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Journal articles on the topic 'Typhoid organism'
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Koirala, Kanika Deshpande, Duy Pham Thanh, Sudeep Dhoj Thapa, Amit Arjyal, Abhilasha Karkey, Sabina Dongol, Upendra Man Shrestha, Jeremy J. Farrar, Buddha Basnyat, and Stephen Baker. "Highly Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi with a NovelgyrAMutation Raises Questions about the Long-Term Efficacy of Older Fluoroquinolones for Treating Typhoid Fever." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 5 (February 27, 2012): 2761–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.06414-11.
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ABSTRACTAs a consequence of multidrug resistance, clinicians are highly dependent on fluoroquinolones for treating the serious systemic infection typhoid fever. While reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, which lessens clinical efficacy, is becoming ubiquitous, comprehensive resistance is exceptional. Here we report ofloxacin treatment failure in typhoidal patient infected with a novel, highly fluoroquinolone-resistant isolate ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi. The isolation of this organism has serious implications for the long-term efficacy of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin for typhoid treatment.
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Vigliani, Marguerite B., and Anna I. Bakardjiev. "First Trimester Typhoid Fever with Vertical Transmission ofSalmonellaTyphi, an Intracellular Organism." Case Reports in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/973297.
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We report a case in which placental abruption occurred at 16 weeks following first trimester diagnosis and treatment for typhoid fever. UnexpectedlySalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S.Typhi) was found in fetal tissues at autopsy. Using information from the murine model of typhoid fever in pregnancy, we draw parallels betweenS.Typhi andL. monocytogenesto develop a plausible hypothesis to explain how this organism was able to cross the placenta in the first trimester to cause abruption, inflammation, and expulsion of the fetus and placenta. We hope that this model for understanding placental infections by the hematogenous route helps to raise awareness that organisms not typically associated with TORCH infection can nevertheless cause placental infection and pregnancy loss.
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Boichenko, M. N., V. V. Zverev, and E. V. Volchkova. "INTERACTION OF SALMONELLA WITH HOST ORGANISM." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-91-100.
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Diseases caused by Salmonella enterica species bacteria remain a healthcare challenge. Salmonella enterica species is divided into typhoid serovars that cause systemic infection and non-typhoid serovars that most frequently have a course of gastroenteritis with a development of inflammatory diarrhea. Both types of salmonella are opportunistic intracellular parasites able to invade and reproduce in both professional and non-professional phagocytes, e.g. M- cells and enterocytes. Invasion of cells and reproduction in them relates to functioning of salmonella pathogenicity island genes that determined synthesis of the third type of secretory system (T3SS). Contrary to the salmonella typhoid group serovars, non-typhoid serovars cause a development of inflammatory diarrhea, and effector molecules of T3SS as well as innate immunity components take part in it.
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Kanwal, Muqadas, Fadia Waheed, Hafsa Shahzadi, Muhammad Shahbaz, and Ahsan Noor. "A Review on Recent Developments for the Cure of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi, the Causative Agent for Typhoid Fever." JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v1i2.13.
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Salmonella enterica typhi is typhoid or enteric fever agent which is a serious water-borne disease and is a human host restricted organism. So, an important cause of death in underdeveloped countries, typhoid fever is a public health concern. Worldwide, 15-30 million people suffer from this disease every year, causing more than 200,000 deaths. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the advent of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal strains of Salmonella has an important impact on the effectiveness of current strategies, including reductions in the effectiveness of early empirical treatment for controlling and managing foodborne diseases. Recent studies show more than 2000 strains of salmonella bacteria with around 100 strains connected to human infection - with myriad common strains from Salmonella Heidelberg to Typhimurium to Salmonella infantis. The multi-medicinal strain S. Typhi H58 has developed into the main circulating strain in many parts of the world, and an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) subclade has been recently found. Most of the people agree that the most effective way to control infection is to vaccinate susceptible populations. The commercially available live attenuated (Ty21a) vaccine, on the other hand, is not recommendable for children under the age of six, whereas the poor long-term efficacy of Vi-polysaccharide-based vaccine against typhoid fever. Furthermore, there are no vaccines available to protect against S. para typhi infection. Subsequently, a new formulation is urgently needed that can provide long-term protection against both pathogens while healthy for all age groups. Pakistan is the first country in the world to incorporate the WHO-recommended conjugate vaccine into its routine typhoid immunization program (2019). As a result, the purpose of this review is to describe the various diagnostic procedures for typhoid fever diagnosis and cure development. This article addressed some of the elements and components required for the implementation of typhoid vaccine.
With an analysis of past and current enteric fever vaccines in progress as well as the ethical issues relevant to CHIM in typhoid vaccine efficacy research, we have combined the new methods to predict typhoid burden and vaccines impact.
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Goel, Apoorv, and Roli Bansal. "Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed caused by Typhoid Ulcer: Conservative Management." Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology 7, no. 2 (2017): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1242.
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ABSTRACT Typhoid fever is caused by gram-negative organism Salmonella typhi. The usual presentation is high-grade fever, but complications like gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage and perforation are also seen frequently. With the advent of antibiotics, these complications are rarely seen now. We present a case of a young female who was admitted with a diagnosis of typhoid fever presented with a massive GI bleed from ulcers in the terminal ileum and was managed conservatively without endotherapy and surgery. How to cite this article Goel A, Bansal R. Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed caused by Typhoid Ulcer: Conservative Management. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(2):176-177.
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Dimitrov, Tzonyo, Edet E. Udo, Osama Albaksami, Abdul A. Kilani, and El-Din M. R. Shehab. "Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a case of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46773-0.
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This report describes a case of ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. The organism was isolated from a blood culture from a patient who was treated with oral ciprofloxacin (500 mg every 12 h) for 13 days. The organism showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.75 μg ml−1) and was resistant to nalidixic acid. The patient was then placed on intravenous ceftriaxone (1 g every 12 h) and responded within 3 days. The patient was discharged after 9 days on ceftriaxone with no relapse on follow-up. This case adds to the increasing incidence of treatment failures with ciprofloxacin in typhoid fever caused by typhoid salmonellae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. It also highlights the inadequacy of current laboratory methods for fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing in adequately predicting in vivo activity of ciprofloxacin against typhoid salmonellae and supports calls for new guidelines for fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of these organisms.
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Gajurel, Damodar, Rabi Prakash Sharma, Krishna Dhungana, Niranjan Acharya, Prasant Karki, and Sudikshya Acharya. "Age Distribution of Patients Presenting With Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 6, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v6i2.19566.
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Background: Enteric fever is a significant cause of morbidity in Nepal. In the past, Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) was the major causative organism of enteric fever. However, more recently, Salmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi (S.Paratyphi) A has been isolated from most patients presenting with enteric fever in various regions of Nepal. This study aimed to evaluate age differences in patients presenting with typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Materials & Methods: Between December 2014 and October 2015, 186 patients presented with enteric fever to the Civil Service Hospital in Kathmandu. S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi A were isolated from blood cultures in 48.4% and 51.6% of the cases, respectively. Age groups of the patients infected with either serovar were compared.Results: The mean age of patients from whom S. Typhi was isolated was 19.3 years, while the mean age of patients from whom S. Paratyphi A was isolated was 25.2 years; p=0.025.Conclusion: Our study shows that age is an important factor in having either typhoid or paratyphoid fever. This will help in the prevention of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in various age groups.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 6, Number 2, Issue 11 (July-December, 2017) Page:25-28
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Zaki, Syed Ahmed, and Sunil Karande. "Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 05 (January 19, 2011): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1405.
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Introduction: Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever (MDRTF) is defined as typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains (S. Typhi), which are resistant to the first-line recommended drugs for treatment such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Since the mid-1980s, MDRTF has caused outbreaks in several countries in the developing world, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, especially in affected children below five years of age and those who are malnourished. Methodology: Two methods were used to gather the information presented in this article. First PubMed was searched for English language references to published relevant articles. Secondly, chapters on typhoid fever in standard textbooks of paediatric infectious diseases and preventive and social medicine were reviewed. Results: Although there are no pathognomonic clinical features of MDRTF at the onset of the illness, high fever ( > 104°F), toxaemia, abdominal distension, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are often reported. The gold standard for the diagnosis of MDRTF is bacterial isolation of the organism in blood cultures. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of MDRTF and produce good clinical results. Conclusion: MDRTF remains a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Mass immunization in endemic areas with either the oral live attenuated Typhi 21a or the injectable unconjugated Vi typhoid vaccine, rational use of antibiotics, improvement in public sanitation facilities, availability of clean drinking water, promotion of safe food handling practices and public health education are vital in the prevention of MDRTF.
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Ali, Nouman Mansoor, Rabail Nasr, Mehroze Rehman, and Syed Uzair Mahmood. "Typhoid burden, drug resistance and Pakistan’s stance against it." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 4082. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213046.
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Salmonella typhi is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that features a polysaccharide capsule, flagella for motility and fimbria for adhesion to the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa. The organism is responsible for causing enteric fever and in severe cases it leads to complications such as intestinal perforation which can lead to death. The mainstay of treatment of typhoid fever is antibiotic therapy but unfortunately the emergence of MDR (multidrug resistant) and XDR (extensively drug resistant) strains pose a major threat to the successful treatment of typhoid. Around 200,000 global deaths can be associated with typhoid and most cases are seen in low socioeconomic countries with inadequate healthcare infrastructure particularly those that are densely populated, among them Pakistan is considered as high-risk country according to WHO criteria. Prevention strategies include education of the masses regarding hand hygiene, cleanliness and consumption of clean food and water. In 2019 Pakistan encountered an epidemic of XDR typhoid and to control it, Government introduced typhoid vaccine in its nationwide vaccination program, and is hopeful that it will decrease the burden of disease on state and its citizens.
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VIGLIANI, MARGUERITE B., and ANNA I. BAKARDJIEV. "INTRACELLULAR ORGANISMS AS PLACENTAL INVADERS." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 25, no. 3-4 (November 2014): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539515000066.
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In an era of evidence-based medicine, physicians sometimes forget the value of anecdotes in stimulating thought about clinical problems. Our recent report on typhoid fever in a pregnant woman at 12 weeks of gestation is a good example. In spite of culture-proven diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the mother with antibiotics, fetal loss occurred at 16 weeks of gestation. Salmonella typhi was found in the fetal lung on autopsy, consistent with vertical transmission of the organism. None of the clinicians caring for the patient had imagined that gram-negative bacteria could cross the placenta and kill the fetus in spite of early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics.
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Adeyemo, I. A., and C. O. Omolade. "Antibacterial Activity of Some Herbal Extracts for the Treatment of Typhoid Fever Sold in Okitipupa Town, Ondo State, Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.011.
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The study investigated and compared the antimicrobial potency of aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts of six plant parts used as herbal mixture against clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi in Okitipupa town. Extracts from six plant parts used as herbal mixture were tested for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi isolated from patients suffering from typhoid fever. The antibacterial activities of each of the extracts (ethanolic, cold and hot waters) were determined using agar diffusion method and the activities produced zone of inhibition ranging from 20mm-34mm. Ethanolic extract was found to be more potent being capable of exerting significant inhibitory activity on the test organism investigated with an inhibition zone of 34mm followed by the cold-water extract (28mm) while hot water extract gave the least (20mm). The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glucosinolates and triterpenes in the extracts but total absence of proteins. The study confirms the medicinal value of herbal mixtures and justifies the claim of its local use in health remedies for typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. There is the need therefore to develop effective combination of antimicrobial agents in purified form from higher plants and their parts for clinical trials. Keywords: Herbal mixture, antibacterial activity, typhoid fever, phytochemical analysis.
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Rondini, Simona, Francesca Micoli, Luisa Lanzilao, Ivan Pisoni, Vito Di Cioccio, Allan J. Saul, and Laura B. Martin. "Characterization of Citrobacter sp. line 328 as a source of Vi for a Vi-CRM197 glycoconjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 11 (November 26, 2012): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2495.
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Introduction: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever with over 22 million cases and over 200,000 deaths reported annually. A vaccine is much needed for use in young children and the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health (NVGH) is developing a conjugate vaccine which targets S. Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide. Methodology: Here we describe a method suitable for industrial scale production of the Vi antigen based on expression by a Citrobacter line. We optimized the production of Vi by selecting a suitable Citrobacter strain (Citrobacter 328) that yields high and stable expression of Vi in chemically defined medium under industrial-scale fermentation conditions. Results: Vi-CRM197 made using Vi from Citrobacter 328 elicited high anti-Vi antibody levels in mice and rabbits. Conclusions: Citrobacter 328 is a suitable strain for production of Vi for conjugate anti-Typhi vaccines. Being a BSL-1 organism, which grows in defined medium and stably produces high yields of Vi, it offers excellent potential for safe production of inexpensive vaccines for populations at risk of typhoid fever.
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Sohail, Muhammad, Jaweeria Masood, Jawaria Khalid, Zahid Mahmood Anjum, Iram Iqbal, and Hina Ayesha. "X-DR (Drug Resistant) typhoid fever in children." Professional Medical Journal 27, no. 09 (September 10, 2020): 1947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.09.4563.
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Objectives: To study antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi in children with enteric fever. Study Design: Prospective, Consecutive sampling. Setting: Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Faisalabad. Period: 6 Months June 2019 to November 2019. Material & Methods: All admitted children of age 1-16 years with strong clinical suspicion of typhoid fever and with no comorbidities were included in this study. Blood cultures and other relevant investigations were performed to rule out other causes of fever. After identification of organism as Salmonella typhi, antibiotics susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion technique and zones of inhibition were interpreted according to clinical and Lab standard (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 60 patients maximum children were < 5 year and >10 year of age. Maximum cases were admitted during July to September. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. We were able to send blood cultures of 31 cases (51%) only. Out of them 14 cases (45%) were found culture positive. All culture positive (100%) were found sensitive to meropenem. 92.8% were found sensitive to azithromycin and 7.1% were found sensitive to amikacin. Overall 16 cases treated with meropenem, 10 cases (16%) with azithromycin and one with amikacin. However, 33 cases (55%) responded to ceftriaxone alone. Conclusion: Sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi revealed significant proportion of multidrug and extensive drug resistant strain. So, continue surveillance is needed in this regard to find actual burden of XDR typhoid fever. We recommend local district administration and health authorities to launch an awareness campaign regarding sanitation, good hygiene, use of safe of water and mass vaccination of children with conjugated vaccine against typhoid. Alongwith above measures antibiotic stewardship should be started.
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Haque, Md Azizul, Laila Shamima Sharmin, KM Faisal Alam, Md Mohimanul Hoque, M. Morsed Zaman Miah, and Md Shah Alam. "Antibiotic Sensitivity and Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Typhi in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 33, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v33i2.51307.
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Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as enteric fever, is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. Despite this declining global trend, enteric fever is still considered to be a major public health hazard in Bangladesh and other developing countries due to poor sanitation, inadequate food safety measures and poor personal hygiene. In Bangladesh, the incidence of typhoid fever was reported to be 200 episodes per 100,000 person-years during 2003–2004. Multidrug-resistant (resistance to the first-line antimicrobials ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol) strains of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are on the rise globally and even cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid cases resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are being reported from many corners of the world. This descriptive, observational study was carried out in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2019. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of total 76 cases of enteric fever due to Salmonella Typhi were studied. Blood culture was carried out by BACT ALERT-3D, Automated blood culture analyzer from BioMeriuex SA, France Patented FAN Plus method. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the organism was categorized as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant against the respective antibiotics as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. We are reporting antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns of S. Typhi documented in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, a large tertiary care hospital in Northern Bangladesh.
TAJ 2020; 33(2): 10-14
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Ahmad, Samreen, Shahzada Bakhtyar Zahid, Abid Salahuddin, Adnan Khan, Muhammad Hassam Khan, and Husnul Maab Ali. "Trends in antibiotic susceptibility of enteric fever isolates among children attending a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, KP." Journal of Rehman Medical Institute 6, no. 3 (August 25, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52442/jrmi.v6i3.186.
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Introduction: The rising trend of multi-drug resistance in bacteria has also been documented in the organism Salmonella enterica causing Typhoid or Enteric Fevers, and cases of multidrug and extended drug resistance are on the rise. Determining the trends of antibiotic susceptibility provides an important therapeutic aid to the practicing clinician.Objective: To evaluate the ten-year trends in antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi isolated from blood cultures in the paediatric patients of a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Materials & Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar from June 2019 to May 2020 based on ten years retrospective data of children with positive blood culture for Salmonella spp. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The level of significance was set at p ≤0.05.
Results: A total of 168 cases Salmonella enterica spp. were isolated over the 10-year study period, of which 97(64.88%) isolates were identified as Salmonella typhi and 71(42.26%) as Salmonella paratyphi A; 94(55.95%) patients were male and 74(44.04%) were female, with mean age of 4.76 ± 2.65 years (range 2 to 12 years); majority, 69(41.07%) of patients were of ages 5-8 years. S. typhi strains showed the highest sensitivity to Imipenem and Meropenem; the lowest sensitivity seen was to Ampicillin. Bacterial sensitivity to Ceftriaxone was 79.76% and to Ciprofloxacin 58.97%. In the S. typhi group, there were six (2.6%) cases of MDR typhoid and four (2.38%) cases of XDR typhoid which was only sensitive to Imipenem.
Conclusion: Increased resistance to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone was found, however complete sensitivity was found to Imipenem along with Meropenem.
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Mirzajonova, D. B., H. Ya Karimov, G. K. Abdukhalilova, and K. T. Boboev. "Prevalence of allelic and genotypic variants of the rs1143627 polymorphism in the IL1β gene among patients with typhoid." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 3 (2020): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-126-130.
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Objective. To evaluatethe role of allelic and genotypic variants of gene IL1β polymorphism rs1143627 in susceptibility to typhoid fever (TF). Materials and methods. 41 patients with TF and 84 chronic carriers of S. typhi were endrolled in the study. Control group included 91 healthy individuals, All of the individuals under study were Uzbeks. DNA samples were isolated from peripheric blood with the kit Ribo-sorb (AmpliSens®, Russia). Genotyping of polymorphism rs1143627 of gene IL1β was carried out by the standard PCR using kits “SNP-Express” (LLC NPF “LITECH”, Russia) according to the instruction of manufacturer. Results. The domination of allele 31T was found in the main group (patients and carriers). Its frequency was significantly lower in comparison with the control group (51.2% and 67.0%, respectively; χ2 = 10.8; p = 0.001). Minor allele -31С cytokine IL1β, on the contrary was detected more frequently in patients with TF (48.8%), than in the control group (33.0%) in χ2 = 10.8 and p = 0.001. Calculated relative chance of this allele detection in the main group in comparison with control group was OR = 1.9 in 95% CI 1.304-2.88. Conclusion. Genotypic variant C/C of polymorphism rs1143627 of the gene IL1β made a certain contribution into forming of generic structure of susceptibility to S. typhi. Risk of susceptibility of macro organism to pathogen in the presence of this genotype is higher more than 2.5 times (χ2 = 4.3; p = 0.04; CI 95% 1.037–7.359). Key words: Typhoid fever, bacteria carrier, bacteria S. typhi, polymorphism rs1143627 of the gene IL1β
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Bojchenko, Marina N., Elena O. Kravtsova, Elena V. Budanova, Olga F. Belaia, Natalya V. Maloletneva, and Karina T. Umbetova. "Some aspects of development of typhoid fever and persistent brucellosis infection." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 25, no. 1 (October 2, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid35180.
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Bacterial vacuolated intracellular parasites, such as Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp., possess the ability to cause persistent, long-life chronic infection during which the microbe continues to replicate inside the host organism in spite of the development of an immune response. Such bacteria develop a strategy to evade the immune response, which plays a key role in the development of chronic infection. The implementation of this strategy is aimed at inhibiting the action of factors of innate immunity. In brucella, this process is mediated by the noncanonical structure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a result of which the pathogen is not recognized by the cells of innate immunity, as well as by the functioning of T4CC, the effector proteins of which block the development of the inflammatory response. The strategy of S. Typhi is realized via the expression of genes of pathogenicity island 7 encoding Vi-antigen and genotoxin. Vi-antigen inhibits recognition of the microbe by cells of the innate immune system. Typhoid genotoxin causes the death of immune cells. Brucella realizes this strategy via the noncanonical structure of LPS and T4SS, effector proteins of which block the development of inflammation. Alternative activated macrophages appear during chronic infection caused by both pathogens. These microbes are able to regulate the metabolism of macrophages according to their needs while persisting in them. A review of the sources of information on this problem allows us to conclude that both the causative agent of typhoid fever S. Typhi and the causative agents of brucellosis use the same strategies for the development of a chronic infectious process, but the implementation of these strategies is carried out specifically.
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Ahmad, Kaashif Aqeeb, Liaqat Hayat Khan, Bakht Roshan, and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. "Factors associated with typhoid relapse in the era of multiple drug resistant strains." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 10 (July 5, 2011): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1192.
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Introduction: Typhoid has an estimated global burden of greater than 27 million cases per annum with a clinical relapse rate of 5% to 20%. Despite the large relapse burden, the factors associated with relapse are largely unknown. Methodology: We have followed a protocol for the diagnosis and management of pediatric typhoid since 1988. We report factors associated with relapse of culture-proven enteric fever in 1,650 children presenting to the Aga Khan University Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan, over a 15-year period. Results: In those infected with multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains, factors associated with subsequent relapse include constipation at presentation and presentation within 14 days of fever onset. Diarrhoea in those children infected with drug sensitive strains had an association with decreased subsequent relapse, as was quinolone therapy. Conclusions: Multiple clinical factors at presentation are associated with subsequent typhoid fever relapse. These factors may be postulated to be associated with subsequent relapse due to alterations in the reticuloendothelial system organism load. These data will be valuable in developing algorithms for clinical follow-up in children infected with MDR enteric fever.
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1, Abhishek. "EVALUATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL PROSPECTIVE OF MRITYUNJAYA RASA ON SALMONELLA TYPHI WITH DIFFERENT ANUPANA." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 09, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj0509032021.
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Introduction: Vishama Jwara, characterised by persisting fever with various intensities, diarrhoea and body ache, can be correlated with Typhoid fever where causative organism is mentioned as Salmonella typhi. Target towards specific micro-organisms can be achieved by administering the drug with selective Anupana. In Jwara it is mentioned to administer Mrityunjaya Rasa along with various Anupana like Madhu, Aardraka Swarasa, and Jeeraka Kashaya with Guda. Though Mrityunjaya Rasa along with Anupana Jeeraka Kashaya and Guda is indicated in Vishama Jwara, extent of susceptibility of Salmonella typhi may change with selective Anupana. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the Anti-bacterial action of Mrityunjaya Rasa on Salmonella typhi (M1), Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu anupana (M2), Mri-tyunjaya Rasa with Aardraka Swarasa anupana (M3), Mrityunjaya Rasa with Jeeraka kashaya & Guda anupana (M4). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at S.D.M. Centre for Research in Ayur-veda and Allied Sciences, Udupi by opting well diffusion method on Salmonella typhi. Results: The results showed that Sample M1 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa and sample M3 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Aardraka Swarasa Anupana exhibited nil activity against bacteria Salmonella typhi. Sample M2 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu anupana exhibited activity in three concentrations while sample M4 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Jeeraka Kashaya and Guda anupana exhibited activity in higher concentration only. Conclu-sion: Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu as Anupana possesses Jwaraghna and Krimighna action, if Salmonel-la typhi is taken into consideration. So, by comparing with other Anupana, it can be concluded that Madhu is proved better Anupana to be administered with Drug Mrityunjaya Rasa as it exhibited activity in lower concentration too.
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VINCENT, H. M. "William Boog Leishman: parasitologist and politician." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (October 12, 2016): 1582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001657.
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SUMMARYFamous for the discovery of the parasite, Leishmania, named after him, and the invention of Leishman's stain, William Boog Leishman should perhaps be better known for his work in military and public health, particularly the prevention of typhoid. Leishman was a Medical Officer in the British Army from 1887 until his death in 1926. His early research was on diseases affecting troops posted to stations within the British Empire. He saw cases of Leishmaniasis while stationed in India, and was able to identify the causative organism from his detailed records of his observations. Leishman's most important contribution to public health, however, was his work with typhoid, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the army. Leishman planned experiments and the collection of data to demonstrate the efficacy of anti-typhoid inoculation and, using his considerable political skills, advocated the adoption of the vaccine. He planned for the inoculation of troops in an emergency so, when war broke out in 1914, the vaccine was available to save thousands of lives. Leishman's colleagues and mentors included Ronald Ross and Almroth Wright. Leishman was less outspoken than either Ross or Wright; this paper shows how the different contributions of the three men overlapped.
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Brett Finlay, B., and John H. Brumell. "Salmonella interactions with host cells: in vitro to in vivo." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1397 (May 28, 2000): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0603.
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Salmonellosis (diseases caused by Salmonella species) have several clinical manifestations, ranging from gastroenteritis (food poisoning) to typhoid (enteric) fever and bacteraemia. Salmonella species (especially Salmonella typhimurium ) also represent organisms that can be readily used to investigate the complex interplay that occurs between a pathogen and its host, both in vitro and in vivo. The ease with which S. typhimurium can be cultivated and genetically manipulated, in combination with the availability of tissue culture models and animal models, has made S. typhimurium a desirable organism for such studies. In this review, we focus on Salmonella interactions with its host cells, both in tissue culture ( in vitro ) and in relevant animal models (in vivo), and compare results obtained using these different models. The recent advent of sophisticated imaging and molecular genetic tools has facilitated studying the events that occur in disease, thereby confirming tissue culture results, yet identifying new questions that need to be addressed in relevant disease settings.
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Islam, Md Badrul, Sazzad Bin Shahid, AFM Arshedi Satar, Md Abdullah Yusuf, Shoriful Islam, and Raihanul Islam. "Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A isolated by Automated Blood Culture System." Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 7, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjid.v7i2.51510.
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Background: Salmonella thyphi and Salmonella paratyphi A are the members of Enterobactoriaceae and gram negative rods causing typhoid fever & partyphoid fever respectively. Automated blood culture system is the standard diagnostic method.
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A isolated by automated blood culture system.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done in the Microbiology Lab at IBN Sina D. Lab and consultation center, Doyagonj, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2019 to June 2019. Blood culture was performed by automated blood culture method. Sensitivity pattern of antibiotic was measured by Disk diffusion method.
Result: A total of 3240 blood samples were collected from suspected patients. Among them, bacteria were isolated 336 (10.37%). The most common isolated bacteria were Salmonella typhi which was 261(77.68%) cases and Salmonella paratyphi A which was in 60 (17.86%) cases. Salmonella typhi is the most common organism and showed sensitivity pattern to imipenem 97.3%, colistin 80.46% and amikain 77.4% and Salmonella paratyphi A showed. Sensitivity pattern to imipenem 93.3% and amikacin 83.3%.
Conclusion: In conclusion high rate of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A are isolated during blood culture showing less sensitive to imipenem and amikacin.
Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):57-60
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Chaudhry, Humayun J., Paul E. Schoch, and Burke A. Cunha. "Flavimonas oryzihabitans (CDC Group Ve-2)." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 8 (August 1992): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646578.
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Flavimonas oryzihabitansis an uncommon organism with distinctive microbiological and biochemical features that is infrequently isolated from humans. The presence of foreign material, including indwelling intravascular catheters and artificial grafts, or various surgical procedures appear to predispose patients with underlying disease to bacteremic infection withFlavimonas. A gram-negative bacillus,F oryzihabitansis sensitive to most antibiotics except first- and second-generation cephalosporins.F oryzihabitansisolated from blood should be considered pathogenic in patients with indwelling catheters or prosthetic materials.Previously designatedPseudomonas oryzihabitansand also known as Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Group Ve-2,F oryzihabitansis an unusual gram-negative, nonfermenting, oxidase-negative bacillus that is uncommonly associated with serious illness in humans.’ First described by Dresel and Stickl in 1928 and initially assigned the nameBacterium typhiflavumbecause of its similarity to the typhoid bacillus, the organism has been isolated from a variety of human sources, including blood, wounds, and abscesses, and (in mixed cultures) from sputum, urine, and cervical cultures.
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Tazi-Lakhsassi, L., A. Abid, and M. Sehlane. "Tolérance de l'Association Amoxicilline–Acide Clavulanique chez l'Enfant." Journal of International Medical Research 14, no. 3 (May 1986): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006058601400308.
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Forty children all aged over 2 years and eutrophic were treated with the combination amoxycillin and clavulanic acid for various infections (twenty-three with meningitis, eleven with bronchial pneumonia, three with typhoid fever, two with lower urinary tract infections and one with ear infection of moderate severity). Nine of these patients had sickness during treatment which was mild and transient in the majority of cases and caused treatment to be stopped in only one case (2·5%). This low level of gastric tolerance should not concern the paediatrician faced with an infection due to (or most likely to be) a β-lactamase producing micro-organism.
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Andrews, Jason R., Alexander T. Yu, Senjuti Saha, Jivan Shakya, Kristen Aiemjoy, Lily Horng, Farah Qamar, et al. "Environmental Surveillance as a Tool for Identifying High-risk Settings for Typhoid Transmission." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (July 29, 2020): S71—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa513.
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Abstract Enteric fever remains a major cause of morbidity in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions that enable fecal contamination of water distribution systems. Historical evidence has shown that contamination of water systems used for household consumption or agriculture are key transmission routes for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The World Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) be used in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments face a challenge regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases. A key issue is the lack of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income countries where TCV could be deployed. Here we present an argument for utilizing environmental sampling for the surveillance of enteric fever organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid risk. Such an approach could complement traditional blood culture-based surveillance or even replace it in settings where population-based clinical surveillance is not feasible. We review historical studies characterizing the transmission of enteric fever organisms through sewage and water, discuss recent advances in the molecular detection of typhoidal Salmonella in the environment, and outline challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to establish environmental sampling as a tool for generating actionable data that can inform public health responses to enteric fever.
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Sale, M., M. I. Ja'afaru, and S. M. Pukuma. "Plasmid Carriage and ESBL Production among Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi from Some Parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.006.
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Effective treatment of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been hampered by the emergence of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing strains thus making the organism an important public health pathogen especially in developing countries. This study was aimed at screening Salmonella ser. Typhi isolates from suspected enteric fever patients for the presence of plasmids as well as ESBL production. Eightyfour (84) Salmonella ser. Typhi isolates were obtained from blood and stool culture giving a prevalence of 17.5%. Results of susceptibility screening revealed that 37.5% of the isolates demonstrated ability to produce extended spectrum beta lactamase in vitro out which 37.5% were isolates from Yola while 40% were isolates recovered from Gombi. Furthermore, 41(48.8 %) of the isolates from this study bore plasmids out of which 25(47.1 %) were from Yola metropolis while 13 (41.9 %) were from Gombi Local Government Area. The most common antibiotic resistant marker borne on the plasmids carried by S. ser. Typhi in the study area was resistance to AmpC Co (20) followed by resistance gene for ceftriaxone 10. Screening of the isolates for extended spectrum beta lactamase activity using the double disk synergy test revealed that 9 isolates namely; Salmonella ser. Typhi isolates GMB1, 6, 13, 26 and Salmonella ser. Typhi YLA 4, 11, 22, 31 and 42 showed positive ESBL activity. The PCR analysis revealed the presence of Blactx gene cluster in 4/25 (16%) of S. Typhi isolates. The detection of some strains with resistance to ceftriaxone as well as the ability to produce the ESBL is an early warning sign indicating the need for more controlled use of this drug in the country, especially in the study area. Keywords: Plasmid, Resistance, ESBL
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Joshi, Rajesh Dhoj, Sachin Khadka, Deepak Man Joshi, Basudha Shrestha, Ganesh Dangal, Kiran Prasad Acharya, Sanjit Shrestha, and Yashad Dongol. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Trend in Blood Culture Positive Enteric Fever at Kathmandu Model Hospital." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v16i2.20316.
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Background: For diagnosis of enteric fever, the culture of the organism from different body fluids is the gold standard. After diagnosis, it is important to treat with the right antibiotic before any complications can occur. The retrospective study is designed to explore the antibiotic sensitivity trend in blood culture positive typhoid fever cases and the extent of drug resistance before treatment is administered.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for culture isolated enteric fever patients admitted in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The discharged records from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients above 15 years and with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study.Results: One hundred fifty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Out of 159 isolated, 125 (78.6%) were Salmonella typhi and 34 (21.4%) were paratyphi. Among them co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefixime, and ofloxacin demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Similarly, amoxicillin sensitivity was 98.1% (n=156) while ciprofloxacin was sensitive in 6.3% (n=10), intermediately sensitive in 49.1% (n=78) and resistance in 44.7% (n=71).The newer quinolone levofloxacin showed 78.5% (n=11) sensitivity. Azithromycin was sensitive in 99.2% (n=132) of total isolated Salmonella species both typhi and paratyphi.Conclusions: A high degree of sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, showing sensitivity has returned to conventional antibiotics. The drug-like ofloxacin is still the best responding drug in our contest whereas ciprofloxacin resistance is still high, but five years patterns show a trend of rollback of sensitivity.
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Joshi, Rajesh Dhoj, Sachin Khadka, Deepak Man Joshi, Basudha Shrestha, Ganesh Dangal, Kiran Prasad Acharya, Sanjit Shrestha, and Yashad Dongol. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Trend in Blood Culture Positive Enteric Fever." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v16i2.1377.
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Background: For diagnosis of enteric fever, the culture of the organism from different body fluids is the gold standard. After diagnosis, it is important to treat with the right antibiotic before any complications can occur. The retrospective study is designed to explore the antibiotic sensitivity trend in blood culture positive typhoid fever cases and the extent of drug resistance before treatment is administered.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for culture isolated enteric fever patients admitted in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The discharged records from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients above 15 years and with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study.Results: One hundred fifty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Out of 159 isolated, 125 (78.6%) were Salmonella typhi and 34 (21.4%) were paratyphi. Among them co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefixime, and ofloxacin demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Similarly, amoxicillin sensitivity was 98.1% (n=156) while ciprofloxacin was sensitive in 6.3% (n=10), intermediately sensitive in 49.1% (n=78) and resistance in 44.7% (n=71).The newer quinolone levofloxacin showed 78.5% (n=11) sensitivity. Azithromycin was sensitive in 99.2% (n=132) of total isolated Salmonella species both typhi and paratyphi. Conclusions: A high degree of sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, showing sensitivity has returned to conventional antibiotics. The drug-like ofloxacin is still the best responding drug in our contest whereas ciprofloxacin resistance is still high, but five years patterns show a trend of rollback of sensitivity. Keywords: Cephalosporin; enteric fever; sensitivity.
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Sarnighausen, Hans-Eckart, Claus Benz, Martin Eickenberg, J. Bockemühl, H. Tschäpe, and Jürgen F. Riemann. "Typhoid Fever Due to Salmonella Kapemba Infection in an Otherwise Healthy Middle-Aged Man." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 7 (1999): 2381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.7.2381-2382.1999.
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We report the case of a patient with a SalmonellaKapemba infection, who suffered, 3 weeks after a holiday in Israel, occurrences of high fever and lower back pain for 10 days and icterus for 2 days before admission. Laboratory findings revealed a slight cholestasis and elevation of acute phase protein levels. In the blood culture a Salmonella Kapemba-type organism was cultured. The patient was afebrile for 10 days after hospitalization and then suddenly developed a temperature of 40°C again. At the same time leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and a rise of D-dimer levels were detected. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for a few days, because a disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected. With magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy no osteomyelitis or abscess formation could be found. A transesophageal ultrasonography of the heart revealed no signs of endocarditis. In multiple stool cultures no salmonellas could be detected. After antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin the fever and lower back pain subsided, and the patient was discharged a fortnight later. This is the first reported case of typhoid fever due to the bacterium SalmonellaKapemba.
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Adabara, N. U., B. U. Ezugwu, A. Momojimoh, A. Madzu, Z. Hashiimu, and D. Damisa. "The Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ofSalmonella typhiamong Patients Attending a Military Hospital in Minna, Nigeria." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/875419.
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The threat to human health posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens is of growing concern to medical practice. This study investigated the antibiotic sensitivity pattern ofSalmonella typhiisolated from blood specimen. One hundred blood samples were collected from suspected typhoid fever patients in 31 Artillery Brigade Medical Centre, Minna, and were analyzed forS. typhiwhile antibiotic sensitivity testing was done Kirby-Bauer method. Sixty (60.0%) samples out of the total 100 were positive for bacterial growth. The organisms isolated 2 includeSalmonella typhi; 45 (75.0%),Shigella; 6 (10.0%),E. coli; 3 (5.0%),Klebsiella; 3 (5.0%),Enterobacter; 2 (3.3%), andCitrobacter; 1 (1.7%). Result of the sensitivity test showed that the isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics; ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and augmentin, which are the drug of choice routinely used in the study area for the treatment of typhoid fever. They were however sensitive to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin, which, unfortunately, are not used in this study area for the treatment of typhoid fever. There appear to be multiple drug resistant (MDR) strain ofS. typhiin the study area. These may be as a result of overdependence or uncontrolled use of the few available antibiotics and/or inaccurate or inconclusive diagnosis resulting in the development and spread of resistant strains ofS. typhi. The study, therefore, highlights the need for a strong collaboration between the physicians and the laboratory in the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases in order to discourage the development of resistant strain of bacterial pathogen.
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Weinstein, Debra L., Barbara L. O’Neill, David M. Hone, and Eleanor S. Metcalf. "Differential Early Interactions betweenSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Two Other PathogenicSalmonella Serovars with Intestinal Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 2310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.5.2310-2318.1998.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (hereafter referred to as S. typhi) is a host-restricted pathogen that adheres to and invades the distal ileum and subsequently disseminates to cause typhoid fever in humans. However, S. typhi appears to be avirulent in small animals. In contrast, other pathogenic salmonellae, such as S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Dublin (S. typhimurium and S. dublin, respectively), typically cause localized gastroenteritis in humans but have been used as models for typhoid fever because these organisms cause a disease in susceptible rodents that resembles human typhoid. In vivo, S. typhi has been demonstrated to attach to and invade murine M cells but is rapidly cleared from the Peyer’s patches without destruction of the M cells. In contrast, invasion of M cells byS. typhimurium is accompanied by destruction of these M cells and subsequently sloughing of the epithelium. These data have furthered our view that the early steps in the pathogenesis of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are distinct. To extend this concept, we have utilized an in vitro model to evaluate three parameters of initial host-pathogen interactions: adherence of three Salmonella serovars to human and murine small intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines, the capacity of these salmonellae to invade IECs, and the ability of the bacteria to induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) in these cell lines as a measure of host cell activation and the host acute-phase response. The results demonstrate that S. typhi adheres to and invades human small IECs better than either S. typhimurium or S. dublin. Interestingly, invA and invE null mutants ofS. typhi are able neither to adhere to nor to invade IECs, unlike S. typhimurium invA and invE mutants, which adhere to but cannot invade IECs. S. typhi also induces significantly greater quantities of IL-6 in human small IEC lines than either of the other two Salmonella serovars. These findings suggest that differential host cytokine responses to bacterial pathogens may play an important role in the pathological sequelae that follow infection. Importantly, S. typhimuriumdid not induce IL-6 in murine IECs. Since S. typhimuriuminfection in mice is often used as a model of typhoid fever, these findings suggest that, at least in this case, the mouse model does not reflect the human disease. Taken together, our studies indicate that (i) marked differences occur in the initial steps of S. typhi, S. typhimurium, and S. dublinpathogenesis, and (ii) conclusions about S. typhipathogenesis that have been drawn from the mouse model of typhoid fever should be interpreted conservatively.
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Sheikh, Alaullah, M. Saruar Bhuiyan, Farhana Khanam, Fahima Chowdhury, Amit Saha, Dilruba Ahmed, K. M. A. Jamil, et al. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi-Specific Immunoglobulin A Antibody Responses in Plasma and Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant Specimens in Bangladeshi Patients with Suspected Typhoid Fever." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 11 (September 9, 2009): 1587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00311-09.
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ABSTRACTMany currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world where the disease is endemic. In order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses toSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar Typhi organisms, and performed Widal assays on days 0, 5, and 20. We harvested peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed antibody levels in supernatants collected on days 0, 5, and 20 (using an antibody-in-lymphocyte-supernatant [ALS] assay), as well as in plasma on these days. We measured ALS reactivity to a serovar Typhi membrane preparation (MP), a formalin-inactivated whole-cell preparation, and serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide. We measured responses in healthy Bangladeshi, as well as in Bangladeshi febrile patients with confirmed dengue fever or leptospirosis. We categorized suspected typhoid fever individuals into different groups (groups I to V) based on blood culture results, Widal titer, and clinical features. Responses to MP antigen in the immunoglobulin A isotype were detectable at the time of presentation in the plasma of 81% of patients. The ALS assay, however, tested positive in all patients with documented or highly suspicious typhoid, suggesting that such a response could be the basis of improved diagnostic point-of-care-assay for serovar Typhi infection. It can be important for use in epidemiological studies, as well as in difficult cases involving fevers of unknown origin.
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Wain, John, Tran T. Hien, Phillippa Connerton, Tahir Ali, Christopher M. Parry, Nguyen T. T. Chinh, Ha Vinh, et al. "Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-ResistantSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Vietnam: Application to Acute and Relapse Cases of Typhoid Fever." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1999): 2466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2466-2472.1999.
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The rate of multiple-antibiotic resistance is increasing amongSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains in Southeast Asia. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and other typing methods were used to analyze drug-resistant and -susceptible organisms isolated from patients with typhoid fever in several districts in southern Vietnam. Multiple PFGE and phage typing patterns were detected, although individual patients were infected with strains of a single type. The PFGE patterns were stable when the S. entericaserovar Typhi strains were passaged many times in vitro on laboratory medium. Paired S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates recovered from the blood and bone marrow of individual patients exhibited similar PFGE patterns. Typing of S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates from patients with relapses of typhoid indicated that the majority of relapses were caused by the same S. enterica serovar Typhi strain that was isolated during the initial infection. However, some individuals were infected with distinct and presumably newly acquiredS. enterica serovar Typhi isolates.
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Mohindra, Ritin, Arushi Ghai, Rinnie Brar, Neha Khandelwal, Manisha Biswal, Vikas Suri, Kapil Goyal, et al. "Superspreaders: A Lurking Danger in the Community." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272098743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720987432.
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A “superspreader” refers to an unusually contagious organism infected with a disease. With respect to a human borne illnesses, a superspreader is someone who is more likely to infect other humans when compared to a typically infected person. The existence of human superspreaders is deeply entrenched in history; the most famous case being that of Typhoid Mary. Through contact tracing, epidemiologists have identified human superspreaders in measles, tuberculosis, rubella, monkeypox, smallpox, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and SARS. The recent outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has shifted the focus back on the superspreaders. We herein present a case report of a COVID-19 superspreader with a hitherto unusually high number of infected contacts. The index case was a 33 year old male who resided in a low income settlement comprising of rehabilitated slum dwellers and worked as a healthcare worker (HCW) in a tertiary care hospital and had tested positive for COVID-19.On contact tracing, he had a total of 125 contacts, of which 49 COVID-19 infections had direct or indirect contact with the index case, qualifying him as a “superspreader.” This propagated infection led to an outbreak in the community. Contact tracing, testing and isolation of such superspreaders from the other members of the community is essential to stop the spread of this disease and contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Ohanu, Martin E. "Typhoid fever among febrile Nigerian patients: Prevalence, diagnostic performance of the Widal test and antibiotic multi-drug resistance." Malawi Medical Journal 31, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v31i3.4.
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BackgroundOver-dependence on clinical presentation and/or the Widal agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in developing countries can lead to antibiotic abuse. In Nigeria, the antibiotic resistance of typhoid organisms is poorly characterized. In this study, we determined the prevalence of culture positivity among patients suspected of having typhoid fever, evaluated the diagnostic value of the Widal test and the burden created by the multi-drug resistance of typhoid organisms in South-East Nigeria. MethodologyThis was a prospective and case-controlled study carried out between 2013 and 2016. We acquired samples of blood/stool/urine cultures, and data relating to the Widal agglutination test and malaria parasites from 810 febrile patients (suspected of having typhoid) and 288 apparently healthy controls. Individuals with a history of antibiotic use within the previous 14 days were excluded. We then carried out antibiotic susceptibility tests on all isolates. Multi-drug resistance was defined as a resistance to ≥3 of the antibiotics tested. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Widal test for typhoid laboratory diagnosis compared to bacterial culture which is the gold standard. A P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. ResultsThe mean age of typhoid suspects was 33.1±6.5 years and 50.7% were women. Of the 810 typhoid suspects tested, 114 (14.1%) had positive cultures for the typhoid organisms Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi (72) and S. enterica serovar Typhi (42). Sample-specific rates of culture positivity were as follows: stool (72; 8.9%), blood (21; 2.6%) and urine (21; 2.6%), P<0.001. None of the controls had typhoid isolates. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the Widal test were 49.1%, 90.7%, 46.2% and 91.6%, respectively. Malaria parasitaemia was detected in 180 (22.2%) febrile patients, out of whom 115 (63.9%) had a positive Widal test for O/H antigens vs. 1% (6/630) in those with negative malaria parasite test results (P<0.001). The rate of false-positive Widal titres was 48%. Antibiotic multi-drug resistance was detected in 52.6% of patients. The antibiotics with the highest susceptibility were ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and meropenem (all 100% susceptibility) and ceftriaxone (95.6% susceptibility). ConclusionOur data showed that while typhoid fever is common in Nigeria, malaria is more prevalent. Our analysis showed that the Widal test performed poorly as a diagnostic test and that the burden created by multi-drug resistance was high. Our data indicate that periodic surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is critical for optimal typhoid therapy.
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Sattar, AFM Arshedi, Sanya Tahmina Jhora, M. Abdullah Yusuf, M. Bodrul Islam, M. Saiful Islam, and Sushmita Roy. "Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever: Burden in Bangladesh." Journal of Science Foundation 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2013): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16310.
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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi or by the related but less virulent Salmonella paratyphi. The provision of clean water and good sewage systems led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of typhoid in these regions. Early antibiotic therapy has transformed a previously life-threatening illness of several weeks' duration with an overall mortality rate approaching 20.0% into a short-term febrile illness with negligible mortality. Case fatality rates of 10.0-50.0% have been reported from endemic countries when diagnosis is delayed. Attack rates are highest in persons younger than 20 years or older than 70 years; however, the highest rate is found in infants. Neonates are at a greater risk to fecal-oral transmission secondary to relative decreased stomach acidity and buffering of ingested breast milk and formula. Elderly persons are at a relative greater risk to infection secondary to chronic underlying illness and weakened immunity. In endemic areas, children aged 1-5 years are at the highest risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality because of waning of passively acquired maternal antibody and a lack of acquired immunity. In young children, the clinical syndrome is often a nonspecific febrile illness that is not recognized as typhoid fever. Typhoid is usually contracted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal or urinary carriers excreting S. enterica serotype typhi. It is a sporadic disease in developed countries that occurs mainly in returning traveler, with occasional point-source epidemics. In endemic areas, identified risk factors for disease include eating food prepared outside the home, such as ice cream or flavored iced drinks from street vendors, drinking contaminated water, having a close contact or relative with recent typhoid fever, poor housing with inadequate facilities for personal hygiene, and recent use of antimicrobial drugs. The infectious dose of S. enterica serotype typhi in volunteers varies between 1000 and 1 million organisms. Vi-negative strains of S. enterica serotype typhi are less infectious and less virulent than Vi-positive strains. S. enterica serotype typhi must survive the gastric acid barrier to reach the small intestine, and a low gastric pH is an important defense mechanism.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16310 J Sci Foundation, January-June 2012;10(1):38-49
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Galen, James E., Jin Yuan Wang, Jose A. Carrasco, Scott A. Lloyd, Gabriela Mellado-Sanchez, Jovita Diaz-McNair, Olga Franco, Amanda D. Buskirk, James P. Nataro, and Marcela F. Pasetti. "A Bivalent Typhoid Live Vector Vaccine Expressing both Chromosome- and Plasmid-Encoded Yersinia pestis Antigens Fully Protects against Murine Lethal Pulmonary Plague Infection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02443-14.
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Live attenuated bacteria hold great promise as multivalent mucosal vaccines against a variety of pathogens. A major challenge of this approach has been the successful delivery of sufficient amounts of vaccine antigens to adequately prime the immune system without overattenuating the live vaccine. Here we used a live attenuatedSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi strain to create a bivalent mucosal plague vaccine that produces both the protective F1 capsular antigen ofYersinia pestisand the LcrV protein required for secretion of virulence effector proteins. To reduce the metabolic burden associated with the coexpression of F1 and LcrV within the live vector, we balanced expression of both antigens by combining plasmid-based expression of F1 with chromosomal expression of LcrV from three independent loci. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel vaccine were assessed in mice by using a heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy and compared to those of a conventional strain in which F1 and LcrV were expressed from a single low-copy-number plasmid. The serum antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced by the optimized bivalent vaccine were indistinguishable from those elicited by the parent strain, suggesting an adequate immunogenic capacity maintained through preservation of bacterial fitness; in contrast, LPS titers were 10-fold lower in mice immunized with the conventional vaccine strain. Importantly, mice receiving the optimized bivalent vaccine were fully protected against lethal pulmonary challenge. These results demonstrate the feasibility of distributing foreign antigen expression across both chromosomal and plasmid locations within a single vaccine organism for induction of protective immunity.
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Cahyariza, Nosa Ika, and Rofiatu Sholihah. "The Comparison of Widal Slide Examination Results between Tubex TF on Febrile Observation Patients Over 3 Days." Medical Laboratory Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v5i1.212.
Full textAbstract:
Typhoid fever is systematic bacterial disease usually occurs and has a high mortality rate each year, a disease transmitted from person to person due to contamination of feces, food, and water. The cause is bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) which is a natural host and reservoir for human. The limitations of the diagnostic test led to the increasing mortality rate due to typhoid fever. Besides ensuring infection in individuals, accurate serological tests are needed to ascertain the actual burden of the disease. Serological tests which are usually carried out in Puskesmas and hospital are Widal and Tubex Tf examinations. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in Widal and Tubex TF serological examinations in febrile patients over three days non-typhoid so patients can immediately find out whether they have typhoid fever or not. This study used a laboratory exploration method by examining 24 samples using Widal TYDAL and TUBEX® TF IDL Biotech. As many as 24 samples were examined by widal with antisera O, H, AH, and BH. Twenty-four of the same samples analyzed by TUBEX® TF. Results comparison of diagnostic from both methods will be compared using Mc Nemar test with significance = 0.05. Based on the examination which had done, it showed the difference in the results of Widal slide and lg M Anti Salmonella (Tubex Tf) in patients with febrile observation over three days. So, it can conclude that Tubex Tf examinations were better that widal slide examination because Tubex Tf uses Salmonella typhi anti-O9 antigen which can distinguish these organisms from >99% other Salmonella bacteria serotypes so that Tubex Tf examination is more specific.
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Sultana, Safia, Md Akram Hossain, Md Abdoullah Al Maruf, and Mohammad Abdul Gani. "Comparison of the Lytic Blood Culture Method with the Conventional Blood Culture Method in Cases of Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (May 21, 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjid.v3i1.32584.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Blood Culture is the gold standard and accurate method of diagnosing bacteremia in enteric fever; however, conventional blood culture is slow in isolating Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.Objective: The main aim of this study was to compare the result of the lytic centrifugation method with conventional blood culture system for the accurate diagnosis of enteric fever in febrile patients.Methodology: The cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh between July 2010 and June 2011 including 200 individuals of different ages and sexes. Of them, 150 were clinically suspected cases of typhoid fever and 50 controls comprising of 25 non-typhoidal febrile patients and 25 healthy individuals. Both types of blood culture were performed for each of the cases and controls.Result: The lytic centrifugation method recovered more organisms (17.3%) than the conventional blood culture method (13.3%). Time required for isolation of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A was short in lytic method (18-20hours) than conventional method (42-72hours). Total contamination rate was 0.5% by lytic as compared to the conventional blood culture method which was 5.0%.Conclusion: In conclusion the lytic method is better than conventional blood culture system for good result, short isolation time and less chance of contamination.Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;3(1):6-10
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Rublenko, N. M., A. M. Golovko, and О. M. Derybin. "Detection of virulence genes and plasmid replicons in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, which were allocated during 2014–2017 on the territory of Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 83 (March 2, 2018): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8379.
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The article presents the results of the identification of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as plasmid replicons in isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, which were isolated on the territory of Ukraine during 2014–2017. Also, plasmid replicons were identified for further determination of the type of plasmids contained in the genome of the isolates. The ability of Salmonella to obtain new properties is well known. The most common way is gaining of genetic information as a result of conjugation. In this case, genes encoding factors of pathogenicity, adhesion, virulence, or antibiotic resistance are localized on mobile genetic elements: replicons, transposons, or plasmids. The purpose of the work was to investigate isolates for the presence of genes of virulence, antibiotic resistance and replicons of plasmids in 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, isolated during 2014–2017 in Ukraine. The research was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with primers for 10 target genes/loci (invA, agfB, sefA, prt, sul1, 5'-3'CS, tetG, pN, pFIA, pFIIA) followed by visualization in agarose gel electrophoresis. It was found that 100% of all strains (50/50) had invA and agfB genes. SefA and prt genes were identified in 44% (22/50) and 58% (29/50) isolates, respectively. The sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 was detected in only four isolates, including 2 S. enteritidis isolates from Odesa and Kyiv oblasts, one isolate S. Virchow, and one unidentified isolate. The resistance gene for tetG tetracyclines was found only in 34% of isolates (17/50). The conservative sequence of integron In104 was detected in 52% of isolates (26/50). Replicon plasmid pN was detected in 68% of isolates (34/50), pFIIA – in 44% (22/50). Replicon pFIA is found in 8% (4/50) isolates. Solving the problem of non-typhoid salmonellosis is possible by controlling the epidemiological and epizootiological situation. According to WHO, more than 90 million cases of non-typhoid infection are reported annually. The cause of disease were mostly Enteritidis and Typhimurium. The variety and widespread distribution of salmonella is due primarily to their ability to adapt to the organism that they infect. The results obtained are important for determining the pathogenicity of isolates circulating in a particular area, as well as expanding the possibilities for tracking the source of infection.
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Matsumoto, Yoshimi, Akiko Ikemoto, Yoshimi Wakai, Fumiaki Ikeda, Shuichi Tawara, and Keizo Matsumoto. "Mechanism of Therapeutic Effectiveness of Cefixime against Typhoid Fever." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 2450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.9.2450-2454.2001.
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ABSTRACT β-Lactams have been considered ineffective against organisms growing inside mammalian cells because of their poor penetration into cells. However, cefixime has been shown to be clinically effective against typhoid fever. The probable mechanism of therapeutic effectiveness of cefixime against typhoid fever was investigated usingSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium instead of S. enterica serovar Typhi both in a cellular and in a mouse infection model. Cefixime was able to inhibit the growth of serovar Typhimurium inhabiting monocyte-derived THP-1 cells. Elongation of serovar Typhimurium in THP-1 cells was observed microscopically. Apparent morphological changes of serovar Typhimurium in THP-1 cells were also observed by electron microscopy. The concentration of cefixime inside THP-1 cells was almost half (46 to 48%) of the concentration outside the cells when serovar Typhimurium coexisted in the solution. The length of time after oral dosing (8 mg/kg) that cefixime was present—calculated from levels in serum—at a concentration above the MIC at which 90% of the serovar Typhi organisms inside human cells were inhibited was presumed to be more than 12 h. Cefixime also showed excellent activity in the mouse systemic and oral infection models based on infections caused by serovar Typhimurium. It is concluded that a fair amount of cefixime can enter mammalian cells and inhibit the growth of bacteria inside cells when the bacteria are sensitive enough to cefixime, as are serovars Typhimurium and Typhi.
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Hassan, Sarah, Vineeta Khare, Shadma Yaqool, Syed Abid Asghar, Mastan Singh, and Zeba Siddiqi. "Comparative study between WIDAL and DOT ELISA in the diagnosis of Typhoid fever." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i4.33192.
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Background: Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a communicable disease, found only in man and occurs due to systemic infection mainly by Salmonella typhi organisms. Blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis and carry 70-75% diagnostic yield in the first week of illness.
Aims and Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of Widal test and dot ELISA with blood culture in the early diagnosis of Typhoid fever.
Materials and Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital for a period of 18 months. Patients presenting with acute febrile illness suspicious of typhoid fever accompanied by clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever in the absence of any other known febrile illnesses, were included in the study. Widal and Dot ELISA was performed using serum samples and for blood culture aseptically collected blood was used.
Results: Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV of DOT ELISA as compared to Blood culture for typhoid positivity was found to be 92.6%, 83.7%, 55.6% and 98.1% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of DOT ELISA as compared to Blood culture was found to be 85.3%. Conclusion: For both early and late diagnosis of typhoid fever with high sensitivity as well as accuracy for identification of typhoid fever, the rapid diagnostic test (Dot Elisa) is better than the Widal test. However, it may be an increased burden to healthcare owing to a low positive predictive value in a low prevalence scenario.
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Rublenko, N. "Molecular genetics of salmonela survival and resistance." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2 (144) (December 24, 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2018-144-2-6-12.
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Salmonella is one of the most common cause of the food borne illness. Salmonella belongs to Enterobacteriacae family and consists of 2 species, which diverge on 6 subspecies.These subspecies consists of 2700 serovars. There are typhoid serovars among them - S. Typhi, Paratyphi A, B, C - which cause typhoid fever in human. The rest of the serovars are non-typhoidal and leads to gastroenteritis both in animal and human. Salmonella enters to a mammal organism as a result of consumption of contaminated food products: meat, eggs, milk and products containing them. The entry of the infection for salmonellosis is the small intestine mucosa. Salmonella attaches to cell walls by fimbria and pili. Salmonella has several systems that are activated in response to adverse conditions such as: high osmolarity, acid or heat shock and nutrient deficiencies. They are based on the principle of a two-component system in which there is a sensor that receives cytoplasmic signals, and a regulator. Regulator (usually DNA-binding protein) initiates the transcription of the virulence genes (Chakraborty, 2015). The sensor is histidine kinase, which phosphorylates the regulatory protein, thereby activating it.During the infectious cycle of salmonella in mammalian organism the formation of specific vacuole SCV takes place (Salmonella-containing vacuole-containing vacuole containing salmonella) in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell (Steele-Mortimer, 2008). SCV is a modified phagosome, which is formed as a result of cytoskeleton rearrangements. The target are usually phagocytic cells : neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells of the small intestine mucosa - M-cells (Akhmetova, 2012). Given the specific mechanism of infection, salmonella is considered a facultative intracellular pathogen. Bacterium invades the eukaryotic cell by rearrangement of its cytoskeleton with effector proteins and continue to persistence in a form of SCV. It is well-known nowadays that tolerance to high osmotic pressure is achieved through the EnvZ / OmpR system, which also regulates the expression of the ssrAB operon that is localized on the Salmonella pathogenicity island SPI-2 and triggers the expression of the effector proteins. The ssrAB operon is also regulated by the two-component acid shock response system PhoP / PhoQ (Worley, 2000). The functioning of the PhoP / PhoQ system directly depends on the sigma factor RpoS, which accumulates under low concentrations of magnesium cations (Tu, 2006). According to the researches of transduction between the EnvZ / OmpR components, it is clear that salmonella receives signals from the cytoplasmic environment, and sensory molecules are located on the inner membrane (Kenney, 2019; Wang et al., 2012). The ability to survive under acid shock is provided by the PhoP / PhoQ system, which also operates on the principle of signal transduction. PhoQ is a Histidine Kinase Signal Sensor. Signals are acidic pH, divalent cations and positively charged antimicrobial peptides. An important function of the two-component PhoP / PhoQ system is the control of spi ssa gene expression in a macrophage environment (Bijlsma, 2005). These genes are the main component of the type III secretion systems and are transcribed only when salmonella enters eukaryotic cell. (Bijlsma, 2005). The main regulator of signal transduction systems PhoP/PhoQ and EnvZ/OmpR is sigma-factor RpoS - subunit of bacterial RNA-polymerase - which operates in stationary phase at low pH, high omolarity, heat shock or nutrient deficiency. RpoS protein accumulates in adverse conditions during stationary phase (Mg2+ deficiency, low pH, high osmolarity). Need in magnesium cations is dependent on their ability to act as cofactors in many enzymatic activities. The accumulation begins at exponential (logarithmic) phase of bacterial reproduction. This is the phase of active cell division. Two factors MgtA and MgtB are responsible for Mg2+ transport. Another molecule with the same function is CorA - bivalent cation channel, though its transcriptions doesn’t depent on magnesium concentration in cell. In a case of magnesium deficiency at the stationary phase, RpoS accumulates vigorously an initiates replication of PhoP/PhoQ. PhoP/PhoQ regulates tolerance to inorganic acids. Also, PhoP/PhoQ controls adaptation to magnesium cations deficiency and macrophage activity. Results of many studies on genes coding this system and their mutations led to conclusion the mutation or inactivation of one factor causes decrease in virulence and makes bacterial susceptible to acid environment. To date, the stages of the infectious process for salmonellosis have been studied and described in detail in the literature. Particular attention is paid to signal transduction systems that are common among enterobacteria and help to avoid adverse conditions. Their functioning and regulation are investigated. It is known that salmonella receives signals for the activation of sensors from the cytoplasm, but the nature of these signals is not yet fully understood. Adaptation of the bacteria to adverse conditions and the response to phagocytosis is initiated by the transcription of pathogenic genes and the suppression of the transcription of the operon, which neutralize the conditions in the cytoplasm of salmonella cells. Thus, adapting to the conditions of target cells, salmonella continues to multiply in the body. Key words: salmonella, pH, osmolarity, virulencegenes, operon, signal transduction.
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Girgis, Nabil I., Thomas Butler, Robert W. Frenck, Yehia Sultan, Forrest M. Brown, David Tribble, and Rasik Khakhria. "Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 1441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.6.1441.
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ABSTRACT To compare clinical and bacteriological efficacies of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin for typhoid fever, 123 adults with fever and signs of uncomplicated typhoid fever were entered into a randomized trial. Cultures of blood were positive for Salmonella typhi in 59 patients and for S. paratyphi A in 3 cases; stool cultures were positive for S. typhi in 11 cases and for S. paratyphi A in 1 case. Multiple-drug resistance (MDR; resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) was present in isolates of 21 of 64 patients with positive cultures. Of these 64 patients, 36 received 1 g of azithromycin orally once on the first day, followed by 500 mg given orally once daily on the next 6 days; 28 patients received 500 mg of ciprofloxacin orally twice daily for 7 days. Blood cultures were repeated on days 4 and 10 after the start of therapy, and stool cultures were done on days 4, 10, and 28 after the start of therapy. All patients in both groups improved during therapy and were cured. Defervescence (maximum daily temperatures of ≤38°C) occurred at the following times [mean ± standard deviation (range)] after the start of therapy: 3.8 ± 1.1 (2 to 7) days with azithromycin and 3.3 ± 1.0 (1 to 5) days with ciprofloxacin. No relapses were detected. Cultures of blood and stool during and after therapy were negative in all cases, except for one patient treated with azithromycin who had a positive blood culture on day 4. These results indicated that azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were similarly effective, both clinically and bacteriologically, against typhoid fever caused by both sensitive organisms and MDRS. typhi.
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Douesnard-Malo, Frédéric, and France Daigle. "Increased Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in the Presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (September 16, 2011): 7640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00699-11.
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ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the etiological agent of the systemic disease typhoid fever. Transmission occurs via ingestion of contaminated food or water.S. Typhi is specific to humans, and no animal or environmental reservoirs are known. As the free-living amoebaAcanthamoeba castellaniiis an environmental host for many pathogenic bacteria, this study investigates interactions betweenS. Typhi andA. castellaniiby using cocultures. Growth of both organisms was estimated by cell count, viable count, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Results indicate thatS. Typhi can survive at least 3 weeks when grown withA. castellanii, as opposed to less than 10 days when grown as singly cultured bacteria under the same conditions. Interestingly, growth rates of amoebae after 14 days were similar in cocultures or when amoebae were singly cultured, suggesting thatS. Typhi is not cytotoxic toA. castellanii. Bacteria surviving in coculture were not intracellular and did not require a physical contact with amoebae for their survival. These results suggest thatS. Typhi may have a selective advantage when it is associated withA. castellaniiand that amoebae may contribute toS. Typhi persistence in the environment.
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Harris, Jason B., Andrea Baresch-Bernal, Sean M. Rollins, Ashfaqul Alam, Regina C. LaRocque, Margaret Bikowski, Amanda F. Peppercorn, et al. "Identification of In Vivo-Induced Bacterial Protein Antigens during Human Infection with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 9 (September 2006): 5161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00488-06.
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ABSTRACT We applied an immunoscreening technique, in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), to identify immunogenic bacterial proteins expressed during human infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. We were able to assign a functional classification to 25 of 35 proteins identified by IVIAT. Of these 25, the majority represent proteins with known or potential roles in the pathogenesis of S. enterica. These include proteins implicated in fimbrial structure and biogenesis, antimicrobial resistance, heavy metal transport, bacterial adhesion, and extracytoplasmic substrate trafficking as well as secreted hydrolases. The 10 remaining antigens represent proteins with unknown functions. Of the 35 identified antigens, four had no immunoreactivity when probed with control sera from individuals never exposed to serovar Typhi organisms; these four included PagC, TcfB, and two antigens of unknown function encoded by STY0860 and STY3683. PagC is a virulence factor known to be upregulated in vivo in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of mice. TcfB is the major structural subunit of a fimbrial operon found in serovar Typhi with no homolog in serovar Typhimurium organisms. By examining differential immunoreactivities in acute- versus convalescent-phase human serum samples, we found specific anti-PagC and anti-TcfB immunoglobulin G responses in patients with serovar Typhi bacteremia. Serovar Typhi antigens identified by IVIAT warrant further evaluation for their contributions to pathogenesis, and they may have diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive uses.
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Mauki, Ibrahim Ireneus, Jesca Deogratias William, Henry Lucas Mlay, Adonira Tajaeli Saro, Samwel Ole Saringe, Sixbert Isdory Mkumbaye, and Debora Charles Kajeguka. "Etiologies of bloodstream infection and antimicrobial resistance: A cross sectional study among patients in a tertiary hospital, Northern Tanzania." East Africa Science 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/easci-d-20-00012.
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Background: Bloodstream infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people of all age groups, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, a recent report indicates that case fatality rate of 37% is attributed to bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with bloodstream infections as well as to determine resistance pattern of bacterial isolates among patients visiting Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2019 at KCMC. A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Blood samples were collected for culture, malaria rapid test, typhoid and brucella tests. Clinical features, co-morbid conditions and patients' hospitalization data were recorded in the questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with bloodstream infections. Predictors of the outcome were considered significant at p<0.05.
Results: The prevalence of bloodstream infections was 52(26%). Participants with stomachache had less odds of having bloodstream infections as compared to other patients with symptoms (AOR=0.22, 5.33, 95%CI=0.05-0.97; p=0.04). Of the XX identified isolates Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest rates of resistance for Meropenem 8(88.8%), Cefotaxime 6(66.6%, Amikacin 6(66.6%), Gentamicin 6(66.6%) and Imipenem 6(66.6%). The lowest level of resistance was observed in Ceftriaxone 1(11.1%).
Conclusion: Bloodstream infections were highly prevalent in this sample (26%). Staphylococcus spp was the most commonly isolated organism and exhibited a high resistance rate to most antibiotics. This calls for increased and coordinated efforts to improve the identification, treatment and management of bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance, thereby improving clinical practice.
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Tam, Frankie C. H., Thomas K. W. Ling, Kam Tak Wong, Danny T. M. Leung, Raphael C. Y. Chan, and Pak Leong Lim. "The TUBEX test detects not only typhoid-specific antibodies but also soluble antigens and whole bacteria." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47365-0.
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TUBEX (IDL Biotech) is a 5 min semiquantitative colorimetric test for typhoid fever, a widely endemic disease. TUBEX detects anti-Salmonella O9 antibodies from a patient's serum by the ability of these antibodies to inhibit the binding between an indicator antibody-bound particle and a magnetic antigen-bound particle. Herein, we report that TUBEX could also be used to specifically detect soluble O9 lipopolysaccharide in antigen-spiked buffer by the ability of the antigen to inhibit the same binding between the particles. Sensitivity of antigen detection was improved (8–31 μg ml−1) by using a modified protocol in which the test sample was mixed with the indicator particles first, rather than with the magnetic particles as for antibody detection. The antigen was also detectable in spiked serum and urine samples, albeit less well (2–4-fold) than in buffer generally. However, no antigen was detected from six typhoid sera examined, all of which had anti-O9 antibodies. In addition, whole organisms of Salmonella Typhi (15 strains) and Salmonella Enteritidis (6 strains) (both O9+ Salmonella), grown in simulated blood broths or on MacConkey agar, were also detectable by TUBEX when suspended at >9×108 organisms ml−1. Expectedly, Salmonella Paratyphi A (7 strains), Salmonella Typhimurium (1 strain) and Escherichia coli (2 strains) were negative in the test. Thus, the same TUBEX kit may be used in several ways both serologically and microbiologically for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. However, validation of the newer applications will require the systematic examination of real patient and laboratory materials.
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Baliban, Scott, Jessica Allen, Brittany Curtis, Mohammed Amin, Andrew Lees, R. Rao, Gangadhara Naidu, et al. "Immunogenicity and Induction of Functional Antibodies in Rabbits Immunized with a Trivalent Typhoid-Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Glycoconjugate Formulation." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071749.
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Typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections caused by serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (STm) are major pediatric health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Typhoid has high complication rates, and iNTS infections have high case fatality rates; moreover, emerging antimicrobial resistance is diminishing treatment options. Vi capsule-based typhoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV™), licensed in India and pre-qualified by the World Health Organization, elicits durable immunity when administered to infants, but no iNTS vaccines are licensed or imminent. We have developed monovalent SE and STm glycoconjugate vaccines based on coupling lipopolysaccharide-derived core-O polysaccharide (COPS) to phase 1 flagellin protein (FliC) from the homologous serovar. Herein, we report the immunogenicity of multivalent formulations of iNTS COPS:FliC conjugates with Typbar-TCV™. Rabbits immunized with the trivalent typhoid-iNTS glycoconjugate vaccine generated high titers of serum IgG antibody to all three polysaccharide antigens for which anti-COPS IgG antibodies were directed primarily against serogroup-specific OPS epitopes. Responses to SE and STm FliC were lower relative to anti-COPS titers. Post-vaccination rabbit sera mediated bactericidal activity in-vitro, and protected mice after passive transfer against challenge with virulent SE or STm Malian blood isolates. These results support accelerated progression to clinical trials.
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Tacket, Carol O., Marcelo B. Sztein, Steven S. Wasserman, Genevieve Losonsky, Karen L. Kotloff, Timothy L. Wyant, James P. Nataro, et al. "Phase 2 Clinical Trial of AttenuatedSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Oral Live Vector Vaccine CVD 908-htrA in U.S. Volunteers." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.3.1196-1201.2000.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain CVD 908-htrA is a live attenuated strain which may be useful as an improved oral typhoid vaccine and as a vector for cloned genes of other pathogens. We conducted a phase 2 trial in which 80 healthy adults received one of two dosage levels of CVD 908-htrA in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. There were no differences in the rates of side effects among volunteers who received high-dose vaccine (4.5 × 108 CFU), lower-dose vaccine (5 × 107 CFU), or placebo in the 21 days after vaccination, although recipients of high-dose vaccine (8%) had more frequent diarrhea than placebo recipients (0%) in the first 7 days. Seventy-seven percent and 46% of recipients of high- and lower-dose vaccines, respectively, briefly excreted vaccine organisms in their stools. All blood cultures were negative. Antibody-secreting cells producing antilipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunoglobulin A (IgA) were detected in 100 and 92% of recipients of high- and lower-dose vaccines, respectively. Almost half the volunteers developed serum anti-LPS IgG. Lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production against serovar Typhi antigens occurred in a significant proportion of vaccinees. This phase 2 study supports the further development of CVD 908-htrA as a single-dose vaccine against typhoid fever and as a possible live vector for oral delivery of other vaccine antigens.