Academic literature on the topic 'Udaba'

This article analyzes the information provided in Yaqut al-Hamawi's work Mu'jam al-Udaba, written in the 12th–13th centuries, regarding more than thirty scholars who were born, created, and left a scientific and literary legacy in the region of Mawarannahr. As a result, the perception of Mawarannahr scholars in the early medieval scientific portrait was identified. Additionally, the unique aspects of each scholar's biography were examined.

This research aims at refuting Schoeler’s claim that Hazim al-Qartajanni’s critical ideas were merely a repetition of Avicenna’s perspective on poetry. We attempt to shed light on al-Qartajanni contribution to the concept of poetry, which was not mentioned in a frank manner by Aristotle or his interpreters; al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes. This study aims at providing adequate evidence that al-Qartajanni’s concept of imagery has traversed the critical perspectives of Aristotle and his interpreters about the reality of imagery and its role in the creation of poetry.

This article is designed to introduce Uzbek readers to the life and work of the writer, geographer, historian, poet and literary critic, Arab scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi. Yaqut al-Hamawi is a scholar who has made a great contribution not only to the science of the Arab world, but also to the science of all mankind with his two great works, “Mujam ul-buldan” and “Mujam ul-udaba”. The contribution of these two works to Uzbek science is that the scientist gives a lot of information about his visits to Merv, Khorezm, Bukhara, Samarkand and the geographical and literary situation there. The article provides a brief and concise analysis of the life and work of this scientist, given that many Uzbek scientists are not familiar with him.

This study is a modest attempt which aims at contributing to understandingand analysing the high Arab literary patrimony, through introducing one ofthe most eminent Arabic books, precisely: “ MINHAJE EL BOULAGA WASIRAJE EL UDABA.” This exceptional book, in the matter of topic and methodology, was andsteel is the concern of countless researchers and writers, thanks to its richscientific, critical rhetorical and philosophical content, whose importance isnot inferior to that of modern theories of pragmatics and other branches onlinguistics. The content of HAZEM’s book embodies the rhetorical and the criticalawareness of the ARAB patrimony and thus, the latter requires a serious studyin order to unveil and exploit the mysterious treasure hid in the ancientliterature. In our attempt to study ARAB rhetoric, we shall specifically shed the lighton HAZEM’s one, aiming to read and analyse it pragmatically, and to study itaccording to, and compared with modern theory .
 
 
 
 

Sufi Order in the Malay World at 19thcentury is misunderstood as deviant teaching from Islam by some of Malay Muslim society. Reflecting on this, Wan Sulaiman bin Wan Sidek, a shaykh Islam and Malay Sufi scholar at 19th, he played a crucial role in clarifying this issue properly in his Malay Jawi script epistles, namely Fakihah Janiyyah fi Bayan Ma’rifah al-Ilahiyyah al-Mutabaqah Li’ayan al-Shari’ah al-‘Aliyyah and Mizan al-‘uqala wa al-Udaba’. However, some studies from contemporary Malay contested his Sufi's thought, particularly Naqshabandi Order’s position in Islamic law. This study aims to expose Wan Sulaiman’s understanding and justification in Sufis Order, specifically Naqshabandi Order in shariah. This study is a historical and textual analytical study. The finding of this study indicates that Wan Sulaiman’s idea is clear and has strong argumentation from the authentic Sufi sources that show the Sufi Order is legal and has a good position and core teaching in Islamic law.

The research aims to analyze one of the significant works in Arabic rhetoric and critical studies, Minhaj al-Bulaghā’ wa Sirāj al-Udabā’ by the Andalusian critic and poet Hazim al-Qartajanni. The study seeks to clarify and demonstrate the author's methodology in addressing linguistic, rhetorical, and critical issues, as well as his approach to analyzing and interpreting them. It highlights the integration of knowledge and methodologies through the use of induction and textual documentation as a systematic method to compile argumentative evidence. This approach underscores the uniqueness of the book's author by deconstructing its structural and semantic components and describing them to reach conclusions, analyze content, interpret it, and compare it with Arab and Greek heritage to highlight the findings. To achieve this, two research methodologies were adopted: First, the integrative approach, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of linguistic sciences and rhetorical critical issues by employing tools that study the research topic from all knowledge dimensions and eliminate barriers between specialized divisions. Second, the descriptive-analytical approach, which involves analyzing the critical issues presented in the book based on observation and research mechanisms to collect information and data from the primary source, Minhaj al-Bulaghā’ wa Sirāj al-Udabā’. The analysis aims to explain and interpret the content, draw conclusions, and provide commentary. The findings of the research reveal the diversity and complexity of critical topics addressed by al-Qartajanni. He adopts a logical perspective that integrates Greek and Arabic cultural elements in his analyses, uncovering the principles and foundations upon which rhetoric is built within the framework of a discipline supported by logic and wisdom in Arabic rhetoric.

This paper discusses a controversial issue in relation to the capability of adolescents to refuse life-saving medical treatment. First, it examines the concept of autonomy and the normative framework for the recognition of the right of the child to consent to and refuse medical treatment under international law. Second, it discusses the provisions of South African law on this issue. The paper then draws on the experiences of the courts in the United States of America (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) to highlight good practices and to identify the gaps in the approaches adopted. Using Nedelsky’s relational autonomy as a guide, it concludes by arguing that, in all cases, the need for a dialogue between the child and their parents or guardians is important in helping the child to make an informed decision. Such a dialogue should not be viewed as an unnecessary intrusion into the autonomy of the child, but rather as a way to support the decision-making abilities of the child. isiZulu: Leli phepha lidingida udaba okuphikisanwa ngalo maqondana namandla abantu abasha abangaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye okwenqaba ukwelashwa ngezindlela ezisindisa impilo. Okokuqala, lihlola isihloko sokuzimela kanye nohlaka lwenqubo lokwazisa amalungelo engane okuvuma kanye nokwenqaba ukwelashwa ngokwezempilo ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesibili, lidingida izinhlinzeko zomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ngalolu daba. Leli phepha libe selisusela imininingo kulokho okwenzeke ezinkantolo zase- United States of America (e-US) kanye nase-United Kingdom (e- UK) kugqanyiswa izinqubo ezilungile futhi kuhlonzwe amagebe ezindleleni ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngokusebenzisa i-Nedelsky’s relational autonomy njengomhlahlandlela, liphetha ngokuveza ukuthi, kuzo zonke izigameko, kubalulekile ukuba kube nengxoxo phakathi kwengane nabazali noma abanakekeli bayo ukuze kusizwe ingane ithathe isinqumo esicatshangisisiwe. Leyo ngxoxo akumele ithathwe njengokuphazamisa okungenasidingo ekuzimeleni kwengane, kodwa kunalokho kumele ithathwe njengendlela yokusekela ukuthatha isinqumo sengane.

Meningkatanya penggunaan alat transportasi menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab pencemaran udara. Udara yang tercemar tentu saja menimbulkan banyak dampak negatif bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Saat ini, pencemaran udara menjadi masalah serius dan harus segera diatasi. Jika tidak maka akan banyak masyarakat yang terserang peyakit. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Penyedian RTH (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) merupakan salah satu usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi pencemaran udara. Penyediaan RTH ini menggunakan model aksi sosial berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat. Model aksi sosial ini merupakan representasi sebuah sistem yang dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan model tersebut agar dapat diaplikasikan untuk melakukan perubahan dimana yang awalnya masayarakat adalah penyebab terjadinya pencemaran udara menjadi masyarakat yang dapat mengendalikan pencemaran udaa tersebut. Dengan demikian aksi sosial ini dapat menjadikan masyarakat yang mampu menjaga udara sekitar sehingga pencemaran udara dapat berkurang. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah agar masyarakat dapat mengrangi pencemaran udara melalui penyediaan ruangterbuka hijau dengan menggunakan model aksi sosial berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini yaitu metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Kegiatan ini diharapkan agar masyarakat memahami fungsi penyediaan ruang terbuka hijau sehingga pencemaran udara akibat penggunaan alat transportasi menjadi berkurang.

Nunukan airport is one of the pioneer airports in the border region. Aside from being a pioneer airports, this airport has important role for the defense and security interests of the territory of the Republic Of Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to analyze the readiness of the airport airside facilities as defense side of the border area. The method used in this study is quantitative by comparing the calculation with facilities available as needed. From the calculation showed that runway needed for the Hercules C-1300 B is 1.455 m and Hercules C-1300 H 30 is 1.862m. Airport organizers need to increase the velue of the runway PCN from 12 / F/ C / T to 37 / F / C / Y / T with surface thickness is 10 cm layer of pavement, base course 18 cm, 41 cm and subbase course. Bandar Udara Nunukan merupakan salah satu bandar udara perintis di wilayah perbatasan. Selain sebagai bandar udara perintis, Bandar udara Nunukan sekaligus sebagai bandar udara perbatasan yang mempunyai nilai strategis untuk kepentingan pertahanan dan keamanan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisa kesiapan fasilitas Sisi udara Bandar Udara Nunukan sebagai bandar udara pertahanan diwilayah perbatasan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan membandingkan antara fasilitas yang tersedia dengan hasil perhitungan sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Dari perhitungan didapatkan hasil bahwa penjang landas pacu yang dibutuhkan untuk pesawat Hercules C-1300 H 30 adalah 1.455 m dan Hercules C-1300 H 30 adalah 1.862 m. Penyelenggara bandar udara perlu juga melakukan peningkatan nilai PCN landas pacu dari 12/F/C/Y/T menjadi 37/F/C/Y/T dengan tebal lapisan perkerasan surface 10 cm, base course 18 cm, dan subbase course 41 Cm.

Increasing the volume of air cargo in Indonesia showed increasing national economic growth. airport is the first system for cargo movement. Therefore, airport has to provide adequate facility of cargo terminal. The second system is a flight network system. Flight network needs to be optimized to approach the concept of hubs and spokes for cargo airports. This study uses a GAP analysis. Result shows, there is the biggest gap for parking areas in the cargo area attribute. This indicates that the main priority of the increase in air cargo transportation services according to the respondents regulated agent is the indicator of the parking facility in the cargo area. 
 Peningkatan volume kargo udara di Indonesia tahunan menunjukkan adanya geliat pertumbuhan ekonomi secara nasional. Indonesia memiliki konsep perekonomian berupa MP3EI. kebandarudaraan adalah sistem yang pertama menjadi titik simpul pergerakan kargo. Tindakan yang harus dilakukan pada bandar udara adalah menyiapkan fasilitas terminal kargo udara yang memadai. Sistem kedua adalah sistem jaringan penerbangan. Jaringan penerbangan perlu dioptimalkan dengan pendekatan konsep hub dan spoke bandar udara kargo. Metodologi dilakukan dengan melakukan analisis GAP. Berdasarkan data nilai gap, dapat dilihat bahwa gap terbesar terdapat pada atribut ketersediaan area parkir yang memadai di area gedung kargo (No. atribut 5) dengan nilai gap sebesar 1,50. Hal ini menandakan bahwa prioritas utama peningkatan pelayanan angkutan kargo udara menurut responden regulated agent adalah pada indikator fasilitas parkir di area kargo. Dengan nilai gap sebesar 1,50; 1,35 dan 1,34 (nilai gap ≥ 1,00), maka ketiga atribut ini masuk Kategori 5 (pelayanan buruk).

This study is centred around the thoughts and contributions of three Egyptian Udaba namely, Taha Husayn (d. 1973), Muhammad Husayn Haykal (d. 1956), and 'Abbas Mahmud al-'Aqqad (d. 1964). The significance of their writings lies partly in the critical period in which they appeared, which was a period of religious, spiritual and national crisis. On the religious side, it was not confined to Egypt, but covered the whole Islamic world for it was the period in which the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished. With the collapse of Islamic political power, the Christian missionary thrust tried to penetrate the core of Islamic belief itself by portraying Islam as a necessary obstacle to progress. For this purpose, several attacks were simultaneously engineered. One was directed against the Arabic language which was described as unfit for modern usage. Its replacement by spoken dialects would have meant creating a delinkage between language and the Qur'an, relegating the Qur'an to the position of a liturgical and ritualistic document that interests only a few scholars and religious specialists. Another attack was directed against Arabic literature casting doubts on its content and value for modern generations with new thoughts, ideas and aspirations. A more powerful attack was directed against the Prophet Muhammad, and his companions and immediate successors. The Udaba' took up the challenge by upholding the Arabic language, expounding the true facts of the Prophet's life, and by introducing new styles of literature which derive from the Islamic fountainhead, and using styles attractive to modern readers. Among other things, the thesis shows how the Udaba's contributions in this respect were instrumental in blunting the attacks of missionaries, and incidentally, in pre-empting the attacks of Marxism which assumed dangerous proportions after World War II. Their assertion of the dignity of Islam and of the unquestionable Islamic identity of Egypt and of the great potentials of the Arabic language will remain as lasting contributions.

UVOD: Moždani udar spada u grupu masovnih nezaraznih bolesti, koje se smatraju najče&scaron;ćim oboljenjima savremenog čoveka. On predstavlja jedan od najče&scaron;ćih uzroka mortaliteta i invaliditeta u savremenom svetu. Među brojnim pratećim komplikacijama moždanog udara, navode se psihički poremećaji: depresija, anksioznost i psihotični poremećaji. Utvrđivanje povezanosti moždanog udara sa psihičkim poremećajima, kao i mehanizma njihovog nastanka predstavlja značajan doprinos boljem razumevanju ovog veoma čestog oboljenja, a njihov rani tretman omogućio bi brži i potpuniji oporavak nakon moždanog udara. CILJ: Utvrditi karakteristike psihičkog funkcionisanja osoba nakon ishemičnog moždanog udara, utvrditi uticaj lokalizacije lezije na nastanak određenih psihičkih poremećaja nakon moždanog udara, utvrditi uticaj vaskularnog statusa na nastanak psihičkih poremećaja, te utvrditi korelaciju između psihičkih komplikacija moždanog udara i brzine i stepena oporavka op&scaron;te životne aktivnosti. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je izvedeno kao prospektivna studija, obuhvatilo je 101 pacijenta oba pola obolelih od moždanog udara, koji su hospitalno lečeni na Klinici za neurologiju u Novom Sadu. Svim pacijentima je uzeta anamneza o toku bolesti, faktorima rizika za moždani udar, kao i laboratorijska dijagnostika. Svim pacijentima načinjena je kompjuterizovana tomografija (CT) mozga (ili magnetna rezonanca - MRI mozga), ultrazvučni pregled karotidnih arterija, vertebrobazilarnih i krvnih sudova Willisovog poligona. Stepen neurolo&scaron;kog deficita i praćenje funkcionalnog oporavka u akutnoj fazi i nakon 3 meseca vr&scaron;eno je primenom Skale Moždanog Udara Nacionalnog Instituta za Zdravlje (NIHSS), Rankinove skale i Bartelovog indeksa. Svim pacijentima je načinjena eksploracija psihičkog statusa u akutnoj fazi bolesti primenom Bekove Skale Depresije 2 (BDI-2), Skale procene anksioznosti kao stanja i odlike (STAI), Skale pozitivnih i negativnih sindroma (PANSS) i Kornelovog regrutnog indeksa (CSI). Kontrolno testiranje gore navedenim testovima obavljeno je nakon 3 meseca. Od statističkih metoda kori&scaron;ćena je deskriptivna statistika: tabelarni prikazi učestalosti i procentualna izraženost kod neparametrijski (nominalno ili ordinarno) organizovanih varijabli. Za ukr&scaron;ten prikaz dve varijable kori&scaron;ćene su tabele kontingencije. Takođe su kori&scaron;ćene mere centralne tendencije (aritmetička sredina) i mere disperzije (standardna devijacija) kod parametrijski korektno uređenih varijabli. Pored toga, kori&scaron;ćen je Hi-kvadrat test za utvrđivanje razlika između grupa za varijable nominalnog nivoa merenja, Kramerovo V za utvrđivanje povezanosti između nominalnog nivoa merenja, Pirsonov koeficijent korelacije r, za utvrđivanje povezanosti između varijabli intervalnog nivoa merenja, te analiza varijanse (ANOVA) za utvrđivanje značajnosti razlika između aritmetičkih sredina vi&scaron;e grupa. REZULTATI: U ispitivanje je uključen 101 pacijent, 65.3% mu&scaron;kog pola, 34.7% ženskog pola. Prosečna starost bila je 60.69 godina (medijana=62.00, standardna devijacija =10.828, statistička gre&scaron;ka=1.077). 38.6% je imalo lokalizaciju u desnoj hemisferi velikog mozga, 34.7% u levoj hemisferi, 4% u cerebelumu, 11.9% u moždanom stablu, dok je 10.9% imalo vi&scaron;estruku lokalizaciju infarkta. 39.6% je imalo teritorijalni infarkt, a 59.4% lakunarni infarkt. Distribucija faktora rizika za moždani udar bila je uobičajena za podneblje na kojem je vr&scaron;eno istraživanje. 26.7% je imalo uredan nalaz na karotidnim krvnim sudovima, 26.7% je imalo difuznu ateromatozu, 27.7% je imalo stenozu ACI &lt;70% , dok je 18.8% pacijenata imalo stenozu ACI&gt;70%. U odnosu na nalaz u VB slivu, 52.5% je imalo uredan nalaz, a 47.5% patolo&scaron;ki nalaz (stenozu i difuznu ateromatozu). 54.5% pacijenata je imalo uredan nalaz na arterijama Willisovog poligona, a 45.5% je imalo patolo&scaron;ki nalaz (stenozu i difuznu ateromatozu). 5.9% je imalo depresivni poremećaj, 29.7% anksiozni poremećaj, 9.9% neurotski poremećaj i 2% psihotični poremećaj. U odnosu na pol, depresivni poremećaj javlja kod 3% mu&scaron;karaca i 11.4% žena, anksiozni kod 25.8% mu&scaron;karaca i 37.1% žena, neurotski kod 7.6% mu&scaron;karaca i 14.3% žena i psihotični kod 3% mu&scaron;karaca, dok kod žena nije zabeležen. U odnosu na životno doba, kod mlađih od 45 godina depresija nije bila prisutna, anksioznih je bilo 30%, 10% psihotičnih, dok neurotičnih nije bilo. U grupi 46-65 godina depresivnih je bilo 6.9%, anksioznih 22.4%, neurotičnih 12.1%, a psihotičnih 1.7%. U grupi starijih od 65 godina, depresivnih je bilo 6.1%, anksioznih 42.4%, neurotičnih 9.1%, dok psihotičnih nije bilo. Distribucija odgfovora dobijenih na BDI-2 skali ukazivala je na veću učestalost depresivnog poremećaja kod lezija u levoj hemisferi velikog mozga. Distribucija odgovora dobijenih primenom STAI ukazivala je na veću učestalost anksioznog poremećaja kod lezija desne hemisfere. Distribucija odgovora dobijenih primenom CSI ukazivala je na veću učestalost neurotskog poremećaja kod vi&scaron;estrukih lezija. Distribucija odgovora dobijenih primenom PANSS ukazivala je na veću učestalost psihotičnog poremećaja kod lezija desne hemisfere. Upoređivanje lezije na karotidama i psihičkih poremećaja pokazalo je na progresivni porast učestalosti psihičkih poremećaja sa težinom lezije na karotidnim krvnim sudovima, kao i na potpuno odsustvo psihičkih poremećaja kod osoba koje su imale uredan nalaz na karotidama. Praćenje uticaja psihičkih poremećaja (sumarno i pojedinačno) na funkcionalni oporavak pacijenata nakon moždanog udara, nije pokazalo statistički značajan uticaj. Zabeleženo je statistički značajno udruženo pojavljivanje depresivnog i anksioznog, depresivnog i neurotskog i anksioznog i neurotskog poremećaja, bez značajne interakcije navedenih poremećaja sa psihotičnim poremećajem. ZAKLJUČAK: Kod pacijenata sa ishemičnim moždanim udarom najveća je učestalost anksioznog poremećaja, zatim depresivnog poremećaja, a najređe se javlja psihotični poremećaj. Depresivni i anksiozni poremećaj značajno su če&scaron;ći kod žena, dok se psihotični poremećaji isključivo javljaju kod mu&scaron;karaca. Depresivni poremećaj značajno se če&scaron;će javlja u srednjem i starijem životnom dobu, anksiozni poremećaj se če&scaron;će javlja u mlađem i srednjem životnom dobu, dok se psihotične manifestacije javljaju najče&scaron;će u srednjem životom dobu. Depresivni i anksiozni poremećaj jednako se često javljaju kod pacijenata sa teritorijalnim i lakunarnim infarktom, dok se psihotične manifestacije isključivo javljaju kod pacijenata sa teritorijalnim infarktom. Ne postoji značajna korelacija između prisustva faktora rizika za moždani udar i pojave psihičkih poremećaja, iako je upadljivo odsustvo psihičkih poremećaja kod pacijenata bez faktora rizika za moždani udar. Nakon 3 meseca od moždanog udara nije primećena značajnija regresija simptoma psihičkih poremećaja. Anksiozni poremećaj i psihotične manifestacije se statistički značajno če&scaron;će javljaju kod infarkta u desnoj hemisferi, dok za depresivni poremećaj nije potvrđeno statistički značajno če&scaron;će pojavljivanje kod infarkta u levoj hemisferi. Psihički poremećaji kod pacijenata sa moždanim udarom če&scaron;će se javljaju kod pacijenata sa lezijama u karotidnom slivu, &scaron;to se povećava sa težinom lezije i veličinom stenoze. Ne postoji statistički značajna korelacija između lezija krvnih sudova u vertebrobazilarnom slivu i Willisovom poligonu sa pojavom psihičkih poremećaja. Nije dokazan značajan uticaj psihičkih poremećaja na oporavak bolesnika nakon moždanog udara. Dokazan je visok stepen udruženog javljanja depresivnog i anksioznog poremećaja.<br>INTRODUCTION: Stroke belongs to noninfectious diseases, which are considered the most common diseases of modern man. It is one of the most common causes of mortality and disability in the modern world. The many associated complications of stroke include mental disorders: depression, anxiety and psychotic disorders. Determining the relationship between stroke and mental disorders, as well as enlightening their underlying mechanism, represents a significant contribution to a better understanding of this very frequent disease, and an early treatment of these associated disorders should allow a faster and more complete recovery from stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine characteristics of mental functioning after ischemic stroke, to determine the impact of lesion localization on development of certain mental disorders after stroke, to determine the impact of vascular status on development of mental disorders, and to determine the correlation between the associated mental disorders and the speed and degree of recovery of general life activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted as a prospective study that included 101 ischemic stroke patients of both sexes, hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology in Novi Sad. Data about the course of disease and stroke risk factors was collected and laboratory diagnostics was performed in all patients. All patients underwent brain computed tomography (CT) (or magnetic resonance imaging - MRI), and ultrasound examination of carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries and the circle of Willis. The degree of neurological deficit and functional recovery in the acute phase and at 3-month follow-up were assessed using the National Institute of Health Stroke Severity (NIHSS) scale, the Rankin scale, and the Barthel Index. All patients underwent psychological exploration of the mental status in the acute phase of stroke by using the Beck Depression Inventory 2 (BDI - 2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the Cornell Services Index (CSI). Follow-up testing with the same tests was performed after 3 months. Statistical analysis included methods of descriptive statistics: tabular presentation of the frequency and percentages in case of nonparametric (nominal or ordinal) variables. Contingency tables were used to present relationships between two variables. In addition, measures of central tendency (arithmetic mean) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation) were used for parametric variables. The chisquared test was used to determine differences between groups for nominal measurement variables, Cramer&rsquo;s V was used to examine association between nominal levels of measurement. Association between interval measurement variables was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and significance of differences between arithmetic means of more groups was determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: The study included 101 patients, 65.3% male and 34.7% female. The average age of patients was 60.69 years (median=62.00, standard deviation=10.828, statistical error=1.077). Stroke localizations were as follows: the right cerebral hemisphere in 38.6%, the left hemisphere in 34.7%, the cerebellum in 4%, the brainstem in 11.9%, and 10.9% of patients had multiple localizations. In 39.6% of patients, stroke was territorial, and in 59.4% lacunar. The distribution of risk factors for stroke was typical for the study area. Normal carotid arteries were found in 26.7%, 26.7% had diffuse atheromatosis, 27.7% had &lt;70% ACI stenosis, and 18.8% had &gt;70% ACI stenosis. As regards VB circulation, 52.5% had normal findings and 47.5% had pathological findings (stenosis and diffuse atheromatosis). As regards the circle of Willis, 54.5% had normal findings and 45.5% had pathological findings (stenosis and diffuse atheromatosis). Regarding mental functioning, 5.9% had depressive disorder, 29.7% had anxiety disorder, 9.9% had neurotic disorder, and 2% had psychotic disorder. In relation to sex, mental disorders were present as follows: depressive disorder in 3% of men and 11.4% of women, anxiety disorder in 25.8% of men and 37.1% of women, neurotic disorder in 7.6% of men and 14.3% of women, and psychotic disorder in 3% of men and none of women. With respect to age, among patients under 45 years of, age none had depressive disorder, 30% had anxiety disorder, 10% had psychotic disorder, and none had neurotic disorder. In the group of patients aged 46-65 years, 6.9% had depressive disorder, 22.4% had anxiety disorder, 12.1% had neurotic disorder, and 1.7% had neurotic disorder. In the group above 65 years of age, 6.1% had depressive disorder, 42.4% had anxiety disorder, 9.1% had neurotic disorder, and none had psychotic disorder. The distribution of responses obtained on the BDI-2 showed a higher prevalence of depressive disorder in patients with lesions in the left cerebral hemisphere. The distribution of responses obtained on the STAI showed a higher prevalence of anxiety disorder in patients who had lesion of the right hemisphere. The distribution of responses obtained on the CSI showed a higher prevalence of neurotic disorder in those who had multiple lesions. The distribution of responses obtained by the PANSS indicated a higher prevalence of psychotic disorder in those with lesion of the right hemisphere. Comparison of carotid artery lesions and mental disorders showed a progressive increase in the prevalence of mental disorders with increasing severity of the lesions, as well as a complete absence of mental disorders in people who had normal findings on carotids. The follow-up results showed that mental disorders (generally and individually) did not have a statistically significant effect on functional recovery of stroke patients. There were statistically significant comorbidities of depressive disorder and anxiety disorder, depressive disorder and neurotic disorder, and anxiety disorder and neurotic disorder, and no significant interactions of any of these disorders with psychotic disorder. CONCLUSION: In patients with ischemic stroke, anxiety disorder has the highest prevalence, followed by depressive disorder, whereas psychosis is the rarest. Depressive and anxiety disorders are significantly more common in women, while psychotic disorder occurs exclusively in men. Depressive disorder is significantly more common in the middle and old ages, anxiety disorder is more frequent in the younger and middle ages, while psychotic manifestations occur most often in the middle age of life. Depressive and anxiety disorders are similarly prevalent in patients with territorial and lacunar strokes, while psychotic manifestations occur exclusively in patients with territorial stroke. There is no significant correlation between the presence of stroke risk factors and mental disorders, although there is an evident absence of mental disorders in patients without stroke risk factors. Three months after stroke, no significant regression of the symptoms of mental disorders was observed. Anxiety disorder and psychotic manifestations are significantly more common in right hemispheric stroke, while as regards depressive disorder, there is no statistically significant association with left-hemispheric stroke. Mental disorders in stroke patients are more common in those with carotid lesions and increase in severity with increasing severity of lesion and degree of stenosis. There are no statistically significant correlations between lesions in the vertebrobasilar circulation or the circle of Willis and development of mental disorders. No significant impact of mental disorders on recovery from stroke was found. A high prevalence of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders was proven/confirmed.

Moždani udar predstavlja drugi uzrok smrti u celom svetu i neurolo&scaron;ku bolest sa najvećim stepenom invaliditeta. Za povoljan ishod moždanog udara veoma je važno sprečavanje i lečenje somatskih kompikacija (SK), pri čemu je njihova učestalost i značaj za oporavak pacijenata potcenjena, a uticaj na ishod moždanog udara zanemaren. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili da se utvrdi učestalost pacijenata sa somatskim komplikacijama u akutnoj fazi moždanog udara; zatim da se utvrdi učestalost svake pojedinačne somatske komplikacije: pneumonije, urinarnih infekcija, duboke venske tromboze, tromboembolije pluća, dijarealnog sindroma i akutnog koronarnog sindroma; zatim da se utvrde faktori rizika za nastanak svake pojedinačne SK, kao i da se utvrdi uticaj SK na ishod bolesti - iskazan kroz njihovu povezanost sa funkcionalnim statusom, dužinom hospitalizacije i mortalitetom pacijenata. Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao prospektivno i obuhvatilo je 403 pacijenta hospitalizovanih zbog akutnog moždanog udara na Klinici za neurologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u periodu od godinu dana. Pacijenti su podeljeni u dve grupe, gde su prvu grupu sačinjavali pacijenti sa registrovanom jednom ili vi&scaron;e somatskih komplikacija (n = 162), a drugu su činili pacijenti koji nisu imali somatske komplikacije (n = 241). Evaluacija pacijenata obuhvatila je registrovanje sociodemografskih karakteristika, ličnu i porodičnu anamnezu, karakteristike moždanog udara, neurolo&scaron;ki status na prijemu i otpustu, funkcionalni status na prijemu i otpustu, laboratorijske analize krvi i urina na prijemu, vrstu i vreme nastanka pojedinačne somatske komplikacije, sve relevantne dijagnostičke metode za postavljenje dijagnoze i definisanje potencijalnih faktora rizika. Somatske komplikacije se če&scaron;će javljaju kod starijih osoba, prosečne starosti 72,9 godina, kod osoba ženskog pola i kod pacijenata sa hemoragijskim moždanim udarom. Somatske komplikacije registrovane su kod 40,2% pacijenata, pri tome urinarnu infekciju imalo je 20,3% pacijenata, pneumoniju 16,3%, infarkt miokarda 4,7%, plućnu tromboemboliju 3,4%, duboku vensku trombozu 2,4% i dijarealni sindrom 2,9% pacijenata. Nezavisni prediktori pneumonije su disfagija, naru&scaron;eno stanje svesti, hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća, mRS veći od 3. Prediktori urinarnih infekcija su: podatak o rekurentnim urinarnim infekcijama, ženski pol, starost preko 70 godina, mRS veći od 3 i NIHSS skor veći od 16. Kao nezavisni prediktori plućnog tromboembolizma dobijeni su duboka venska tromboza, naru&scaron;eno stanje svesti i gojaznost, dok se jedinim nezavisnim prediktorom dijarealnog sindroma pokazala starost pacijenta preko 70 godina. Prediktori akutnog koronarnog sindroma su: starost veća od 70 godina i hemoragijski moždani udar. Pacijenti sa SK, na kraju hospitalnog lečenja imaju značajno lo&scaron;iji funkcionalni status u odnosu na pacijente bez somatskih komplikacija. Somatske komplikacije statistički značajno produžavaju hospitalizaciju. Kod četvrtine pacijenata (25,9%) sa somatskim komplikacijama u akutnoj fazi moždanog udara registrovan je letalni ishod. Najveći procenat smrtnih ishoda kod pacijenata sa somatskim komplikacijama registrovan je kod pacijenata sa infarktom miokarda (63,2%), a najmanji kod pacijenata sa urinarnom infekcijom (18,3%).<br>Stroke is the second cause of death worldwide and neurological disease with the highest level of disability. For a favorable outcome of stroke, the prevention and treatment of somatic complications are of great importance, while their frequency and the importance of the recovery of patients are underestimated, and the influence on the outcome of stroke is neglected. The aims of the study were: to determine the frequency of patients with somatic complications in the acute phase of stroke; to determine the frequency of each somatic complication: pneumonia, urinary infections, deep venous thrombosis, lung thromboembolism, diarrheal syndrome, and acute coronary syndrome; to identify risk factors for the emergence of each somatic complication, as well as to determine the effect of those complications on the outcome of the disease - expressed through their association with the functional status, length of hospitalization and mortality of patients. The study was conducted as a prospective and included 403 patients hospitalized due to acute stroke at the Clinic for Neurology of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina for a period of one year. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group included patients with one or more somatic complications registered (n = 162), and the second group consisted of patients without any somatic complication (n = 241). Patient evaluation included registration of socio-demographic characteristics, personal and family history, stroke characteristics, neurological and functional status at the time of admission and discharge, laboratory analysis of blood and urine at admission, type and time of emergence of each somatic complication, all relevant diagnostic methods for setting diagnosis and defining potential risk factors. Somatic complications are more common in older people (the average age of 72.9 years) in females and in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Somatic complications were reported in 40.2% of patients, 20.3% of patients had urinary infection, 16.3% pneumonia, 4.7% myocardial infarction, 3.4% pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis 2.4% and diarrheal syndrome 2.9% of patients. Independent predictors of pneumonia were dysphagia, impaired state of consciousness, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mRS higher than 3. Predictors of urinary infections were: data on recurrent urinary tract infections, female sex, age over 70 years, mRS higher than 3 and NIHSS score higher than 16. As independent predictors of pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis, impaired state of consciousness and obesity were obtained, while the only independent predictor of diarrheal syndrome proved to be the age of the patient over 70 years. Predictors of acute coronary syndrome were: age over 70 years and haemorrhagic stroke. Patients with somatic complications at the end of hospital treatment had significantly worse functional status compared to patients without somatic complications. Somatic complications statistically significantly prolong hospitalization. A quarter of patients (25.9%) with somatic complications in the acute phase of the stroke had a lethal outcome. The highest percentage of deaths in patients with somatic complications was registered in patients with myocardial infarction (63.2%) and the lowest was registered in patients with urinary tract infections (18.3%).

There are many studies that discuss the image of the "other" in the Arab heritage and the image of the Arab heritage from the 'perspective of the "other." However, most of these studies focus on the present era and the western "other". This study is different in theme and period than studies which have been done previously. Its theme is the image of Turkey and the Turks in a work which belongs to Arab travel literature and which was written more than three centuries ago. There is a noticeable lack in studies that examine the image of the "other" in Arab travel literature by writers belonging to the Arabian Peninsula. The travelogue of Ibrāhīm al-Khiyārī is a literary work written by one of the citizens of that area, therefore, the researcher hopes that his effort will represent an approach which contributes to filling this gap and which sheds light on the cultural production of intellectuals from the Arabian Peninsula in the past centuries. Using the descriptive analytical method, this study has tried to cover aspects of the topic within the conditions available and has written six chapters on the following topics: previous studies on the subject, histories of the Ḥijāz and the Ottoman Empire, the classification of travel writings, a presentation of the travelogue as an object of this study as well as the author and his context, Turkey in the seventh century, its civilization and culture, and finally, the image of non-Muslims in Turkey in the text of the writer. Through an extrapolation of texts that talk about the "non-Muslim other" it is clear that the author of this travelogue - like many writers in past and present - was under the influence of cultural and historical influences especially with regards to the aforementioned minorities, as bias seems to be evident in multiple texts. It therefore seems as though he was writing a personal impression of the "other" rather than simply describing what he saw and experienced.

U disertaciji je izvršena karakterizacija mikrostrukture i mehaničkih osobinanelegiranog austemperovanogi nodularnog liva (ADI materijala), kao i uticajamikrostrukture na prelaznu temperaturu u intervalu od -196 do +100&deg;C.Utvrđeno je da mehaničke osobine ADI-ja zavise od morfologije ausferitnemikrostrukture i količine zadržanog austenita, tj. parametara austemperovanja.Na osnovu mehaničkih osobina utvrđen je i opseg procesiranja u skladu sastandardima ASTM, ISO i EN. Zaključeno je da prelazna temperatura ADImaterijala zavisi od količine i stabilnosti zadržanog austenita. U višemtemperaturnom opsegu (iznad cca. -25&deg;C) dominantna je količina zadržanogaustenita, dok na nižim temperaturama, stabilnost. Visoka obogaćenostugljenikom, stabilnog zadržanog austenita sprečava stvaranje martenzita naniskim temperaturama, a time i pojavu krtosti kod ADI-ja.<br>The object of this thesis was to characterize microstructure and mechanical propertiesof the unalloyed ADI material (Austempered Ductile Iron). In addition, the influence ofmicrostructure on the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by Charpy impacttest in temperature interval from 196 to +100&deg;C has been studied. The all propertiesobtained depend on the morphology of microstructure and the amount of retainedaustenite, i.e. on the austempering parameters. According to the mechanical propertiesand standard requirements (ASTM, ISO and EN) the processing window has beenproposed, also. It was found that DBTT is influenced by amount and stability of retainedaustenite. In upper temperature range (above cca. 25&deg;C) the most influence factor onDBTT is amount of retained austenite, while at the lower temperatures the stability ismore prominent. Stability of high carbon retained austenite at lower temperaturesprevents transformation to martensite and thus the embrittlement of ADI.

Abstract in English, Zulu and Afrikaans<br>The primary intent of this study was to develop a competitive intelligence (CI) programme implementation strategy framework for the effective use of CI in strategic decision-making (SDM) in a conglomerate, using embedded multiple units and a single-case exploratory study that is qualitative dominant. The study therefore explored the strategic value of CI for SDM in a company that has a conglomerate structure and whose subsidiaries are vertically integrated. Despite the perceived usefulness of CI for distinctive SDM, the case conglomerate and its subsidiaries had collected and employed the available CI products to support their strategic, tactical and other business decisions. Overall results indicated differences between the subsidiaries and the headquarter; and among the subsidiaries on CI practice (CI collection, CI coordination, CI sharing and CI effort) and CI usage for SDM and other decisions. Although a similar strategy development process (guided by the grand corporate strategy), management structure, decision-making process and orientation in the subsidiaries existed, these uniformities did not significantly result in a uniform level of application and usage of CI for SDM across the conglomerate. The conclusion is that CI application is very subjective and contextual even in a vertically integrated conglomerate. Through theory, literature review and empirical findings, synthesis and iteration, a middle-range theory that integrates the CI and SDM disciplines in terms of the contextual issues both share is also constructed. The study also developed a novel way of crafting CI for SDM, which may fit into the existing structure and realities of the conglomerate so as to formalise CI. The CI programme implementation strategy framework was developed considering the proof of tested theories, best practices, existing context, strategy, decision-making process, structure, enabling factors and capabilities of the conglomerate. The CI programme implementation strategy framework, accompanied by a proposed CI structure, has immediate pragmatic utility. It could enable the conglomerate to initiate a formal CI programme without delay and to develop it following an organisational maturation cycle. The study makes an original contribution by conceptualising a CI programme implementation strategy for a unique case and theorising the case within a novel extension within middle-range theory (“SDM and CI application can be viewed in the contextual domains both share”). The exploratory study itself, which led to merging theory and best practices with empirical results and fitting the theories and best practices into case conglomerate’s realities, also makes the study unique in terms of its approach and outputs.<br>Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo kwakungukusungula uhlaka lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwamasu obuhlakani bokuqhathanisa izinkampani ezincintisanayo, obaziwa ngokuthi yiCompetitive Intelligence (iCI) ngesiNgisi ukuze isebenze kahle ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezihambisana namasu okwaziwa ngestrategic decision-making (iSDM) ngesiNgisi kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani, kusetshenziswa uhlobo locwaningo olungamayunithi amaningi afakwe ndawonye, oluhlola udaba olulodwa nolugxile kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane. Ngakhoke, lolu cwaningo luhlole umthelela omuhle wamasu eCI ngokuthatha izinqumo ezihambisana namasu (iSDM) enkampanini enomumo wenhlanganyela yezinkampani enezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Phezu kokumsebenzi obonakalayo weCI ngokuhlukile kwiSDM, inhlangayela yezinkampani okuyiyo ebhekiwe kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwayo yaqoqa yase isebenzisa imikhiqizo yeCI etholakalayo ukusingatha ukuthatha kwayo izinqumo ezihambisana namasu, namaqhinga kanye nezinye izinqumo zebhizinisi. Imiphumela ephelele yabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungafani phakathi kwezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kanye nekomkhulu; kanti futhi phakathi wezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kokuphathelene neCI (Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukusabalalisa imininingwane yeCI nokusebenza kweCI) nokusetshenziswa kweSDM nezinye izinqumo. Nakuba kwakukhona inqubo yokuthuthukisa isu elifanayo (elandela imigomo yesu elihle lenkampani), ukwakheka kohlaka lwabaphethe, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuqondiswa kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kwenye, lokhu kwefaniswa akuzange kube ngokufanayo endleleni yokwenza nokusebenziswa kweCI kwiSDM kwinhlangayela yezinkampani. Isiphetho ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lweCI luncike kakhulu ohlangothini nasengqikithini eyodwa kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani ezenza izinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngokulandela ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yemibono yezinzululwazi, kanye nokutholakele uma kwenziwa ucwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokuhlolwa, kuphinde kwakhiwe imibono yezinzululwazi emibili ehlanganisa imikhakha yeCI neSDM maqondana nezingqikithi ezifanayo kuyona. Ekugcineni, ucwaningo luphinde lwasungula indlela engakaze ibe khona yokwakha iCI iyakhela iSDM engangena ithi khaxa ekwakhekeni nasesimweni esikhona senhlanganyela yezinkampani ukuze iCI ihleleke ngokusemthethweni. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI lwenziwa ngoba kucatshangwa ngobufakazi obutholakala kwimibono yezinzululwazi ehloliwe, okusebenze ngempumelelo, indikimba ekhona njengamanje, isu, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo, ukwakheka, yilokho okwenza izinto zenzeke futhi kusebenzeke kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI, oluphelezelwa ukwakheka okuhlongoziwe kweCI kukwazi ukuhlolisisa kahle umqondo wokukwazi ukubona ubungako bolwazi nesidingo solunye ucwaningo. Kungasiza inhlanganyela yezinkampani, cishe, ukuba ikwazi ukuqala uhlelo olusha lweCI nokulithuthukisa kulandela uchungechunge lwendlela yokukhula yenhlangano. Ucwaningo lufaka ulwazi olusha esivivaneni ngokuqhamuka nomqondo omusha wesu lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lweCI odabeni olungajwayelekile, bese lubeka imibono ngodaba olubhekwayo ngendlela engakaze yenzeke nehlanganisa imibono yezinzululwazi kanye nocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka (“Ukusetshenziswa kweSDM neCI kungabhekwa ezizindeni zengqikithi ezifanayo kukona”). Ucwaningo oluhlolayo, lona uqobo, oluholela ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono yezinzululwazi nokubhekwa kwalokho okucwaningwayo ukuthi kusebenza kahle kuphi kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, nokuhlanganisa lokho nokwenzeka ngempela enhlanganyeleni yezinkampani, nakho kwenza lolu cwaningo lube ngolwehlukile maqondana nendlela oluyilandelayo kanye nemiphumela evelayo.<br>Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om 'n strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van mededingingsintelligensie (MI) te ontwikkel vir die doeltreffende gebruik van MI in strategiese besluitneming in 'n konglomeraat, deur 'n vasgelegde veelvoudige eenhede, enkelgeval-verkenningstudie, wat ook kwalitatief dominant is, te gebruik. Die studie het dus die strategiese waarde van MI vir strategiese besluitneming verken in 'n maatskappy wat 'n konglomeraatstruktuur het en wie se filiale vertikaal geïntegreer is. Ondanks die waargenome nuttigheid van MI vir spesifiek strategiese besluitneming, het die gevallestudiekonglomeraat en sy filiale die beskikbare MI-produkte versamel en aangewend om hul strategiese, taktiese en ander sakebesluite te ondersteun. Algehele resultate het die bestaan van verskille tussen die filiale en die hoofkantoor aangedui; en tussen die filiale oor MI-praktyke (MI-versameling, MI-koördinering; MI-deling en MI-pogings) en MI-gebruik vir strategiese en ander besluite. Alhoewel daar soortgelyke strategiese ontwikkelingsprosesse bestaan (gelei deur die groot korporatiewe strategie), het hierdie eenvormigheid in bestuurstrukture, besluitnemingprosesse en oriëntering in die filiale nie 'n beduidende eenvormige vlak van toepassing en gebruik van MI vir strategiese besluitneming regdeur die konglomeraat tot gevolg gehad nie. Gevolglik is MI-toepassing baie subjektief en kontekstueel, selfs in 'n konglomeraat wat vertikaal geïntegreer is. Deur teoretiese, literatuuroorsig- en empiriese bevindinge is sintese en iterasie, twee middelvlakteorieë, ook saamgestel wat velde van MI en strategiese besluitneming met betrekking tot die kontekstuele kwessies wat albei deel, geïntegreer het. Op die ou end het die studie ook 'n nuwe manier ontwikkel om MI vir strategiese besluitneming te bewerk wat by die bestaande struktuur en realiteite van die konglomeraat kan inpas om MI te formaliseer. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI is ontwikkel met die bewys van getoetste teorieë, beste praktyke, bestaande konteks, strategie, besluitnemingsproses, faktore wat strukture moontlik maak en vermoë van die konglomeraat, in gedagte. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI, saam met die voorgestelde MI-strukture, het onmiddellike pragmatiese nut. Dit kan die konglomeraat onmiddellik in staat te stel om 'n formele MI-program te inisieer en dit te ontwikkel deur 'n organisatoriese verouderingsiklus te volg. Die studie maak 'n oorspronklike bydra deur 'n strategie vir programimplementering van MI te konseptualiseer vir 'n unieke geval, die teoretisering van die geval binne 'n nuwe uitbreiding in 'n middelvlakteorie ("Toepassing van strategiese besluitneming en MI kan in die kontekstuele domeine beskou word wat beide deel"). Die verkenningstudie self, wat tot die samesmelting van teorie en beste praktyke met die empiriese resultate gelei het en die passing van die teorieë en beste praktyke in die gevallestudiekonglomeraat se realiteite, maak die studie ook uniek met betrekking tot sy benadering en opbrengs.<br>Graduate School for Business Leadership<br>D.B.L.

Ruang udara terbuka ASEAN merupakan bentuk kebijakan untuk membuka wilayah udara antara sesama anggota negara ASEAN. Kebijakan ruang udara terbuka ASEAN adalah bagian dari tujuan pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan perekonomian di kawasan ASEAN untuk meningkatkan daya saing di fora internasional sehingga perekonomian dapat tumbuh merata, juga meningkatkan kehidupan masyarakat, dan hal utama adalah untuk mengurangi kemiskinan. Ruang udara terbuka ASEAN menawarkan akses ke pasar yang besar, keuntungan besar, meningkatkan daya tarik wisata, serta frekuensi penerbangan akan meningkat. Permasalahan dalam kajian ini adalah bagaimana ruang udara terbuka ASEAN di Indonesia dalam kaitannya dengan kedaulatan udara Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui upaya pemerintah Indonesia dalam menangani pelaksanaan dari kebijakan langit terbuka ASEAN. Metode kajian ini menggunakan metodologi yuridis normative. Hasil kajian adalah Penerapan prinsip cabotage dan proses pemberlakuan secara bertahap dalam wilayah Indonesia merupakan bentuk pelaksanaan dan sekaligus upaya perlindungan terhadap pemberlakuan ruang udara terbuka dalam wilayah udara kedaulatan Republik Indonesia.

Pengaturan internasional "ruang udara terbuka" atau lebih dikenal dengan open skies adalah perjanjian internasional yang ditetapkan oleh negara-negara yang meredusi hakhak kedaulatan negara yang penuh dan lengkap di ruang udara secara bertahap menuju kepada liberalisasi ruang udara. Secara definisi perjanjian internasional ini terdiri dari 11 prinsip, namun dalam prakteknya telah berevolusi mulai dari hanya 4 jenis kebebasan yang disepakati sampai dengan 8 jenis kebebasan. Masing-masing negara dalam menyepakati perjanjian internasional selalu melandasi dengan kepentingan nasional khususnya melindungi kepentingan maskapai domestik agar mendominasi dalam lalu lintas udara di atas wilayahnya. Tulisan ini dengan metode yuridis dan historis menjelaskan evolusi pengaturan internasional tentang wilayah udara terbuka dan implementasinya di Indonesia. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah perjanjian internasional multilateral hanya mengatur 4 jenis kebebasan lalu lintas udara, sedangkan dalam prakteknya negara-negara membuat perjanjian bilateral yang sangat bervariasi dalam memberikan hak kebebasan lalu lintas udara yang sampai saat ini sudah mencapai 8 jenis kebebasan, dan selalu diupdate berdasarkan perjanjian bilateral yang disepakati, sedangkan Indonesia hanya menyetujui sampai kebebasan kelima.

Sistem pesawat udara tanpa awak dapat digunakan untuk keperluan militer dan sipil, seperti untuk transportasi, intelijen, pengawasan, dan pengintaian, menyerang musuh, penelitian, tujuan komersial, hobi atau rekreasi, dan lain-lain. Teknologi UAS berkembang dengan cepat, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap harga penjualan yang semakin terjangkaudan pengguna sipil semakin meningkat. Pengguna UAS semakin meningkat, sehingga negara-negara membuat kebijakan tentang penggunaan UAS di wilayah udara. Oleh karena itu, pertanyaan penelitian dalam kajian ini ialah bagaimana kebijakan Indonesia dalam pengaturan penggunaan dan pengoperasian UAS di wilayah udara nasional. Dengan melakukan patok duga pada kebijakan yang dilakukan negara-negara sebagai bahan pembelajaran, maka diperoleh hasil antara lain: kebijakan pengoperasian UAS dapat diatur berdasarkan klasifikasinya; pendaftaran semua UAS yang beroperasi di wilayah udara Indonesia; setiap operator UAS perlu disertifikasi; UAS kecil yang beroperasi tanpa seizin ATC perlu diatur wilayah udara yang digunakan.

Sejak tahun 2015, Kementerian Perhubungan telah mengupayakan pengaturan mengenai pesawat udara tanpa awak melalui Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 180 Tahun 2015 tentang Pengendalian Pengoperasian Sistem Pesawat Udara Tanpa Awak di Ruang Udara yang Dilayani Indonesia jo Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 47 Tahun 2016. Namun, dalam peraturan ini secara eksplisit tidak mengatur tanggung jawab kepada pihak ketiga, padahal kegiatan pengoperasian UAV ini memiliki resiko yang cukup tinggi terhadap kecelakaan. Tulisan ini akan mengkaji pengaturan tanggung jawab yang dianut oleh negara-negara dan membandingkannya dengan Indonesia melalui metodologi yuridis normatif. Meskipun telah mengatur tentang asuransi dan sanksi administratif, masih terdapat kekurangan dalam peraturan ini karena sifatnya yang masih preventif dan belum represif. Selain itu, tidak adanya penunjukkan secara langsung mengenai siapa yang bertanggung jawab menjadi salah satu isu penting. Oleh karena itu, demi menghindari kekosongan hukum, perlu dilakukan penyempurnaan, seperti pengaturan lebih lanjut tentang aspek kegagalan operasional atau kecelakaan belum diatur.

ADIZ merupakan zona bagi keperluan identifikasi dalam sistem pertahanan udara bagi suatu negara, dimana zona tersebut pada umumnya terbentang mulai dari wilayah teritorial negara yang bersangkutan hingga mencapai ruang udara di atas laut bebas yang berbatasan dengan negara tersebut. Penerapan ADIZ oleh suatu negara tidak dimaksudkan untuk memperluas kedaulatan negara pemilik ADIZ tersebut, namun lebih pada kepentingan pertahanan udara bagi negara pemiliknya, sehingga timbul pertanyaan atau masalah ketentuan hukum internasional apa yang digunakan oleh negara-negara dalam penerapan ADIZ. Makalah ini bertujuan mengkaji ketentuan hukum internasional yang dipergunakan oleh negara-negara sebagai landasan hukum dalam menerapkan ADIZ di wilayah ruang udaranya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah metode penelitian norma hukum (yuridis normatif) yang berpikir secara deduktif. Dari kajian diperoleh hasil bahwa landasan-landasan penerapan ADIZ tidak ditemukan secara formal tersurat dalam hukum internasional. Beberapa Negara menetapkan penerapan ADIZ atas dasar ketentuan hukum kebiasaan internasional (customary international law) yaitu: 1) Asas bela diri (self defence) yang diakui dalam Pasal 51 Piagam PBB yang mengaskan bahwa hak negara untuk menggunakan senjata untuk mempertahankan diri (self defence) dari kekuatan luar (negara lain) didasarkan kepada hukum kebiasaan internasional. 2) Pasal 38 ayat (1) Statuta Mahkamah International yang menegaskan bahwa, hak untuk membela diri yang dimaksud dalam Pasal 51 Piagam PBB pada hakekatnya memang merupakan sesuatu hak yang melekat 3) chapter 3 Document 9426-AN/924 First Edition 1984 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization dan 4) Penerapan Control teori Cooper pada penetapan ADIZ negara. Negara-negara menerapkan juga landasan teori hukum yang memiliki kesamaan jiwa dan dasar ADIZ dalam dunia landasan teori, yaitu Teori Penguasaan Cooper (Cooper’s control theory), bahwa kedaulatan negara itu ditentukan oleh kemampuan negara-negara yang bersangkutan untuk menguasai ruang udara yang ada diatas wilayahnya.

Sistem hukum nasional merupakan sistem hukum yang berlaku di seluruh Indonesia yang meliputi semua unsur hukum yang antara yang satu dengan yang lain saling bergantung yang bersumber pada pembukaan dan UUD 1945. Keberadaan hukum udara dan hukum laut sebagai sub sistem dari Sistem Hukum Nasional, telah dipahami dan dimaklumi masyarakat, karena telah terintegrasi dengan perjalanan panjang sejarah ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji langkahlangkah dan atau tindakan hukum yang perlu dilakukan agar pengembangan sistem hukum keantariksaan setelah adanya Undang-undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2013 Tentang Keantariksaan dapat berkembang menjadi sub sistem hukum yang mandiri seperti halnya hukum laut dan hukum udara dalam wadah satu kesatuan sistem hukum nasional. Pengkajian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif yuridis normatif, dengan mendasarkan pada pandangan Friedman tentang Sistem hukum, bahwa dalam sistem hukum nasional harus terkandung unsur materi hukum (legal subtance), struktur hukum (legal structure) dan budaya hukum (legal culture) dalam kaitan pembangunan sistem hukum keantariksaan menjadi satu kesatuan bangunan dalam satu sistem hukum nasional, maka diperlukan langkah dan atau tindakan hukum untuk dapat terbangunnya sistem hukum dimaksud.

DEPANRI adalah forum koordinasi tingkat tinggi di bidang kebijakan pemanfaatan wilayah udara nasional dan antariksa bagi penerbangan, telekomunikasi, dan kepentingan nasional lainnya. Berdasarkan Keppres Nomor 132 Tahun 1998 dijelaskan bahwa kesekretariatan DEPANRI dilaksanakan oleh LAPAN. Namun pada 4 Desember 2014 didasarkan pada Keputusan Presiden RI Nomor 179 Tahun 2014, DEPANRI dibubarkan. Pembubaran ini sangat berpengaruh pada reposisi peran LAPAN yang selama ini bertindak selaku Sekretariat DEPANRI. Kajian ini dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif melalui studi pustaka menjelaskan reposisi peran LAPAN pasca pembubaran dan peran koordinasi yang selama ini dilakukan DEPANRI. Hasil kajian adalah reposisi peran LAPAN dalam menjalankan peran DEPANRI melalui Pusat Kajian Kebijakan Penerbangan dan Antariksa, LAPAN (Pusat KKPA) menjadi lemah ketika harus berkoordinasi dengan stakeholders lain. Fungsi koordinasi seharusnya dilakukan oleh kementerian yang membawahi lembaga dan intitusi terkait kegiatan penerbangan dan antariksa, yang memiliki posisi sejajar dengan kementerian lainnya.

Abad ke-21 ditandai tren peluncuran wahana pesawat udara (Air Launch System—ALS). Pola ALS perlu didukung prasarana Bandar Dirgantara (Aerospaceport) memadai bagi penerbangan pesawat antariksa (aerospaceplane). Berdasar asumsi rencana kerja sama Indonesia–Rusia untuk pengoperasian ALS–Biak maka Bandara Frans Kaisiepo layak dikembangkan sebagai bandar dirgantara. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa deskriptif untuk mengetahui peluang pemanfaatanbandara Frans Kaisiepo–Biak sebagai bandar dirgantara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 6 (enam) persyaratan dasar pemanfaatan bandara Frans Kaisiepo sebagai aerospaceport maka 4 (empat) persyaratan berpeluang dipenuhi, antara lain: ketersediaan runway, lokasi penyimpanan propelan, terminal evakuasi pesawat dan pemadam kebakaran serta pagar pembatas kawasan. Sedangkan aspek perijinan lingkungan dan penilaian lingkungan untuk operasiaerospaceportdi Indonesiaperlu segera dirumuskan oleh para pihak. Oleh karena itu perlu segera menentukan merumuskan parameter penilaian lingkungan bagi pemanfaatan aerospaceport di Indonesia serta membentuk otoritas bandar antariksa nasional.

Moždani udar (MU) ili cerebrovaskularni inzult (CVI), koji se može definirati kao disfunkcija mozga koja nastaje zbog poremećaja protoka krvi kroz mozak, predstavlja drugi najčešći uzrok smrti odraslih u svjetskoj populaciji (1). MU pogađa 33 miliona ljudi svake godine u svijetu, a jedna trećina MU dešava se u zemljama u razvoju. Demencija nakon moždanog udara (post-stroke dementia / PSD) ili kognitivno oštećenje nakon moždanog udara (poststroke cognitive impairment / PSCI) pogađa oko jednu trećinu preživjelih. Opisane su različite definicije i sinonimi za PSD i PSCI. S obzirom na to da je PSD najsveobuhvatnija, predloženo je da se ovaj termin koristi za sva kognitivna oštećenja koja se razvijaju nakon moždanog udara, neposredno ili nešto kasnije. Prevalenca PSD se kreće od 20 do 80%, što varira među zemljama iz kojih stižu saopštenja, ovisno o rasi i dijagnostičkim kriterijima. Rizik za razvoj PSD vezan je kako za različite demografske faktore kao što je dob, nivo obrazovanosti, zanimanje, tako i za različite vaskularne faktore (1, 3–4). Vaskularni faktori rizika kao što su hipertenzija, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemija, pušenje, atrijalna fibrilacija, povećavaju rizik za razvoj kako samog MU tako i PSD. Nadalje, ponavljanje moždanih udara povećava rizik za razvoj PSD, od oko 10% nakon prvog MU do 30% nakon ponavljajućeg. Prevencija PSD može se postići prije svega prevencijom MU. Na drugoj strani primjenjuju se različite strategije u cilju ublažavanja kliničkog toka PSD, kao što je smanjenje krvnog pritiska, primjena statina, neuroprotektivnih i antiinflamatornih lijekova, bez uvjerljivih dokaza njihove efikasnosti. Analiziraju se i mogući pozitivni učinci intervencija u sferi životnih stilova, učinci različite fizičke aktivnosti, kognitivnog treninga i dr. Za sada ne postoji uvjerljiv efikasni tretman PSD, ali lijekovi koji se primjenjuju u tretmanu Alzheimerove demencije (holinesterazni inhibitori, memantin) ipak pokazuju od

Sebelum tahun 1919, negara-negara sepakat bahwa ruang udara adalah tanpa kedaulatan sehingga tidak ada negara yang mempunyai hak. Pemahaman ini didasari oleh pemikiran bahwa, "udara" yang dimaksud adalah “zat”, yakni sebagai lapisan atmosfer yang ada di bumi yang keberadaannya sama dengan keberadaan air di bumi. Setelah balon udara panas ditemukan dan kemudian menjadi alat transportasi serta dipergunakan untuk tujuan militer secara bebas, muncul larangan untuk menerbangkan balon di wilayah udara beberapa kota Eropa tanpa ijin untuk menjaga keselamatan dan keamanan warga sipil. Pemahaman hukum selanjutnya berkembang bahwa, ruang udara dianggap sebagai pengertian “geografis” yang menunjukkan ruang dimana udara ditemukan yang akhirnya disepakati pada tahun 1919 bahwa negara mempunyai kedaulatan atas ruang udara di wilayahnya yang kemudian diadopsi menjadi Pasal 1 Konvensi Chicago 1944 bahwa, setiap negara mempunyai kedaulatan yang “complete and exclusive” di atas wilayahnya. Namun demikian, Konvensi Chicago 1944 ini tidak memberikan pengertian yang cukup tentang wilayah yang dimaksud dan menentukan secara jelas tentang batas horizontal dan vertikal ruang udara. Untuk batas horizontal darat, tidak ada masalah dalam pengertian hukumnya sehingga penentuan batas geografisnya tergantung kesepakatan dua negara tetangga. Sedangkan batas kedaulatan laut teritorial, Hukum Laut/Unclos 1982 telah menjadi dasar hukum penetapannya, termasuk status hukum laut teritorial, ruang udara di atas laut teritorial dan pengertian Negara Kepulauan. Sedangkan batas vertikal sampai saat ini belum ada kesepakatan antar negara, padahal sangat diperlukan mengingat prinsip hukum ruang udara dan ruang angkasa sangat berbeda. Space Treaty 1967 menjelaskan bahwa, tidak ada satu negara pun dapat klaim kedaulatan walaupun lebih dulu ke ruang angkasa maupun ke benda-benda lain di antariksa. Usaha untuk mencapai kesepakatan batas vertikal tersebut yang dikenal dengan nama “definisi dan atau delimitasi” sudah cukup lama. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam dokumen laporan United Nation Committee On the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS)” pada tahun 1969 yang pertama kali mempertanyakan masalah ini. Pada akhirnya, permasalahan di atas terus muncul dalam setiap sidang Sub-Komite Hukum. Ada dua pendapat yang berkembang. Pertama, beberapa negara berkembang menyampaikan pendapatnya menyangkut pentingnya definisi dan delimitasi dengan alasan utama adalah perbedaan prinsip hukum yang berlaku. Pandangan kedua dari beberapa negara maju bahwa, tidak penting menentukan definisi dan delimitasi, dengan alasan diantaranya dapat menghambat pengembangan tehnologi ruang angkasa. Indonesia sebagai negara khatulistiwa yang terpanjang di dunia, sangat berkepentingan untuk menentukan definisi dan delimitasi karena merupakan hal yang berkaitan langsung dengan keselamatan dan keamanan negara. Untuk itu melalui beberapa forum internasional terutama di sidang UNCOPUOS, pada tahun 2016 Indonesia telah menyampaikan sikap dan usulan diantaranya, agar ketinggian 110 km di atas permukaan laut dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai dasar penetapan batas ruang angkasa.