Academic literature on the topic 'Udder measurements'
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Journal articles on the topic "Udder measurements"
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Arcos-Álvarez, Darwin, Jorge Canul-Solís, Ricardo García-Herrera, et al. "Udder Measurements and Their Relationship with Milk Yield in Pelibuey Ewes." Animals 10, no. 3 (2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030518.
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The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between udder measurements and milk yield (MY) in dairy Pelibuey ewes. Udder measurements were taken twice a week for eight weeks before (initial) and after (final) milking, including udder depth (UD), udder circumference (UC), udder width (UW), teat length (TL) and teat diameter (TD) in 38 multiparous ewes. Additionally, udder volume (UV) and the difference (VDF) between initial UV (UVi) and final (UVf) was calculated as VDF = UVi − UVf. The MY varied from 0.10 kg/d to 1.04 kg/d, with a mean of 0.39 kg/d, ± 0.18 kg/d. Initial UC (UCi) ranged from 25.80 cm to 53.30 cm, and VDF varied from 1 cm3 to 2418 cm3. The TL and TD were not correlated with MY (p > 0.05), while UCi, UVi and VDF were positively correlated with MY (p < 0.0001; r = from 0.66 to 0.74). For the prediction of MY, the obtained equations had an r2 ranging from 0.54 to 0.63. The UCi, UDf, UWi and UWf were included in these models (p < 0.05). It is concluded that there was an acceptable correlation (r = 0.60) between the measurements of the udder, the volume of the udder and the daily milk yield in Pelibuey sheep. When direct measurements of milk production cannot be performed in practice, the measurement of udders and their volume could be a viable alternative to estimate milk yield production as an indirect method.
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Milerski, M., M. Margetín, A. Čapistrák, D. Apolen, J. Špánik, and M. Oravcová. "Relationships between external and internal udder measurements and the linear scores for udder morphology traits in dairy sheep." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 9 (2011): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3955-cjas.
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Udder morphology traits were measured and subjectively assessed by the use of linear scores in 266 ewes of Tsigai (T), Improved Walachian (IW) and Lacaune (LC) dairy breeds. Animals were recorded repeatedly within and between lactations, therefore 772 sets of measurements and linear scores were collected in total. Udder measurements included: udder length, udder width, rear udder depth, cistern depth, teat length, teat angle, sum of cistern cross-section areas scanned by the ultrasound technique from the side and from the bottom in a water bath. Linear scores were assessed for: udder depth, cistern depth, teat placement, teat length, udder attachment, udder cleft, and udder shape from the aspect of machine milking. Analysis of variance was conducted by the mixed procedure of SAS statistical package. The model included effects of experimental day, parity, days in milk, random effect of animal and residual error. Subsequently, correlations between random animal effects for udder measurements and linear scores were computed for individual examined breeds separately. Subjectively assessed linear scores for udder depth, cistern depth, teat position and teat size showed high correlations with actual measurements of the respective traits on udder in all examined breeds (r<sub>p</sub> = 0.65&ndash;0.80). Linear scores for cistern depth and teat position were highly correlated (r<sub>p</sub> = 0.84; 0.77 and 0.90 for T; IW and LC ewes), suggesting that they are nearly identical traits. Linear score for udder shape was significantly correlated with the linear score for udder attachment in all examined breeds (r<sub>p</sub> = 0.79; 0.80 and 0.78 for T; IW and LC). In T and IW assessments of the udder shape were also highly correlated with linear score for udder height (r<sub>p</sub> = 0.84 resp. r<sub>p</sub> = 0.79) while in LC this correlation was close to zero. In LC assessment of the udder shape was more dependent on teat position (r<sub>p</sub> = &ndash;0.37) and cistern depth (r<sub>p</sub> = &ndash;0.30). &nbsp;
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D‘Alessandro, Angela Gabriella, Michele Mariano, and Giovanni Martemucci. "Udder characteristics and effects of pulsation rate on milking machine efficiency in donkeys." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 1 (2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029914000648.
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Very little is known about the udder characteristics, partitioning of milk in the mammary gland and efficiency of machine milking in donkeys. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the udder and teats, milk yield in relation to pulsation rates (90, 120 and 150 cycles/min), milk partitioning in the mammary gland, composition of the spontaneously removed and residual milk fractions and milking efficiency. Forty-one healthy Martina Franca jennies in the third month of lactation and routinely milked twice daily were used in three studies. Udder characteristics were evaluated by direct measurements and ultrasonographic scanning. Residual milk was obtained by milking after an oxytocin administration (40 IU i.m.). The prevalent shapes were ‘bowl’ for udders and ‘conical’ for teats. After milking the udder characteristics decreased within a range from −11·6% (udder depth) to −25·7% (diameter of teat at the base). The internal structures of the udder resulted as several pockets of ducts empting directly into the teat. The pulsation rate of 120 cycles/min improved (P<0·05) the milk yield in comparison to the 90 and 150 cycles/min, reduced the residual milk fraction, thus improved (P<0·05) milking efficiency. Residual milk composition had higher (P<0·05) fat content and somatic cell count than the spontaneously removed milk fraction. The udders revealed several pockets of ducts empting into the teat instead of a single cisternal cavity and showed a certain compliance. The use of 120 cycles/min pulsation rate improved milking efficiency.
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James, I. J., and O. A. Osinowo. "Relationship between udder measurements during pregnancy and partial daily milk yield in goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 2 (2021): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i2.1822.
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Relationship between udder measurements during pregnancy and partial daily milk yield (PDM) in ten West African Dwarf (WAD), three Red Sokoto (RS) and Sahel goats was studied. Udder width (UW), udder circumference (UC), distance between teats (DBT) and teat length (TL) were measured monthly before conception and during pregnancy up to parturition. PDM was determined weekly for 12 weeks of lactation commencing from 4 days post partum. There was a slight increase in udder dimensions within the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy (day 0 - 100) and then followed by an exponential increase during the third trimester (last 50 days of pregnancy) across the breeds. Sahel does had the largest udder dimensions with highest average PDM while WAD does had the smallest udder with lowest average PDM. The highest correlations between udder growth curve parameters and average PDM were obtained with A (r. 0.795) and b (r = 0.609). Thus, udder size at conception and during pregnancy appeared to be a significant determinant of average PDM per lactation and could be more important to average PDM than the rate of increase in udder size during pregnancy.
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Wan-Azemin, Amirah, Asmad Kari, and Nadiawati Alias. "ASSESSMENT OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS EFFECTS ON LIVE WEIGHT, BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) AND EXTERNAL UDDER MEASUREMENTS OF DORPER SHEEP." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 2 (2021): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.15115.
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Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that can be classified as clinical and subclinical mastitis. The clinical mastitis can be diagnosed based on clinical signs, whilst subclinical mastitis mostly through somatic cell count (SCC). This study was carried out to determine the subclinical mastitis effects on live weight, body condition score (BCS) and external udder traits of Dorper sheep. A total 16 Dorper ewes were selected and screened for mastitis using the Californian mastitis test (CMT). The live weight, BCS and external udder traits (i.e. udder length (UL), udder width (UW), rear udder depth (RUD), cistern depth (CD) and teat length (TL) of the ewes were measured. The subclinical mastitis did not affect the live weight and BCS of Dorper ewes. Whilst for external udder measurements; the highest average of udder length, udder width, rear udder depth and cistern depth were indicated in CMT score as strong positive which shows that the measurement values of external ewes’ udder are increased when the strength detection of CMT scores increased and vice versa. However, all of the external udder parameters measured were not statistically (P>0.05) affected by the mastitis infection scores. The present results indicate that live weight, BCS and all external udder parameters did not influence the subclinical mastitis detected in the milk’s samples of the ewes. This study suggests that subclinical mastitis does not directly affected by morphology alteration of external udder traits, live weight or BCS, however it is likely affect the quality of milk produced.
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Ceyhan, Ayhan, Mahmut Çınar, and Ugur Serbester. "Siyah Alaca İneklerde Meme Ölçülerinin Somatik Hücre Sayısı ve Günlük Süt Verimi Üzerine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i1.23-28.24.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of udder measurements group on somatic cell count (SCC) and daily milk production. Milk samples and udder measurements were collected monthly from 79 lactating Holstein cows on commercial dairy in the province of Niğde. In the study, front teat length (FTL), rear teat length (RTL), front teat diameter (FTD), rear teat diameter (RTD), distance between front teats (DBFT), distance between rear teats (DBRT), front udder height, (FTH), rear udder height (RUH), distance between front and rear teats (DBST) were obtained in before afternoon milking. Udder measurements were divided into 5 groups according to the measurements. The effect of DBFT, DBRT, FTH, RTD, FTD and DBRT groups on daily milk production were statistically significant, while FTH, RUH and DBRT were found non-significant. The effect of udder measurements groups on SCC was found not significant, except rear teat diameter (RTD). Average daily milk production and SCC were estimated as 28.25 kg/day and 274.90 cell/ml, respectively. In conclusion, it can be said that the distance between teats, teat’s diameter and front udder height of Holstein cattle is important factor for milk yield of Holstein dairy cattle. Also, SCC is effected by rear teat diameter.
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Klein, Daniela, Martina Flöck, Johannes Lorenz Khol, Sonja Franz, Hans Peter Stüger, and Walter Baumgartner. "Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health." Journal of Dairy Research 72, no. 3 (2005): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905000920.
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The objective was to measure teat canal length and diameter, teat diameter and teat wall thickness by ultrasonographic scanning in order to determine the differences in bovine breeds, and to study the influence of teat canal length and diameter on the occurrence of mastitis. A total of 269 lactating dairy cows of four different breeds (Brown Swiss, Simmental, Simmental crossbred with Red Pied, and Holstein-Friesians) from seven Upper Austrian dairy farms were examined. Average teat canal length of Brown Swiss animals was shortest (15·7 mm) followed by Holstein-Friesians (17·2 mm) and Simmental (18·3 mm). These differences in teat canal length were highly significant (P[les ]0·001). There was no significant difference in teat canal length between pure-bred and crossbred Simmentals. Differences of teat canal diameter between breeds were significant (P[les ]0·05). Brown Swiss animals had the largest diameters (2·0 mm) and Holstein-Friesians the smallest (1·7 mm). Differences in teat diameter between Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Simmental were also significant. No differences were found between the pure-bred and crossbred Simmental cows. The narrowest teats were in Holstein-Friesians and the widest in Simmental. Holstein-Friesians also exhibited the thinnest teat walls while the Simmental had the thickest ones. Teat canal length and diameter were correlated with udder health. Teat canals of healthy udders tended to be longer (17·4 mm) and narrower (1·8 mm) than teat canals of infected udders (15·8 mm, 2·1 mm; P[les ]0·001). A logistic regression model showed significant effects of teat canal length, teat canal diameter and lactation number on udder health.
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Davis, SR, and GA Hughson. "Measurement of functional udder capacity in lactating Jersey cows." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9881163.
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Serial measurements of udder volume in 11 multiparous and 4 primiparous Jersey cows in mid-lactation were used to establish the time of cessation of milk production after a period of milk accumulation. Udder volume was determined from measurements of udder height, length and width. Functional udder capacity (defined as the litres of contained milk in the udder when milk secretion ceased) was greater in cows (15.5 � 0.8 litres) than heifers (9.3 � 0.7 litres). Expressed as hours-worth of secretion, on average, heifers possessed 25.9 � 1.5 and cows 33.6 � 2.9 hours-worth of capacity - data which indicate some potential for reduction in milking frequency without loss of production. Functional udder capacity (l.) was correlated with empty udder volume (tissue volume), and was greater in cows showing high residual milk volumes. The data show that once functional capacity is reached the shut down in milk secretion is rapid, occurring over a 2-4 h period, the rate of accumulation of secretion being constant up to this time.
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Ángeles Pérez-Cabal, M., E. Legaz, I. Cervantes, et al. "Association between body and udder morphological traits and dairy performance in Spanish Assaf sheep." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (2013): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-042.
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Abstract. The relationship between 17 body and 8 udder measurements and phenotypic dairy performance were studied using information from 280 Spanish Assaf ewes from 2 to 4 years old belonging to 18 flocks. The influence of the environmental area on the dairy traits was assessed by fitting a fixed model including the flock effect and the age effect. A factor analysis was also carried out to determine the lowest number of independent factors that account for most of the variation in the traits. The flock was statistically significant for performance trait and predicted breeding value (PBV) while the age was only significant in 150 days standardized milk yield (MY150) and daily milk yield (DMY). In general, not much association was found between morphological and dairy performance traits. Few body traits showed significant phenotypic correlations; mainly those related to height, diameters, ears and tail, with the latter being the most correlated but unfavourable for DMY and PBV. Among udder conformation, udder depth and length were the most correlated traits to milk production, while deep udders and short teats were related to lower somatic cell counts. The different traits were classified for analyses into six factors relating mainly to: live weight; production and udder traits; cheese production; stature; teats and udder health; and udder dimensions. Trade of animals was concluded to be unreasonably based on morphological or even on performance traits. The participation of breeders in an appropriate breeding scheme based on accurate genetic evaluations is encouraged.
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Makovický, Pavol, Milan Margetín, and Peter Makovický. "Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Udder Morphology Traits in Different Dairy Sheep Genotypes." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 1 (2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765010105.
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Knowledge of genetic parameters is the basis of sound livestock improvement programmes. Genetic parameters have been estimated for linear udder traits: Udder depth (UD), Cistern depth (CD), Teat position (TP), Teat size (TS) and external udder measurements: Rear udder depth (RUD), Cistern depth (CDe), Teat length (TL) and Teat angle (TA) – 1275 linear assessments (381 ewes) and 1185 external udder measurements (355 ewes) were included in the analysis for each character of 9 genotypes. Nine breeds and genotypes were included in these experiments: purebred Improved Valachian (IV), Tsigai (T), Lacaune (LC) ewes, and IV and T crosses with genetic portion of Lacaune and East Friesian (EF) – 25 %, 50 % and 75 %. Primary data were processed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methodology and the multiple‑trait animal model, using programs REMLF90 and VCE 4.0. High genetic correlations were found between UD and RUD (0.86), CD and CD(e) (0.93), TP and TA (0.90), TS and TL (0.94). The highest heritabilities were estimated for exact measurements of TL and CD (0.35–0.39) and subjectively assessed TA and TS (0.32 – 0.33).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Udder measurements"
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Parizotto, Filho Roberto. "Avaliação de características de tipo e condição corporal em vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês X Jersey." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/964.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The crossbreeding with Jersey cattle has been used as an alternative in Holstein Cattle breeds aiming to raise solid contents of milk and poor performance in functional traits. Although there are recent research about productive and reproductive traits, there are few information about conformation of crossbred animals, despite the importance of this topic to determinate selection strategies. Thus, this work compared body measurements and body condition between Holstein X Jersey crossbred and Holstein cows. It was performed in four dairy herds with both Holstein and Holstein X Jersey cows, which was measured for 21 official body traits and an unofficial body trait called udder clearance, as well for body condition score. There was measured lactating cows, with metric measurements for the measurable traits, a 1-5 scale for body condition score and with a subjective score of 1-9, based on Canadian evaluation method to the not- measurable traits. The evaluations was done with a interval of 6-12 weeks, with three visits for each dairy farm, being collected information about milk production, birth date and lactation stage too. The data were submitted to analisys of variance with repeated measures, being the statistic model compound by genetic grouping, number of calvings, lactation stage, herd and the interaction of genetic grouping with number of calvings and lactation stage. For udder and dairy strength measurements was included the milk yield covariate. Factorial analisis was done to analyze the relationship between the body measurements and body condition score data in each genetic grouping. Difference was detected (P<0,0001) between genetic grouping for milk production, with advantage to Holstein cows (23,6 X 26,5 kg). In the udder traits, crossbred cows showed better scores for udder cleavage (P<0,01) and rear teat placement (P<0,01), but with worse results for udder depth and udder clearance (P<0,0001). Holstein cattle demonstrated better score for foot angle (P<0,001), but with worse bone quality (P<0,01). Holstein cows was taller (P<0,0001), had shallower body depth and worse body condition score (P<0,01) in comparison to crossbred cows. In rump traits was observed difference between the groups for loin strength, rump angle and rump width. The Holstein cows showed wider (P<0,0001) and less sloped rumps(P<0,0001), but worse loin strength (p<0,05) than crossbred cows. Factorial analisis showed negative relationship of milk yield with body measurements related with udder depth and udder clearance and positive with body depth, angulosity, bone quality and udder width and texture. There was a positive association between stature and rump width also, as well a positive relationship between younger cows with taller and shallower udders, better udder clivage and texture<br>O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo empregado como alternativa de recurso genético em rebanhos da raça Holandesa, visando amenizar baixos teores de sólidos no leite e mau desempenho em características funcionais. Embora haja pesquisas recentes sobre aspectos produtivos e reprodutivos deste cruzamento, há pouca informação sobre a conformação destes animais, apesar do tema ser importante para determinar estratégias de seleção. Assim, o trabalho objetivou comparar vacas mestiças Holandês X Jersey em relação a vacas da raça Holandês quanto à conformação e condição corporal. O trabalho foi realizado em quatro rebanhos leiteiros que possuem animais da raça Holandês e cruzadas Holandês X Jersey, as quais foram avaliadas para 21 caracetrísticas lineares de tipo e para a característica de conformação não-oficial udder clearance, bem como condição corporal. Foram mensuradas vacas lactantes, com medidas métricas para as características mensuráveis, com escala de 1 a 5 para escore de condição corporal e com pontuação subjetiva de 1 a 9, baseada na metodologia canadense de avaliação linear, para as demais características. As avaliações foram realizadas em três visitas para cada propriedade, com intervalo entre 6 e 12 semanas, sendo coletadas também informações referentes à produção leiteira, idade e estágio de lactação das vacas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas, sendo o modelo estatístico composto pelo grupamento genético, paridade, estágio de lactação, rebanho e interação do grupamento genético com a paridade e o estágio de lactação. Para as características de tipo das categorias sistema mamário e força leiteira foi incluída a covariável produção de leite. A relação entre as medidas de classificação linear e escore de condição corporal foi analisada utilizando-se análise multivariada (análise fatorial). Observou-se diferença (P<0,0001) entre grupamentos genéticos para produção de leite, sendo que vacas mestiças apresentaram produção de leite inferior às Holandês (23,6 X 26,5 kg). Nas características lineares relacionadas ao sistema mamário, observou-se melhor pontuação para clivagem de úbere (P<0,01) e colocação de tetos posteriors em mestiças (P<0,01), com piores resultados para profundidade de úbere e udder clearance (P<0,0001). Na categoria aprumos vacas Holandês apresentaram melhor conformação de ângulo de casco (P<0,001), com pior qualidade óssea (P<0,01). As vacas puras apresentaram, maior estatura (P<0,0001) e menor profundidade corporal e escore de
condição corporal frente as cruzadas (P<0,01). Nas características de
garupa, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para força de lombo, ângulo e largura de garupa. As vacas Holandês demonstraram garupas mais largas (P<0,0001), menos inclinadas (P<0,0001) e com força de lombo inferior (P<0,05) que as vacas cruzadas. A análise fatorial demonstrou relação negativa de produção de leite com caraterísticas lineares relacionadas à queda de úbere e positiva com profundidade corporal, angulosidade, qualidade óssea, largura e textura de úbere. Demonstrou também associação positiva de estatura com largura de garupa, bem como uma relação entre vacas com menor ordem de parto e úberes mais altos, rasos e com melhores clivagem e textura de úberes
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Niozas, Georgios [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Kaske, and Georgios [Akademischer Betreuer] Tsousis. "Extended lactation in high yielding cows : effects on fertility parameters, milk yield, udder health und body measurements / Georgios Niozas ; Martin Kaske, Georgios Tsousis." Hannover : Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202272193/34.
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Urbanavičiūtė, Sandra. "Karvių tešmens matmenys prieš ir po melžimo." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130618_094941-48808.
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Darbo tikslas: įvertinti karvių tešmens matų pokytį prieš melžimą ir po melžimo.
Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti pasirinktos karvių bandos tešmens vertinimą balais. 2. Išmatuoti karvių tešmens balus centimetrais. 3. Atlikti karvių tešmens atstumo tarp priekinių ir užpakalinių bei dešinės ir kairės pusės spenių palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 4. Išanalizuoti karvių tešmens spenių ilgio ir storio palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 5. Atlikti karvių tešmens matų ir produktyvumo bei somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus koreliacinę analizę.
Išvados: 1. Karvių tešmens rodiklių įvertinimas balais parodė, kad užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, priekinių ir užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas buvo arti optimalių balų. Suskirsčius duomenis pagal karvių laktacijas nustatyta, kad daugiausiai rodiklių (užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas)arti optimalių buvo trečios ir vėlesnių laktacijų karvių. 2. Išanalizavus tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad didesnis atstumas tarp priekinių ir atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių nustatytas prieš melžimą nei po melžimo. Nuo 3,46 cm (atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių) (p<0,01) iki 3,54 cm (atstumas tarp priekinių spenių) (p<0,01). 3. Pagal tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad priekiniai speniai buvo ilgesni nei užpakaliniai prieš ir po karvių melžimo. Nustatyta, kad priekinių spenių ilgis skyrėsi nuo 5,72 cm prieš melžimą iki 6,16 cm po melžimo. Užpakalinių spenių ilgis buvo nuo 5,26 cm prieš melžimą iki 4,84 cm... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The aim of the paper is the following: To evaluate the change in the measurement of cow udder before and after milking.
Objectives of the paper: 1. To perform udders numerical score of selected herd of cows. 2. To measure cows udder scores in centimeters. 3. To compare the distance between front and rear, right and left side cows udder teats before and after milking. 4. To analyze the comparison of cows udder teat length and thickness before and after milking. 5. To perform correlation analysis of cows udder measurements and productivity and number of somatic cells.
The scientific research was carried out between 2011-2013 at the Department of Animal Breeding of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and dairy farm. The study evaluated 50 cows.
The morphological indices of cow udders were evaluated before and after evening milking during the 2nd – 6th lactation month.
During the research the following were determined: the shape of the udder, udder exterior indicators (in scores), and measurements of the udder (in centimeters).
Descriptive statistics: the average of investigated traits (M), standard errors (SE), and the coefficient of phenotipical correlation (r) between the indications were calculated using the EXEL and “R” (The R Project for Statistical Computing, 2012) statistical packages. The results are reliable when p≤0.05.
When comparing cows udder indicators with optimal indicators (Gedgaudas, 2008), it was found that the height of the... [to full text]
Book chapters on the topic "Udder measurements"
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Steeneveld, W., C. Kamphuis, H. Mollenhorst, T. van Werven, and H. Hogeveen. "The role of sensor measurements in treating mastitis on farms with an automatic milking system." In Udder Health and Communication. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-742-4_76.
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Albrechtsen, M., A. T. Duse, T. W. Bennedsgaard, and I. C. Klaas. "Use of in-line measurements of somatic cell count to evaluate treatment efficacy of subclinical bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis." In Udder Health and Communication. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-742-4_55.
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Nakagawa, Yuki, Noor Agha Nassary, Kiichi Fukuyama, and Ikuo Kobayashi. "Measurement of Udder Surface Temperature in Cows Using Infrared Thermometer." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23204-1_43.
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