Academic literature on the topic 'Ugalj'

Osnovni cilj rada je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene novoformiranog adsorbenta od otpada kafe za uklanjanje pesticida karbendazima iz vodenog medijuma. Karbendazim predstavlja emergentni mikropolutant koji se zbog potencijalno negativnih uticaja na akvatični ekosistem nalazi na NORMAN listi emergentnih supstanci. Aktivan ugalj formiran od otpada kafe se pokazao kao ekološki prihvatljiv materijal, niske cene i visokog potencijala za izdavajanje analiziranog pesticida iz akvatičnog sistema.

U radu je opisano je unapređivanje kvaliteta daljinskog grejanja i smanjenje zagađenja i povećanje efikasnosti celog sistema. Na grejnom području Karaburma JKP „Beograske elektrane“ postoji trinaest kotlovskih postrojenja koja rade na ugalj i mazut, koriste se za proizvodnju toplotne energije. Tokom 2016. godine izveden je novi predizolovani toplovod od toplane Dunav do Karaburme gde se nalaze pet kotlovskih postrojenja koja su ugašena tako da su svi korisnici toplotne energije priključeni na novi toplotni izvor. U radu su prikazani problemi koji su se javljali prilikom izvođenja radova pri gašenju individualnih kotlovskih postrojenja, pri izgradnji novog predizolovanog toplovoda i pri izgradnji toplotnih podstanica. Cilj ovog rada je unapređivanje kvaliteta daljinskog grejanja i smanjenje zagađenja i povećanje efikasnosti celog sistema.

Oksidi sumpora, koji nastaju sagorevanjem goriva koja sadrže sumpor (ugalj, nafta), predstav-ljaju gasove staklene bašte sa indirektnim dejstvom. Poznato je da ovi gasovi imaju nepovoljan uticaj na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi, dovodeći do pojave kiselih kiša i respiratornih problema. Za ubla-žavanje klimatskih promena, neophodno je izvršiti smanjenje emisija gasova sa efektom staklene bašte među koje spadaju i sumporni oksidi iz termoenergetskih postrojenja.
 Emisije gasova staklene bašte sa štetnim efektima su ograničene propisima EU i Republika Srbija se suočava sa nizom obaveza u pogledu smanjenja emisija ovih gasova u narednim godinama u procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji.Glavnu ulogu u ovoj problematici dobili su mokri postupci koji se mogu klasifikovati kao nere-generativni (sa jednim prolazom) i regenerativni. U dosadašnjoj praksi najčešće je primenjivan nere-generativni krečnjački postupak. U ovom procesu alkalna smeša je reagens i gips je konačni proizvod. Nedostatak procesa je proizvodnja velike količine čvrstog otpada. Pri regenerativnim postupcima dolazi do termalne regeneracije solventa koji se vraća natrag u proces. Među najzastupljenijim rege-nerativnim postupcima su proces hemijske apsorpcije u aminima i proces fizičke apsorpcije u organ-skim rastvaračima.
 Za kompjuterske simulacije, dizajn opreme i njihovu implementaciju u proces odsumporavanja dimnih gasova, neophodni su pouzdani podaci za termofizičke i transportne osobine potencijalnih rastvarača. Sa tim ciljem urađeno je modelovanje termofizičkih svojstava, za potencijalne apsorbente u regenerativnim postupcima odsumporavanja dimnih gasova, baziranih na procesu hemijske ili fizič-ke apsorpcije u organskim rastvaračima.

Background: Maize is the major food staple in East and Southern Africa, where food-processing industries are emerging fast. New low-cost extrusion cookers allow small enterprises to enter the market for processed cereals, including instant, fortified, and flavored products. Objective: Assess consumers’ interest and preferences for the new products. Methods: Consumers (n = 220) in Eldoret, Kenya, were invited to evaluate 4 new cereal products: (1) sifted maize flour mixed with sorghum, (2) instant sifted mixed flour, (3) instant whole flour, and (4) instant whole flour fortified with natural ingredients and to compare them to conventional sifted maize flour, using 2 preparations: stiff porridge ( ugali) and soft porridge ( uji). These were followed by economic experiments to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the new products and traits. Results: For ugali, consumers preferred conventional sifted maize flour, while for uji, they appreciated the new products, especially sifted mixed flour (with sorghum) and instant whole mixed flour. Fortification with food-to-food sources was not appreciated, especially for ugali. Comparing WTP for the traits with their production cost showed that mixed, whole, and instant flours were economical, but not fortification. Maize/sorghum mixtures realized a benefit of 24% over conventional maize flour, whole meal 11%, and instant mixtures 5%. Conclusions: There is a potential market for improved cereal products in Kenya, but more for uji than for ugali, especially with instant, mixed, and whole flour. Acceptable and affordable products, fortified with other foods that are locally available, however, still need to be developed, especially for ugali.

The promotion of cassava as a staple and food security crop is widespread in Africa,Kenya included. Overreliance on cassava as a sole energy provider could lead to malnutrition. Consumption of high hydro-cyanide levels from cassava products could lead to health complications for consumers.This study sought to establish the contribution of cassava consumption to nutrition in Migori County.A cross-sectional survey was carried out and data collected on households’cassava production and consumption practices. Two hundred and fifty-three households were randomly selected and household farming heads interviewed in West Kanyamkago, Orango Central and Kamgundho locations as areas where cassava is predominantly grown. Seven cassava flour samples of different cassava varieties grown in the area were obtained from farmers.Analyses were done to determine the moisture, cyanide and protein contents on flour and cooked stiff porridge (ugali). Results indicated that 99.1% of the households were farming. They highly depended on sale of farm and livestock produce as income.Ninety four percent of the households consumed cassava,of which 88.4% produced cassava on their farms. The most preferred cassava variety was ‘Rateng’.The main cassava products consumed were ugali(stiff porridge)and porridge. Majority of the households (95%) never consumed cassava leaves and were not aware that cassava leaves could be consumed.The cyanide level on average on dry flours was 53.23mg/kg while on consumed cooked ugali was13.44mg/kg. These levels were above the maximum limit of 10mg/kg recommended by WHO.Low average protein levels of <0.5g/100g were observed in the cooked ugali. This could pose a danger of protein energy malnutrition if no other sources are consumed by the household members.Cassava farming households in the study area require support to promote growth of low cyanide varieties in order to reduce intake.

Background. Stiff porridge (ugali) made from unrefined maize flour has been a staple food in Tanzania. Recently, high intakes of refined carbohydrates and energy-dense foods have been documented in urban areas in Tanzania. We assessed cultural acceptability, perceptions and barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates in Tanzania. Methods. Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 44 overweight and obese adults aged 40–65 years. All FGDs were audio-recorded, and QSR N6 software was used for data analysis. Results. Most participants (77%) had tried and liked unrefined maize ugali prior to our study. For unrefined sorghum ugali, 12 participants had tried it before, and 9 of them liked it. Brown rice was found to be unpopular and was considered a diet for diabetic patients; four participants had tried it before and all reported to like it. Sensory appeal, availability, and affordability were key facilitators whereas high cost, scarcity, and negative perceptions toward whole grains were mentioned as barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates. Conclusion. Our study has identified facilitators and barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates in Tanzania. Educational strategies are recommended in order to increase consumption of unrefined carbohydrates and consequently reduce diet-related chronic diseases in Tanzania.

Background: Glycemic index (GI) measures postprandial blood sugar after consumption of carbohydrate-rich foodstuff. Kenya is yet to fully embrace this concept in prevention and management of diabetes mellitus.
 Objective: To review and tabulate GIs of locally consumed foods in order to improve dietary management of diabetes mellitus.
 Methodology: A literature search was conducted using Google scholar and PubMed databases which identified 7 articles on glycemic index values of Kenyan foods published between 2002 and 2020. Two articles failed to meet the inclusion criteria and five proceeded for review. Key search words used included GI, glycemic load and glycemic response combined with Kenya. The data was reported depending on whether the testing involved healthy individuals or patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
 Results: Nine individual foods and 7 mixed meals were identified. Low GI foods included beans and whole maize ugali consumed alongside cowpea leaves. High GI foods included whole maize ugali eaten with beef, boiled rice, boiled cassava and cassava-sorghum ugali eaten with silver fish.
 Conclusion: Proper meal mixing is important in diabetes management. Cowpea leaves and beans possess GI lowering po- tential. This information can be used to improve guidance on food choices for diabetes patients.
 Keywords: Glycemic index; glycemic load and glycemic response; Kenya.

This article describes the prototype of a new MAX-DOAS (multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy) system built at “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati (UGAL), Romania, and the first results of its use to observe NO2 content over Galati city (45.42° N, 28.04° E). The new equipment is a ground-based MAX-DOAS system capable of measuring the spatial distribution of DSCD (differential slant column densities) of several trace gases using horizontal and vertical observations. The new optic system, named UGAL-2-DOAS, is an in-house, low-cost, solution in comparison to the existing market of the MAX-DOAS systems. This paper describes the technical design and capabilities of the new MAX-DOAS instrument. The UGAL-2D-DOAS system was tested in April and June 2017 in Galati city. Measurements over three days were selected for the present manuscript. Full azimuthal (0–360°), local celestial meridian observations and other elevation angle sequence measurements (e.g., E–W) were performed. We found that the new MAX-DOAS system is able to detect diurnal variation and the local source emissions of NO2 from the urban environment. Also, we present concomitant zenith-sky car-DOAS observations measurements around the location of the new MAX-DOAS instrument. Comparing the horizontal scanning sequence of the new developed instrument with the mobile DOAS observations, we found that both systems can indicate and detect the same NO2 sources.

Природним процесима и појавама неминовно се мења кроз време морфолошки изглед једног простора. Рељефне промене су резултат деловања ендогених и егзогених сила. На прве се не може утицати јер потичу из Земљине унутрашњости, док се друге могу у многим елементима поспешивати или интензивирати човековим активностима. Нагле промене морфологије Стига почеле су у другој половини XX века, када се интензивира површинска експлоатација лигнита у Костолачном угљоносном басену и подижу термоелектране. Највеће промене у рељефу одвијају се у зони површинског копа &bdquo;Дрмно&ldquo;. Даљи рударски радови у зависности су од наметнутих потреба друштвене заједнице за електричном енергијом. С обзиром да су потребе све веће, очекиване промене у рељефу до краја предвиђене експлоатације 2041. године, биће још брже и све мање поправљиве. Поред морфоскулптурних промена, експлоатација угља изазвала је и климатске, хидрографске, педолошке и биогеографске промене. Занемаривањем и непоштовањем еколошких принципа и законитости, непоштовање закона и прописа којима се штитит природа, па чак и озакоњење недопустивог стихијског искоришћавања природних ресурса, води непоправљивим штетама у животној средини. И поред тога што мењају намену великим површинама пољопривредног земљишта, копови и електране обезбеђују брзи друштвено&ndash;економски развој околног подручја, запошљавање и подизање опште-културног и образовног нивоа, раније, претежно пољопривредног становништва, као и пораст животног стандарда.<br>Prirodnim procesima i pojavama neminovno se menja kroz vreme morfološki izgled jednog prostora. Reljefne promene su rezultat delovanja endogenih i egzogenih sila. Na prve se ne može uticati jer potiču iz Zemljine unutrašnjosti, dok se druge mogu u mnogim elementima pospešivati ili intenzivirati čovekovim aktivnostima. Nagle promene morfologije Stiga počele su u drugoj polovini XX veka, kada se intenzivira površinska eksploatacija lignita u Kostolačnom ugljonosnom basenu i podižu termoelektrane. Najveće promene u reljefu odvijaju se u zoni površinskog kopa &bdquo;Drmno&ldquo;. Dalji rudarski radovi u zavisnosti su od nametnutih potreba društvene zajednice za električnom energijom. S obzirom da su potrebe sve veće, očekivane promene u reljefu do kraja predviđene eksploatacije 2041. godine, biće još brže i sve manje popravljive. Pored morfoskulpturnih promena, eksploatacija uglja izazvala je i klimatske, hidrografske, pedološke i biogeografske promene. Zanemarivanjem i nepoštovanjem ekoloških principa i zakonitosti, nepoštovanje zakona i propisa kojima se štitit priroda, pa čak i ozakonjenje nedopustivog stihijskog iskorišćavanja prirodnih resursa, vodi nepopravljivim štetama u životnoj sredini. I pored toga što menjaju namenu velikim površinama poljoprivrednog zemljišta, kopovi i elektrane obezbeđuju brzi društveno&ndash;ekonomski razvoj okolnog područja, zapošljavanje i podizanje opšte-kulturnog i obrazovnog nivoa, ranije, pretežno poljoprivrednog stanovništva, kao i porast životnog standarda.

U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitan&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; amida&nbsp; kao&nbsp; modela&nbsp; AOM-a (Algalne organske materije)&nbsp; na adsorpciju nitrofenola iz vodene&nbsp; sredine&nbsp; na&nbsp; aktivnom&nbsp; uglju.&nbsp; Istraţivanje&nbsp; se sastojalo&nbsp; iz&nbsp; tri&nbsp; faze:&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; karateristika amida&nbsp; na&nbsp; adsorpciju&nbsp; nitrofenola,&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; uticaja granulacije na adsorpciju nitrofenola u prisustvu amida i ispitvanje karakterisitka samih nitrofenola na adsorpciju u&nbsp; prisustvu&nbsp; amida.&nbsp; Pre&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; adsorpcije&nbsp; u dvokomponentnim&nbsp; sistemima&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; adsorpcija jednokomponentnih&nbsp; sistema&nbsp; 4-nitrofenola,&nbsp; 2,4-dinitrofenola&nbsp; i&nbsp; 2,4,6-trinitrofenola,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; amida&nbsp; Nmetilbenzamid,&nbsp; nikotinamida&nbsp; i&nbsp; N-benzilbenzamida&nbsp; na komercijalnim&nbsp; aktivnim&nbsp; ugljevima&nbsp; NORIT&nbsp; SA2&nbsp; i&nbsp; dve granulacije&nbsp; aktivnog&nbsp; uglja&nbsp; DARCO.&nbsp; Aktivni&nbsp; ugljevi&nbsp; su ispitani&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; FTIR&nbsp; spektroskopije,&nbsp; SEM&nbsp; analizom, analizom&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; adsorpcijom&nbsp; azota&nbsp; na&nbsp; niskoj temperaturi&nbsp; i&nbsp; određivanjem&nbsp; taĉke&nbsp; nultog&nbsp; naelektrisanja. Urađena&nbsp; je&nbsp; geometrijska&nbsp; optimizacija&nbsp; modela&nbsp; molekula ispitivanih nitrofenola i amida i izraĉunati su molekulski parametri.&nbsp; Uticaj&nbsp; amida&nbsp; kao&nbsp; modela&nbsp; AOM-a&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitan kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; razliĉitih&nbsp; ravnotežnih&nbsp; i&nbsp; difuzionih adsorpcionih&nbsp; modela.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; kriterijum&nbsp; za&nbsp; određivanje najsporije&nbsp; adsorpcione&nbsp; faze&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćen&nbsp; je&nbsp; Biotov&nbsp; broj.Adsorpcioni&nbsp; parametri&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; u&nbsp; eksperimentima&nbsp; sa dvokomponentnim&nbsp; sistemima&nbsp; su&nbsp; upoređivani&nbsp; sa parametrima dobijenim za adsorpciju samih nitrofenola.<br>In this research influence of selected amides, as a model of&nbsp; AOM&nbsp; (Algal&nbsp; organic&nbsp; matter),&nbsp; on&nbsp; adsorption&nbsp; of nitrophenols&nbsp; from&nbsp; water&nbsp; on&nbsp; activated&nbsp; carbon&nbsp; has&nbsp; beeninvestigated.&nbsp; Research&nbsp; is&nbsp; divided&nbsp; in&nbsp; three&nbsp; phases: investigation&nbsp; of&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; amide&nbsp; molecule characteristics&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; adsorption&nbsp; of&nbsp; nitrophenols, investigation&nbsp; of&nbsp; granulation&nbsp; influence&nbsp; on&nbsp; nitrophenol adsorption in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence of amide and investigation of nitrophenol characteristics that can influence adsorption in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; amides.&nbsp; Adsorption&nbsp; of&nbsp; nitrophenols and&nbsp; amides&nbsp; in&nbsp; single- component&nbsp; systems&nbsp; has&nbsp; also&nbsp; been carried&nbsp; out.&nbsp; Adsorption&nbsp; kinetics&nbsp; of&nbsp; 4-nitrophenol,&nbsp; 2,4-dinitrophenol,&nbsp; 2,4,6-trinitrophenol,&nbsp; N-methylbenzamide,nicotinamide&nbsp; and&nbsp; N-benzylbenzamide&nbsp; has&nbsp; also&nbsp; been investigated. Commercial activated carbons NORIT SA2 and&nbsp; two&nbsp; granulations&nbsp; of&nbsp; DARCO&nbsp; were&nbsp; used.&nbsp; Activated carbons&nbsp; were&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; using&nbsp; FTIR&nbsp; spectroscopy, SEM&nbsp; analysis,&nbsp; internal&nbsp; surface&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; using&nbsp; nitrogen adsorption&nbsp; on&nbsp; low&nbsp; temperature&nbsp; and&nbsp; determination&nbsp; of point&nbsp; of&nbsp; zero&nbsp; charge.&nbsp; Geometry&nbsp; optimization&nbsp; of nitrophenol&nbsp; and&nbsp; amide&nbsp; molecules&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; carried&nbsp; out and different molecular parameters have been calculated. Influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; amides&nbsp; as&nbsp; AOM&nbsp; model&nbsp; has&nbsp; been investigated by using diffusion and equilibrium models. Biot number has been obtained&nbsp; in order to establish the limiting&nbsp; step&nbsp; in&nbsp; adsorption&nbsp; process.&nbsp;&nbsp; Adsorption parameters&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; in&nbsp; two-component&nbsp; adsorption systems&nbsp; were&nbsp; compared&nbsp; to&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; for adsorption of nitrophenols alone.

Predmet&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; ove&nbsp; doktorske&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; je&nbsp; procena&nbsp; potencijalno&nbsp; biodostupne&nbsp; frakcije odabranih&nbsp; prioritetnih&nbsp; organskih&nbsp; polutanata&nbsp;&nbsp; (pentahlorbenzena,&nbsp; heksahlorbenzena,&nbsp; lindana, trifluralina, 4-oktilfenola i 4-nonilfenola) u sedimentu, ispitivanje biodegradacionog potencijala ovih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; u&nbsp; sedimentu&nbsp; u&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; uslovima,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; procena&nbsp; potencijala&nbsp; stabilizacijesedimenta&nbsp; dodatkom&nbsp; ugljeničnih&nbsp; sorpcionih&nbsp; agenasa.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; razvoja&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; za&nbsp; određivanje biodostupnosti odabranih organskih polutanata ispitivane su i&nbsp; optimizovane metode vi&scaron;estepene i jednostepene parcijalne ekstrakcije primenom sledećih hemijskih agenasa:&nbsp; Tenaks&nbsp; smole, XAD-4&nbsp; smole&nbsp; i&nbsp; rastvora&nbsp; ciklodekstrina&nbsp; (2-hidroksipropil-&beta;-ciklodekstrina,&nbsp; &beta;-ciklodekstrina&nbsp; i&nbsp; metil-&beta;-ciklodekstrina).&nbsp; Optimalni&nbsp; agens&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; biodostupne&nbsp; frakcije&nbsp; odabranih&nbsp; organskih zagađujućih&nbsp; materija&nbsp; sa&nbsp; sedimenta&nbsp; XAD-4&nbsp; smola,&nbsp; a&nbsp; optimalno&nbsp; vreme&nbsp; ekstrakcije&nbsp; primenom jednostepenih&nbsp; ekstrakcija&nbsp; je&nbsp; oko&nbsp; 8&nbsp; h.&nbsp; Procena&nbsp; biodegradacionog&nbsp; potencijala&nbsp; odabranih prioritetnih&nbsp; organskih&nbsp; zagađujućih&nbsp; materija&nbsp; u&nbsp; sedimentu&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; aerobnim&nbsp; i anaerobnim uslovima uz optimizaciju uslova putem biostimulacije i bioaugmentacije. Pokazano je&nbsp; da&nbsp; svih&nbsp; &scaron;est&nbsp; odabranih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; poseduju&nbsp; značajan&nbsp; potencijal&nbsp; biodegradacije&nbsp; u&nbsp; anaerobnoj sredini&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; u&nbsp; slučaju&nbsp; lindana&nbsp; i&nbsp; trifluralina&nbsp; dolazi&nbsp; do&nbsp; potpunog&nbsp; uklanjanja&nbsp; biodostupne količine&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; sva&nbsp; četiri&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; inokuluma.&nbsp; Aerobni&nbsp; potencijal&nbsp; u&nbsp; ispitanim uslovima&nbsp; pokazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; samo&nbsp; alkil&nbsp; fenoli,&nbsp; gde&nbsp; je&nbsp; takođe&nbsp; uklonjena&nbsp; skoro&nbsp; celokupna&nbsp; količinabiodostupne&nbsp; frakcije&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; u&nbsp; sedimentu&nbsp; (78-85%).&nbsp; Potencijal&nbsp; remedijacije&nbsp; sedimenta dodatkom&nbsp; ugljeničnih&nbsp; materijala&nbsp; ispitan&nbsp; je&nbsp; sa&nbsp; aspekta&nbsp; odabira&nbsp; ugljeničnih&nbsp; sorpcionih&nbsp; agenasa (aktivni&nbsp; ugalj,&nbsp; biougalj&nbsp; i&nbsp; humus);&nbsp; određivanja&nbsp; optimalne&nbsp; količine&nbsp; materijala;&nbsp; isptivanja dugoročnih i kratkoročnih efekata dodatka ovih agenasa na biodostupnost organskih zagađujućih materija&nbsp; kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; ispitao&nbsp; efekat&nbsp; starenja &nbsp; i&nbsp; toksičnosti&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; sme&scaron;a.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp; stabilizacije zagađujućih&nbsp; supstanci&nbsp; u&nbsp; sedimentu&nbsp; pokazuju&nbsp; da:&nbsp; (1)&nbsp; povećanje&nbsp; doze&nbsp; sva&nbsp; tri&nbsp; sorpciona&nbsp; agensa dovodi&nbsp; do&nbsp; povećanja&nbsp; efikasnosti&nbsp; imobilizacije&nbsp; i&nbsp; smanjenja&nbsp; biodostupne&nbsp; frakcije&nbsp; odabranih organskih jedinjenja; (2) starenjem sme&scaron;a sedimenta i&nbsp; sorbenata u toku prvih 90 dana dolazi do daljeg smanjenja biodostupne frakcije svih jedinjenja, nakon čega se biodostupna koncentracija ispitivanih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; aktivnog&nbsp; uglja&nbsp; ne&nbsp; menja,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; biouglja&nbsp; i&nbsp; humusa&nbsp; dolazi&nbsp; do&nbsp; porasta&nbsp; biodostupne&nbsp; frakcije&nbsp; jedinjenja.&nbsp; Testovi&nbsp; fitotoksičnosti&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazali&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; <em>Zea mays&nbsp; </em>akumulirao&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; veće&nbsp; količine&nbsp; ispitivanih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; iz&nbsp; netretiranog&nbsp; sedimenta&nbsp; u poređenju sa&nbsp; <em>Cucurbita pepo</em>&nbsp; i&nbsp;<em> Lactuca sativa. </em>Toksičnost sme&scaron;a sedimenta sa aktivnim ugljom i humusom&nbsp; procenjena&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; inhibicije&nbsp; luminiscencije&nbsp; na&nbsp; <em>Vibrio&nbsp; fischeri</em>&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; ispitivanjem <em>Zea&nbsp; mays&nbsp; </em>germinacije&nbsp; i&nbsp; produkcije&nbsp; biomase&nbsp; je&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; smanjenje&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na netretirani&nbsp; sediment.&nbsp; Akumulacija&nbsp; ispitivanih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; u&nbsp; biomasi&nbsp; <em>Zea&nbsp; mays&nbsp; </em>u&nbsp; netretiranom sedimentu je bila značajno veća u odnosu na sve sme&scaron;e sedimenta i aktivnog uglja i humusa. Sva tri&nbsp; sorbenta&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; su&nbsp; veliki&nbsp; remedijacioni&nbsp; potencijal&nbsp; za&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; zagađen&nbsp; organskim zagađujućim supstancama, ali je aktivni ugalj pokazao najbolje performance.<br>The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; research&nbsp; in&nbsp; this&nbsp; PhD&nbsp; dissertation&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; potentially biodegradable&nbsp; fraction&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; organic&nbsp; pollutants&nbsp;&nbsp; (pentachlorbenzene,&nbsp; hexachlorobenzene, lindane,&nbsp; trifluraline,&nbsp; 4-octylphenol&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4-nonylphenol)&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; sediment,&nbsp; estimation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the biodegradation potential of these compounds in sediment in different conditions, as well as the assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; stabilization&nbsp; potential&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; by&nbsp; the&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; amendment&nbsp; with&nbsp; of&nbsp; carbon rich sorption agents. In order to develop and optimise&nbsp; methods for the bioavailability assessment of&nbsp; the&nbsp; selected&nbsp; organic&nbsp; pollutants,&nbsp; methods&nbsp; of&nbsp; multistage&nbsp; and&nbsp; single-step&nbsp; non&nbsp; exhaustive extraction&nbsp; were&nbsp; studied&nbsp; using&nbsp; the&nbsp; following&nbsp; chemical&nbsp; agents:&nbsp; Tenax&nbsp; resin,&nbsp; XAD -4&nbsp; resin&nbsp; and&nbsp; a cyclodextrin&nbsp; solution&nbsp; (2-hydroxypropyl- &beta;-cyclodextrin,&nbsp; &beta;-cyclodextrin&nbsp; and&nbsp; methyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin).&nbsp; Results&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; optimal&nbsp; agent&nbsp; for&nbsp; estimating&nbsp; the&nbsp; bioavailable&nbsp; fraction&nbsp; of selected organic pollutants from the sediment is XAD-4 resins, and that the optimum extraction time using single-step extraction is about 8 h. The assessment of the biodegradation potential of selected&nbsp; priority&nbsp; organic&nbsp; pollutants&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; was&nbsp; examined&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; various&nbsp; aerobic&nbsp; and anaerobic&nbsp; conditions,&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; optimization&nbsp; of&nbsp; conditions&nbsp; through&nbsp; biostimulation&nbsp; and bioaugmentation.&nbsp; It&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; shown&nbsp; that&nbsp; all&nbsp; six&nbsp; selected&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; possess&nbsp; significant biodegradation&nbsp; potential&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; anaerobic&nbsp; environment,&nbsp; where&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; case&nbsp; of&nbsp; lindane&nbsp; and trifluraline there is complete removal of the bioavailable amount of the compound&nbsp;&nbsp; using all four inoculum tested. Aerobic potential under the applied conditions has been showen only for alkyl phenols,&nbsp; where&nbsp; almost&nbsp; all&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; bioavailable&nbsp; fraction&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; compound&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; was removed (78-85%). The potential of sediment remediation with the amendment of sediment withcarbon&nbsp; rich&nbsp; materials&nbsp; was&nbsp;&nbsp; examined&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; aspect&nbsp; of&nbsp; selecting&nbsp; carbon&nbsp; sorption&nbsp; agents (activated carbon, biochar and humus); estimation the optimal material doses; the long -term and short-term effects of the addition&nbsp; of these agents on the bioavailability of organic pollutants&nbsp; in order to examine the effect of aging and the toxicity of the resulting mixtures. The results of the stabilization of pollutants in the sediment show that: (1)&nbsp; increasing the dose of all three&nbsp;&nbsp; sorption agents&nbsp; leads&nbsp; to&nbsp; an&nbsp; increase&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; immobilization&nbsp; efficiency&nbsp; and&nbsp; reduction&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; bioavailable fraction of the selected&nbsp; organic compounds; (2) aging of the amended sediment during the first 90 days results in a further reduction of the biodegradable fraction of all compounds, after which the&nbsp; biodegradable&nbsp; concentration&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; selected&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; remain&nbsp; the&nbsp; same&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; case&nbsp; of activated carbon amendment, while the bioavailable fraction of&nbsp; the compound increases with the use&nbsp; of&nbsp; biohar&nbsp; and&nbsp; humus.&nbsp; Phytotoxicity&nbsp; tests&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; <em>Zea&nbsp; mays&nbsp;</em> accumulated&nbsp; significantly higher amount of selected organic pollutants from unamended sediment, comparing to&nbsp; <em>Cucurbita pepo&nbsp;</em> and <em>Lactuca sativa</em>. Toxicity of activated carbon and humus amended sediment assessed by <em>Vibrio&nbsp; fischeri&nbsp;</em> luminescence&nbsp; inhibition&nbsp; test&nbsp; and&nbsp; by&nbsp; measuring&nbsp; <em>Zea&nbsp; mays&nbsp; </em>germination&nbsp; and biomass yield was significantly reduced in the amended sediment samples. Accumulation of the selected&nbsp; organic&nbsp; pollutants&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; <em>Zea&nbsp; mays</em>&nbsp; biomass&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; unamended&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; were&nbsp; a significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; than&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; humus&nbsp; and&nbsp; activated&nbsp; carbon&nbsp; amended&nbsp; sediment.&nbsp; Both&nbsp; sorbents show&nbsp; potential&nbsp; to&nbsp; be&nbsp; used&nbsp; as&nbsp; remediation&nbsp; agents&nbsp; for&nbsp; organically&nbsp; contaminated&nbsp; sediment,&nbsp; but activated carbon exhibited the better performance.

The main goal of the thesis was to prevent the generation of waste, byusing the spent coffee grounds (SCG) and date stones (DSAC) forproduction of activated carbon adsorbent for water treatment. Thesubstances for water removal were selected from those presentingpotential risk to aquatic environment according to the NORMAN list ofemerging substances and belong to the group of pesticides:carbendazim, linuron and isoproturon. SCG and DSAC adsorbents, asan eco-friendly and low-cost materials, showed high potential for theremoval of selected emerging pesticides.<br>Основни циљ тезе био је смaњeњe стварања отпада коришћењем oтпaдa oд кaфe (SCG) и кoштицa урмe (DSАC) за производњу активног угљa кao адсорбенса за пречишћавање воде. Изaбрaнe супстанце за испитивaњ прoцeсa уклањањa из воде представљају потенцијални ризик за воднe eкo систeмe према NОRМАN листи eмeргeнтних супстaнци и припадају групи пестицида: карбендазим, линурон и изопротурон. SCG и DSАC адсорбенти су, као еколошки прихватљиви материјали нискe цeнe, показали висок потенцијал уклањања одабраних пестицида из aквaтичнoг систeмa.<br>Osnovni cilj teze bio je smanjenje stvaranja otpada korišćenjem otpada od kafe (SCG) i koštica urme (DSAC) za proizvodnju aktivnog uglja kao adsorbensa za prečišćavanje vode. Izabrane supstance za ispitivanj procesa uklanjanja iz vode predstavljaju potencijalni rizik za vodne eko sisteme prema NORMAN listi emergentnih supstanci i pripadaju grupi pesticida: karbendazim, linuron i izoproturon. SCG i DSAC adsorbenti su, kao ekološki prihvatljivi materijali niske cene, pokazali visok potencijal uklanjanja odabranih pesticida iz akvatičnog sistema.

Africans want to learn. They seek educational advancement. They scramble for places in primary, secondary, and tertiary schools. They know, to a person, that as more and more are born and crowd relentlessly on the continent, educational accomplishments will separate those who get ahead and live well , from those who are left behind, scratching the soil or seeking unskilled ways to earn daily bread, posho, ugali, matoke, and the rest. The key to being selected for a formal sector job, and keeping it, is success in primary school, completing secondary school, and—if possible—receiving a university degree. Furthermore, to advance and prosper—to have any hope of rushing ahead of one’s fellow nationals—increasingly depends on schooling achievements and on gaining formal degrees, but also on amassing either professional or vocational knowledge and skills. This scramble will not be for the faint-hearted, nor for those who are less persistent and resourceful than their fellows.