Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tyrosine fluorescence'

Tirosina, um aminoácido proteinogênico, de fundamental importância para nossa sobrevivência, foi objeto de estudo para a confecção da presente tese. Investigado frente às três reações de acoplamento cruzado mais exploradas nos últimos anos, Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck e Sonogashira, a 3-iodotirosina comportou-se como um excelente substrato na formação de unidades biarílicas, derivados estilbeno, formação de heterociclos do tipo 1,2,3-triazóis, quinolinas, benzofuranos e flavonas, bem como a formação de dipeptídeos Tyr-Tyr. A reação entre a 3-iodotirosina com diferentes nucleófilos de boro via reação de Suzuki- Miyaura, além de dar origem às unidades biarílicas, forneceu derivados do estilbeno, usados como substratos na construção de quinolinas, alcançadas por meio da reação multicomponente de Povarov, com catálise de prata em apenas 40 minutos sob irradiação de micro-ondas. Alguns desses derivados estilbeno, apresentaram ainda uma acentuada fluorescência, a qual foi medida em diferentes polaridades. Ao explorarmos a reação entre a 3-iodotirosina e acetilenos, derivados alquinílicos puderam ser convenientemente preparados, permitindo seu uso como materiais de partida na reação de cicloadição de Huisgen, no preparo de anéis triazólicos. Produtos provenientes da adição estereosseletiva de oxa-Michael, entre o anel fenólico da tirosina e aldeídos propargílicos, forneceram compostos carbonílicos α,β-insaturados capazes de reagirem via acoplamento intramolecular de Heck, levando a derivados 2-aril-3- formil-5-alanilbenzofuranos ou ainda, apenas alterando a atmosfera inerte de nitrogênio por monóxido de carbono, a formação de 2-aril-6-alanilflavonas via acilação intramolecular redutiva. Além da metodologia de síntese explorada na tese, alguns dos compostos obtidos apresentaram atividade biológica seletiva contra células de melanoma e leucemia, bem como atividade antiparasitária frente ao Plasmodium falciparum, não afetando a proliferação de células sadias. Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados, agregam ainda mais valor sintético e biológico ao aminoácido tirosina, explorados de forma inédita.
Tyrosine, a proteinogenic amino acid of fundamental importance for life, was the object of study for the research that is presented in this thesis. When 3-iodotyrosine was used in the three different types of cross-coupling reactions that have been exploited the most in recent years, namely the Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions, 3-iodotyrosine as an excellent substrate for the formation of biaryl units, stilbene derivatives, 1,2,3-triazoletype heterocycles, quinolines, benzofurans and flavones, and Tyr-Tyr dipeptides. This work is organized into sections in order to facilitate ease of reading. The reaction between 3-iodotyrosine and different boron nucleophiles via the Suzuki- Miyaura coupling reaction, in addition to giving the biaryl units, also provided stilbene derivatives, which were used as substrates for the construction of quinolines via multicomponent Povarov reactions. The Povarov was performed with silver catalysis under 40 minutes of microwave irradiation. Some of these stilbene derivatives showed a marked fluorescence, which was measured in solvents with different polarities. By exploring the Sonogashira coupling reaction between 3-iodotyrosine and acetylenes, alkynyl derivatives could be conveniently prepared, which in turn could be used as starting materials in Huisgen cycloaddition reactions to synthesize1,2,3-triazole rings. Products from the stereoselective addition of oxa-Michael, between the phenolic ring of tyrosine and propargyl aldehydes, provided 945;,946;-unsaturated carbonyl compounds capable of reacting via Heck intramolecular coupling, leading to 2-aryl-3-formyl-5-alanylbenzofurans or by simply changing the inert atmosphere of nitrogen by carbon monoxide, the formation of 2- aryl-6-alanylflavones via reductive intramolecular acylation. In addition to the synthesis methodology explored in the thesis, some of the compounds showed selective biological activity against melanoma and leukemia cells, as well as antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum, without affecting the proliferation of healthy cells. In this way, the presented results add even more synthetic and biological value to the amino acid tyrosine, explored in an unprecedented way.

La nature utilise des réactions de transfert de charge (TdC) dans de nombreuses fonctions biologiquesfaisant intervenir des cofacteurs à activité redox, comme les flavines (FAD et FMN). Le TdC dans les protéines s’effectue souvent par la formation d'intermédiaires radicalaires. Les acides aminés tyrosine(TyrOH) et tryptophane sont impliqués comme intermédiaires majeurs. Les radicaux tryptophanyle ont été caractérisés auparavant dans leurs formes protoné et déprotoné. Cependant, les radicaux tyrosyles n'ont été caractérisés que dans la forme neutre et on pensait qu'ils étaient formés par extraction électronique et déprotonation. Les intermédiaires à courte durée de vie sont souvent difficiles à observer dans les réactions biochimiques, mais peuvent être peuplés s'ils sont formés photochimiquement par de courtes impulsions.Nous avons caractérisé des intermédiaires dans des réactions non-fonctionnelles de TdC dans des flavoprotéines en utilisant la spectroscopie femtoseconde de fluorescence et d'absorption. Des états excités et produits formés dans le type sauvage et des formes mutantes de la flavo-enzyme méthyltransférase TrmFO de Thermus thermophilus ont été étudiés. Dans le site actif de cette enzyme, une tyrosine (Tyr343) est empilée sur le cycle isoalloxazine de la FAD, et une cystéine (Cys51) peut former un adduit avec la FAD très fluorescente. Dans le mutant C51A, la fluorescence du FADox est fortement quenchée par transfert d'électrons de la Tyr343 dans ~1 ps. L'état produit résultant présente une caractéristique spectrale distincte avec une forte bande d'absorption à ~490 nm, encore jamais associée à aucune espèce radicalaire, qui a été attribuée pour la première fois au cation radical de la Tyr343 (TyrOH•+). L’état FAD•-TyrOH•+, est de très courte durée car il retombe par recombinaison de charge en ~3 ps.. Cette étude démontre que- malgré le très bas pKa de TyrOH•+ -le transfert d’électrons à partir de la tyrosine peut avoir lieu sans transfert concomitant de proton.De plus, des expériences de photosélection par polarisation ont permi d’estimer, l’orientation du moment dipolaire de la nouvelle transition entre FADox et TyrOH•+ dans le TrmFO C51A à 31°±5°. Ce résultat évalue l'orientation du moment dipolaire au sein du cycle phénolique. La découverte de directions distinctes pour la bande de transition de la flavine excitée et la transition à 490 nm confirme leur origine dans différentes entités moléculaires.Sur la base des résultats de TrmFO, nous avons réexaminé la photochimie de la flavoprotéine modèle glucose oxydase (GOX). Ddes résidus de tryptophane et de tyrosine sont situés proche du FAD et l'évolution du photoproduit à l'échelle picosecondes est plus complexe. Des phases de déclin de l'état excité avec des constantes de temps de 1 et ~4 ps ont été observées, ainsi que des phases pour l'évolution de l'état produit de ~4 ps, ~37 ps et une phase plus longue. Un modèle complet de la séparation et de recombinaison des charges dans GOX impliquant, des radicaux de tyrosine et de tryptophane, ainsi que des différents états redox du FAD a été décrit. Les résultats pour les phases de 4 ps et de 37 ps mettent en évidence l’implication du radical TyrOH•+, avec des caractéristiques semblables au C51A TrmFO. Ce résultat explique des caractéristiques énigmatiques connues et indique l'implication de TyrOH•+ dans divers systèmes protéiques.A ce jour, seul le radical tyrosyle déprotoné TyrO• a été identifié comme intermédiaire fonctionnel dans plusieurs systèmes. La visualisation d'un radical TyrOH•+ dans TrmFO C51A et GOX suggère sa formation intermédiaire en tant que précurseur de TyrO• dans des réactions biochimiques fonctionnelles.Enfin, dans TrmFO, la construction de variantes spécifiques par mutagénèse dirigée a été initiée pour étudier la flexibilité du site actif en utilisant la vitesse de TdC comme marqueur conformationnel. D'autres travaux sont nécessaires pour poursuivre cette voie
Nature employs charge transfer reactions in many biological functions. Redox-active cofactors like flavins (FAD and FMN) are often implicated in such reactions. Charge transfer in proteins often proceeds via formation of radical intermediates. The amino acid radicals of tyrosine (TyrOH) and tryptophan are thought to play important roles as intermediates in intra- and interprotein charge transfer reactions. Tryptophanyl radicals (both protonated cation and deprotonated neutral forms), had been characterized before. However, tyrosyl radicals had only been characterized in the neutral form, and were thought to be formed by concerted electron extraction and deprotonation of tyrosine. Short-lived intermediates are often difficult to observe in biochemical reactions, but may be populated when they can be photochemically formed using short light pulses.In this work, we have characterized intermediates in non-functional charge transfer reactions in flavoproteins using femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Excited states and product states formed in the wild type and mutant forms of the methyltransferase flavoenzyme TrmFO from Thermus thermophilus were investigated. In the TrmFO active site, a tyrosine (Tyr343), is closely stacked on the FAD isoalloxazine ring and a cysteine (Cys51) can form a highly fluorescent adduct with the FAD. In the mutant C51A, FADox fluorescence is strongly quenched by electron transfer from the Tyr343 in ~1ps. The resulting product state displayed a distinct spectral feature- a strong absorption band at ~490 nm unlike any previously characterized radical species. It was assigned to the radical cation of tyrosine (TyrOH•+) which had never been observed before. The FAD•-TyrOH•+ intermediate, is very short-lived as it decays in ~3ps, through charge recombination. As a general conclusion, despite the very low pKa of TyrOH•+, electron transfer from tyrosine can occur without concomitant proton transfer.Using polarization photoselection experiments, we estimated the dipole moment direction for this new transition. The resultant angle between the excited FADox transition and the probed TyrOH•+ transition in C51A TrmFO was 31º±5º. This result sets the orientation of the dipole moment of the transition in the molecular frame of the phenol ring. The finding of distinct directions for the excited FAD transition band and the 490 nm transition confirms their origin in different molecular entities.Following the results from TrmFO, we reinvestigated the photochemistry in the model flavoprotein glucose oxidase (GOX). Here, both tryptophan and tyrosine residues are located in the vicinity of FAD and the photoproduct evolution on the picosecond timescale is more complex. Distinct phases of excited state decay with time constants of 1ps and ~4ps were observed, as well as phases of ~4ps, ~37 ps and a longer-lives phase for product state evolution. Consequently, a comprehensive model for the involvement of radicals of tyrosine and tryptophan and, the different FAD redox states, in the light-induced charge separation and recombination in GOX was made. Partial involvement of the TyrOH•+ radical cation, spectrally similar to C51A TrmFO, was required for the 4 ps and 37 ps phases to account for the ensemble of data. This result explains previous enigmatic features and indicates the involvement of TyrOH•+ in a variety of protein systems.So far, only the deprotonated tyrosyl radical TyrO• had been observed as a functional intermediate in several systems. The visualization of protonated TyrOH•+ radical in TrmFO C51A and GOX suggests the possibility of its intermediate formation as a precursor of TyrO• in functional biochemical reactions.Finally, in TrmFO the construction of specific variants with site-directed mutagenesis was initiated to study active-site flexibility using electron transfer rates as conformational markers. Further experimental and modeling work is required to pursue this goal

CDK5 est une protéine kinase exprimée de façon ubiquitaire et activée principalement dans le système nerveux central, ou elle joue un rôle important dans la transmission synaptique, la guidance axonale et la migration cellulaire, la plasticité synaptique et le développement neuronal. CDK5 est associée à la protéine p35 au niveau de la membrane cellulaire, et activée par clivage calpaine-dépendant de cette dernière en p25, ce qui conduit à la relocalisation de CDK5/p25 dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. CDK5/p25 phosphoryle de nombreux substrats dont la protéine Tau, contribuant ainsi à l’apparition de plaques neurofibrillaires responsable des pathologies neurodégénératives comme Alzheimer et Parkinson, lorsqu’elle est hyperactivée. Plus récemment, l’expression et l’hyperactivation de CDK5 a été décrite comme impliquée dans le développement de cancers et en particulier de tumeurs cérébrales. Toutefois aucune approche ne permet actuellement de détecter et de mesurer l’activité de CDK5/p25 directement dans des cellules vivantes, au sein des tissus et des tumeurs concernées, dû à un manque d’outils fiables et sensibles pour quantifier les changements dynamiques de son activité kinase. Par ailleurs, peu d’inhibiteurs sont actuellement disponibles pour inhiber CDK5/p25, de manière spécifique, la plupart ciblant la poche de fixation de l’ATP.Le premier objectif de ma thèse a consisté à développer un biosenseur d’activité fluorescent de nature peptidique appelé CDKACT5 qui rapporte l’activité kinase de CDK5/p25 recombinante et dans des extraits cellulaires de manière dynamique et réversible suivant stimulation ou inhibition de cette kinase. Une fois caractérisé et validé in vitro, le biosenseur a été appliqué à la détection d’altérations de CDK5/p25 dans différentes lignées cellulaires de glioblastome dans des essais fluorescents d’activité kinase. Enfin CDKACT5 a été introduit dans des cellules neuronales vivantes afin de suivre les changements dynamiques d’activité de CDK5/p25 par microscopie de fluorescence et vidéo microscopie.Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse a consisté à développer un biosenseur fluorescent conformationnel dans le but d’identifier des inhibiteurs non compétitifs de l’ATP ciblant la boucle d’activation de CDK5. Le biosenseur CDKCONF5 a été exploité pour réaliser un criblage haut débit de trois chimiothèques de petites molécules. Les touches identifiées ont été validées et caractérisées in vitro, pour déterminer leur potentiel inhibiteur dans des tests d’activité kinase et de prolifération cellulaire, ainsi que leur mécanisme d’action. Ces molécules constituent des candidats prometteurs pour une chimiothérapie sélective du glioblastome
CDK5 is a protein kinase ubiquitously expressed but mainly activated in the central nervous system, where it plays an important role in neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission, axonal guidance and migration, synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. CDK5 is associated with p35 protein at the cell membrane, then activated by calpain-mediated cleavage of p35 into p25, which promotes relocalization of CDK5/p25 into the cytoplasm. CDK5/p25 phosphorylates a wide variety of substrates including Tau, thereby contributing to appearance of neurofibrillary plaques responsable for neurodegenerative pathologies such as comme Alzheimer’s et Parkinson’s, when hyperactivated. More recent studies suggest that CDK5 expression and hyperactivation are involved in glioblastoma during cell invasion and CDK5 expression has been reported to be correlated with the pathological grade of gliomas. However there are currently no tools available to monitor CDK5/p25 activity in its native cellular environment, in tissues or in tumours, due to an overall lack of reliable tools to quantify dynamic changes in its kinase activity in a sensitive and continuous fashion. Furthermore, few inhibitors are currently available to target CDK5/p25 in a specific fashion and most of them are ATP competitive inhibitors.The first goal of my thesis was to develop a fluorescent peptide biosensor named CDKACT5, that specifically reports on recombinant CDK5/p25 and on endogenous CDK5 activity in cell extracts in a dynamic and reversible fashion following stimulation or inhibition of this kinase. Once validated in vitro, this biosensor was applied to detect alterations in CDK5/p25 activity in different glioblastoma cell lines in fluorescent kinase activity assays. Finally CDKACT5 was introduced into cultured neuronal cells to monitor dynamic changes in CDK5/p25 activity by fluorescence imaging and time-lapse microscopy.The second goal of my thesis project consisted in developing a conformational fluorescent biosensor to identify non-ATP competitive inhibitors targeting the activation loop of CDK5. CDKCONF5 was implemented to perform a high throughput screen of three small molecule libraries. The hits identified were validated and characterized to determine their inhibitory potential in kinase activity and proliferation assays, as well as their mechanism of action. These compounds constitute promising for selective chemotherapy in glioblastoma

A proteína tirosina fosfatase eta de rato (rPTPeta), é uma RPTP transmembranar do tipo classe I. A rPTP eta e seu homólogo DEP-1 provenientes, respectivamente, de ratos e de humanos, estão inibidas em células neoplásicas. Este fenótipo maligno é revertido após reconstituição exógena, o que sugere que a capacidade restauradora da rPTP eta pode ser uma ferramenta importante na terapia de alguns tipos de câncer. Portanto, o objetivo deste projeto incluiu o estudo molecular, biofísico e estrutural do domínio catalítico da rPTPeta (rPTPetaDC). Para isso, sub-clonamos no vetor pET-28a(+) o inserto que codifica para a região C-terminal da rPTPeta . Em seguida, bactérias E. coli da linhagem BL21 (DE3) foram transformadas com o plasmídeo e a proteína recombinante expressada e purificada. A His6-rPTPetaDC purificada teve a cauda de histidina subseqüentemente removida por digestão com trombina. O ponto isoelétrico de 7,3 da proteína de 41kDa foi medido experimentalmente e a sua funcionalidade acessada pelo ensaio de hidrólise do pNPP. A enzima apresentou uma atividade específica de 9nmol/min/microg a qual é compatível com as atividades específicas descritas para as RPTPu, RPTPalfa, PTPB1 e SHP2. A estrutura secundária e a estabilidade da rPTPetaDC recombinante foi analisada por dicroísmo circular e espectroscopia de fluorescência. A rPTPetaDC mostrou-se estável a 18 graus Celsius e propriamente enovelada (Santos, et al., Prot. Expr. Purif., 2005. Anexo A). A proteína foi, em seguida, submetida a diferentes condições de cristalização e a estudos estruturais em solução. Nas condições de 0,1M de MES, pH 6,5 e 20% PEG 10000 cresceram cristais que difrataram na resolução de 1,87Å. Os cristais pertencem ao grupo espacial P2(1)2(1)2(1) com parâmetros de célula unitária: a=46,46; b=63,07; c=111,64 Å, e com uma única molécula por unidade assimétrica (Matozo, et al., Acta crystallogr. F, 2006. Anexo B). A estrutura da rPTPetaDC, em solução, foi analisada usando-se a técnica de SAXS e medidas de anisotropia de fluorescência. Os dados de SAXS mostraram que a proteína, forma dímeros alongados, com Rg de 2,65nm e Dmax de 8,5nm. A conformação da rPTPetaDC analisada por modelos de homologia sugere que seu dímero está mais próxima da estrutura cristalográfica dimérica da RPTPalfa-D1. Alem disso, a caracterização da rPTPetaDC por anisotropia de fluorescência demonstrou que o Kd do dímero da rPTPetaDC é de 21,6 + 2,0uM e a variação da energia livre de Gibbs dímero-monômero é de 7,2kcal/mol (Mtozo, et al., Biophys. J., 2007. Anexo C ).
The rat protein tyrosine phosphatase eta, rPTPeta, is a transmembrane RPTP, with an intracellular portion composed of a unique catalytic region. The rPTPeta and the human homolog DEP-1 are down-regulated in rat and human neoplastic cells, respectively. However, the malignant phenotype is reverted after exogenous reconstitution of rPTPeta, suggesting that its function restoration could be an important tool for gene therapy of several types of cancer. Therefore, the objective of our project aimed on the molecular, biophysical and structural study of the catalytic domain of rPTPeta, rPTPetaDC. We began our study cloning the rPTPetaDC into PET28a(+) vector, followed by its expression in Escherichia coli, and purification. The His6-tag from the rPTPetaDC purified was subsequently removed by thrombin digestion. PhastGel IEF electrophoresis demonstrated that the isoelectric point of the 41kDa was 7.3. To assess the functionality of the rPTPetaDC we used the pNPP hydrolysis assay and observed that the enzyme has a specific activity of 9nmol/min/ug. The experimentally determined rPTPetaDC specific activity showed to be in the same range as the previously reported activities for RPTPu, RPTPalfa, PTPB1 and SHP2. The secondary structure and stability of the recombinant protein was analyzed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that rPTPetaDC was stable at 18 Celsius and properly folded (Santos, et al., Prot. Expr. Purif., 2005. In attachment A). Then, the purified protein was submitted to different crystallization conditions and structural studies in solution. Crystals appeared at 0.1M MES, pH 6.5 and 20% PEG 10,000 and diffracted with resolution of 1.87Å. The crystals belong to spatial group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell parameters of a=46.46, b=63.07, c=111.64Å and contained one molecule for asymmetric unit (Matozo, et al., Acta crystallog. F, 2006. In attachment B). Also, the structural of rPTPetaDC, in solution, was analyzed by SAXS and fluorescence anisotropy. SAXS data showed that the protein forms elongated dimers in solution with an Rg of 2.65nm and a Dmax of 8.5nm. The rPTPetaDC conformation in solution, studied by homology models, suggested that the rPTPetaDC dimer architecture is more closely related to the crystal structure of RPTPalfa-D1. The characterization of rPTPetaDC by fluorescence anisotropy measurements demonstrated that the Kd of the dimer is 21.6 + 2.0uM and the energy Gibbs dimer-monomer is equal to 7.2kcal/mol (Matozo, et al., Bioph. J., 2007. In attachment C).

Thesis (Ph.D. in Cell Biology, Stem Cells, & Development) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-155). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)
This study investigated the effects of TKIs on the growth and proliferation of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells in culture. MCF-7 cells were exposed to different concentrations of TKIs alone and in combination with each other. Inhibition of cell growth by TKIs used individually occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When EGFR Inhibitor I, EGFR Inhibitor II/BIBX1382 and the multi-specific EGFR/ErbB-2/ErB-4 Inhibitor were used in combination with each other at equimolar log dose concentrations, the combined effects on cell growth was significantly different to inhibitors used individually as reflected in a decreased EC50 (IC50) during combination treatments. Generally, for the combinations with DOX, CPL and the TKIs, synergistic as well as antagonistic effects were observed at isoeffective concentrations with resultant decreases in dose reduction indices (DRIs) implying greater efficacies with the respective combinations. In this study, conventional PCR was used to detect and illustrate the presence of the EGFR gene in the samples, while RT-qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of this gene in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G représentent la plus grande famille de récepteurs membranaires. Parmi eux, nous avons choisi d’étudier deux récepteurs apparentés : les récepteurs de la prokinéticine 1 et 2. Ces deux récepteurs ont pour ligands des hormones de nature peptidique, divisées en deux sous-groupes : les prokinéticines 1 et 2. Ces deux prokinéticines sont impliquées dans plusieurs processus physiologiques en se liant à leurs récepteurs PKR1 et PKR2. Il a été récemment montré que la prokinéticine 2 pouvait stimuler la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules souches progénitrices cardiaques, via les récepteurs PKR1 et PKR2. Il a également été reporté que l’activation de PKR1 protège les cardiomyocytes et les cellules progénitrices cardiaques de l’apoptose. Afin d’étudier ces effets nous avons synthétisé des agonistes non-peptidiques du récepteur PKR1. Nous avons donc poursuivi les études de pharmacomodulation d’une première famille de composés et développé une seconde famille d’agonistes potentiels originaux, déterminée par des études de modélisation moléculaire. Une sonde fluorescente a été synthétisée afin d’évaluer la liaison de nouveaux composés. Au cours de ces travaux nous avons découvert une nouvelle réaction multi-composante permettant la synthèse d’un composé dihydropyrrole polyfonctionnel. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés à son mécanisme et à sa limitation chimique dans le but de former de nouveaux hétérocycles fonctionnalisés
The G protein-coupled receptors represent the largest familly of membrane receptors. Among them,we choose to study two related receptors: prokineticin receptors 1 and 2. These two receptors have peptidic hormone ligands, divided in two sub-groups: prokineticins 1 and 2. Both prokineticins are involved in many physiological processes by binding to their receptors PKR1 and PKR2. It has recently been shown that prokineticin 2 could stimulate proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells. It was also reported that activation of PKR1 protects cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitor cells from apoptosis. To investigate these effects we synthesized non-peptidic receptor PKR1. We continued pharmacodulation studies of a first familly of compounds and developped a second familly of original potential agonists, determined by molecular modeling studies. A fluorescent probe was synthesized to access the binding of novel compounds. During this work we discovered a new multi-component reaction for the synthesis of a polyfunctional dihydrpyrrol compound. We then interested in the mechanism and its chemical limitation in order to form new functionalized heterocycles

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung und Beschreibung der Eigenschaften der synthetischen Dekapeptide Cetrorelix und Ozarelix durch analytische Methoden und computergestützte Modellierung. Diese Moleküle sind hydrophobe, aggregierende Antagonisten des Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormons (GnRH). Zusätzlich wurden amyloidbildende Peptidstrukturen als Modelle für die Assoziationsprozesse in hydrophoben Peptiden untersucht und visualisiert. Die intrinsische Fluoreszenz der GnRH-Antagonisten und zusätzlich der Peptide Teverelix und D-Phe6-GnRH sowie von verkürzten Fragmenten des Cetrorelix wurde untersucht. Ein Strukturmodell für die Beschreibung der Aggregation der Dekapeptide wurde erarbeitet. Der Aufbau eines Rechenclusters durch das Einbinden der Computer am Lehrstuhl in ein Linux-System zur Verteilung von Rechenprozessen über das Netzwerk ermöglichte die Bereitstellung der notwendigen Leistung zur Realisierung der Berechnungen. Es wurden Werkzeuge zur Modellierung der solvatisierten Aggregate von Peptiden ohne eindeutige Vorzugsstruktur programmiert und in ein Docking-System für beliebige Moleküle eingebunden. Verwendet wurde das Kraftfeld MMFF94 mit einer Erweiterung durch ein Verfahren zur dynamischen Berechnung von Partialladungen in Molekülstrukturen. Solvatisierte Aggregate der Dekapeptide und von bekannten amyloidbildenden Strukturen wurden modelliert (Docking). Berechnet wurden als aggregierend beschriebene Sequenzen und entsprechende Vergleichsstrukturen des Calcitonins, des Insel-Amyloid-Polypeptides, des beta2-Mikroglobulins, des Amyloid-beta-Proteins, des Lactoferrins und weitere Modellpeptide. Die wesentlichen Wechselwirkungen während der Aggregation konnten schließlich anhand von Dynamik-Simulationen der faltblattartigen Dimere des Cetrorelix und Ozarelix beschrieben werden. So wurden die Prozesse der hydrophoben Assoziation und Stabilisierung durch Wasserstoffbrücken von Peptiden veranschaulicht und auf molekularer Ebene erfolgreich analysiert. Die Visualisierung der erhaltenen Modellierungsergebnisse erfolgt durch die Darstellung der Strukturen und Dynamik-Simulationen als interaktive 3D-Modelle in einem für diese Arbeit aufgebauten Internetauftritt
This work discusses the analysis of the aggregation properties of the gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists Cetrorelix, Teverelix, Ozarelix and of small amyloid forming model peptides by analytical fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modelling. A high performance linux compute cluster was developed for calculation of molecular structures. Solvated aggregate clusters of peptides without defined secondary structure were modelled by molecular mechanics methods (forcefield mmff94) in combination with an advanced charge equilibration and docking technique. Molecular dynamics of solvated peptide dimers were implemented and the role of hydrophic association and hydrogen bond formation in hydrophobic peptide aggregates was explained. Finally, an aggregation model for the directed association of hydrophobic peptides is presented. The modelling results, 3d structures and dynamic simulations are visualized in an interactive web material

"Laser flash spectroscopy of photosystem II" Photosystem II (PS II) of plants and cyanobacteria oxidizes water in a light-powered reaction. Thereby, this protein is the ultimate source of the atmospheric oxygen. The capacity to oxidize water is owed to two properties of PS II: (i) The midpoint potential of the oxidizing chlorophyll moiety is increased by 0.6 V compared to photosystem I or photochemical reaction centers of anoxygenic bacteria, and (ii) the energy requirements of the four steps needed for the tetravalent oxidation of water are adapted to the energy of red light quanta. This thesis deals with two particular aspects, namely: 1. The coupling of the electron transfer from tyrosine Z (YZ) to the primary donor (P680+) to proton transfer, and an inquiry on the role of a positive charge on YZox (plus base cluster) in increasing the oxidizing potential at the catalytic site. 2. The localization of the electron hole, P680+, among the excitonically coupled four inner chlorophyll a molecules, and an estimation of the midpoint potential differences between them. Electron-proton-coupling by YZ This study was carried out with PS II core complexes from spinach or pea with a deactivated (removed) manganese cluster. The reduction of P680+ was investigated as a function of pH by detecting the laser flash induced absorption changes with nanosecond resolution. Two kinetic components were found with different pH-dependence and activation energies. The alteration of kinetic parameters by H/D isotope substitutions or by addition of divalent cations implied two different types of YZ-oxidation: At acidic pH the electron transfer was coupled with proton transfer, whereas in the alkaline region it was more rapid and no longer controlled by proton transfer. The conversion between both mechanisms occured at pH 7.4. This value corresponds either to the apparent pK of YZ itself (i.e. of the hydroxy group of the phenol ring) or to the pK of an acid-base-cluster, which includes YZ. Independent measurements of pH-transients by following the absorption changes of hydrophilic proton indicators corroborated this notion. The data were interpreted as indicating that the phenolic proton of YZ was released into the medium at acidic, but not at alkaline pH. The electron transfer and proton release characteristics of intact, oxygen-evolving PS II resembled those in deactivated samples kept at alkaline pH. We concluded that the electron transfer from YZ to P680+ in the native system was not coupled with proton transfer into the bulk. This has shed doubt on a popular hypothesis on the role of YZ as 'hydrogen abstractor' from bound water. On the other hand, the energetic constraints of water oxidation could be eased by the positive upcharging during oxidation of YZox plus its base cluster. On the localization of the electron hole of P680+ Photooxidation of PS II oxidizes the set of four innermost chlorophyll a molecules giving rise to the only spectroscopically defined species P680+. The deconvolution of difference spectra into bands of pigments is ambiguous. By using photoselective excitation of antennae, i.e. chl a molecules with site specific energies at the long wavelength border of the mean Qy-band, and by polarized detection, it was possible to tag P680+QA-/P680QA and 3P680/P680 difference spectra with a further parameter, the (wavelength-dependent) anisotropy r. Results obtained at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) can be clearly interpreted in terms of two chl a monomer bands. The two main components of the P680+QA-/P680QA difference spectrum were marked by two distinct values of the anisotropy and could be interpreted in a straightforward manner: the bleaching of a band at 675 nm belonging to the charged species (chl a+) and an electrochromic blue-shift of a nearby chl a from 684 to 682 nm. The main bleaching band of the 3P680/P680 spectrum (at 77 K) can be apparently attributed to a third (or several) chl a component(s). The analysis of the P680+QA-/P680QA spectrum at cryogenic temperature is compatible with monomeric chl a bands. On the other hand, one could assume a system of excitonically coupled core pigments, as it was recently introduced in the literature on the basis of energy transfer studies ('multimer model'). However, in view of the clear indications for an electrochromic band shift and the location of the bleaching band, which absorbs in a wavelength region of monomeric chl a, one assumption of the 'multimer model' should be questioned. Presumably, the excitonic couplings are rather weak, in particular between each of the two central chl a-molecules (PA/PB) and its respective accessory chl a (BA/BB), because of (i) the distances and (ii) different site energies of the monomeric chromophores. At room temperature, the absorption difference and anisotropy spectra of P680+QA-/P680QA were clearly altered. The anisotropy data indicated that the changes could no longer exclusively be ascribed to thermal broadening of individual bands. The localization of the positive charge on one pigment, analogous to the situation at 77 K, was now unlikely. Hence, the midpoint potential differences between the inner four chlorophyll a molecules were small and were estimated as approximately 15 meV.

Kinases play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling cascades, making them therapeutic targets for several human diseases. In human cancers, mis-regulation and mutations of kinases such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) have been found to drive malignant transformation. Due to the conserved structural elements of protein kinases, the majority of kinase inhibitors available have a tendency to inhibit multiple targets. The biological impact of this promiscuity is insufficiently defined and the prevalence of cellular compensatory mechanisms additionally varies the clinical responses to drug treatment. In order to understand the relationship between selectivity and efficacy, prior to clinical trials, it is essential to characterize how inhibitors interact with the kinome within a cellular context. Monitoring inhibitor-target interactions generally involves in vitro assaying with purified proteins or protein domains, which compromises the native integrity of the kinases. Cellbased assays either gain outcomes from bulk populations that average out cell variance or phenotypic assays that lack molecular resolution. To obtain information on drug interactions on a single cell level, we have developed a method to measure the direct binding of kinase inhibitors to their targets in situ and in vivo. Kinase inhibitors are chemically tagged with fluorophores that serve as acceptors to genetically tagged donor fluorophores on the enzyme and the interaction is measured using FRET-FLIM. With epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and irreversible EGFR inhibitors as the model system, this approach has been applied to image inhibitor-kinase interactions in live and fixed cells. Using this method, a small panel of tyrosine kinase targets, and labeled inhibitors, we were able to investigate the cross-specificity within the panel. Additionally it was found that the specificity of inhibitors for specific kinase conformations enables the distinction between EGFR in the active and inactive conformation by the inhibitor-probes.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

碩士
靜宜大學
化粧品科學系
100
Melanin plays an important role in protecting human skin against ultraviolet sun radiation damage, which was synthesized from tyrosine by the regulation of tyrosinase gene family, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP2). Besides, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) regulates the transcription of tyrosinase gene family. However, more melanin makes an esthetic problem, such as freckles, senile lentigines and melasma. More and more people concentrate on founding the novel skin-whitening agents. Screening methods for depigmenting compound, such as in vitro mushroom tyrosinase and cell-based melanin content assay, are presenting less satisfactory results and time-consuming procedures. To improve the disadvantages of these screening methods, we try to construct a novel screening method by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter system, combining with the promoters of MITF and tyrosinase gene family. We first confirmed the validity of this reporter assay system by using Arbutin, Carnosic acid, α-MSH, Theophylline…etc. The fluorescent intensities of MeWo-pMITF, MeWo-pTyr and MeWo-pTRP2 cells treated with Arbutin, Carnosic acid and α-MSH have no significant different from control. The fluorescent intensities of theophylline treated MeWo-pMITF, MeWo-pTyr and MeWo-pTRP2 cells were increased in a dose-dependent manner, increased slightly and increased significantly, respectively. Arbutin and Carnosic acid decreased melanogenesis, α-MSH and Theophylline strongly increased melanogenesis. These results indicate this novel screening system can be used as a convenient tool to discover the new depigmenting compounds and to investigate the hypopigmentation mechanism of the well-known skin-whitening agents.