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Teixeira, Maísa Gomide, Silvia Morales de Queiroz Caleman, and Jean Carlos da Silva Américo. "Multiple rational management and governance in agriculture cooperatives." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 20, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2019-0245.
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Purpose This study aims to analyze how multirational management relates to cooperatives’ corporate governance. Design/methodology/approach A typology of agricultural cooperatives’ potential for multirational management in relation to corporate governance is proposed. Coordinates based on data from assembly participation and separation of ownership and control are used to map cooperatives among these typologies. Four case studies representing each typology were conducted, allowing analysis of propositions. Findings By mapping the cooperatives from Mato Grosso do Sul, a reduced potential for multirational management is noted. By analyzing the four case studies, coded as Coop 1, 3, 13 and 16, this study found convergence with P1, P2 and P3. “Coop 1” shows signs of adopting exploitation practice. In “Coop 3,” evidence points to avoidance practice and, analyses of “Coop 13” indicates adoption of tolerance practice. In Coop 16, however, P4 could not be confirmed. Instead of polarizing practices, there is evidence of avoidance practice. Therefore, a positive relation between corporate governance and multirational management can partially be observed. Originality/value There are no records of a paper that has explored the relation of governance and multirational management. Therefore, this research broadens the understanding of how corporate governance can function in the context of cooperative organizations. As well, insight is given on how different mechanisms of corporate governance can influence organizations to adopt explicit or implicit and monorational or multirational methods of dealing with multiple rationalities.
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Kohtoh, Yousuke. "Typology of Modern-rational Bureaucracy." Japanese Sociological Review 46, no. 3 (1995): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4057/jsr.46.310.
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Falkowski, Jan. "Typologia i regionalizacja obszarów wiejskich województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego = Typology and regionalization of rural areas in the Kuyavian‑Pomeranian (kujawsko-pomorskie) Voivodship." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 57 (2020): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.57.8.
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The aim of the studies is the typology and regionalization of rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian (in Polish: kujawsko-pomorskie) Voivodship in 2018. Basing upon 27 features: natural, cultural, demographic, social, economic and financial conditions, 6 structural types were developed for 127 rural and urban-rural communes. All variables were subjected to the procedure of averaging the set and the standard deviation in plus and in minus. The position of the variable center meant the average level of favorable conditions, in plus – very favorable and favorable conditions, and in minus – less favorable and unfavorable conditions. On this basis, the structural typology of rural areas was developed statistically and cartographically (Figure 2A-E and Table 1). Then, 8 types of functional rural areas were distinguished: 1 – remarkably agricultural, 2 – dominated by the agricultural function, 3 – agricultural and tourism, 4 – agricultural and forestry, 5 – forestry, 6 – tourism and recreation, 7 – multifunctional and 8 – suburban (urbanized). The dominance of the occurrence or coexistence of individual functional and structural types became the basis for the geographical and economic regionalization of rural areas (Figure 3 and Table 2). Elaborated typology and regionalization is the first attempt at analytical and synthetic approach to rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship. It possesses significant application value. Presented results of functional and structural research may contribute to better understanding of contemporary geographic and economic processes taking place in the development of these areas. Their proper management, undertaken planning and strategic activities may allow for more rational use of the existing natural, social, economic, financial conditions and resources and can significantly improve life quality of rural residents.
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Mafini, Chengedzai, and Manilall Dhurup. "Assessing Consumer Purchasing Decision Styles: An Empirical Investigation From South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 4 (June 30, 2014): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i4.8676.
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The determinants of how and why people shop has been a topical matter to many people for many years. This had a stimulus effect on the development and proliferation of a diversity of consumer typologies. The purpose of this study was to develop a typology of South African Generation Y consumers in their purchasing decisions. The study adopted a quantitative approach in which a structured questionnaire was used to survey 294 Generation Y consumers who were selected using an integration of non-probability convenience and judgement sampling methods. Seven groups of Generation Y consumers, namely quality conscious, brand conscious, novelty seeking, hedonistic, confused by over-choice, habitual, brand loyal, and fashion conscious were identified. Differences were found between consumers who are confused by over-choice and younger Generation Y consumers. Younger consumers were found to be more confused by over-choice compared to their older counterparts. Findings of this study suggest that retailers should use communication channels which would be more easily understood by Generation Y consumers, and they should provide information that assists buyers to make a rational decision in the buying process.
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Mukherji, I. N. "Bilateral Free Trade Agreements in South Asia: Typologies, Rationale, Characteristics, and Impact." Millennial Asia 2, no. 2 (July 2011): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097639961100200205.
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Rosen, Karen H., Edd Sandra M. Stith, April L. Few, Kathryn L. Daly, and Dari R. Tritt. "A Qualitative Investigation of Johnson’s Typology." Violence and Victims 20, no. 3 (June 2005): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.20.3.319.
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The couple typology described by Johnson and Ferraro (2000) provided the framework for this analysis of narrative accounts of couples in violent heterosexual relationships. Participants were 15 bidirectionally violent couples who were interviewed separately for about 1 hour each. Modified analytic induction guided the analyses. We categorized the violence in the relationships of these 15 couples in the following ways: 11 were categorized as “common couple” violence; two as “violent resistance”; one as “mutual violent control”; and one couple was categorized as what we named “pseudo-intimate terrorism.” We present rich descriptions of each category and motivations for and impacts of aggressive behavior as well as our rationale for classifying couples the way we did. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
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Wahyuningsih, Wahyuningsih, and Johnny Tanamal. "A Study on Customer Satisfaction across Information Search Behavior Typology." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2008): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5585.
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This study investigates customer satisfaction based on a typology of consumer search behavior. The findings demonstrate that the type of consumer as defined by whether and how they search for information (passive, rational-active, and relational-dependent) has different level of satisfaction. Rational-active and relational-dependent consumers are found to be the dominant consumer types who actively search for information before purchasing a product and thus perceive a higher level of satisfaction than do passive consumers. The identification of satisfaction within each type of consumer provides a reason for customers to repurchase the same product, or recommend it to other people. As a result, companies will be able to achieve an increase in profitability. Recommendations for companies and future research directions are presented.
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Blake, Rex J., and Sharon A. Sackett. "Holland's Typology and the Five-Factor Model: A Rational-Empirical Analysis." Journal of Career Assessment 7, no. 3 (July 1999): 249–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106907279900700305.
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Winiecki, Donald J. "Rational, natural, and open: Organizational system typologies and their relevance for performance improvement professionals." Performance Improvement 49, no. 5 (May 2010): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pfi.20150.
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Ali, Ayesha. "REFLECTIONS ON POETIC MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS OF VAN DE VAN’S TYPOLOGY IN LITERARY, LINGUISTIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2021): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9363.
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Purpose of the study: This article is an attempt to reflect on and locate similarities and develop synchronicity between the fields of organizational change, management, psychology, language, and literature. The reflective learning takes place through reflective practice conducted on literature and organizations to generate new knowledge and ways to comprehend and deal with issues. Thus, the rationale for uniting contributions of management and English can be logically found in the processes of nature and human life.
Methodology: This article is based on rational reasoning and critical analytic comparisons that aptly explain that the four models of organizational change are not new rather proclaimed in poetic expressions several years or a century ago.
Main Findings: The organizational models of change are reflected in literature which has explained how Management by Objectives, organization as systems, mechanistic and organic organizations work and how they can be maneuvered towards increasing organizational productivity and performance.
Applications of this study: This inquiry shall help further examination of various fields to develop new management concepts through bargain and borrowing.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This article, through reasoning and analysis, has developed four life like models i.e., Miltonic, Frostian, Shelleyan, and Eliotic models of organizational change which seem to be preceding the current existing theories on teleological, life cycle, evolutionary and dialectical models of organizational change.
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Ingram, David, and Kelly D. Ingram. "A Whole-Word Approach to Phonological Analysis and Intervention." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/024).
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This paper introduces a whole-word approach to phonological analysis and then demonstrates the use of the approach by conducting an analysis and outlining treatment recommendations for a child with a phonological disability. Rationale for using a whole-word approach and also for defining phonological typologies are presented using the view that children are word oriented and use different patterns to acquire their phonological systems. New measures for word complexity and target proximity are explained, and four components of a phonological analysis are outlined and subsequently demonstrated.
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Luc, Małgorzata, and Jacek Szmańda. "Should Renaturalised and Recultivated Landscapes Appear in Landscape Typology?" Quaestiones Geographicae 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0030.
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Abstract Landscapes constantly change under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. They can be destructive as well as leading to regeneration of landscapes which have been imbalanced. When this process occurs in a natural or human-controlled manner with the use of natural elements of the environment, it is called renaturalisation, and the resulting landscape - renaturalised landscape. Where landscape restitution occurs under the purposeful, sustainable and rational human influence, we talk of the recultivation process and the resulting landscape is termed recultivated. Examples of both of these terms added to landscape classification have been described based on several quarries existing within the City of Krakow.
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Vogel, Ann. "Bureaucracy and democracy. A critical reading of Alvin W. Gouldner's book Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy." European Journal of Sociology 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007591.
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In Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, Alvin W. Gouldner has developed a conception of rational domination which is different from that developed by Max Weber. Gouldner argues that a democratic variation of rational domination (representative bureaucracy) can be more efficient tban the authoritarian variation, and that, accordingly, the ‘iron cage of rationalisation’ is not inevitable. I will show that Gouldner—who is sociologically driven—contradicts Weber on the basis of an erroneous translation and a poor understanding of the concept of bureaucracy. Thus his critique in no way undermines the Weberian typology of domination.
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Rahaditya, Bagas Rizky, and Wiliarto Wirasmoyo. "MENDEKONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN BERSEJARAH "STASIUN HALL BANDUNG"." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v3i1.17824.
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Abstract: Bandung Hall Station is one of the main gates to get to Bandung in the railway sector. On the other hand, Bandung Hall Station is one of the cultural heritage buildings and it belongs to the category A cultural heritage building. This station serves departures and train stops from various types of trips. For stations with large capacity, this station has many problems especially in access and circulation. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the quality of services carried out to accommodate the satisfaction of train service users. The approach used is Bernard Tschumi's deconstruction architecture. The method used is the rational approach method and is solved by synthesis with the architectural deconstruction approach of Bernard Tschumi's method. The method used as a site approach is a consolidation method. For the method of approach to building design used typology methods. Bernard Tschumi's Deconstruction concept supports the design goal of being fit to space to activities in order to linking facilities with the surrounding station buildings so that it becomes a unity. The aim is to help in improving services from PT. KAI and also to improve the safety and comfort factors for service users. Keywords: Deconstruction, Fit to space to activities, Rational approach, Hall Station. Abstrak: Stasiun Hall Bandung merupakan salah satu gerbang untuk menuju ke kota Bandung di sektor perkeretaapian. Di sisi lain, Stasiun Hall Bandung merupakan bangunan cagar budaya. Untuk mendesain di sebuah bangunan cagar budaya perlu diperhatikan regulasi yang berlaku terkait bangunan cagar budaya. Tujuannya untuk melestarikan peninggalan sejarah bagi kota Bandung. Stasiun Hall Bandung tergolong kategori bangunan cagar budaya golongan A. Stasiun ini melayani pemberangkatan dan pemberhentian kereta dari berbagai jenis perjalanan. Untuk stasiun dengan kapasitas besar, stasiun ini memiliki banyak permasalahan terutama pada akses dan sirkulasi. Untuk itu perlu adanya peningkatan mutu pelayanan yang dilakukan untuk mewadahi kepuasan pengguna jasa kereta api. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah arsitektur dekonstruksi Bernard Tschumi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode rational approach dan diselesaikan dengan sintesis dengan pendekatan arsitektur dekonstruksi metode Bernard Tschumi. Metode yang digunakan sebagai pendekatan pada site adalah metode konsolidasi yang akan membuat pengunjung nyaman dan mudah untuk melakukan kegiatan disini. Untuk metode pendekatan perancangan bangunannya menggunakan metode typologi. Konsep Dekonstruksi Bernard Tschumi menunjang untuk tujuan desain menjadi fit to space to activities yang mengaitkan fasilitas dengan bangunan stasiun sekitarnya sehingga menjadi kesatuan. Tujuannya untuk membantu peningkatan pelayanan dari PT.KAI dan juga untuk meningkatkan faktor keamanan dan kenyamanan bagi pengguna jasa.Kata Kunci: Dekonstruksi, Fit to space to activities, Rational approach, Stasiun Hall
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DA COSTA, K. S., and Y. M. DIETOA. "TYPOLOGIE DE LA PÊCHE SUR LE LAC FAÉ (CÔTE D’IVOIRE) ET IMPLICATIONS POUR UNE GESTION RATIONNELLE DES RESSOURCES HALIEUTIQUES." Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, no. 384 (2007): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2007006.
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Prete, Giuseppe. "Space Truss Structures: Typological Characteristics and Principal Construction Systems in Italy." International Journal of Space Structures 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119400900402.
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In the field of civil and industrial buildings and, particularly, dealing with coverings of wide areas, space truss structures are spreading more and more. Modern tridimensional steel systems are made up to the modular aggregation of standardized structural single or multiple elements, coordinated in space in accordance with rational geometric criteria, mass produced on an industrial scale and designed for a fine and functional architecture. Concerning these structures, the paper presents basic qualitative and performance characteristics, main typologies for the applications and, lastly, some among the most significant structural systems patented by Italian production.
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Bernasconi, Andres, and Paula Clasing. "Legitimidad en el Gobierno Universitario: Una Nueva Tipología." education policy analysis archives 23 (August 3, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v23.2001.
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We propose a typology of forms of legitimacy of authority in the university, based on the well-known classification by Max Weber of the forms of political authority based on the types to legitimacy typically invoked by those in a position of authority. This framework is adapted and expanded to the field of university governance taking into consideration the specialized literature on models of governance in higher education, and with the aid of data obtained from interviews of former university leaders with whom we discussed their experiences as university officials. Our typology consists of six forms of legitimacy: traditional, which distinguishes two forms, academic and administrative; rational-bureaucratic, which also has two modalities, managerial and legalistic, and finally, the political and charismatic forms. To stress the differences across these types of legitimacy, and try out a possible translation of them into designs amenable to empirical research, we also present an operationalization of the typology into variables and hypotheses.
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Guzmán, Sebastián G. "Substantive-rational authority: The missing fourth pure type in Weber’s typology of legitimate domination." Journal of Classical Sociology 15, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x14531695.
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Hirvensalo, Antero, Satu Teerikangas, Noelia-Sarah Reynolds, Helka Kalliomäki, Raine Mäntysalo, Hanna Mattila, and Kaisa Granqvist. "Agency in Circular City Ecosystems—A Rationalities Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052544.
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The concept of agency is increasingly used in the literature on sustainability transitions. In this paper, we add to that discussion by arguing that the concept of rationality opens new avenues to theorizing relational agency in transitions toward a circular economy. To this end, we compare rationality conceptions from management (e.g., collaboration and competition) with critical theory perspectives on rationality (e.g., instrumental and communicative rationality). This leads us to develop a typology matrix for describing plural rationalities underpinning relational agency. We illustrate this typology using excerpts from an in-depth case study of an ongoing city-coordinated ecosystem that develops a smart technology-enabled urban area based on the principles of circularity. The first contribution of this interdisciplinary paper is to offer a rational perspective on theorizing the antecedents of relational agency in circular economy transitions, where communicatively rational action enables agency and change. Secondly, our paper contributes to the literature on circular cities through conceptualizing circular transition as simultaneous collaboration and competition. Thirdly, our paper introduces a dyadic perspective on rationality to the literature on coopetition and provides an operating space from which professionals can navigate, depending on the type of coopetitive situation.
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Petersen, Kenneth J., Jeffrey A. Ogden, and Phillip L. Carter. "B2B e‐marketplaces: a typology by functionality." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 37, no. 1 (February 6, 2007): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030710723291.
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PurposeThe purpose of this article is to develop a typology of e‐marketplace functionality and then link the typology to the associated value creation potential of differing types of e‐marketplaces.Design/methodology/approachIn‐depth interviews with the executives of 50 e‐marketplaces, a web/mail‐based survey of another 350 e‐marketplaces and interviews with several e‐marketplace customers were conducted.FindingsB2B e‐marketplaces offer a variety of different value propositions. Leading e‐marketplaces have a well‐developed strategy for reaching a particular segment of the buying community, based on service needs. Developing e‐marketplaces do not demonstrate the same focus. On one hand, only a few e‐marketplaces had developed the same winning constellations of services, while on the other hand, most were planning a roll‐out of a wide variety of services that would carry them far beyond a focused strategy. The success of this approach seems problematic.Practical implicationsThe prudent customer of an e‐marketplace should weigh their requirements against the functionality found across the broad set of e‐marketplaces as well as against the constellations of functionality (and value creation potential) developed in this research. Only after a careful assessment of needs, can companies make rational decisions about how to effectively use e‐marketplaces.Originality/valueThis research employs a strong research method to create a unique typology of e‐marketplace functionality. This research also links the typology of e‐marketplace functionality to its value creating potential.
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Dewi, Faya Prima, Sulhaini Sulhaini, and Akhmad Saufi. "ANALISIS TIPOLOGI PEMILIH PEMULA DALAM MEMILIH CALON ANGGOTA LEGISLATIF PADA PEMILU 2019 DI KOTA MATARAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF PEMASARAN." JMM UNRAM - MASTER OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 9, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jmm.v9i4.621.
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This study aims to analyze the typology of first-time voters in determining their political choices in the 2019 legislative elections in Mataram from the perspective of consumer behavior. This research utilised a qualitative-descriptive approach. The informants were 14 first-time voters who were purposively selected according to a number of criteria. The results showed that each typology of voters for legislative candidates in Mataram by first-time voters was related to several types of purchasing decisions by consumers. This paper provides recommendations for candidates in approaching each type of first-time voters. Specific and different strategies had to be prepared by the winning team of candidates before conducting a campaign to take voters' voting rights.Keywords:First-Time Voters, Rational Voters, Critical Voters, Traditional Voters, Skeptic Voters
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Januraga, Pande Putu, Julie Mooney-Somers, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, and Paul R. Ward. "The Logic of Condom Use in Female Sex Workers in Bali, Indonesia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051627.
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Studies on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention practices of female sex workers often examine the use of condom as a single behaviour: using or not using condom. This study explores typologies of the logic of condom use as part of exercising meaningful identities from female sex workers’ perspectives. We employed in-depth interviews with a purposely selected 35 female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. Information from the in-depth interviews was analysed using thematic framework analysis to develop typologies of female sex workers’ experiences on the logic of condom use and its relation to the construction of identity. We identified two main logics for not using condom: the prioritising of financial stability and romantic relationships over condom use. The main logic for using condom was to protect their health in order to improve their future economic security. Embedded within these logics, women chose to practise agency and negotiate meaningful identities consistent with their ideals of being responsible mothers, successful migrant workers and loyal partners. Our study concluded that female sex workers had clear logics for both the use and non-use of condom with their clients, highlighting the rational nature of female sex workers decision making.
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Ardashev, Roman G. "The phenomenology of rational and irrational thinking." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 21, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-2-120-124.
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This article examines the phenomenological structure of various types of thinking: rational, instrumental, irrational, magical, aesthetic, and ethical. The modalities of consciousness that determine the development of a particular way of thinking, as well as the conditions and forms of their disclosure in different social and cultural conditions of social reproduction are revealed. The author shows the significance and direction of development of the phenomenology of irrational thinking in the context of modern socio-political realities of Russia. For the first time, the article presents the phenomenological outline of the analysis of thinking and consciousness of contemporaries. The presented typology is considered through the prism of examples of socio-political and media events of our time, which make it possible to judge the legitimacy of using this technique and methodology in the study of various types of consciousness and thinking of contemporaries. The necessity of using the following analysis scheme is proved: transition from thought to action; the strategies of social action themselves; actors (leaders, experts, professionals), institutions (traditional, integrating, supporting this model); triggers of modality selection or transition from one to another modality. It is shown that individuals can be included in modalities through various strategies: passive perception and distance (withdrawal), construction (creation) and participation (support or criticism).
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Buetow, Stephen. "Non-Attendance for Health Care: When Rational Beliefs Collide." Sociological Review 55, no. 3 (August 2007): 592–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2007.00723.x.
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Some patients choose not to attend for health care despite health concerns or an opportunity for improved health. Social norms that privilege professional expertise, and good health, deem this choice irrational. However, this paper explores how a particular version of rational choice theory suggests ‘positive choices’ for such non-attendance. These are cognitive and subjectively rational decisions, which are made freely with potentially positive consequences and are not social problems if respect for personal autonomy trumps obligations to others. Specifically, Boudon's ‘cognitivist theory of action’ is used to conceptualise non-attendance as both a rational and irrational choice, from different perspectives. Because the perspective of non-attendees has been marginalised, the paper also suggests a typology of instrumental and non-instrumental ‘strong reasons’ for rational non-attendance. This may help groups such as professionals to understand and accept that non-attendance can be subjectively rational, without relinquishing their own perspective that it is irrational. Acceptance of the defensibility, if not the rightness, of the perspective of non-attendees is needed to show respect for non-attendees’ moral agency and to begin to repair relationships with these individuals, who may seek help from health professionals in the future.
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Zabaev, I. V., and E. A. Kostrova. "Ethos versus Habitus: the Ethical Component in Max Weber’s “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”." Sociology of Power 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-0492-2020-4-45-67.
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This article focuses on Max Weber’s understanding of “ethos” in “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” and the benefits afforded by this concept. The reference is not accidental as it is in this work that Weber could consistently explicate his ethical argument. The idea of ethos becomes clearer in comparison with the concept of habitus, which is actively used today in social science. It is shown that the distinction between ethos and habitus may be more productive than the conflation common in modern research. The category “ethos” is compared with the value-rational action from the later typology of action in Weber’s “Economy and Society”, while habitus is associated with traditional action from the same typology. The concept of ethos is further clarified by the example of Weber’s opposition of traditionalism and ethical modern Western capitalism. By focusing on ethical issues and using character as a theoretical tool, Weber not only puts forward a convincing interpretation but lays the foundations for a specific line of analysis in social and economic science. The category of ethos in conjunction with the value-rational type of action acquires special significance due to the potential for novelty and change that is embedded in it.
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Hopkins, Matt, and Sally Chivers. "Theorizing hit-and-run: A study of driver decision-making processes after a road traffic collision." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817740173.
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Explanations for driver decisions to hit-and-run have largely been based around a rational choice perspective that suggests drivers consider the expected costs of reporting a collision against the benefits of leaving the scene. Although such an explanation appears plausible, previous research has largely focused upon identifying contributory or contextual factors through analysis of quantitative datasets rather than engaging with drivers in order to understand how they make the decision to ‘run’. This article explores the application of the rational choice perspective to hit-and-run driving. First, it develops an analytical framework based upon the rational choice decision-making process put forward by Tay et al. in 2008. Second, through analysis of 52 interviews with offenders, it examines how drivers structure the decision to leave the scene. Third, a typology of drivers is developed that illustrates that hit-and-run is not always based upon rational decision making. Finally, the article concludes with some implications for further research and the prevention of hit-and-run collisions.
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Flambonita, Suci. "TYPOLOGY OF VILLAGE GOVERNANCE ASSESSED BASED ON SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 21, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v21i1.7913.
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Along with modern developments that exist today, various polemics have emerged in determining the typology of village governance that is in accordance with the principles of legal policy (legal policy) related to the sociological foundation in the form of understanding village conditions is absolutely necessary. Therefore, a stronger State institution is needed in dealing with the rational division of tasks and authorities between the State and regions (villages). In its preparation, it is necessary to describe a sociological condition of an intact village, which is viewed from the village elements which include the village area, village life system and village administration. The method and approach used was empirical (sociological research). There were several arguments for the need to understand the condition of the village sociologically where various villages throughout Indonesia have always been the basis of community livelihoods that have autonomy in managing the governance of the population, local institutions and economic resources with all the local wisdom possessed by local Indonesian communities. Furthermore, the regulation on village governance is intended to respond to the globalization process marked by the liberalization process of information, economy, technology, culture, etc.
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van Aaken, Anne, and Betül Simsek. "Rewarding in International Law." American Journal of International Law 115, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 195–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.2.
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AbstractWhy states comply with international law has long been at the forefront of international law and international relations scholarship. The compliance discussion has largely focused on negative incentives. We argue that there is another, undertheorized mechanism: rewarding. We provide a typology and illustrations of how rewards can be applied. Furthermore, we explore the rationale, potential, and limitations of rewarding, drawing on rationalist and psychological approaches. Both approaches provide ample justifications for making greater use of rewarding in international law.
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Polonsky, Michael Jay. "The role of corporate social marketing." Journal of Social Marketing 7, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-11-2016-0066.
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PurposeThis commentary aims to discuss the potential role of corporate social marketing and identify instances where corporate involvement in social marketing is appropriate. This argument is based on the rationale that there should be a focus on the social outcomes of initiatives rather than on which organisations are delivering the message. Design/methodology/approachThe paper is conceptual and draws on previous marketing, social marketing and health-related literature to discuss the potential positive role of firms in social marketing. FindingsThe paper proposes that there are many instances where corporations can play a vital role in enhancing social outcomes, even though they too may benefit from these social marketing activities (defined as corporate social marketing). It is argued that corporate social marketing is not only appropriate but also may, in fact, be more effective than social marketing undertaken solely by non-profits or governments. However, it is also identified that there may be inappropriate corporate participation in social marketing. Practical implicationsTwo typologies are put forward to assist in evaluating the impact of firm behaviour on society and the situations where corporate social marketing may be more appropriate. These typologies may assist in identifying where firms can play a valuable role in social marketing activities. Social implicationsUse of the typologies proposed will assist in identifying where firms can play a valuable role in social marketing activities and bringing about social benefit. Originality/valueThe discussion of corporate involvement in social marketing generally has been positioned as negative and this paper identifies instances where corporate social marketing may not only be appropriate but also may, in fact, bring about better social outcomes than if the activities were undertaken by government or non-profits.
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Gluhova, A. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TYPOLOGY OF CONCERT HALLS IN SAINT PETERSBURG." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 10 (November 5, 2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-10-41-46.
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The typology of public buildings is constantly developing, and identifying rational ways to evolve concert halls is considered an urgent task. The development of new types of concert halls requires a comprehensive consideration of factors, both General and regional, that affect the requirements for concert institutions and the concert system as a whole. In the Russian Federation, there is an active process of opening new concert venues, but the development process is chaotic, without taking into account the conditions of specific cities – social, demographic, and economic. Their quality and principles of placement do not match the needs of visitors. Thus, the need to analyze the factors identified in the course of studying the experience of designing concert halls is revealed. The basic factors affect the typology of concert halls in general, they must be taken into account for the development of the typology of concert halls. The article also discusses regional factors using the example of the city of St. Petersburg. The specific features, relationships and the nature of the impact of factors in the architectural aspect are revealed. The article notes the inequality of factors in terms of the degree of their influence on the formation of the architectural typology of concert halls. The most significant factors include: cultural, urban planning, socio-demographic, economic, functional and planning factors.
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PINA E CUNHA, MIGUEL. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS DECISION MAKING: RATIONAL, INTUITIVE AND IMPROVISATIONAL APPROACHES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 15, no. 01 (March 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495807000022.
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In this paper entrepreneurship is presented as decision making. Mintzberg and Westley's (2001) decision making typology is adapted to the case of entrepreneurial decision making. These authors complemented the rational, step-by-step mode of decision making, with the intuitive and improvisational modes, Complementing the rational view of decision making with the analysis of entrepreneurship as intuitive or improvisational decision making, a richer and more integrated understanding of entrepreneurial behavior is obtained. To make the implications of the three decision making approaches to entrepreneurship clear, the entrepreneurial process under each of the three modes, will be considered. Ireland, Hitt and Sirmon's (2003) model of strategic entrepreneurship is used as a framework. With this framework, the three resulting theoretical representations of the entrepreneurial process will be discussed. Ireland et al,'s model of strategic entrepreneurship suggests that to understand how entrepreneurial activity leads to competitive advantage and wealth creation, four building blocks of entrepreneurial activity should be considered: entrepreneurial mindset, entrepreneurial culture and leadership, strategic management of resources and application of creativity and development of innovation.
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ANSELL, CHRISTOPHER K., and M. STEVEN FISH. "The Art of Being Indispensable." Comparative Political Studies 32, no. 3 (May 1999): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414099032003001.
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Max Weber's theory of leadership authority has deeply influenced theories of political parties, but Weber's concept of charisma is often used indiscriminately to refer to all kinds of personalist leadership. What is more, Weber's tripartite typology of traditional, charismatic and rational-legal authority neglects a form of leadership often found in major contemporary political parties. This article formulates a differentiated typology and conceptualization of personalism, and theorizes an important but heretofore poorly understood form of political organization: the non-charismatic personalist political party. The leaders of such parties embody great personal authority within their organizations and often serve as symbols around which their parties can rally. But they are anything but prophets. Their authority arises not from an ability to inspire or transform their followers but rather from the skill to mediate conflicts within the party.
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Kane, Nuala B., Alex Ruck Keene, Gareth S. Owen, and Scott Y. H. Kim. "Applying decision-making capacity criteria in practice: A content analysis of court judgments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0246521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246521.
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Background/Objectives Many jurisdictions use a functional model of capacity with similar legal criteria, but there is a lack of agreed understanding as to how to apply these criteria in practice. We aimed to develop a typology of capacity rationales to describe court practice in making capacity determinations and to guide professionals approaching capacity assessments. Methods We analysed all published cases from courts in England and Wales [Court of Protection (CoP) judgments, or Court of Appeal cases from the CoP] containing rationales for incapacity or intact capacity(n = 131). Qualitative content analysis was used to develop a typology of capacity rationales or abilities. Relationships between the typology and legal criteria for capacity [Mental Capacity Act (MCA)] and diagnoses were analysed. Results The typology had nine categories (reliability: kappa = 0.63): 1) to grasp information or concepts, 2) to imagine/ abstract, 3) to remember, 4) to appreciate, 5) to value/ care, 6) to think through the decision non-impulsively, 7) to reason, 8) to give coherent reasons, and 9) to express a stable preference. Rationales most frequently linked to MCA criterion ‘understand’ were ability to grasp information or concepts (43%) or to appreciate (42%), and to MCA criterion ‘use or weigh’ were abilities to appreciate (45%) or to reason (32%). Appreciation was the most frequently cited rationale across all diagnoses. Judges often used rationales without linking them specifically to any MCA criteria (42%). Conclusions A new typology of rationales could bridge the gap between legal criteria for decision-making capacity and phenomena encountered in practice, increase reliability and transparency of assessments, and provide targets for decision-making support.
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Phelps, Alan. "MUNICIPAL PROPERTY ASSET MANAGEMENT – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UK AND RUSSIA / SAVIVALDYBĖS TURTO VALDYMAS: LYGINAMASIS JK IR RUSIJOS TYRIMAS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 15, no. 4 (January 11, 2012): 416–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2011.642537.
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Property asset management is a discipline of growing significance for local government across the world. The perceived wisdom of transition countries lagging behind developed countries in the maturity of asset managent has not been tested with empirical data. An analytical framework was developed comprising models to measure why councils do asset management (rationale); how they do it (practice) and what they achieve (outcomes) and applied through a comparative study of municipalities in the UK and Russia. A weak but discernable link was found between rationale and practice but the link between practice and outcomes was unproven. Russia appeared to lag UK in its development of asset management and case studies in both countries had a consistent view of the critical success factors for effective asset management. These were strategic focus, organisation will, portfolio intelligence and an entrepreneurial culture. The research used the strength of these factors with the analysis of rational, practice and outcomes to position cases in a typology which provided a simple metric to position organisations in terms of both their maturity and development path in asset management. Santrauka Visame pasaulyje turto valdymas įgyja vis didesnę svarbą vietos valdžiai. Paplitęs požiūris, kad besivystančios šalys pagal turto valdymo brandą nuo išsivysčiusių atsilieka, pagal empirinius duomenis patikrintas dar nebuvo. Siekiant įvertinti, kodėl ir kaip tarybos valdo turtą ir ką tuo pasiekia, iš modelių buvo sudaryta analitinė sistema ir pritaikyta atliekant lyginamąjį JK ir Rusijos savivaldybių tyrimą. Nustatytas silpnas, bet pastebimas ryšys tarp loginio pagrindo ir praktikos, tačiau ryšys tarp praktikos ir rezultatų įrodytas nebuvo. Paaiškėjo, kad Rusijoje turto valdymas pažengęs mažiau nei JK, o abiejų šalių atvejo tyrimai rodo vienodus svarbiausius sėkmės veiksnius, kurie lemia veiksmingą turto valdymą. Veiksniai apima koncentruotą strategiją, organizacijos valią, protingą portfelio sudarymą ir verslumo kultūrą. Atsižvelgiant į šių veiksnių reikšmę ir pasitelkus loginio pagrindo, praktikos ir rezultatų analizę, iš atvejų sudaryta tipologija, kuri panaudota kaip paprasta matų sistema, leidžianti organizacijas suskirstyti tiek pagal jų brandą, tiek pagal turto valdymo raidos kursą.
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Holdo, Markus. "Power Games: Elites, Movements, and Strategic Cooperation." Political Studies Review 18, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929919864778.
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Cooperation between movements and political elites are frequently associated with the risk of cooptation. Because it undercuts contentious actors, cooptation may seem rational for elites that seek to protect their interests. However, recent scholarship questions whether this view is empirically valid. Adding to these debates, this article demonstrates that even if we accept, for the sake of argument, that elites always act to maintain power, cooptation may often not be the rational choice of strategy. This article presents a typology of elite responses that focuses on three phases of elite–movement interaction: preparatory, term-setting, and confrontation phases. In each phase, elites’ choice between cooptation and conditional cooperation depends on whether legitimacy appears instrumental to achieve their goals. Cooperation, as opposed to cooptation, generates legitimacy and can, therefore, be used strategically by movements.
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Zwirahn, Faris. "Typologies and Argumentation Tactics in Religious Polemics - An Analysis of al-Jawāb al Sahih and the Cyprus Letter." Entangled Religions 5 (July 10, 2018): 44–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v5.2018.44-94.
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Christian-Muslim polemical exchanges and the relationship between the two faiths’ religious authorities in the medieval period were often rigid. One exchange between Christian theologians in Cyprus and Muslim theologians in Damascus is evidently polemical and exemplifies the difficult relations that occurred early in the fourteenth century and the nature of challenging religious arguments. That is The Letter from the People of Cyprus and Ibn Taymiyya’s response to it. This article offers a new analysis through the perspective of particular theoretical typologies of religious polemics. Accordingly, the article shows that these two polemicists adhere to multiple scriptural and rational tactics in support of their biased understanding of religious truth and the definition of impeccable revelations. It also shows that both theologians were involved in forceful and sometimes contradictory argumentative techniques.
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Galassi, John P., Suzanne A. Gulledge, and Nancy D. Cox. "Middle School Advisories: Retrospect and Prospect." Review of Educational Research 67, no. 3 (September 1997): 301–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543067003301.
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This article presents a critical analysis of middle school advisor-advisee programs. The history of and rationale for these programs are reviewed, and a typology is offered for distinguishing different advisory programs. A conceptual framework is provided for identifying potential barriers to advisories at the inception as well as the implementation and maintenance phases, and suggestions for addressing these barriers are discussed. Existing research on advisory programs is reviewed and evaluated, and guidelines for improving future research are presented. Finally, alternative educational practices for achieving the goals of advisory programs are considered.
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Sørensen, Bent, Torkild Thellefsen, Martin Thellefsen, and Amalia Nurma Dewi. "Charles S. Peirce’s sign typology of 1903 and the semeiotic of universe, man, and culture." Semiotica 2019, no. 228 (May 7, 2019): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0121.
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AbstractThis article offers an interpretation of Peirce’s pan-semeiotic view of the universe. According to Peirce, the entire universe is composed of signs or processes of signification (see for example CP 5.448 footnote). The consequence of this can be seen as twofold: processes of signification have a naturalistic foundation and the universe has an inherent semeiotic character. Peirce understands the universe as depending on the relationship between things, which can become signs and signs, can only become interpreted by other signs and so on ad infinitum (CP 8.191; see also Fisch 1986). Furthermore, man himself is a symbol, says Peirce, and, of course, the cultures of which he is a member must also be interpenetrated and work by the logic of signs. Hence, universe, man, and culture come together because of the sign relation having a rationale in a strong ontology. Or put in other words: Peirce’s sign is truly general and ontological and he sees continuity wherever he looks and for him there is no absolute separation between the processes of the universe, the existence of man, and culture mediating between the first mentioned. Peirce himself did not, however, to the best of our knowledge, explicitly unfold this semeiotic relationship between universe, man, and culture, and the aim of the following is to show a glimpse of this semeiotic relationship also remembering, to some extent, the ontological rationale it purports to yield with its metaphysical synechism. We see the glimpse of the relationship between universe, man, and culture from Peirce’s three sign trichotomies of 1903 where we find some of his most mature thoughts concerning semeiotic.
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Ahmed, Muhammad Ashfaq. "Pakistan: State Autonomy, Extraction, and Elite Capture—A Theoretical Configuration." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i2pp.127-162.
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―When groups are adequately stated, everything is stated!‖1 Management of actions and interest groups has historically been sovereign‘s existentialist imperative. The paper revitalizes philosophical state autonomy debate and then narrows down its focus to capture extractive antics of as erratic a state as Pakistan. A typology of factions – captioned as Elites – operative in extractive realm of Pakistan is developed to round them in theory, identify their properties, and lay bare mechanics of intra-elite and elite-non-elite transactions. The paper seminally develops the rational actor dilemma confronting Pakistani elites and identifies the modes through which the dilemma plausibly resolves itself. The transactional engagement between Pakistan‘s internal and external rational actors is dissected to theorize that Pakistan essentially is an equilibrium consensus subsistence state thereby opening up vast vistas for future research. The paper concludes with the glum finding that Pakistan in its current essence and manifestation is fundamentally a captive state – beholden to elites of Pakistan. JEL Classification: H1 Keywords: State Autonomy; Elite Capture; Pakistan‘s Tax System; Pakistani Elites; Elites‘ Rational Actor Dilemma; Equilibrium Consensus Subsistence State; Captive State
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Dietrich, Franz, Antonios Staras, and Robert Sugden. "A Broomean Model of Rationality and Reasoning." Journal of Philosophy 116, no. 11 (2019): 585–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil20191161138.
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John Broome has developed an account of rationality and reasoning which gives philosophical foundations for choice theory and the psychology of rational agents. We formalize his account into a model that differs from ordinary choice-theoretic models through focusing on psychology and the reasoning process. Within that model, we ask Broome’s central question of whether reasoning can make us more rational: whether it allows us to acquire transitive preferences, consistent beliefs, non-akratic intentions, and so on. We identify three structural types of rationality requirements: consistency requirements, completeness requirements, and closedness requirements. Many standard rationality requirements fall under this typology. Based on three theorems, we argue that reasoning is successful in achieving closedness requirements, but not in achieving consistency or completeness requirements. We assess how far our negative results reveal gaps in Broome's theory, or deficiencies in choice theory and behavioral economics.
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Paul, Regine. "Analyse and rule? A conceptual framework for explaining the variable appeals of ex-ante evaluation in policymaking." der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 13, no. 1-2020 (June 25, 2020): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v13i1.11.
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This article integrates disparate explanations for increasing (but variable) turns to ex-ante policy evaluation, such as risk analysis, across public administrations. So far unconnected silos of literature – on policy tools, policy instrumentation, the politics of evaluation and the political sociology of quantification – inconsistently portray ex-ante evaluation as rational problem-solving, symbolic actions of institutional self-defence, or (less often) political power-seeking. I synthesise these explanations in an interpretivist and institutionalist reading of ex-ante evaluation as contextually filtered process of selective meaning-making. From this methodological umbrella emerges my unified typology of ex-ante evaluation as instrumental problemsolving (I), legitimacy-seeking (L) and powerseeking (P). I argue that a) these ideal-types coexist in policymakers’ reasoning about the expected merits of ex-ante evaluation, whilst b) diverse institutional contexts will favour variable weightings of I, L and P in policymaking. By means of systematisation the typology seeks to inspire an interdisciplinary research agenda on varieties of ex-ante evaluation.
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Pei, Shunzhe. "Study on the Spatial Form of Marginal Space of the Street and Crowd Behavior -Take Tanhualin Historic District as an example." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 03067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123303067.
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While people tend to overlook marginal space, it is the most important space for communication and integration. This paper took the historic districts of Tanhualin as the subject to explore the spatial elements, spatial characteristics and crowd behaviors of different types of marginal space from the perspective of typology. Based on the number of active users and the space utilization rate, we evaluated the marginal space using image data analysis. This paper explored the design of marginal space, providing references on the rational development of marginal space of urban blocks and improvement of marginal space.
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Folgado-Fernández, José A., Paulo Duarte, and José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón. "Tourist’s rational and emotional engagement across events: a multi-event integration view." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33, no. 7 (June 9, 2021): 2371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2020-1098.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the role of communication, structural and intangible elements on both tourists’ rational and emotional engagement across five different types of events (nature, gastronomy, religion, theatre and music). Design/methodology/approach Responses from 1,528 tourists were obtained through a face to face questionnaire in five heterogeneous events in the Spanish region of Extremadura, a well-known cultural tourism destination. Linear regressions were used to evaluate focal constructs’ contribution (emotional and rational engagement, formal and informal communication and structural and non-structural elements) on tourists’ engagement across events. Findings The results revealed that tourist’s rational and emotional engagement depends on the type of event. Non-structural elements seem to be important for rational and emotional engagement for gastronomic and cultural events. Besides the impact of structural elements on rational engagement, all other factors seem to have a mixed influence. Therefore, practitioners must select the factors to highlight according to the type of events, besides structural factors. Practical implications The current results allow tourism managers to understand the mechanisms for tourists’ engagement in a multi-event scenario to strategically select and use and communicate each type of appeal when planning and communicating events to specific target audiences. Originality/value Unlike most studies that focus on a single event or typology, this study combines a set of heterogeneous events to provide a complete picture of tourism engagement for the tourism sector.
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J. Verteramo Chiu, Leslie, Sivalai V. Khantachavana, and Calum G. Turvey. "Risk rationing and the demand for agricultural credit: a comparative investigation of Mexico and China." Agricultural Finance Review 74, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 248–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2014-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent of risk rationing among potential rural borrowers in Mexico and China. Design/methodology/approach – Using primary survey data from 730 farm households in the Shaanxi province of China and from 372 farmers in northeastern Mexico, the authors investigate factors associated with risk rationed, price rationed and quantity rationed farmers. The survey was instrumented to self-identify borrower typologies. In addition the authors created within the survey a discrete-choice credit demand build to determine borrower credit demand elasticities. The analysis applies a linear probability which the authors found to be consistent with multinomial and binary logit models. Findings – The authors find in China the incidence of risk rationing in farmers to be 6.5, 14 percent for quantity rationed and 80 percent for price rationed. In Mexico, 35 percent of the sample is risk rationed, 10 percent quantity rationed and 55 percent price rationed. The results from China support the hypothesis that the financially poor are more likely to be quantity rationed; in Mexico, however, the level of education is found to be important in determining quantity rationed. In both countries, asset wealthy farmers are less likely to be risk rationed; however, income does not appear to have an impact. The paper provides evidence that the elasticity of demand for credit is different among the three credit rationed groups: risk rationed, price rationed and quantity rationed. Risk aversion and prudence are significantly correlated with risk rationing in China, while only risk aversion is significant in Mexico. The results suggest that efforts to enhance credit access must also deal with risk and risk perceptions. Practical implications – Risk rationing is an important concept in the understanding of rural credit markets. The findings that only 6.5 and 35 percent of Chinese and Mexican farmers are in stark contrast to each other. For agricultural economies such as Mexico with a significant number of farmers being risk rationing, more effort should be put into financial education and financial practices, including perhaps the use of risk-contingent credit to remove collateral risk. As property rights in China evolve, and new laws are promulgated to permit borrowing against land use rights, the collateralization issue will become much more important in rural credit markets. Originality/value – This paper is the first to investigate risk rationing in China and Mexico and one of the few research studies empirically investigating risk rationing. A comparative analysis of Mexico and China is enlightening because of the structural differences in the respective agricultural economies. The use of a credit demand build and the enumeration of individual credit demand elasticities is an original contribution to this literature.
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Costa, Roberto Germano, Hélio Luiz Beretta Dal Monte, Edgard Cavalcanti Pimenta Filho, Evandro Vasconcelos Holanda Júnior, George Rodrigo Beltrão da Cruz, and Marcos Paulo Carrera Menezes. "Typology and characterization of goat milk production systems in the Cariris Paraibanos." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 3 (March 2010): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000300027.
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This work was aimed to identify the typology and the characteristics of the goat milk production systems. Seventy rural properties were researched. Multivariate data analysis with cluster formation techinique was used, and also the identification of five different groups of production systems. The production systems were classified through technical and economical efficiency, ranking groups 1 and 2 as high technological level, groups 3 and 4 as medium level, and the group 5 as low level. The high technological level systems used practices of more rational handling with larger technological employment becoming better specialized. These systems present the largest revenues of milk and unitary net profit. Medium technological production systems adopt technological recommendations and look for alternatives of handling practices. Production system 1 adopts intensive sanitary practices for the farmyard facilities and stables, but this does not happen in the production system 2. Vermifuge is applied three times a year in system 1 while in the system 2 it is applied twice a year. The producers of the systems 1 and 2 obtain more financial resources through official credit lines, and the producers of the group 2 are more punctual on the pay off deadlines.
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Fleming, Luke. "Gender indexicality in the Native Americas: Contributions to the typology of social indexicality." Language in Society 41, no. 3 (May 23, 2012): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000267.
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AbstractThis article provides a global survey of categorical gender indexicality that reveals the near exclusive presence of the phenomenon in the languages of the Native Americas, a fact for which a historical rationale is offered. The survey is helpful in contributing to our understanding of social indexicality in three ways. First, while two-place (or relational) social indexicals, like honorifics, have been well studied, one-place (or absolute) social indexicals have not. Systems of gender indexicality, overwhelmingly of the absolute type, thus help flesh out the typology of social indexicality. Second, the survey illustrates the remarkable complementarity of semantic gender, as a category of denotation, and social gender, as an aspect of identity indexed in discourse, in particular as these overlap in cases of gender deixis. Finally, the study of gender indexicality in the Native Americas reveals that not all gender indexicality is equally gender performative. A number of diagnostics of a categorical type—from ubiquitous rule-governed regularity of patterning to quotability—illustrate that in the cases discussed, forms are highly presupposing, not performative, of the social gender of the speech participants they index. (Gender, indexicality, deixis, Native Americas)*
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Hardy, Donald E. "Towards a stylistic typology of narrative gaps: knowledge gapping in Flannery O’Connor’s fiction." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947005056343.
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This article examines the functions of narrative gaps in the creation and manipulation of knowledge in Flannery O’Connor’s fiction. A distinction is first made between the announced and the unannounced gap, the latter being the general type that occurs most frequently in modern fiction, including that of O’Connor. The form and functions of the announced gap are briefly discussed with reference to 18th-century narratives. The article demonstrates the presence of an attenuated announced gap in O’Connor’s fiction in the use of the indefinite pronoun something. It also makes distinctions between the narrative gap, the ellipsis, and general narrative indeterminacy. The attenuated announced gap and the unannounced gap help to produce involvement of the reader in creating the emotional, spiritual, and rational background for an O’Connor narration. These narrative gaps are stylistically indicative of O’Connor’s prose from her earliest to her latest fiction, both in the particular forms that they take and in their functioning generally to encode concerns with the limitations and possibilities of human knowledge, a thematic concern of heavy significance throughout her fiction. The article is a contribution in the development of a general stylistics of narrative gaps.
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Chernobrov, D. V. "Identity in contemporary international conflict: typology of the history of conflicts through the prism of an Other." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(30) (June 28, 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-3-30-86-91.
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The problem of an Other and association with an identity in conflict are among the least explored areas of contemporary conflict studies which tends to regard conflict behaviour as rational. This article suggests several periods in the development and evolution of conflict depending on the role and function of the Other, thus adopting a historical-constructivist approach. From the spread of social application of self-other categories to conflict, to the technological and informational transition from traditional to ‘new’ and asymmetrical wars and counter-insurgency warfare, the Other changed form, function, and role in conflict. Supporting the argument with historical evidence, this article reconstructs the evolution of the Other and situates it in the context of social, political, and conflict-evolving realities.
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Tararoev, Y. V. ,. Netsvitay T. V. "Typology of M. G. Aranovsky musical thinking and symmetry." Aspects of Historical Musicology 13, no. 13 (September 15, 2018): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-13.08.
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Background. Goals In recent years, there is a growing interest in musical thinking, which is a key element of musicology and music philosophy, since music is a conscious, mental activity of a person and understanding the mechanisms of this activity, we can signifi cantly expand and deepen our understanding of music. The purpose of this study is to defi ne and supplement and clarify the concept of M. G. Aranovsky musical thinking our author’s approach, concretizing and clarifying the methodological and heuristic function of symmetry in musical thinking and its anthropological content. The work uses methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis. Musical thinking manifests itself in three forms of basic musical activity - composing, performing, listening, to which we also add theoretical (research) and pedagogical They are based on the processes of musical thinking and the fulfi llment of certain goals: the creation of an artifact, interpretation, reproduction, perception, analysis and theoretical understanding. The three spheres of realization of musical thinking are emotional-sensual, rational-logical and textual, semantic. These forms are closely intertwined and function on the basis of musical language, which is the foundation of any musical creative activity. The direct interaction of music and rationality is displayed in terms of “musical logic” and “architectonic musical ear”. Logic is the science of the most common laws of thought. These laws of thinking are expressed in the most abstract forms, patterns, rules that can be interpreted as conformity of something to specifi c norms, patterns. With regard to music, logic implies following certain standards and rules. Since the rational principle in music is closely associated with the irrational unconscious, the common logical norms that have been formed in a certain historical epoch within the framework of the dominant system of musical language are refracted through the individual stylistic features of the composer. A specifi c type of thinking - musical - generates the corresponding type of logic. Therefore, it is possible to express musical thinking by the sum of concepts - musical logic, musical speech and semantics of musical speech. M. G. Aranovsky identifi es four layers of musical logic: combinatorial, linguistic, contextual and artistic, i.e. those aspects (levels, edges) of the creative activity of a musician, in which there is logic. The lowest and at the same time fundamental level of musical logic is combinatorial, it is the sphere of primary elementary logical combinations of the simplest elements. However, the logic of this level extends to all scales of structures, from small motive links to sections of a one-part form. M. G. Aranovsky proposes to distinguish three types of logical combinations: 1. Identical - based on a constant repetition of structural units, where the formed elements are identical with each other (for example, AAAAAA). In terms of symmetry, this is a transformation of a simple movement along the time axis. It can again be noted as the simplest type of isomorphism, where only one characteristic changes - temporary. If we exclude it from consideration, then we can say that this is a “degenerate case” of isomorphism, which is an automorphism. 2. Equivalent - based on the modifi ed version of the repetition, in which there are both similarities and differences, i.e. incomplete identity is formed (for example, A1A2A3A4). From the point of view of symmetry, this combination of sequences represents the “unity” of the operation of symmetry, movement and violation of symmetry as such, i.e. in this sequence, some properties are repeated, while others change. This temporal process can be represented as isomorphism in the proper sense of the word, when some elements remain identical, while others change, and in general the objects are different, but similar. 3. Alternative - a combination of sequences of different units with complete exclusion of formal or obvious similarity (for example, ABC). Through symmetric transformations, this kind of logical combinations of primary elements can be described as an even greater symmetry violation, which preserves only the general “sequence of elements”, i.e. a small number of common properties, while these elements themselves are significantly different from each other. In this case, one can speak of a deep “transformation” of isomorphism, which can be called “metamorphism” (gr. Metamorphoómai - transformation of form). The basis of this transformation is a violation of the original symmetry in such a way that much more properties change than in the case of isomorphism. It can be schematically represented as A1 → B, A2 → C, etc. Thus, metamorphism can be considered both as a similarity, which has undergone a rather strong transformation, and as a symmetry violation, leading to a signifi cant complication of the structure. Thus, the result of this study is the position that, from the point of view of M. G. Aranowsky, the temporal process is the basis of musical thinking. The built-up chain “temporal process → musical logic → musical thinking” is the anthropological specifi city of human thought (in the musical sphere) associated with temporal processes in which a person is “immersed” and from which he cannot “exit” under any circumstances. Findings. we conclude that this chain can be called the “temporal-anthropological triad”. It represents the sequence “automorphism → isomorphism → metamorphism”. Each of its stages is different from the previous increase in the level of complexity. Of particular interest is the transition from isomorphism to metamorphism, since it is associated with the process of symmetry breaking. The mechanisms and principles of this disorder need further investigation.
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Osmanov, Sergey. "In-site transportation of concrete mix: new typology of methods, potential and fields of modern mechanization means’ rational application." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128105003.
Full textAbstract:
The main structural material in construction industry is concrete. The article discusses the features of modern methods and means of in-site transportation of the mixture that subsequently forms it and, in particular, its supply to the concreting blocks of monolithic structures. The requirements of Russian norms for this process implementation, as well as the world practice of using the machines, equipment and devices intended for this, are analyzed. A new typology of methods for in-site transportation of concrete mixture is proposed, based on the differences between them in the type and resource intensity of the main moving action. Generalized, systematized and brought to the applied form information about the productivity and parameters of the mechanization corresponding means working zones, as well as the mixture technological properties influence on the possibility of their use. The data obtained made it possible to clarify the rational use areas of the main types of such technology and to reveal the contradictions associated with this. In general, the research results presented in the article facilitate the identification of shortcomings and promising directions for improving the considered competing methods and technical means, as well as justification of the choice between them.