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Journal articles on the topic 'Udder and teat conformation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Richardson, Haley, Amin Ahmadzadeh, and Denise Konetchy. "Use of a Visual Scoring System to Assess External Udder Conformation and Its Relationship to Colostrum Quality and Lamb Growth Rates." Animals 13, no. 18 (2023): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13182900.

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In sheep raised for meat production, the relationship between external udder conformation, colostrum quality, and lamb growth rates has not received much attention. We hypothesized that ewes with a more desirable udder conformation at lambing would have greater colostrum quality and greater growth rates in lambs. Fifty Suffolk ewes were used in this study. Within 6–8 h of parturition, colostrum samples from both halves of the udder were collected and visual scoring of the udder was conducted. Colostrum quality was measured for total proteins using both optical and Brix refractometers. On day 2
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2

Biks, Mequanint, Asaminew Tassew, and Fisseha Moges. "Conformation traits of crossbred dairy cows in the South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 1 (2023): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jaes.v8i1.3.

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Conformational variations between and within crossbred dairy cattle populations have significant economic and socio- cultural implications for producers. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize conformation traits of crossbred dairy cows in the South Gondar zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 204 lactating crossbred dairy cows were selected for measurement purposes. The independent variables considered were location, stage of lactation, genotype level, and parity while linear body conformations (Stature (STA), Chest Width (CW), Body Depth (BW), Body Length (BL), Rump Length (
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3

Alkhateeb, A. R., W. I. Ibrahim, and A. A. Taha. "CORRELATION BETWEEN UDDER CONFORMATION WITH DAILY MILK YIELD OF BUFFALOES." Journal of Life Science and Applied Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59807/jlsar.v2i2.36.

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The study field was conducted to correlate milk yield with the udder dimensions of buffaloes, during lactate season 2019, a total of 72 lactating buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were chosen randomly from Baghdad (25 female) and Al-Muthanna province (47 female) (270km south of Baghdad). Parameters such as front teat length (FTL), front teat diameter (FTD), distance between front teats (FTDIS), rear teat length (RTL), rear teat diameter (RTD), distance between rear teats (RTDIS), distance between front and rear teats (FRDIS) and daily milk Yield (DMY) were calculated. Correlation coefficients betwee
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Margatho, Gisele, Hélder Quintas, Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez, and João Simões. "Udder Morphometry and Its Relationship with Intramammary Infections and Somatic Cell Count in Serrana Goats." Animals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091534.

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The external morphological traits of the mammary gland, and their relationships with somatic cell count (SCC) and the presence of intramammary infection (IMI), were studied in 30 Serrana goats, Transmontano ecotype. Globular-shaped udders were the most predominant, with slightly separated and symmetrical halves, presenting some degree of suspension. Funnel-shaped teats were the most prevalent shape with an opening of 120° to 160° degrees. Significant differences were observed between healthy group and the coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS)-infected group for udder cleft, teat perimeter and
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Beard, Joslyn K., Jacki A. Musgrave, Rick N. Funston, and J. Travis Mulliniks. "The effect of cow udder score on cow/calf performance in the Nebraska Sandhills." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz006.

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Abstract Poor udder and teat confirmation decreases profitability due to decreased calf weaning weight, increased incidence of mastitis and labor, and decreased cow lifetime productivity. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of beef cow udder score on cow performance and pre- and postweaning progeny performance. In a 5-yr study, crossbred cows at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE, were assigned an udder score each year at calving, from 1 to 5, using an udder and teat combination score. Cows were grouped by udder scores and classified as
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6

Alkhateeb, Ahmed R., Wafaa Ismail Ibrahim, and Nasr Noori Al-Anbari. "The Effect of Location and Parity in The Body, Udder Conformation and Milk Production Traits in Buffaloes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 923, no. 1 (2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/923/1/012040.

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Abstract Seventy two adult lactating Iraqi buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were chosen randomly from two regions of Iraq, Baghdad (Abu Ghraib Ruminants Researches Station in the west of Baghdad, Iraq) and AL-Muthanna province (Alhilal township), during 2018/2019 lactating season. The effect of location and parity in the body, udder conformation and milk production traits were studied. The body conformation, body weight, udder measurements, and milk production traits were significant to high significant effected by both the location and the parity except there is the non-significant effect of locat
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7

May, Claudia L., Alison K. Ward, Carl R. Dahlen, Kendall C. Swanson, Kris A. Ringwall, and Lauren L. Hulsman Hanna. "PSI-19 Bovine chromosome 19 VDR and GPRC5C genotypes are associated with udder conformation traits in crossbred beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.425.

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Abstract Udder characteristics are related to infection susceptibility and a calf’s ability to suckle its dam. Teat shape, teat size, udder suspension, and udder balance are main factors producers examine when evaluating cows, as per the Beef Improvement Federation guidelines. Based on previous studies that have identified genomic regions of interest for udder conformation, our objective was to determine if CAPN3, VDR, LETM1, GPRC5C, REN, and ABHD2 genes were associated with udder conformation. Crossbred heifers born in 2014 (n = 90) and 2015 (n = 73) at the Dickinson Research Extension Center
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8

SHARMA, NISHA, REVANASIDDU D, SUSHIL KUMAR, et al. "Influence of WDR41 and ANKRD31 gene polymorphism on udder and teat type traits and mastitis in Karan Fries cows." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 2 (2022): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i2.122096.

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In the present study, the effect of genetic polymorphism of WD-repeat containing protein 41 (WDR41) and Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein 31 (ANKRD31) gene on 17 traits related to udder and teat type and mastitis in 123 Karan Fries cows was studied. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the SNP (410 bp and 475 bp) in PCR amplified product of intron 4 and exon 10 in WDR41 gene. Both of them were polymorphic with Guanine to Adenine transition, and three genotypes namely AA, AG and GG were observed. In ANKRD31 gene, RFLP was used to identify the SNP in 513 bp
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9

Bello, Oladipupo Ridwan, Adebowale Emmanuel Salako, Adebayo Samson Akinade, and Maaruf Yakub. "Relationship between Milk Yield and Udder Morphology Traits in White Fulani Cows." Dairy 4, no. 3 (2023): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy4030029.

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The study examined the relationship between milk yield and udder morphology traits in White Fulani cows. Fifty-eight apparently healthy cows in early lactation at 2nd, 3rd, and 4th parity were used in the study. The data obtained from the cows were test day milk yield (TDMY) from single milking and udder morphology traits comprising udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder depth (UD), fore teat length (FTL), rear teat length (RTL), fore teat diameter (FTD), and rear teat diameter (RTD). There was no significant effect of parity on TDMY or the udder morphology traits. Phenotypic correlations
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10

Amin, A. A., T. Gere, and W. H. Kishk. "Genetic and environmental relationship among udder conformation traits and mastitis incidence in Holstein Friesian into two different environments." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 2 (2002): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-129-2002.

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Abstract. Type-performance of udder of Holstein-Friesian was analyzed using multi-trait animal model in two different environments (Hungary and Egypt). Udder traits were: udder height and depth. Teat traits were teat length, attachment and placement. Multi-trait animal model was used to compute estimates of additive variance and covariance components. 2507 records of 549 cows and 6011 records of 2018 cows were collected from Egypt and Hungary respectively. Heritability estimates of udder and teat characteristics ranged from 0.35 to 0.45 and from 0.32 to 0.59 in Hungarian and Egyptian cows, res
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11

Zavadilová, L., and M. Štípková. " Genetic correlations between longevity and conformation traits in the Czech Holstein population." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 3 (2012): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5566-cjas.

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Genetic correlations between longevity and conformation traits were estimated using data on Czech Holstein cows first calved in the years 1993–2008. Longevity traits considered were length of productive life and number of lactations initiated and their functional equivalents (i.e. the longevity traits corrected for milk production). Conformation traits were twenty one linear descriptive type traits, six composite traits and height at sacrum measured in cm. A possible nonlinear relationship between conformation and longevity traits was also investigated. The heritabilities ranged from
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12

Fernando de la Fuente, L., Carlos Gonzalo, Juan Sánchez, Roberto Rodríguez, Juan Carriedo, and Fermín Primitivo. "Genetic parameters of the linear body conformation traits and genetic correlations with udder traits, milk yield and composition, and somatic cell count in dairy ewes." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 4 (2011): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2010-031.

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de la Fuente, L. F., Gonzalo, C., Sánchez, J. P., Rodríguez, R., Carriedo, J. A. and San Primitivo, F. 2011. Genetic parameters of the linear body conformation traits and genetic correlations with udder traits, milk yield and composition, and somatic cell count in dairy ewes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 585–591. This study was designed to estimate the inheritance of linear body conformation traits and their genetic correlations with linear udder traits, milk yield and composition, and somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy sheep. A total of 10 189 records of five body conformation traits, five linear ud
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Němcová, E., M. Štípková, and L. Zavadilová. "Genetic parameters for linear type traits in Czech Holstein cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 4 (2011): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1435-cjas.

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The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for 18 currently recorded linear conformation traits in Czech Holstein cattle. The data set consisted of 78 886 first-lactating Holstein cows. Traits, all scored on a 9-point scale, were fore udder attachment, rear udder height, udder depth, rear udder width, central ligament, teat length, front teat placement, rear teat position, stature, angularity, chest width, body depth, rump angle, rump width, rear legs rear view, rear leg set (side view), foot angle, and bone quality. Uni- and bivariate animal models were used. The models
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Kőrösi, Zsolt Jenő, Szabolcs Albin Bene, László Bognár, and Ferenc Szabó. "Heritability and Trends in Selected Udder Traits and Their Relation to Milk Production in Holstein-Friesian Cows." Animals 15, no. 9 (2025): 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091276.

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This study aimed to evaluate the heritability (h2) estimates of some important udder conformation traits, their relationship to each other and with production, and their phenotypic and genetic trends over a 10-year period in relatively high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. A total of 15,032 cows from six herds in Hungary were tested for milk (MY), butterfat (FY), and protein (PY) production yields over 305 days in first lactation. In addition, their udder conformation was scored for udder attachment (FU), rear udder height (RUH), central ligament (CL), udder depth (UD), front teat placement (F
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15

Montgomery, Sarah M., Jane A. Parish, and William C. Rutherford. "196 Udder and teat score changes with advancing age in crossbred beef cows and heifers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.056.

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Abstract Udder suspension and teat scores assess mammary organ conformation at calving. Study objectives were to evaluate udder and teat score changes with advancing age in crossbred beef cattle. Fall- (n = 436) and spring-calving (n = 394) Bos taurus crossbred primiparous heifers (n = 87) and multiparous cows (n = 743) in Prairie, MS were assigned udder (1 to 9 scale: 1 = very pendulous, 9 = very tight) and teat (1 to 9 scale: 1 = very large, 9 = very small) scores with 24 h of parturition. Effects of calving season (FALL: August through October; SPRING: February through April) and age (HEIFE
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Vacek, M., M. Štípková, E. Němcová, and J. Bouška. "Relationships between conformation traits and longevity of Holstein cows in the Czech Republic." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 8 (2011): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3946-cjas.

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The relationships between conformation traits and longevity traits were analyzed in 41 489 Holstein cows born in the years 1994–1999 which were culled by 30<sup>th</sup> June 2005. Pearson correlation coefficients between type traits and the herd life or productive life of cows were calculated. The effects of type trait scoring level on the length of productive life were described by means of analyses of variance. The observed correlations between herd life or productive life and type traits are in the range of –0.061 to 0.160. Negative correlations were found f
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17

SCHULMAN, N. F., S. M. VIITALA, and J. H. VILKKI. "Quantitative trait loci for udder conformation and other udder traits in Finnish Ayrshire cattle." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 2 (2008): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607782219292.

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Udder traits are important due to their correlation with clinical mastitis which causes major economic losses to the dairy farms. Chromosomal areas associated with udder conformation traits, milking speed and leakage could be used in breeding programs to improve both udder traits and mastitis resistance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for udder traits was carried out on bovine chromosomes (BTA) 9, 11, 14, 18, 20, 23, and 29, where earlier studies have indicated QTL for mastitis. A granddaughter design with 12 Ayrshire sire families and 360 sons was used. The sires and sons were typed fo
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18

Ventorp, Michael, and Per Michanek. "The Importance of Udder and Teat Conformation for Teat Seeking by the Newborn Calf." Journal of Dairy Science 75, no. 1 (1992): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77761-3.

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19

Kumar, Ajay, Surender Singh Lathwal, Indu Devi, et al. "Effect of non-genetic factors on linear type traits score in Sahiwal cattle." Indian Journal of Dairy Science 77, no. 5 (2024): 455–60. https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2024.v77i05.009.

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The aim of the present investigation was to determine if environmental or non-genetic variables may affect linear type scores in Sahiwal cows. For this purpose, 246 observations were obtained from 23 linear type traits on 150 Sahiwal cattle from 2019to 2021. Data was analyzed by the least squares technique to examine the effect of non-genetic factors on conformation traits. All the data was analyzed by using univariate analysis of variance in the GLM of SPSS. In this study, the season had no statistically significant impact on linear type traits. Parity had a significant(p<0.05) effect on c
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Imbayarwo-Chikosi, V. E., V. Ducrocq, C. B. Banga, et al. "Impact of conformation traits on functional longevity in South African Holstein cattle." Animal Production Science 58, no. 3 (2018): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16387.

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A proportional hazards model with a piecewise Weibull baseline hazard was used to determine the impact of observed scores for rump, udder, feet and leg traits on longevity. Conformation data of a total of 15 704 cows with either of or all 13 type traits for the period 1995–2013 were obtained from the Holstein Society of South Africa. Functional longevity was defined as the number of days from first calving to culling or censoring, adjusted for production. Type traits were fitted to the reference model one at a time. The model included the fixed time-dependent effect of region by year of calvin
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Čítek, Jindřich, Michaela Brzáková, Jiří Bauer, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Study for Body Conformation Traits and Fitness in Czech Holsteins." Animals 12, no. 24 (2022): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243522.

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The aim of this study was a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on conformation traits using 25,486 genotyped Czech Holsteins, with 35,227 common SNPs for each genotype. Linear trait records were collected between 1995 and 2020. The Interbull information from Multiple Across Country Evaluation (MACE) was included for bulls that mostly had daughter records in a foreign country. When using the Bonferroni correction, the number of SNPs that were either significant or approached the significance threshold was low—dairy capacity composite on BTA4, feet and legs composite BTA21, total score BTA10,
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Sabuncuoglu, Nilufer, and Omer Coban. "Relationship between udder and teat conformation and milk yield performance in dairy cows pre- and post-milking." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 3 (2007): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-074.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between udder floor area (UFA) and milk production traits in dairy cows, pre- and post-milking, as well as to examine the usefulness of a simple method of measuring UFA. The absolute reduction (AR, cm2) and relative reduction (RR, %) in UFA post-milking relative to pre-milking was calculated. Absolute reduction was influenced by breed and lactation stage, but not by parity of the cows (P < 0.05). There was no effect of breed and stage of lactation on the RR of UFA. Moderate correlations were observed between absolute reduction
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Zavadilová, L., M. Štípková, E. Němcová, J. Bouška, and J. Matějíčková. "Analysis of the phenotypic relationships between type traits and functional survival in Czech Fleckvieh cows." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 12 (2009): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2009-cjas.

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The phenotypic relationships between type traits and functional traits were analyzed in 47 786 Czech Fleckvieh cows first calved from 1994 to 2003. Functional survival was defined as the number of days from first calving to culling. All the cows were scored for conformation during the first lactation. Type information consisted of phenotypic type scores for 17 objectively scored linear type traits (with 9 classes each) and of the measurements for 6 body traits (measured in cm). The impact of the chosen conformation traits on functional longevity was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards
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Xu, Lei, Hanpeng Luo, Xiaoxue Zhang, et al. "Factor Analysis of Genetic Parameters for Body Conformation Traits in Dual-Purpose Simmental Cattle." Animals 12, no. 18 (2022): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182433.

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In this study, we estimated the genetic parameters for 6 composite traits and 27 body conformation traits of 1016 dual-purpose Simmental cattle reared in northwestern China from 2010 to 2019 using a linear animal mixed model. To integrate these traits, a variety of methods were used as follows: (1) genetic parameters estimates for composite and individual body conformation traits based on the pedigree relationship matrix (A) and combined genomic-pedigree relationship matrix (H); (2) factor analysis to explore the relationships among body conformation traits; and (3) genetic parameters of facto
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Balhara, Sunesh, Ashok Kumar Balhara, Naresh Dahiya, Rishi Pal Singh, AP Ruhil, and Himanshu . "An algorithm-based approach for identification of most relevant linear traits for selecting high producing Murrah buffaloes." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 5 (2022): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i5.119061.

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Selection of high producing dairy animals is important for dairy profitability and future breeding stock. Thefarmers have relied on physical characters for identification of milk producing ability in animals. In the presentstudy feature selection algorithm were implemented to identify most relevant traits for prediction of peak milk yieldin buffaloes. Based on data recorded from 259 lactating Murrah buffaloes, 14 different body and udder conformation traits, viz. Body Length (BL), Height at Wither (HW), Heart Girth (HG), Body Depth (BD), Paunch Girth (PG), Naval-Udder Distance (NUD), Udder Dep
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Ramírez Díaz, Johanna, Roberta Cimmino, Rossi Dario, et al. "Maximizing udder health through a selection index: a focus on udder traits in Italian Mediterranean Buffaloes." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias 33, Suplemento (2023): 211–12. https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-wbc074.

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The Italian Mediterranean Buffalo is the most important buffalo’s breeds for milk production and its derivatives, which has a selection program implemented more than 20 years ago. The selection is based on an aggregate index that includes dairy, mozzarella yield, and functional traits. The improvement of udder conformation (UC) traits is an aspect that plays an essential role in udder health and longevity; it is of great interest due to its direct relationship with economic losses caused by mastitis or poor milkability. The aim of this study was the development of an aggregate selection index
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Szencziová, Iveta, Matúš Gašparík, Jaromír Ducháček, et al. "Could Milkability Parameters Serve as a Reliable Tool to Predict the Morphology of Teat Structures and Their Milking-Induced Changes?" Animals 14, no. 24 (2024): 3610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243610.

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The study aimed to explore if milkability parameters could reliably predict the dimensions of teat structures and their milking-induced changes. Ultrasonography repeatedly measured the teat structures of 48 Holstein cows from mid to late lactation. We found that milking-induced changes in each structure are affected by different milkability parameters. Regression models for teat canal change and length change were significant, and variability was found to be 46.03% and 21.50%, respectively. Similarly, the teat structure’s dimensions significantly affected milkability parameters, which differed
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Afridi, Hina, Mohib Ullah, Øyvind Nordbø, Faouzi Alaya Cheikh, and Anne Guro Larsgard. "Optimized Deep-Learning-Based Method for Cattle Udder Traits Classification." Mathematics 10, no. 17 (2022): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10173097.

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We propose optimized deep learning (DL) models for automatic analysis of udder conformation traits of cattle. One of the traits is represented by supernumerary teats that is in excess of the normal number of teats. Supernumerary teats are the most common congenital heritable in cattle. Therefore, the major advantage of our proposed method is its capability to automatically select the relevant images and thereafter perform supernumerary teat classification when limited data are available. For this purpose, we perform experimental analysis on the image dataset that we collected using a handheld
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Mrode, R. A., and G. J. T. Swanson. "Genetic and phenotypic relationships between conformation and production traits in Ayrshire heifers." Animal Science 58, no. 3 (1994): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007261.

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AbstractFirst lactation records for production traits (milk, fat and protein yields) and 17 linear type traits for 7169 Ayrshire heifers were analysed to estimate genetic parameters for type traits and to examine the relationship between type and production traits. A multivariate restricted maximum likelihood procedure fitting a sire model with sire relationships included was used for all analyses.Heritabilities for production traits were approximately 0·3 and genetic correlations among them were high (>0·84). The estimates of heritabilities for type traits were mainly low to moderate rangi
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Strapák, P., P. Juhás, E. Strapáková, and M. Halo. "Relation of the length of productive life and the body conformation traits in Slovak Simmental breed." Archives Animal Breeding 53, no. 4 (2010): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-393-2010.

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Abstract. Data obtained from the evaluation of longevity in 118 646 dairy cows of the Slovak Simmental breed were analyzed. The average length of productive life reached 1 451 days (3.88 years). Based on the analysis of the length of productive life for the whole cattle population, we calculated the ratio of cows that reached more than 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 months respectively. The most important effects were the sire (F=53.43, P<0.001) and the farm effect (F=26.32, P<0.001). The milk production at first lactation was an important factor, too. The effects of conformation traits o
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Ángeles Pérez-Cabal, M., E. Legaz, I. Cervantes, et al. "Association between body and udder morphological traits and dairy performance in Spanish Assaf sheep." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (2013): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-042.

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Abstract. The relationship between 17 body and 8 udder measurements and phenotypic dairy performance were studied using information from 280 Spanish Assaf ewes from 2 to 4 years old belonging to 18 flocks. The influence of the environmental area on the dairy traits was assessed by fitting a fixed model including the flock effect and the age effect. A factor analysis was also carried out to determine the lowest number of independent factors that account for most of the variation in the traits. The flock was statistically significant for performance trait and predicted breeding value (PBV) while
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Ptak, E., W. Jagusiak, A. Żarnecki, and A. Otwinowska-Mindur. "Heritabilities and genetic correlations of lactational and daily somatic cell score with conformation traits in Polish Holstein cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 5 (2011): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1432-cjas.

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The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations of lactational and daily somatic cell scores with descriptive and linear type traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Data were: test-day somatic cell scores and conformation evaluations of 24 599 primiparous cows, daughters of 802 sires. Cows calved from 2006 to 2007. The lactational somatic cell score was calculated as the average of four test-day somatic cell scores at least. The daily somatic cell score was the test-day somatic cell score closest to the date of type evaluation. A multi-trait animal model w
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Bharti, Pranay, Champak Bhakat, Prabhat K. Pankaj, et al. "Relationship of udder and teat conformation with intra-mammary infection in crossbred cows under hot-humid climate." Veterinary World 8, no. 7 (2015): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.898-901.

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Šematoviča, Ilga, Toms Martinsons, Māris Līdaks, and Ināra Kanska. "Linear Conformation Traits in Latvian Blue Cows in Relation to Possession to Gene Pool and Discarding." Rural Sustainability Research 41, no. 336 (2019): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2019-0001.

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Abstract Latvian Blue (LZ) cows are kept for a variety of herd colors and because of national cow breed value. Resources of LZ cow breed remained low over the last decade. The aim of the study was to evaluate LZ cow breed linear conformation traits and analyze results in relation to their possession to the gene pool (GF) status and productive lifetime in 2017-2018. Information of the Agriculture Data Center Republic of Latvia (LDC) and linear evaluation in vivo were used. The number of LZ cows registered in LDC in 2017-2018 was 1648 and only 339 cows were gene-pool animals (LZ GF), and 140 of
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35

Shishkina, T. V., and S. M. Skvortsov. "Conformation and morphological features of the udder of fi rst-calf heifers depending on their belonging to genealogical line." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 4 (March 17, 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2304-02.

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The object of research was the fi rst-calf heifers of Black-and-White breed. The purpose of the work was to assess the conformation and morphological features of the udder of fi rst-calf heifers depending on their belonging to genealogical line. Three groups were formed per 30 heads in each for 2–3 months of on the fi rst lactation depending on belonging to the genealogical line. The 1st group included the daughters of sires of the line Wes Back Idial 1013415, the 2nd group of line Montwik Chieftain 95679, the 3rd group of line Refl ection Sovereign 198998. The research was carried out in CJSC
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36

Khmelnychyi, Leontiy. "FEATURES OF CONFORMATION TYPE OF COWS BROWN CATTLE OF SUMY REGION ESTIMATED BY THE METHOD OF LINEAR CLASSIFICATION." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock, no. 2 (41) (October 26, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.lvst.2020.2.1.

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Researches cows firstborn of Lebedynsk, Ukrainian Brown dairy, Brown Swiss, estimated by the method of linear classification were carried out on livestock population in Sumy region. The interbreed variability was installed according to assessment by 100-score system of linear classification and by 18 descriptive traits of 9-score scale. Traits of dairy type were better expressed in cows of Swiss breed (83.5 score) against 80.4 and 81.8 scores in peers of Lebedynsk and Ukrainian Brown dairy. The traits of cows' body didn't differ in significant variability when comparing the tested breeds and w
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37

Stádník, L., F. Louda, J. Bezdíček, A. Ježková, and M. Rákos. "Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size." Archives Animal Breeding 53, no. 6 (2010): 650–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-650-2010.

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Abstract. Dairy cows of 2 breeds, 74 Holstein (H) and 72 Czech Fleckvieh (C) cows in the 1st (H, n=38; C, n=38) and 2nd lactation (H, n=36; C, n=34) during the 1st period (n=74; H, n=40; C, n=34; to 150 days) and the 2nd period of lactation (n=72; H, n=34; C, n=38; above 150 days) were observed. Differences in external and internal proportions of teat closely before (the 1st measurement), immediately after (the 2nd measurement) and 3 h after milking (the 3rd measurement), udder conformation evaluated by linear description, somatic cell count, daily milk yield and the time of milking were evalu
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38

Khmelnychyi, L. M., V. V. Vechorka, and S. L. Khmelnychyi. "FEATURES OF THE CONFORMATION TYPE OF DAIRY CATTLE OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN AND CORRELATIVE VARIABILITY OF LINEAR TYPE TRAITS WITH MILK YIELD COWS OF HOLSTEIN BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.10.

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Researches were carried out on estimation cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds by the method of linear classification in the herd of pedigree farm LLC "Vladana" in Sumy region. When comparing cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy with Holstein, the improving influence sires of Holstein breed on the development of conformation of cows in the herd according to indicators of the linear assessment by 100-point system was found. The difference was based on the group traits of dairy type 1,1 score, legs – 1,3, udder – 1,6 and final score – 1,2. In all comparisons, the differ
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39

Carlström, C., E. Strandberg, G. Pettersson, K. Johansson, H. Stålhammar, and J. Philipsson. "Genetic associations of teat cup attachment failures, incomplete milkings, and handling time in automatic milking systems with milkability, temperament, and udder conformation." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science 66, no. 2 (2016): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2016.1260153.

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40

Хмельничий, Л. М., Б. М. Карпенко, and Т. П. Кучкова. "LIFESPAN OF DAIRY CATTLE DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF EVALUATION OF UDDER LINEAR TRAITS." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.lvst.2023.3.1.

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The dependence of cows lifespan of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy (UBWD) and Holstein (H) breeds on the level of evaluation of linear type traits that characterize udder morphological qualities in the general system of linear classification was studied. Descriptive traits of the evaluated conformation type were: front udder parts attachment, height of rear udder parts attachment, central ligament, udder depth, front teats placement and length. A certain correlative variability was established between level of evaluation of linear type traits and lifespan of animals. The highly reliable differ
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41

Khmelnychyi, Leontiy, and Victoria Vechorka. "INFLUENCE OF UDDER DESCRIPTIVE LINEAR TRAITS ON COWS LIFETIME OF UKRAINIAN DAIRY BREEDS." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock, no. 3 (42) (November 30, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.lvst.2020.3.2.

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Studies have been performed to determine the relationship between assessment of linear udder traits and lifetime of cows. Experiments were carried out in the herd of breeding farm AF "Mayak" Zolotonosha district of Cherkasy region on the number of cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White (URW) and Black-and-White (UBW) dairy breeds. Estimation of cows firstborn by conformation type was carried out according to the method of linear classification. It was found that cows with higher estimates for condition of udder morphological traits have a longer lifetime compared to animals rated lower score. The dif
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42

Pacheco-Díaz, Luis Alfredo, José Atilio Aranguren-Méndez, Rafael Román-Bravo, Sharon Rivero-Hernández, and Luis Edgardo Tovar-Briceño. "Morphological evaluations in buffaloes (Bubal- us bubalis) in Venezuela." Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias 33, Suplemento (2023): 144–45. https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-wbc027.

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The buffalo herds in Venezuela are characterized by a high phenotypic polymorphism, showing high diversity among individuals. The leading cause is the great mixture of breeds involved in the crossbreeding programs, such as Murrah, Mediterranean, Nili Ravi, Jafarabadi, and Carabao. Morphometric measurements assist in racial characterization by comparing genetic groups (within and between) and establishing the relationship between the conformation and functional traits, eliminating undesirable characters, and helping in the selection process for the identification of morphologically superior ani
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43

Karpenko, B. "The Correlation between linear traits of Ukrainian cows of Black-and-White Dairy cattle." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 2(166) (December 9, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2021-166-2-48-56.

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The aim of this study was to assess the correlation variability between linear traits of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The material of the study was based on the information about the linear classification of cows in the enterprise like "Ukrlandfarming" PE "Burynske" Podlisnivsky branch of Sumy region. There were evaluated18 descriptive such as: height (H), chest width (CW), body depth (BD), angularity (ANG), rear position (RP), rear width (RW), pelvic limbs angle (PLA), hoof angle (HA), pelvic limbs posture (PLP), fore udder attachment (FAA), rear udder attachm
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44

Massender, Erin, Luiz F. Brito, Laurence Maignel, et al. "43 Single and Multiple-breed Genomic Predictions for Conformation Traits of Canadian Dairy Goats." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (2021): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.046.

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Abstract The use of multiple-breed models can increase the accuracy of estimated breeding values (EBV) when few phenotypes are available for a trait. However, pooling breeds is not always beneficial for genomic evaluations due to the low consistency of gametic phase between individual breeds. The objective of this study was to compare the expected gain in accuracy of single-step genomic breeding values (GEBV) for conformation traits of Canadian Alpine and Saanen goats predicted using single and multiple-breed models. The traits considered were body capacity, dairy character, feet and legs, for
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45

Miles, Asha M., Jessica A. A. McArt, Francisco A. Leal Yepes, Cassandra R. Stambuk, Paul D. Virkler, and Heather J. Huson. "Udder and teat conformational risk factors for elevated somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in New York Holsteins." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 163 (February 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.010.

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46

Gart, V. V., S. G. Kulikova, K. N. Narozhnykh, and E. V. Kamaldinov. "Early prediction of milk fat content in holstein cattle based on correlated variability with linear traits." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 4 (January 24, 2025): 168–76. https://doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2024-73-4-168-176.

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The relationship between eighteen conformation linear traits of first-calf heifers of a highly productive subpopulation of Holstein cattle (n=1243) with the milk fat content for 305 days of lactation (cows with shortened lactation were excluded from the sample) was studied using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. To obtain the highest rank for animals with the optimal score, their score was adjusted. A table is presented for the transformation of estimates of linear traits depending on the optimal score adopted in the investigated farm. The correlation between the milk fat content and in
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47

Mandel, Amelie, Monika Reißmann, Gudrun A. Brockmann, and Paula Korkuć. "Whole-Genome Insights into the Genetic Basis of Conformation Traits in German Black Pied (DSN) Cattle." Genes 16, no. 4 (2025): 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16040445.

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Background: The German Black Pied Dairy (DSN) cattle is an endangered dual-purpose breed considered an ancestor of the modern Holstein population. DSN is known for its high milk yield, favorable milk composition, and good meat quality. Maintaining a functional body structure is essential for ensuring sustained performance across multiple lactations in dual-purpose breeds like DSN. This study aims to identify candidate genes and genetic regions associated with conformation traits in DSN cattle through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods: The analysis utilized imputed whole-genome se
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48

Nedashkovskiy, Igor', A. Konte, and A. Sermyagin. "Estimated breeding value on linear assessment of exterior depending on inbreeding coefficient and the level of homozygosity." Agrarian Bulletin of the 230, no. 01 (2023): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2023-230-01-55-65.

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Abstract. Purpose. A study was carried out to assess the influence of the inbreeding coefficient, calculated according to the Wright – Kislovsky formula, and level of homozygosityon calculated on STR-markers the indicators of the assessment of breeding value according to the linear assessment of the exterior. Methods. The object of the study were the daughters (n = 42 245) of 355 Black-and-White and Holstein sires in the Moscow region. The calculation was made taking into account at least 10 daughters per sire. The entire data array for EBV amounted to 42076 heads of cattle, for 318 sires and
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49

Khmelnychyi, L. M., and V. V. Vechorka. "PHENOTYPIC CONSOLIDATION OF BROWN BREEDS COWS BY LINEAR TRAITS OF CONFORMATION TYPE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 59 (May 4, 2020): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.59.18.

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Breeding practice testifies that phenotypic and genetic specificity and an appropriate level of consolidation by leading economically useful traits are important characteristics and binding conditions for testing and subsequent genetic progress of breeds and their structural breeding units. Therefore, in the aspect of estimation of the conformation type of brown breeds in Sumy region – Lebedyn, Ukrainian brown dairy and brown Swiss, the level of phenotypic consolidation coefficients of firstborn cows, evaluated by the method of linear classification, was studied. Five farms of Sumy region were
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50

Galindo, Bruno A., Umesh K. Shandilya, Ankita Sharma, et al. "Genetic Parameters, Linear Associations, and Genome-Wide Association Study for Endotoxin-Induced Cortisol Response in Holstein heifers." Animals 15, no. 13 (2025): 1890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131890.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin is a well-characterized microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) that forms the outer membrane of both pathogenic and commensal Gram-negative bacteria. It plays a crucial role in triggering inflammatory disorders such as mastitis, acidosis, and septicemia. In heifers, an LPS challenge induces a dynamic stress response, marked by elevated cortisol levels, increased body temperature, and altered immune function. Research indicates that LPS administration leads to a significant rise in cortisol post-challenge. Building on this understanding, the present study
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