additional ESX gene clusters were newly identified and named ESX-P1 to -
P5. These additional ESX clusters occur, or are predicted to occur, on plasmid DNA, and appear to be
progenitors of the genomic ESX-1 to -5 gene clusters, possibly indicating a plasmid-mediated mechanism of
ESX duplication and evolution.
The promoters expressing the M. tuberculosis ESX-1 to ESX-5 secretion systems were investigated using a
promoter probe assay, and characterised using in silico analyses. Promoters were identified for ESX-1, -2, -3
and -5.
The functions of the mycobacterial ESX secretion systems were investigated using whole proteomic,
secretomic and metabolomic analyses of the fast growing, non-pathogenic M. smegmatis, which contains
three of the ESX secretion systems, ESX-1, 3, and 4. ESX knockout strains of M. smegmatis were generated
and used in comparative analyses with wild-type M. smegmatis. ESX-1 was highly expressed in wild-type M.
smegmatis, however no specific pathways showed considerable variation when ESX-1 was deleted. Deletion
of ESX-3 resulted in substantial variation to multiple cellular pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate
and fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress. These and other differences indicate possible perturbed
polyamine metabolism in the absence of ESX-3. Although no ESX-4 protein components were detected in
wild type M. smegmatis, the ESX-4 knockout displayed substantial proteomic variation. Reduced levels of
ESX-3 component proteins in the ESX-4 knockout suggest that ESX-4 influences ESX-3 expression. Other
variation linked ESX-4 to cell division and molybdenum metabolism.
Secretomic analyses of wild-type and ESX knockout M. smegmatis strains were used to search for novel
substrates of the M. smegmatis ESX secretion systems. No prototype ESX substrates were identified in the
culture filtrates, however 10 possible substrates of the ESX-1, -3 and -4 secretion systems, containing the
general ESX secretion signal, YxxxD/E, were identified. The functions of some of these proteins correlate
with the ESX functions identified in the proteomic and metabolomic analyses.
This study sets the groundwork for future work in understanding the functional roles and expression patterns
of these ESX secretion systems and in using global proteomic and metabolomic analyses to understand
cellular changes in response to specific signals or genomic changes.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, die veroorsakende agent van tuberkulose, bevat vyf kopieë van die ESAT-6
geengroep, wat elk 'n toegewyde ESX proteïen sekresiesisteem, omskryf as 'n nuwe Tipe-VII
sekresiestelsel, kodeer. Die ESX sekresiesisteme is betrokke by virulensie en oorlewing van M.
tuberculosis, en is dus belowende teikens vir nuwe behandelings. Hierdie studie het die evolusie, regulasie,
funksies en substrate van die ESX sekresiesisteme ondersoek.
Die evolusionêre geskiedenis van die ESX sekresiesisteme is bepaal met behulp van in silico en
filogenetiese analises van die volgordebepaalde mikobakterieë, nouverwante actinomisete en WXG-FtsK
groepe van ander bakterieë. Die ESX-4 geengroep het saam met die evolusie van die mikomembraan
ontwikkel, gevolg deur die duplisering van ESX-3, wat die evolusie van die genus Mycobacterium merk. Die
ESX-1 duplisering het volgende plaasgevind, gevolg deur ESX-2 en ESX-5, wat slegs in die stadiggroeiende
mikobakterieë voorkom. Vyf addisionele ESX geengroepe is nuut geïdentifiseer in hierdie studie
en is ESX-P1 tot -P5 genoem. Hierdie addisionale ESX groepe is op, of word voorspel om op, plasmied DNS
voor te kom, en mag voorlopers van die genomiese ESX-1 tot -5 geengroepe wees, wat moontlik dui op 'n
plasmied-gemedieërde meganisme van ESX duplisering en evolusie.
Die promoters wat verantwoordelik is vir die uitdrukking van die M. tuberculosis ESX-1 tot ESX-5
sekresiesisteme is ondersoek deur middel van 'n promoter aktiwiteitstoets, en gekarakteriseer deur in silico
analises. Promoters is geidentifiseer vir ESX-1, -2, -3 en -5.
Die funksies van die mikobakteriële ESX sekresiesisteme is ondersoek deur proteomiese, sekretomiese en
metabolomiese analises van die vinnig-groeiende, nie-patogeniese mikobakterium M. smegmatis, wat ESX-
1, -3 en -4 sekresiesisteme besit. ESX uitslaanmutante van M. smegmatis is gegenereer en gebruik in die
vergelykende analises met die wilde-tipe M. smegmatis. ESX-1 is hoogs uitgedruk in wilde-tipe M.
smegmatis, maar geen spesifieke metabolise weë het aansienlike variasie getoon wanneer ESX-1 verwyder
is. Delesie van ESX-3 het gelei tot aansienlike variasie in verskeie sellulêre weë, insluitend aminosuur-,
koolhidraat- en vetsuur-metabolisme en oksidatiewe stres. Hierdie en ander verskille dui op moontlike
versteurde poli-amien metabolisme in die afwesigheid van ESX-3. Hoewel geen ESX-4 proteïenkomponente
opgespoor is in wilde-tipe M. smegmatis nie, vertoon die ESX-4 uitslaanmutant aansienlike proteomiese
variasie. Laer vlakke van ESX-3 proteïne dui daarop dat ESX-4 die uitdrukking van ESX-3 beinvloed. Baie
van die proteomiese variasie kan geassosieer word met verlaagde ESX-3 uitdrukking, maar ander variasie
mag ESX-4 koppel met seldeling en molibdeen metabolisme.
Sekretomiese analises van wilde-tipe en ESX uitslaanmutant M. smegmatis stamme is gebruik om nuwe
substrate van die M. smegmatis ESX sekresiesisteme te identifiseer. Geen prototipe ESX substrate is
geïdentifiseer in die kultuurfiltraat, maar 10 moontlike substrate van die ESX-1, -3 en -4 sekresiesisteme, met
die algemene ESX sekresiesein, YxxxD/E, is geïdentifiseer. Die funksies van sommige van hierdie proteïene
korreleer met die funksies geïdentifiseer in die proteomiese en metabolomiese analises.
Hierdie studie stel die grondslag vir toekomstige werk in die begrip van die funksionele rol en
uitdrukkingspatrone van die ESX sekresiesisteme en in die gebruik van globale proteomiese en
metabolomiese analises om sellulêre veranderinge in reaksie op spesifieke seine of genomiese veranderinge te verstaan.<br>The National Research Foundation<br>German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD),<br>The Harry Crossley Foundation<br>The Ernst and Ethel Erikson Trust<br>Stellenbosch University
Books on the topic "Types of TB"
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M, McAdam John, and Di Fabrizio Larry, eds. Tuberculosis and AIDS: The relationship between mycobacterium TB and the HIV type 1. Springer Pub. Co., 1995.
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Carton, James. Infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759584.003.0002.
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This chapter describes infectious diseases, including common types of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths) and antimicrobial agents (antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents), as well as some common systemic infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), infectious mononucleosis, malaria, syphilis, Lyme disease, and leishmaniasis.
Book chapters on the topic "Types of TB"
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deVries, A. J. "Energy Migration and Energy Transfer in GdB3O6:Bi,Tb." In Spectroscopy of Solid-State Laser-Type Materials. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0899-7_36.
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Okada, Masaji, and Yoko Kita. "TB Vaccines: What Type of TB Vaccines Are Studied and Will Be Available in the Future?" In Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3995-2_11.
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Aggarwal, Rajiv, Tanvi, and Tamas Kovacs. "Dynamics of HIV/AIDS and TB Co-infection with Treatment Rate as Holling Type-II Function." In Trends in Biomathematics: Modeling Cells, Flows, Epidemics, and the Environment. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46306-9_21.
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Arinicheva, O. A., A. S. Lileev, M. Reissner, A. A. Lukin, and A. S. Starikova. "Magnetic and microstructural properties of (Nd,Pr)-(Tb,Dy,Gd)-(Fe,Co,Al,Cu)-B type magnets." In ISIAME 2012. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6491-0_59.
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Yang, Xin Xin, Y. M. Lu, S. K. Zhou, et al. "RCu1+xSb2 (R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Y) Phases with Defect CaBe2Ge2-Type Structure." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.861.
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Robinson, Terry, and Jane Scullion. "Tuberculosis (TB)." In Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198831815.003.0022.
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This chapter covers the key facts about tuberculosis (TB), then goes on to describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Risk factors, and signs and symptoms, and investigations are all covered. The treatment phase and standard drug therapies are shown, and directly observed therapy for the patient with an increased risk of poor adherence is described. Mono-resistant, multidrug-resistant, and extensively drug-resistant types are included in this chapter, as well as contact tracing in line with NICE clinical guidelines. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) is part of a family of mycobacterium which includes Mycobacterium bovis. M. bovis is uncommon in humans, although it frequently affects cattle and badgers. MTB can affect any organ in the body; this chapter will concentrate on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary MTB in adults in the UK.
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Rani, Sarita, Ankur Kaul, Anil Kumar Mishra, and Umesh Gupta. "Extra-Pulmonary TB." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0307-2.ch005.
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Tuberculosis is considered a fatal respiratory disease commonly seen in developing countries. This chapter includes the global scenario of TB patients and brief description of TB history, its pathogenesis, types, diagnosis tests, emergence of MDR (multi drug resistance) and XDR (extensively drug resistance). The traditional chemotherapy of TB includes first and second line drug therapy. These lines of therapies face many difficulties such as low solubility, low bioavailability, and stability issues. Therefore, some new drugs were introduced in the market that showed effective results to the patients. Nanoparticulate drug delivery gained much focus in recent years due to its advantages and ideal characteristics. Numerous nanoparticles, liposomal formulations, and polymeric micelles were reported by the researchers with significant and considerable results. Inhalable formulations were also prepared by scientists that showed effective and remarkable anti-tuberculosis action on TB patients. Many efforts are awaited to completely eradicate TB from the planet.
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Yadav, Dr Abhishek, Dr C. P. Baveja, Dr Tanisha Bharara, and Dr Vasim Ahmad. "CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM AND DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES." In Futuristic Trends in Medical Sciences Volume 3 Book 10. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bfms10p3ch5.
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Tuberculosis causes morbidity in millions of people per year and is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide. Though pulmonary TB is the commonest form, extra–pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) carries its fair share of morbidity and mortality. The various extra–pulmonary sites are lymph nodes, intestines, bone, joints, meninges, skin, genitourinary tract. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB), though accounts for only 1–2% of extra–pulmonary TB (EPTB) cases, is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries because of high prevalence and huge population. The various types of CTB include Tuberculosis verrucose cutis (TBVC), Tuberculous chancre, Lupus vulgaris, Scrofuloderma, Orificial Tuberculosis, Tuberculous gumma and Acute miliary Tuberculosis. CTB follows a wide immunological spectrum ranging from low immunity with high bacillary load to high immunity with low bacillary load. The diagnostic techniques like Histopathology, AFB staining, TB Culture and molecular PCR testing remains the mainstay for diagnosis importance of whom may vary type to type basis of CTB.
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Peter, Matuku-Kisaumbi. "The Role of TB Biomarkers in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Prevention of Tuberculosis." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.115129.
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This chapter focuses on how biomarkers of tuberculosis can be utilized in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring of TB. Tuberculosis biomarkers are measurable molecular indicators present and/or whose levels are altered in disease states. Found in blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage or sputum, biomarkers can originate from the bacteria (e.g. Ag85, lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and bacterial DNA) or from the host (e.g. cytokines/chemokines, metabolites, transcriptomics, mixed signatures and other proteins). Despite the lack of tuberculous specificity, Ag85 can facilitate early detection of mycobacterial infection, giving room for early commencing of treatment and, hence, better disease prognosis. Findings indicate that latent TB Infection (LTBI) can be diagnosed by Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) and piRNAs but is distinctively detected by TAM-TB (based on Ki-67, HLA-DR and SD38) and the CD4+; CCR6+, CXCR3+ and CCR4 signatures. Active Tuberculosis (ATB) in children can be diagnosed early by pyridoxate, quinolinate and N-acetylneuraminate metabolites signature, while gamma-glutamylalanine, pyridoxate, glutamine and gamma-glutamylglycine metabolites identify treatment response in this population. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), MMP-7 and C-reactive protein signature can reliably differentiate Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) from Pulmonary TB (PTB) and health controls among juveniles. Irrespective of age, Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) can distinguish EPTB from PTB, since the later has significantly higher MBL than PTB and Controls. RISK11 has excellent diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in identifying ambulatory People living with HIV/AIDS+Active TB (PLWH+ATB) patients and the likelihood that latent conditions will advance to incident TB. Furthermore, IFN-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ, sCD40L, MMP-2, MMP-9 and IFN-α2 are the most reliable biosignature for the diagnosis of smear-negative TB. Neutrophil-driven IFN types 1 and 2 have the ability to monitor treatment course and predict prognosis since the INF levels reduce with effective treatment. Transthyretin, neopterin and C-reactive protein signature can be used to detect immune response to TB infection, prognosis and monitoring treatment course since the biomarkers levels decrease with a decrease in disease activity. IL-17 and Th-17 are crucial for vaccine-mediated protection against tuberculosis. Encouraging the elucidation, adoption and integration of biomarker-based technology into healthcare systems can facilitate individual and public health gain, as well as saving on tuberculosis-associated economic loss.
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Liao, Yi-Wen, Yu-Rong Qin, and Liang Wang. "Comparative Genomics of Mycobacterium Species in Humans: Insights into Molecular Epidemiology, Virulence, and Antibiotic Resistance." In Mycobacteria - Comparative Genomics, Biomarker Identification, Laboratory Diagnosis and Clinical Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1009402.
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Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections pose significant global health challenges. Understanding the genomic diversity, pathogenicity, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium species is critical for developing effective diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. This study conducted a comparative analysis of 632 Mycobacterium genomes obtained from the public database Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC). The analysis focused on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and NTM. Techniques included comparative genome analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylogenetic analysis to identify sequence types (STs) and characterize virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. The study identified significant sequence types, with ST21 and ST27 being the most prevalent, associated with high transmission potential, virulence, and multidrug resistance. Analysis of virulence factors highlighted the essential roles of ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-5 secretion systems in host immune evasion and nutrient acquisition. Antibiotic resistance profiles revealed the widespread presence of resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (e.g., AAC(2′)-Ic) and macrolides (e.g., Erm(37)). Efflux pump genes such as efpA and mtrA were prevalent, contributing significantly to multidrug resistance. These findings give insights into the genomic diversity and molecular mechanisms driving pathogenicity and drug resistance in Mycobacterium species. The results identify key targets for the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions, advancing efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and NTM infections. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of genomic surveillance in informing public health strategies to mitigate the spread of drug-resistant Mycobacterium strains.
Conference papers on the topic "Types of TB"
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Hirata, Hiroshi, Yoshikazu Utsumi, Kazuma Tomita, Katsuhiro Tomii, Yasumasa Suzui, and Yasuyuki Mukainakano. "Structural Performance of a Multi-unit Friction Damper with Tension Braces for Large Loads." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2222.
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<p>We developed a tension brace-type application of a multi-unit friction damper (hereafter referred to as an FD-TB), which is a seismic damper that combines a multi-unit friction damper with tension braces. The FD-TB is used as a seismic reinforcement device for low-rise buildings, such as factories. The FD-TB is a slim seismic damper that can be applied to existing frames with thin and delicate columns, beams, and narrow spaces where existing piping is intertwined. Therefore, a large load- type FD-TB that can handle larger loads of several thousand kN and can be applied to skyscrapers was developed. The large load-type FD-TB is composed of a four-sided basic unit with a multi-unit friction damper and flat steel braces and thus achieves a high load capacity suitable for use in ultra- high-rise buildings. This study reports the results of dynamic loading tests and a dynamic finite element analysis for a large load-type FD-TB.</p>
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Saralaya, Sridevi, Vishwas Saralaya, John Ronson Rodrigues, Prajna, Joywin Moses Cardoza, and Meghana Manju Devadiga. "Identification and Prediction of Type of TB Based on Drug Resistance Using Machine Learning." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/discover62353.2024.10750664.
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Balkoulga, Joël Martial, Antoine Béré, Sidiki Zongo, et al. "Comparative Study of the Electronic Properties of Hexagonal and Orthorhombic Structures of RMnO3-Type Perovskites (R=Tb, Dy, Ho and Er) by DFT Calculations." In 2024 IEEE Multi-conference on Natural and Engineering Sciences for Sahel's Sustainable Development (MNE3SD). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/mne3sd63831.2024.10812115.
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Balić, Matija, Tomislav Bajs, and Bogoljub Sember. "Resolution of the Thermal Binding Issue of Safety Related MOVs at NPP Krško." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98283.
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Pressure Locking and Thermal Binding (PL/TB) are two different but related physical phenomena, which under certain conditions may prevent the opening of some types of valves. According to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) NPP operators should evaluate all safety.related power operated gate valves in all operational configurations for susceptibility to PL/TB. Corrective actions are required for susceptible valves that shall assure performance of safety function within plant licensing bases. NEK (NEK) first addressed this issue through the analysis of the Motor Operated Valves (MOV) that were included in the NEK MOV program. This approach resulted with 31 valves in Krško NPP being found as susceptible to TB, 21 of which to both TB and PL. Subsequently, a more thorough analysis was performed, which took into account realistic operational parameters and detailed deterministic and probabilistic assessment evaluation of accident scenarios. This produced a list of 8 valves susceptible to PL, and another 8 susceptible to TB. Valves were screened according to their safety significance, safety function, type, operational history, and operational conditions. Where applicable, Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) has been used as a tool to screen the risk from PL/TB to the safe plant operation. To reduce the risk from PL/TB occurrence, either physical modification of the valve (alteration of actuator gear ratio to provide more force), relevant part of the entire fluid system (flooding of sump suction lines), or simulation and testing to confirm actual ability to overcome increased forces (initiating a controlled TB condition, and testing to confirm actuator’s ability to perform), was used. Methods used and results produced for TB are the subject of this paper.
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Ozere, I. "A new international approach to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment: perspectives for the use of new drugs and shorter treatment regimens." In Міжнародна науково-практична конференція, присвячена Всесвітньому дню здоров’я: «Інноваційні підходи до діагностики, лікування туберкульозу та інших захворювань легень: практичні рекомендації для лікарів загальної практики, фтизіатрів і пульмонологів» 7 квітня 2025 року (онлайн), м. Київ, Україна. Національний науковий центр фтизіатрії, пульмонології та алергології імені Ф.Г. Яновського, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2025-1s-26.
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Background. In 2023 there were an estimated 1.3 million tuberculosis (TB) cases among children aged 0-14 years, equivalent to 12 % of the estimated total. Among them, an estimated 25,000-32,000 had rifampicin-resistant TB. In 2022, 214,000 children died from this curable disease. An estimated 80 % of these deaths were in children under 5 years of age, and 96 % were in children who never received TB treatment. Despite substantial progress in treatment of TB in children, gaps in TB care for children still exist, including identification, prevention, and particularly diagnosis. Materials and methods. Overview of recent World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and expert opinions in childhood TB diagnosis and treatment. Results and discussion. Diagnosing of TB in children should be based on all available findings including TB contact and medical history, clinical assessment, immunological diagnosis of TB infection, radiological investigation, and microbiological confirmation. Chest radiography (CXR) in frontal and lateral projection is currently recommended as the primary radiological examination. Computed tomography is considered the gold standard for pulmonary TB imaging owing to it’s higher sensitivity and specificity compared with CXR. Bacteriological investigation should be provided in every case of suspected TB. WHO-approved respiratory specimens for diagnosing of pulmonary TB in children are expectorated and induced sputum, gastric aspirate, nasopharyngeal aspirate, and stool. WHO-approved rapid molecular tests Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra should be used as the initial diagnostic tests on pediatric specimens. Collecting multiple specimens either from the same or different types increase the microbiological yield. However, negative bacteriological findings never exclude TB in children, and in cases without bacteriological confirmation the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, such as TB contact history, radiology and immunological tests. In children under 10 years of age with presumptive pulmonary TB integrated treatment decision algorithms may be used to start the treatment of TB. With the exception of rifapentine for children under 2 years of age and pretomanide for children under 14 years of age, all other antituberculosis medications can be used in children. Except for pretomanide, all other antituberculosis medications are available in child-friendly drug formulations. According to current WHO recommendations, all-oral treatment regimens can be tailored for any child with drug-sensitive or drug-resistant TB. Shorter 4-month treatment regimens can be used for children with a non-severe form of drug-sensitive TB, and 6-month regimens for children with drug-resistant TB. Conclusions. Current treatment recommendations offer great opportunities for treating TB in children; however, diagnosing TB in children remains challenging.
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Rodina, Olga, Sergey Evgenievich Borisov, and Diana Ivanova. "Adverse events in patients with MDR TB, treated by three types of the chemotherapy regimens." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa5278.
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Zhang, Chengliang, Yufei Chen, Runhan Wang, et al. "Demonstration of Real-time 1.2 Tb/s Transmission over 4 Types of Fiber with Nyquist WDM Prototype System." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2014.w2a.21.
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Yatskevich, N., H. Hurevich, V. Solodovnikova, et al. "Preliminary data on safety and effectiveness of six-month all-oral regimens in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus." In MSF Scientific Day International 2023. MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/6r4t-kf45.
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INTRODUCTION The total duration of treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in Belarus prior to December 2022 was 18-20 months. The efficacy of treatment with such regimens is low, with the WHO’s Global TB Report suggesting that efficacy was around 73% in Belarus in 2018. The development of effective short regimens for RR-TB treatment is urgent. In Belarus, six-month long treatment with all-oral regimens is used in patients with RR-TB, under operational research conditions, following WHO recommendations. METHODS A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of six-month all-oral regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin or clofazimine (BPaLM/BPaLC), was performed in a cohort of RR-TB patients. Treatment outcomes, time to culture conversion, and time to adverse event (AE) occurrence, AE types, frequency, and outcomes are described. ETHICS This study was approved by the MSF Ethics Review Board (ERB) and by the Belarus Ministry of Health ERB. RESULTS Of 177 patients who were enrolled from February 2022 to July 2022, one patient was excluded due to linezolid resistance; this patient continued treatment under an individualised regimen. Of the rest of the cohort (133 (76%) male, 43 female (24%); median age, 44 years (interquartile range, IQR, 25-29 years), 93.2% (164/176) had a favourable treatment outcome, 11 patients were lost to follow-up, and one died. 52 (30%) patients had a sputum smear positive result at treatment start, 59 (34%) a cavitary lesion on chest X-ray, and 42 (24%) patients had been previously treated. 12 patients (7%) were HIV-positive; 23 (13%) had had hepatitis C infection; 45 (26%) abused alcohol, and 6 (3%) of patients had diabetes mellitus. Median time to culture conversion was 27 days (IQR, 25-29). In 96.0% of patients, culture conversion was achieved within 2 months of treatment. 9% of patients had serious AE’s (SAE). Out of total 19 SAE’s, 12 resolved, two resolved with sequelae, three were resolving at the time of assessment, one did not resolve, and one was fatal. Median time from treatment start to the first SAE was 92.5 days (IQR, 12.5-143). The most frequent SAE’s were elevated liver function (6 (32%) cases), acute kidney injury (4 (21%) cases), and amylase increased/pancreatitis (3 (16%) cases). Two cases also revealed cancer or progression of cancer; one showed QTcF prolongation; one, anemia, one, thrombotic cerebral infarction, and one, Clostridium difficile infection. Two cases of cancer and thrombotic cerebral infarction (a patient with a long-standing history of multiple strokes) were assessed as unrelated to study drugs. The one death from cancer was assessed as not related to treatment. Permanent withdrawal of one study drug (linezolid or clofazimine) was done only in three instances (15.8%). CONCLUSION The effectiveness of six-month all-oral regimens in this cohort was very high (93.2%). BPaLM/BPaLC regimens were observed to be characterised by a good safety profile. Further data are necessary to evaluate longer-term treatment outcomes. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared
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Uckan, Eren, Bulent Akbas, Fabrizio Paolacci, Jashue Shen, and Emre Abalı. "Earthquake Protection of Liquid Storage Tanks by Sliding Isolation Bearings." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45656.
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Liquid storage tanks are critical components of industrial facilities since damage to such structures may cause spreading of hazardous material and environmental pollution. Tanks exhibit mainly two different seismic behaviors one of which is the long period movements due to sloshing of the liquid and the other is the impulsive vibrations generated as a result of the fluid structure interaction phenomena at higher frequencies. The overall base shear is the combination of these two loads. The seismic base isolation aims to control the impulsive load as it has appreciable amount of contribution to the base shear values. Among various types, the curved surface sliding bearings (FPS) are commonly used in liquid tanks since provide isolation periods which is independent of the tank weight (liquid height). In this paper a parametric analysis has been performed to investigate the efficiency of FPS bearings. The numerical model is based on the Haroun and Housner’s simplified lumped parameter model in which the sloshing and fluid-tank interactions are modeled by convective and impulsive masses, respectively. The effectiveness of the isolation system was investigated under a series of ground motions, isolation periods and tank aspect (slenderness) ratios. Results indicated that depending on the characteristics of the ground motion, the response of the isolated tank can be reduced in appreciable amounts as compared to the conventionally constructed one. On the other hand, some detrimental effects were also observed in lower isolation periods (Tb=2s) particularly in medium slender tanks under near fault ground motions. This undesirable situation was avoided by using higher isolation periods (Tb =3s) without much affecting the bearing displacements.
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Yan, Jianguo, Qincheng Bi, Ge Zhu, Haicai Lv, and Yajun Guo. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Subcooled Flowing Boiling in Circular Tubes With and Without Swirl Tapes Under High Heat Fluxes." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30543.
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Experiments of heat transfer and flow characteristics of subcooled water flowing in circular tubes, with and without swirl tapes, at high heat fluxes (ITER levels) were carried out at Xi’an Jiaotong University. Test sections of vertical tubes with an inner diameter of 9.0mm were electrically heated and water flow upwards. Two types swirl tapes were used with twist ratios of 2 and 4. Wall temperature distributions, critical heat fluxes and pressure drops were obtained during the experiment. The main attentions were paid to the effects of swirl tapes on enhancing the heat transfer and postponing the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). The test parameters were as follows, heat flux (q)=10, 15MW/m2, pressure (P)=3, 4.2, 5MPa, mass flow rates (G)=6000, 8000kg/m2s, bulk temperature (Tb)=25–247 °C. Compared with the smooth tube, the experimental results showed that the swirl tapes can improve the heat transfer performance slightly while the pressure drops increase greatly. However, the DNB can be remarkably postponed with the swirl tapes, which is of vital practical significance to ITER. In addition, it was interesting to find that harsh boiling noise, which could be caused by microbubble emission boiling (MEB), and some inner surface of the tube was damaged, looks like cavitation erosion.
Reports on the topic "Types of TB"
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.
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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.