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Journal articles on the topic 'Typologie multilingue'
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Agafonov, Claire, Thierry Grass, Denis Maurel, Nathalie Rossi-Gensane, and Agata Savary. "La traduction multilingue des noms propres dans PROLEX." La traduction des noms propres 51, no. 4 (December 11, 2006): 622–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014330ar.
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Résumé Après avoir défini ce que nous entendons par nom propre, nous évoquons quelques-uns des problèmes généraux posés par cette catégorie en traduction – considérée sous un angle multilingue. Nous proposons une typologie des noms propres sur deux niveaux puis passons en revue les différents procédés que recouvre la translation : l’emprunt – c’est-à-dire la non-traduction –, le calque, la transposition, l’adaptation, la modulation, l’incrémentialisation, mais aussi, lorsque les deux langues envisagées s’écrivent avec des alphabets différents, la translittération et la transcription. Enfin, nous nous penchons sur certains aspects morphologiques des noms propres en rapport avec la traduction automatisée.
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Meylaerts, Reine. "Les relations littéraires au-delà des oppositions binaires : national et international, traduit et non traduit." TTR 22, no. 2 (November 3, 2010): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044825ar.
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À partir de l’exemple belge, le présent article propose une typologie des relations littéraires (traductionnelles et autres) dans les cultures multilingues où les littératures se partagent un espace commun et entretiennent des relations hiérarchiques complexes et dynamiques. En principe, les cultures multilingues peuvent constituer un réservoir de relations littéraires protéiformes et illimitées entre les diverses littératures. En pratique, l’articulation concrète des relations littéraires est tributaire de l’institutionnalisation divergente des langues et des littératures à l’intérieur d’une culture multilingue, comme une ville, une région ou une nation. Une telle perspective socio-institutionnelle permet d’appréhender quels types de relations sont susceptibles de se réaliser à l’intérieur d’un continuum de possibilités quasi illimitées. Elles brouillent partiellement les distinctions univoques entre littératures « source » et « cible » et obligent la traductologie à redéfinir certains de ses concepts clés. Si la traductologie veut se profiler comme le comparatisme du XXIe siècle, elle devra donc faire face à ces nouveaux défis.
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Van Campenhoudt, Marc. "Idiomaticité et gestion de données terminologiques : une approche notionnelle." Meta 39, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/002191ar.
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Résumé En terminographie multilingue, la perspective notionnelle implique des choix si l'on entend décrire l'idiomaticité. L'auteur dresse une typologie des problèmes de traduction posés par les expressions idiomatiques dans le domaine de la navigation et propose de décrire celles-ci comme des notions à par entière. Dans une base de données relationnelles, la présence d'un lien dit idiomatique devrait permettre de lier chaque expression aux termes qu'elle utilise, de manière à faciliter la recherche d'une traduction.
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Léonard, Carol Jean. "Patrimoine toponymique des minorités culturelles, lieu de complexités : le cas de la Fransaskoisie." Nouvelles perspectives en sciences sociales 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2011): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000484ar.
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Le présent article examine successivement deux grandes questions que pose la toponymie en tant que référentiel identitaire. Dans un premier temps, et après avoir évoqué l’évolution récente de la toponymie qui en a établi les fondements en tant que science transdisciplinaire autonome, nous identifions les apories identificatoires auxquelles se heurte toute tentative d’inventaire exhaustif d’une toponymie s’appuyant sur la langue et sur la culture en situation multilingue et de partage d’un territoire. Nous dressons une typologie des entraves qui gênent l’identification des noms géographiques en relation avec une culture cible. Enfin, nous illustrons comment toute tentative en vue de dresser la nomenclature exhaustive d’un patrimoine toponymique culturel identitaire conduit à dénouer l’écheveau d’un capital hétérogène marqué du sceau de l’interculturalité. Aux fins d’illustration, nous prenons à témoin les obstacles rencontrés lors de l’inventaire des 2 500 toponymes d’origine et d’influence françaises identifiés en Saskatchewan, province sise au centre du Canada. Ces toponymes serviront également d’exemples.
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Leung, Janny. "Statutory interpretation in multilingual jurisdictions: typology and trends." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33, no. 5 (August 2012): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.680462.
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Teich, Elke. "System-oriented and text-oriented comparative linguistic research." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.2.04tei.
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The main concern of this paper is to develop a model of cross-linguistic variation that is applicable to various kinds of comparative linguistic research. The motivation for this lies in the observation that there is little interaction among the major areas of comparative linguistic investigation — language typology, contrastive linguistics, translation studies, and the computational modeling of multilingual processes as implemented in machine translation or multilingual text generation. The divide between them can be characterized by a general orientation towards describing the relation between language systems (as in language typology) vs. describing the relation between texts (as in translation studies). It will be suggested that with a model of cross-linguistic comparison that accommodates both the system view and the text view on cross-linguistic variation, language typology, contrastive linguistics, translation studies and multilingual computational linguistics can be shown to have mutually compatible concerns rather than being entirely disjunct endeavors. The model proposed is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), using the representational categories SFL sets up as parameters along which cross-linguistic variation can be described. The fundamental assumption brought forward by SFL that acts as a unifier of concerns is that texts are ultimately instantiations of the language system under certain specifiable contexts of use. A model of cross-linguistic variation based on SFL thus bears the promise of opening up the text view for the system-oriented branch of cross-linguistic study, and the system view for the text-oriented branch. I illustrate the model with data from several European languages, concentrating on the register of instructional text.
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Ansaldo, Umberto. "The Asian typology of English." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.02ans.
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This paper looks at the emergence of Asian English varieties in terms of the evolution of new grammatical features. I propose that, in order to reach a thorough understanding of how the unique combination of grammatical features that define specific Asian Englishes come about, we must approach these features from a typological and evolutionary perspective which allows us to contrast them not only with Standard English varieties but also with the Asian languages with which these come into contact. As restructured vernaculars, Asian English varieties are de facto contact languages, and, as such, evolve as a consequence of selection of features from a multilingual pool. In this pool, features of Asian varieties play a significant role in determining the output grammar and must therefore be appreciated in their own right. In order to illustrate these points, I introduce an evolutionary view of contact language formation, and I present a set of features typical of Singlish, which are all instances of replication of Asian, not English, features
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Gaibrois, Claudine. "From resistance to ‘bricolage’: Forms of ‘power to’ get active and create possibilities in multilingual organizations." Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, no. 23 (January 8, 2020): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17345/rio23.125-147.
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This article investigates the underaddressed productive power effects of multilingualism in professional contexts. Instead of conceiving of power in terms of possession, competition or limitation, it focuses on ‘power to’ get active, seize opportunities, create possibilities, take responsibility, make decisions, and relate to others. Re-analyzing data from a case study conducted in Switzerland, it shows how employees discursively construct various forms of getting active and creating possibilities to counterbalance the challenging aspects of their multilingual work environment. As a result, it presents a typology of agency creation in multilingual organizations. Agency is conceptualized as breaking away from a given frame of action and as taking initiatives to transform it.
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Reh, Mechthild. "Multilingual writing: a reader-oriented typology — with examples from Lira Municipality (Uganda)." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2004, no. 170 (January 29, 2004): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2004.2004.170.1.
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Pilshchikov, I. "The Prague School at the “Crossroads of Cultures” (On Multilingualism in the Correspondence of the Prague Linguistic Circle)." Rhema, no. 3, 2019 (2019): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2019-3-25-52.
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The article discusses the multilingual correspondence of the Prague Linguistic Circle in connection with the typology of scholarly associations, on the one hand, and “cultural polyglottism” of the Prague School, on the other. The author provides addenda to the academic edition Pražská škola v korespondenci: Dopisy z let 1924–1989 (Prague: Karolinum, 2014). Special attention is paid to Roman Jakobson’s Czechoslovak years.
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Krimpogianni, Katerina. "Representations as Metalinguistic Macro-Awareness: An Experiment on 11–12 Years Old Greek Students within the Framework of Pluralistic Approaches." Sustainable Multilingualism 17, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 71–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2020-0014.
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SummaryIn order to transition from a monolingual foreign language course to a multilingual one, all the elements that are connected to students’ cognition should be taken into consideration in order to facilitate this shift. Working with classes of French as a Foreign Language involving 11–12 years old Greek students, our study revealed that by switching to multilingual teaching, students’ representations of language(s) start to emerge; these representations had in most cases been hidden, incoherent and fossilized in teaching monolingual classes. While considering metalinguistic awareness, a variable that is central to our research, as a prerequisite for resolving problems emerging in a multilingual educational context, this article seeks to show that the representations language learners make of themselves and their learning constitute metalinguistic reflection at a macro level, which may influence how metalinguistic awareness functions when performing multilingual tasks. This paper focuses on the processing of qualitative data: meta-discourse analysis of the learners participating in our study led us to establish a typology of representations that enabled us to highlight what aspects to focus on in the classroom so as to prepare students to reflect on language more intensively. This involved guiding learners towards modifying their representational framework, by addressing deficiencies and correcting their representations characterized as “unproductive”, in order to take full advantage of multilingual teaching/learning situations.
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Halimi, Florentina. "The architecture of the mental lexicon and the selection of lexical nodes." Contemporary Educational Researches Journal 6, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v6i4.591.
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This study presents the architecture of the mental lexicon of third language learners by focusing on three representation levels: letter, word and language. In particular, this analysis attempts to examine the extent of the influence of the first and second languages known by bilingual learners of English. The study is guided by Dijkstra’s (2003) Multilingual Interactive Activation (MIA) model, and the hypothesis of the language selective or language nonselective access of third language learners is tested. The method involved in this analysis is the word translation task as a tool for investigating the organization of the mental lexicon. The results obtained as a result of the translation task claim that trilingual speakers can operate with three languages during the process of learning.Keywords: multilingual processing, mental lexicon, language typology.
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A. H. Al-Athwary, Anwar. "English and Arabic Inscriptions in the Linguistic Landscape of Yemen: A Multilingual Writing Approach." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 4 (May 2, 2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.4p.149.
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The present paper investigates the multilingual written texts of the signboards in the public space of Yemen. It attempts to apply Reh's (2004) typology of multilingual writing. Reh introduces four strategies of multilingualism: duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary. They refer to the arrangement of information in the inscriptions of multilingual signs in a given linguistic landscape (LL). To achieve this purpose, a data corpus of 755 multilingual signs in the LL of Yemen has been used, the majority of which are bilingual in Arabic and English. The analysis showed that all four strategies of duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary multilingual writings were generally employed in Sana'a's LL. While overlapping and complementary multilingualism were totally absent in the top-down signs, duplicating and fragmentary multilingualism had much higher frequency over overlapping and complementary ones in bottom-up signs. Keeping in mind that speech community in Yemen is monolingual in Arabic, the absence or low frequency of overlapping, and complementary signs in both top-down and bottom-up levels can be explained by the fact that these two types of texts presuppose multilingual readers since knowledge of all the languages involved is necessary to understand the whole message. The model of writing mimicry system proposed by Sutherland (2015) is also examined. Writing mimicry system was found to be a salient feature of the public space of Yemen performing some specific functions; it is only used for advertising and promotional purposes rather than expressing the identity of ethnolinguistic minorities. The study also revealed that Sana'a multilingual LL is characterized by the use of Arabicised English, glocalisation and multifunctional signs, all of which are employed to serve a general purpose of promoting, and advertising commodities and showing modernity and success. Standard Arabic appears on almost all of both top-down and bottom-up signs. The scarce use of Yemeni Arabic is indicative of the notion of Arab nationalism. Linguistic nationalism refers to the communicative and symbolic functions of Standard Arabic in articulating national identity in the LL of Yemen.
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Levshina, Natalia. "Token-based typology and word order entropy: A study based on Universal Dependencies." Linguistic Typology 23, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 533–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2019-0025.
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AbstractThe present paper discusses the benefits and challenges of token-based typology, which takes into account the frequencies of words and constructions in language use. This approach makes it possible to introduce new criteria for language classification, which would be difficult or impossible to achieve with the traditional, type-based approach. This point is illustrated by several quantitative studies of word order variation, which can be measured as entropy at different levels of granularity. I argue that this variation can be explained by general functional mechanisms and pressures, which manifest themselves in language use, such as optimization of processing (including avoidance of ambiguity) and grammaticalization of predictable units occurring in chunks. The case studies are based on multilingual corpora, which have been parsed using the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme.
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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Helen O’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulić, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova, and Anna Korhonen. "Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 3 (September 2019): 559–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00357.
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Linguistic typology aims to capture structural and semantic variation across the world’s languages. A large-scale typology could provide excellent guidance for multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for languages that suffer from the lack of human labeled resources. We present an extensive literature survey on the use of typological information in the development of NLP techniques. Our survey demonstrates that to date, the use of information in existing typological databases has resulted in consistent but modest improvements in system performance. We show that this is due to both intrinsic limitations of databases (in terms of coverage and feature granularity) and under-utilization of the typological features included in them. We advocate for a new approach that adapts the broad and discrete nature of typological categories to the contextual and continuous nature of machine learning algorithms used in contemporary NLP. In particular, we suggest that such an approach could be facilitated by recent developments in data-driven induction of typological knowledge.
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Bjerva, Johannes, Robert Östling, Maria Han Veiga, Jörg Tiedemann, and Isabelle Augenstein. "What Do Language Representations Really Represent?" Computational Linguistics 45, no. 2 (June 2019): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00351.
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A neural language model trained on a text corpus can be used to induce distributed representations of words, such that similar words end up with similar representations. If the corpus is multilingual, the same model can be used to learn distributed representations of languages, such that similar languages end up with similar representations. We show that this holds even when the multilingual corpus has been translated into English, by picking up the faint signal left by the source languages. However, just as it is a thorny problem to separate semantic from syntactic similarity in word representations, it is not obvious what type of similarity is captured by language representations. We investigate correlations and causal relationships between language representations learned from translations on one hand, and genetic, geographical, and several levels of structural similarity between languages on the other. Of these, structural similarity is found to correlate most strongly with language representation similarity, whereas genetic relationships—a convenient benchmark used for evaluation in previous work—appears to be a confounding factor. Apart from implications about translation effects, we see this more generally as a case where NLP and linguistic typology can interact and benefit one another.
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Ruder, Sebastian, Ivan Vulić, and Anders Søgaard. "A Survey of Cross-lingual Word Embedding Models." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 65 (August 12, 2019): 569–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11640.
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Cross-lingual representations of words enable us to reason about word meaning in multilingual contexts and are a key facilitator of cross-lingual transfer when developing natural language processing models for low-resource languages. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive typology of cross-lingual word embedding models. We compare their data requirements and objective functions. The recurring theme of the survey is that many of the models presented in the literature optimize for the same objectives, and that seemingly different models are often equivalent, modulo optimization strategies, hyper-parameters, and such. We also discuss the different ways cross-lingual word embeddings are evaluated, as well as future challenges and research horizons.
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Van Campenhoudt, Marc. "Recherche d'équivalences et structuration des réseaux notionnels." Terminology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.3.1.04van.
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Terminologists generally take a conceptual approach which leads them to consider the observed semantic relations between the described concepts. Hence, they are today directing their attention to the works of cognitivists and those who specialize in semantic networks are trying, like them, to build terminological knowledge bases. The object of this paper is to examine the various relations between the constituent parts and the whole, to describe how they interact with the hyponymy (class inclusion), and to view their role in the establishment of equivalences in multilingual terminology. In particular, the typology of meronomic (part-whole) relations proposed by certain cognitivists is compared against the relations which may be observed in nautical terminology.
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Moyer, Melissa G. "Pieter Muysken, Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi, 306. Hb $ 59.95." Language in Society 31, no. 4 (October 2002): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450224405x.
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Bilingual speech takes research on code-mixing a step further toward achieving a better understanding of the differences in what in the past has been referred to simply as the mixing of two languages in the sentence (or intrasentential code-switching). In addition, Muysken presents the state of the discipline of language contact in the year 2000 from the perspective of the grammar and structure of language contact phenomena. He brings together and analyzes an extensive set of language pairs from a wide variety of communities and social contexts. Good familiarity with such varied multilingual data provides the author with a strong base on which to support his three-way classification (insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization) of code-mixing phenomena at the sentence level.
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Banerjee, Sanjukta. "Tracing the Local: The Translator-Travellee in French Accounts of India." Tusaaji: A Translation Review 6, no. 6 (December 4, 2018): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1925-5624.40366.
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This paper examines aspects of multilingual India as described in a few eighteenth-century French travel accounts of the subcontinent to underscore the interactional history of representation that the conventions of European travel writing have tended to elide, particularly in the context of the subcontinent. It draws on the notions of fractal and vertical in travel to examine vernacular-Sanskrit relations encountered by the travellers, and to render visible the role of the “translator-travellee” in embedding vernacular knowledge in international discursive networks. Rather than merely questioning the travellers’ often skewed and necessarily partial readings of India’s linguistic plurality, I approach these travel accounts as crucial for understanding the specificity of the region’s multilingualism, one that was largely incommensurable with the typology of language that the accounts seek to establish.
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Stierwald, Mona. "Bi-plurilingual formulation practices in conversational writing interactions." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 203–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2020-0006.
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AbstractThe present article approaches the subject of oral formulation practices in multilingual and conversational writing interactions. Within the framework of pluriliteracy in the context of foreign language practice at university, special emphasis is placed on the manifestations of linguistic repairs as a mechanism, integrated in sequences of interactive formulation. By analyzing extracts of an interaction between three students according to the method of conversation analysis (CA), linguistic and interactional particulars of these repairs are identified, allowing for a first typology of formulation procedures with embedded repair operation.A second aim is to demonstrate in what way different languages are being used during the formulation process. By doing so, the question of how students draw on their plurilingual resources is discussed. The overall issue is addressed through a theoretical framework of functional language distribution in conversational writing.
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Clark, Jonathan H., Eunsol Choi, Michael Collins, Dan Garrette, Tom Kwiatkowski, Vitaly Nikolaev, and Jennimaria Palomaki. "TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00317.
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Confidently making progress on multilingual modeling requires challenging, trustworthy evaluations. We present TyDi QA—a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs. The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology—the set of linguistic features each language expresses—such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the world’s languages. We present a quantitative analysis of the data quality and example-level qualitative linguistic analyses of observed language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but don’t know the answer yet, and the data is collected directly in each language without the use of translation.
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Lim, Lisa. "Revisiting English prosody." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.06lim.
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Many New Englishes are spoken in what can often be considered multilingual contexts in which typologically diverse languages come into contact. In several Asian contexts, one typological feature that is prominent in the multilingual contact situation (the “ecology”) is tone. Given that tone is recognized as an areal feature and is acquired easily by languages in contact, the question that arises is how this is manifested in the prosody of these New Englishes. Recent work has shown that contact languages, including English varieties, evolving in an ecology where tone languages are present do indeed combine aspects of tone languages. This paper attempts to go a step further, in suggesting not only that such varieties should not be viewed as aberrant in comparison to “standard” English but recognized as having their own prosodic system partly due to substrate typology, but also that in the consideration of New Englishes — here, Asian (but also African) Englishes — the traditional view of English as a stress / intonation language need to be revisited and revised, to consider some New Englishes as tone languages. Singapore English (SgE) is presented as a case in point, with the presence of tone demonstrated in the set of SgE particles acquired from Cantonese, at the level of the word, as well as in the intonation contour which moves in a series of level steps. A comparison is then made with Hong Kong English, another New English in a tone-language-dominant ecology, with a consideration of typological comparability as well as difference due to the dynamic nature of SgE’s ecology.
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Pereltsvaig, Asya. "Esperanto linguistics." Language Problems and Language Planning 41, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.41.2.06per.
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Abstract Esperanto is an unusual language in many ways. First, it was originally created artificially, in a highly multilingual environment. Secondly, it was designed with the express purpose of becoming a language of interlingual communication, a language easy to learn for people from the widest range of linguistic backgrounds. Although it never became a universal lingua franca, Esperanto now has up to 2 million users and a sizeable number of native speakers. Yet even for such native speakers, Esperanto is never their only language. Its use is limited to certain domains, and for the overwhelming majority of its speakers, including native ones, Esperanto is not their dominant language. These facts may make Esperanto and Esperanto speakers useful in tests of the robustness of generalizations about linguistic typology, Universal Grammar, first and second language acquisition, language contact and creolization, variation and change. This article provides an overview of work that has been done to date on these topics.
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Faber, Pamela, Silvia Montero Martínez, María Rosa Castro Prieto, José Senso Ruiz, Juan Antonio Prieto Velasco, Pilar León Araúz, Carlos Márquez Linares, and Miguel Vega Expósito. "Process-oriented terminology management in the domain of Coastal Engineering." Terminology 12, no. 2 (November 13, 2006): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.12.2.03fab.
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This article describes the theoretical premises and methodology presently being used in the development of the PuertoTerm database on Coastal Engineering. In our project there are three foci, which are highly relevant to the elaboration of lexicographic and terminological products: (1) the conceptual organization underlying any knowledge resource; (2) the multidimensional nature of conceptual representations; and (3) knowledge extraction through the use of multilingual corpora. In this sense we propose a frame-based organization of specialized fields in which a dynamic, process-oriented event frame provides the conceptual underpinnings for the location of sub-hierarchies of concepts within a specialized domain event. We explain how frames with semantic and syntactic information can be specified within this type of framework, and also discuss issues regarding concept denomination and terminological meaning, based on the use of definitional schemas for each conceptual category. We also offer a typology of images for the inclusion of graphic information in each entry, depending on the nature of the concept.
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Erbaugh, Mary S. "How the Chinese language encourages the paradigm shift toward discourse in linguistics." Chinese Language and Discourse 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 84–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.00015.erb.
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Abstract The Chinese language has encouraged the paradigm shift in linguistics away from Chomsky-style sentence-internal rules toward usage-based discourse. Analysts have debated two possibilities: is Chinese an allegedly ‘inferior’ and ambiguous language because it rests on the ‘three zeros’: zero subjects, zero anaphora, and zero tense? Or does Chinese use ‘hidden complexity’ (Bisang 2009) to make reference clear by discourse marking? Chinese pressure points on linguistic theory center on these ‘three zeros’. Zero subjects have influenced a broader research category of topic-centered languages. Zero anaphora influenced reference tracking beyond the sentence. Zero tense expanded understanding of time and aspect. The process of the shift comes from international networks of multilingual scholars of Chinese. They have collaborated to form a critical mass of explicitly comparative, empirical research. Chinese interdisciplinary research has been especially influential in typology, child language, cross-cultural communications, translation and artificial intelligence. Fifty years ago, mainstream conferences, textbooks, books, and journals almost never featured Chinese. Now they routinely do.
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Witalisz, Alicja. "Abundance, conflict and insufficiency in loan terminology." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVI, no. 76 (December 31, 2020): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6661.
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The paper addresses problematic issues within linguistic borrowing terminology, which is often used inconsistently in language contact studies, and though abundant, it appears insufficient, as the latest research shows. The challenges a present-day language contact researcher faces are related to terminological imprecision, ambiguity, and the overlapping and overlaying of loan terms exploited in the description of language contact outcomes. Terminological discrepancies are multifactorial and have been caused, among others, by multilingualism of research, lack of terminological equivalence both within monolingual and multilingual settings, and the multiplicity of conceptual frameworks and research methods. Yet, despite loan terminology richness, some of the newly-appearing loan developments, induced by intensive language contact and speakers’ creativity, cannot be squeezed into the available typologies. An illustration of the abundance, conflict and insufficiency in loan terminology is based on European, American and Asian studies on linguistic borrowing published over the last century. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki szeroko zakrojonego badania na temat podwójnych glos zastosowanych w staroangielskiej glosie do Psałterza Eadwine’a w celu zweryfikowania możliwych źródeł tego złożonego pod względem językowym manuskryptu. Analiza wykazała, że afiliacja glosy jest skomplikowana, oraz że wiele glos nie należy do istniejącej tradycji glosowania psałterza w języku staroangielskim. Co więcej, wyniki analizy mogą wyjaśnić niektóre problematyczne kwestie związane ze staroangielską glosą do Psałterza Eadwine’a, jak na przykład liczba skrybów czy praktyka glosowania zastosowana przy produkcji tego manuskryptu. Artykuł udowadnia, że wbrew obiegowej opinii staroangielska glosa do Psałterza Eadwine’a – a szczególnie liczne poprawki do niej wprowadzone – oferuje wartościowe źródło danych odnośnie „przejściowej” angielszczyzny oraz pracy skrybów w dwunastowiecznej Anglii po najeździe normańskim.
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Neudert, Lisa-Maria, Philip Howard, and Bence Kollanyi. "Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information During Three European Elections." Social Media + Society 5, no. 3 (July 2019): 205630511986314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119863147.
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Voters increasingly rely on social media for news and information about politics. But increasingly, social media has emerged as a fertile soil for deliberately produced misinformation campaigns, conspiracy, and extremist alternative media. How does the sourcing of political news and information define contemporary political communication in different countries in Europe? To understand what users are sharing in their political communication, we analyzed large volumes of political conversation over a major social media platform—in real-time and native languages during campaign periods—for three major European elections. Rather than chasing a definition of what has come to be known as “fake news,” we produce a grounded typology of what users actually shared and apply rigorous coding and content analysis to define the types of sources, compare them in context with known forms of political news and information, and contrast their circulation patterns in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Based on this analysis, we offer a definition of “junk news” that refers to deliberately produced misleading, deceptive, and incorrect propaganda purporting to be real news. In the first multilingual, cross-national comparison of junk news sourcing and consumption over social media, we analyze over 4 million tweets from three elections and find that (1) users across Europe shared substantial amounts of junk news in varying qualities and quantities, (2) amplifier accounts drive low to medium levels of traffic and news sharing, and (3) Europeans still share large amounts of professionally produced information from media outlets, but other traditional sources of political information including political parties and government agencies are in decline.
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Zolotov, Pitirim Y. "Linguodidactic properties of corpus technologies." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 185 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-185-75-82.
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For the last two decades, corpus technologies, understood as a combination of means and methods of processing and analyzing data of electronic linguistic corpora, as a type of information and communication technology, have attracted great interest of researchers and teachers of foreign languages.We explain the concepts of corpus linguistics, corpus technology, linguistic corpus, concordance. The methods of studying case technologies, which are an annotation, abstraction, and analysis, are considered. The advantages of linguistic corpora are given. The history of the emergence and development of linguistic electronic cases from the pre-digital to digital period is described. Minimum requirements for the corpus of texts are presented. They include representativeness, known volume of the corpus, electronic form, annotation and balance. We consider the typology of linguistic corpora. According to the language of the texts in corpora, there are monolingual and multilingual corpora, which in turn are divided into mixed and parallel ones. According to language data, there are written, oral and mixed corpora. Corpora can be annotated and non-annotated. There are three types of annotation: linguistic, metatextual, and extralinguistic. According to the parameter of representation of the language material of a corpus, there are fragmented and non-fragmented ones. According to the type of access, they are classified as open and restricted. According to the genre representation, linguistic corpora are diverse. The size of a corpus should distinguish between representative, illustrative and monitoring types of corpora. The didactic properties of corpus technologies in the field of teaching a foreign language are studied. The division of the linguodidactic properties of case technologies into mandatory and optional is proposed.
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Liu, Zoey. "Mixed evidence for crosslinguistic dependency length minimization." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 605–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2020-1020.
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AbstractWe investigate whether and to what extent the principle of Dependency Length Minimization (DLM) predicts crosslinguistic syntactic ordering preferences. More specifically, we ask: (i) is there a typological tendency for shorter constituents to appear closer to their syntactic heads in constructions with flexible constituent orderings? (ii) how does the extent of DLM in these constructions vary for languages with different structural characteristics? Our study uses prepositional and postpositional phrase (PP) typology as a testbed. Leveraging multilingual corpora for 34 languages, we focus on sentences with verb phrases that have exactly two PP dependents on the same side of the head verb, the ordering of which under certain conditions contains flexibility. Overall we show a pronounced preference for shorter PPs to be closer to the head verb, establishing the first large-scale quantitative evidence that DLM exists in crosslinguistic syntactic alternations. Furthermore, we present evidence that while the efficacy of DLM depends on the specific ordering structures of different language types, across languages there appears to be a much stronger preference for DLM when the two PPs appear postverbally, compared to no or a much weaker tendency for shorter dependencies when the two PPs occur preverbally. This contrast is the most visible in mixed-type languages with head-initial PPs that can appear both after or before the head verb. Within the limited number of rigid OV languages in our dataset, which have head-final PPs before the head verb, we observe no robust tendency for DLM, in contrast to the patterns in languages with head-initial PPs after the head verb. This contradicts previous findings of a longer-before-short preference in preverbal orders of head-final languages.
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Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. "Cultural, textual and linguistic aspects of legal translation: A model of text analysis for training legal translators." International Journal of Legal Discourse 5, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2020-2037.
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AbstractLegal translation training involves the acquisition and development of a set of sub-competences that constitute legal translation competence (Cao, Deborah. 2007. Translating law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2011. Developing legal translation competence: An integrative process-oriented approach. Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communications 5. 7–21; Piecychna, Beata. 2013. Legal translation competence in the light of translational hermeneutics. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34(47). 141–159; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2016. Comparative law for legal translators. Oxford: Peter Lang; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2018. La formación del traductor jurídico: Análisis de la competencia traductora en traducción jurídica y propuesta de programa formativo. Quaderns: Revista de Traduccio 25. 217–229). The development of those sub-competences is part of a complex process where students are faced with different concepts and translation strategies and techniques which are not necessarily easy to grasp for trainee translators (Way, Catherine. 2014. Structuring a legal translation course: A framework for decision-making in legal translation training. In Le Cheng, King Kui Sin & Anne Wagner (eds.), The Ashgate handbook of legal translation. Farnham: Ashgate), particularly when applied to a legal context. It is our experience that translation students tend to focus on the product (text production) and do not spend enough time analysing the source text, which results in obvious mistakes in mainly – but not only – cultural (legal), textual and linguistic aspects. The interdisciplinary nature of legal translation calls for an integrative model for teaching and learning. The model presented provides trainees with a framework for source text analysis that places the communicative situation and the translation brief at the core from which three fundamental dimensions, based on the aspects mentioned above, develop. Elements such as the legal cultures involved, legal text typologies or the level of specialisation of terms and discourse are some of the aspects to be considered, so allowing trainees to achieve a thorough understanding of the source text for a conscious translation. The model will be applied to a specific source text and translation brief.
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Klyshinsky, Eduard S., Varvara K. Logacheva, Olesya V. Karpik, and Alexander V. Bondarenko. "Quantitative Estimation of Grammatical Ambiguity: Case of European Languages." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-1-5-21.
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The grammatical ambiguity (multiple sets of grammatical features for one word form or coinciding surface forms of different words) can be of different types. We distinguish six classes of grammatical ambiguity: unambiguous, ambiguous by grammatical features, by part of speech, by lemma, by lemma and part of speech, and out-of-vocabulary words. These classes are found in all languages, but word distribution may vary significantly. We calculated and analysed the statistics of these six ambiguity classes for a number of European languages. We found that the distribution of ambiguous words among these classes depends primarily on basic linguistic features of a language determining its typology class. Although it is influenced by text style and the considered vocabulary, the distinctive shape of the distribution is preserved under different conditions and differs significantly from distributions for other languages. The fact that the shape is primarily defined by linguistic properties is corroborated by the fact that closely related languages demonstrated in our research similar properties as far as their ambiguous words are concerned. We established that Slavic languages feature a low rate of part-of-speech ambiguous words and a high rate of words which are ambiguous by grammatical features. The former is also true for French and Italian, while the latter holds for German and Swedish, whereas the combination of these traits is characteristic of Slavic languages alone. The experiments showed that reduction of the grammatical feature set does not change the shape of distribution and therefore does not reflect similarity among languages. On the other hand, we found that the top 1000 most frequent words in all the languages considered have different distribution in ambiguity classes unlike in the rest of the words. At the same time, for the majority of considered languages, less frequent words are less unambiguous by part of speech. In Romance and Germanic languages, the ambiguity is reduced for less frequent words. We also investigated the differences in statistics for texts of different genres in the Russian language. We found out that fiction texts are more ambiguous by part of speech than newswire, which are in turn more ambiguous by grammatical features. Our results suggest that the quality of multilingual morphological taggers should be measured relying only on ambiguous words as opposed to all words of the processed text. Such an approach can help get a more objective linguistic picture and enhance the performance of linguistic tools.
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Bender, Emily M. "Linguistic typology in natural language processing." Linguistic Typology 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2016-0035.
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AbstractThis paper explores the ways in which the field of natural language processing (NLP) can and does benefit from work in linguistic typology. I describe the recent increase in interest in multilingual natural language processing and give a high-level overview of the field. I then turn to a discussion of how linguistic knowledge in general is incorporated in NLP technology before describing how typological results in particular are used. I consider both rule-based and machine learning approaches to NLP and review literature on predicting typological features as well as that which leverages such features.
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Pakendorf, Brigitte, Nina Dobrushina, and Olesya Khanina. "A typology of small-scale multilingualism." International Journal of Bilingualism, June 12, 2021, 136700692110231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211023137.
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Aims: The paper aims at providing an exhaustive overview of studies of small-scale multilingualism, a type of language ecology typical of—but not exclusive to—indigenous communities with small numbers of speakers. We identify the similarities and differences among situations of such multilingualism, which lay the foundations for a future typology of this kind of language ecology. Approach and data: We outline the importance of language ideologies for multilingualism in small-scale societies, highlight the sources of this type of language ecology, with a special focus on the impact of marriage patterns, discuss to what extent situations of small-scale multilingualism are truly egalitarian and symmetric, and survey the different methods used in the study of this domain. In order to do so, we survey studies devoted to multilingualism in indigenous communities of all continents: the New World (especially South America), Australia, Melanesia, Africa, Europe and Asia. Conclusions: The multilingual ecologies of the pre- and postcolonial world are extremely diverse, with many factors playing a role in their constitution. They are also highly endangered, and thus their study is of the utmost urgency. Originality: The domain of small-scale multilingualism is still novel for sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Although the researchers working with indigenous groups have been describing the peculiarities of multilingual repertoires, language acquisition and language attitudes in various parts of the world, the domain lacks the kind of comparison and generalizations that we provide here. Significance: The increased interest in small-scale multilingualism has been boosted by the realization of its significance for reconstructing the social conditions that favoured linguistic diversity in the precolonial world. Furthermore, insights into this type of multilingualism—which differs considerably from the better-studied situations of bi- and multilingualism in urban contexts and large nation states—are of prime importance for a better understanding of the human language faculty.
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Dada, Samuel Ayodele. "Language Use and Communication Artifacts in GSM Adverts in Nigeria." Linguistik Online 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.42.418.
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This is a sociolinguistic study of communication and language use in GSM adverts in Nigeria. The study was conducted to identify certain sociolinguistic strategies employed in GSM adverts in Nigeria. Our findings reveal that such strategies include: code choice, ethnography, semiotics and neologisms. The study has once again revealed that language choice especially in a multilingual community like Nigeria follows certain patterns and typology based on demographic, situational and attitudinal variants controlled by socio-cultural norms of communicative appropriateness.
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Dada, Samuel Ayodele. "Language Use and Communication Artifacts in GSM Adverts in Nigeria." Linguistik Online 43, no. 3 (July 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.43.410.
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This is a sociolinguistic study of communication and language use in GSM adverts in Nigeria. The study was conducted to identify certain sociolinguistic strategies employed in GSM adverts in Nigeria. Our findings reveal that such strategies include: code choice, ethnography, semiotics and neologisms. The study has once again revealed that language choice especially in a multilingual community like Nigeria follows certain patterns and typology based on demographic, situational and attitudinal variants controlled by socio-cultural norms of communicative appropriateness.
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"Bilngual education/bilingualism." Language Teaching 37, no. 2 (April 2004): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026144480426222x.
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04–239Bradshaw, Julie (Monash University, Australia; Email: julie.bradshaw@arts.monash.edu.au) and Truckenbrodt, Andrea. Divergent orientations to Greek and its teaching in an Australian Greek school. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Clevedon, UK), 6, 6 (2003), 439–57.04–240Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona University, USA; Email: Norbert.Francis@nau.edu). Nonlinear processing as a comprehension strategy: a proposed typology for the study of bilingual children's self-corrections of oral reading miscues. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 13, 1 (2004), 17–33.04–241Geary, D. Norman (Guizhou University, China; Email: norman_geary@sil.org) and Pan, Yongrong. A bilingual education pilot project among the Kam people in Guizhou province, China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Clevedon, UK), 24, 4 (2003), 274–89.04–242Kenner, Charmian, Kress, Gunther, Al-Khatib, Hayat, Kam, Roy, and Tsai, Kuan-Chun (Institute of Education, U. of London, UK; Email: ck@mariposa.u-net.com). Finding the keys to biliteracy: how young children interpret different writing systems. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 18, 2 (2004), 124–44.04–243Kyeyune, Robinah (Makerere U., Uganda). Challenges of using English as a medium of instruction in multilingual contexts: a view from Ugandan classrooms. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 16, 2 (2003), 173–84.04–244Muller, Alexandra and Beardsmore, Hugo Baetens (Vrije U. Brussel and U. Libre de Bruxelles; Email: hbb@skynet.be). Multilingual interaction in plurilingual classes – European school practice. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Clevedon, UK), 7, 1 (2004), 24–42.04–245Wiese, Ann-Marie (West Ed, USA; Email: awiese@wested.org). Bilingualism and biliteracy for all? Unpacking two-way immersion of second grade. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 18, 1 (2004), 69–92.04–246Wright, Wayne E. (Arizona State U., USA; Email: wayne.wright@asu.edu). What English-only really means: a study of the implementation of California language policy with Cambodian-American students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Clevedon, UK), 7, 1 (2004), 1–23.
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Levshina, Natalia. "Why we need a token-based typology: A case study of analytic and lexical causatives in fifteen European languages." Folia Linguistica 50, no. 2 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2016-0019.
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AbstractThis paper investigates variation of lexical and analytic causatives in 15 European languages from the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic genera based on a multilingual parallel corpus of film subtitles. Using typological parameters of variation of causatives from the literature, this study tests which parameters are relevant for the choice between analytic and lexical causatives in the sample of languages. The main research question is whether the variation is constrained by one semantic dimension, namely, the conceptual integration of the causing and caused events, as suggested by previous research on iconicity in language, or whether several different semantic and syntactic factors are at play. To answer this question, I use an exploratory multivariate technique for categorical data (Multiple Correspondence Analysis with supplementary points) and conditional random forests, a nonparametric regression and classification method. The study demonstrates the importance of corpus data in testing typological hypotheses.
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Duffner, Rolf, Alain Kamber, and Anton Näf. "Europäisch eingestellt – Valenzforschung mit Parallelkorpora." Linguistik Online 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.39.476.
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The aim of this research is to demonstrate with a case study the significance of corpus linguistics within the field of verb valency and bilingual lexicography. Specifically, we will introduce a corpus-based process that determines context-sensitive translations of polysemous word forms. Three steps are considered here in detail. First, text evidences of the verb einstellen in the monolingual Deutsches Referenzkorpus (DeReKo) will be examined with a collocation analysis. With help of the analytical instrument COSMAS II, the collocation profiles will then be summarized into a typology (senses and subsenses, valency structures and typical collocations). In a further step, the determined senses can be attributed to the corresponding translations of the word form einstellen in other languages (English, French and Italian) by means of the multilingual parallel corpus Europarl (Open Source Parallel Corpus OPUS). Finally, the results will be compared to the codifications of commonly used bilingual dictionaries.
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CRAWFORD, OLIVER. "Translating and Transliterating Marxism in Indonesia." Modern Asian Studies, July 20, 2020, 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x20000104.
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Abstract In the 1910s and 1920s, when Indonesian communists first seriously engaged with Marxism, they faced the questions of how to translate Marx's concepts from Dutch, the language in which they generally encountered them, into Malay, the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago, and how to make these ideas relevant in an Asian and largely Islamic context. Focusing on three aspects of Marxism—the ‘scientific’ nature of communism, class conflict in feudal and capitalist society, and the relationship between communism and Islam—I argue that Indonesian communists alternated between transliteration and translation in their exposition of Marxism. Transliterating ‘universal’ Marxist categories such as proletarian (proletar) and capitalism (kapitalisme) allowed Indonesian communists to speak in global terms and strengthened their claim that Marxism was a science with a universal terminology. At the same time, there was a process of ‘localization’, whereby foreign Marxist materials were translated to bring them closer to local cultural norms. Malay substitutes were found for Marx's typology of classes and historical eras, while Arabic terms associated with Islam were used to add a moral dimension to the Marxist critique of capitalism. These translations grounded Marxism in Islam and Indonesian history, but also elevated vernacular terms to universal status by eliding them with Marx's categories. The resulting style of Indonesian Marxism was multilingual. From the 1930s, however, Indonesian nationalists consciously moved away from transliteration, devising a more thoroughly Indonesian political vocabulary to replace Marx's terms, though one still clearly influenced by Marxism.
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"Reading & writing." Language Teaching 39, no. 4 (September 26, 2006): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806233858.
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06–701Boon, Andrew (Toyo Gakuen U, Japan; bromleycross@ hotmail.com), The search for irony: A textual analysis of the lyrics of ‘Ironic’ by Alanis Morissette. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 5.2 (2005), 129–142.06–702Brantmeir, Cindy (Washington U, USA; cbrantme@wustle.edu), The effects of language of assessment and L2 reading performance on advanced readers' recall. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.1 (2006), 1–17.06–703Brooks, Wanda (Temple U, Philadelphia, USA), Reading representations of themselves: Urban youth use culture and African American textual features to develop literary understandings. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 41.3 (2006), 372–392.06–704Burns, Eila (Jyvaskyla U of Applied Sciences, Finland; eila.burns@jypoly.fi), Pause, prompt and praise – Peer tutored reading for pupils with learning difficulties. British Journal of Special Education (Blackwell) 33.2 (2006), 62–67.06–705Carlisle, Joanne F. & C. Addison Stone, Exploring the role of morphemes in word reading. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 40.4 (2005), 428–449.06–706Cho, Kwangsu, Christian D. Schunn (U Pittsburgh, PA, USA) & Davida Charney, Commenting on writing: Typology and perceived helpfulness of comments from novice peer reviewers and subject matter experts.Written Communication (Sage) 23.3 (2006), 260–294.06–707Cunningham, James W. (U North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA), Stephanie A. Spadorcia, Karen A. Erickson, David A. Koppenhaver, Janet M. Sturm & David E. Yoder, Investigating the instructional supportiveness of leveled texts. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 40.4 (2005), 410–427.06–708DeVoss, Dànıelle Nıcole & James E. Porter (Michigan State U, USA), Why Napster matters to writing: Filesharing as a new ethic of digital delivery. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 178–210.06–709Ghahremani-ghajar, Sue-San (Al-Zahra U, Iran) & Seyyed Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, English class or speaking about everything class? Dialogue journal writing as a critical EFL literacy practice in an Iranian high school. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 18.3 (2005), 286–299.06–710Hunter, Darryl (U British Columbia, Canada; Darrylinvic@hotmail.com), Charles Mayenga & Trevor Gambell, Classroom assessment tools and uses: Canadian English teachers' practices for writing. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.1 (2006), 42–65.06–711Jarratt, Susan C., Elızabeth Losh & Davıd Puente (U California at Irvine, USA), Transnational identifications: Biliterate writers in a first-year humanities course. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 15.1 (2006), 24–48.06–712Jocson, Korina M. (Stanford U, USA), ‘Bob Dylan and Hip Hop’: Intersecting literacy practices in youth poetry communities. Written Communication (Sage) 23.3 (2006), 231–259.06–713Jones, Rodney H., Angel Garralda, Davıd C. S. Lı & Graham Lock (City U Hong Kong, China), Interactional dynamics in on-line and face-to-face peer-tutoring sessions for second language writers. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 15.1 (2006), 1–23.06–714Kruse, Otto (Zurich U of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland), The origins of writing in the disciplines: Traditions of seminar writing and the Humboldtian ideal of the research university.Written Communication (Sage) 23.3 (2006), 331–352.06–715Li, Jiang (jianli@enoreo.on.ca), The mediation of technology in ESL writing and its implications for writing assessment. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.1 (2006), 5–21.06–716Lunsford, Andrea A. (Stanford U, USA), Writing, technologies, and the fifth canon. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.1 (2006), 169–177.06–717Marsh, Jackie (U Sheffield, UK), Popular culture in the literacy curriculum: A Bourdieuan analysis. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 41.2 (2006), 160–174.06–718Martin, Deb (Rowan U, USA; martind@rowan.edu) &Diane Penrod, Coming to know criteria: The value of an evaluating writing course for undergraduates. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.1 (2006), 66–73.06–719McIntyre, Ellen, Diane W. Kyle (U Louisville, USA) & Gayle H. Moore, A primary-grade teacher's guidance toward small-group dialogue. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 41.1 (2006), 36–66.06–720McQuillan, Jeff (Center for Educational Development, USA; jeff@learningexperts.com), The effects of print access and print exposure on English vocabulary acquisition of language minority students. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.1 (2006), 41–51.06–721Neuman, Susan B. (U Michigan, USA) & Donna Celano, The knowledge gap: Implications of leveling the playing field for low-income and middle-income children. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association), 41.2 (2006), 176–201.06–722O'Sullıvan, Íde & Angela Chambers (U Limerick, Ireland), Learners' writing skills in French: Corpus consultation and learner evaluation. Journal of Second Language Writing (Elsevier) 15.1 (2006), 49–68.06–723Pino-Silva, Juan (U Simón Bolivar, Venezuela; jpino@usb.ve), Extensive reading through the internet: Is it worth the while?The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.1 (2006), 85–96.06–724Rogers, Theresa (U British Columbia, Canada) Elizabeth Marshall& Cynthia A. Tyson, Dialogic narratives of literacy, teaching, and schooling: Preparing literacy teachers for diverse settings. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 41.2 (2006) 202–224.06–725Scott, Tony (U North Carolina, USA), Writing work, technology, and pedagogy in the era of late capitalism. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23. 1 (2006), 228–243.06–726Tian, Shiauping (National Taiwan U of Science and Technology, Taiwan; sptian@mail.ntust.edu.tw.), Passage dependency of reading comprehension items in the GEPT and the TOEFL. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.1 (2006), 66–84.06–727Tseng, Yen-Chu & Hsien-Chin Liou (National Tsing Hua U, China; hcliu@mx.nthu.edu.tw), The effects of online conjunction materials on college EFL students' writing. System (Elsevier) 34.2 (2006), 270–283.06–728VanderStaay, Steven L. (Western Washington U, Bellingham, USA), Learning from longitudinal research in criminology and the health sciences. Reading Research Quarterly (International Reading Association) 41.3 (2006), 328–350.06–729Warrington, Stuart (Asian U, Japan; kaminare@hotmail.com), Building automaticity of word recognition for less proficient readers. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.1 (2006), 52–63.06–730Yasuda, Sachiko (Waseda U, Japan), Japanese students' literacy background and the role of the writing center. The Language Teacher (Japan Association for Language Teaching) 30.5 (2006), 3–7.