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Kibirige-Ssebunya, I. "ADDRESS OF THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES OF UGANDA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 540 (October 2000): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.540.4.
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Tusiime, Sharon M., Gail R. Nonnecke, and Helen H. Jensen. "Tomato seed value chain analysis and seed conditioning among seed companies in Uganda." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0199.
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Tomatoes increase nutritional food security and income among Ugandan smallholder farmers who have limited access to high quality seed. The objective of this study was to analyze the current tomato seed value chain for Uganda. Survey responses determined roles of key participants, including Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) for regulation and certification; National Agricultural Research Organization for breeding cultivars and seed multiplication; Makerere University for education and research; commercial seed companies for seed importation and conditioning; seed distributors for sales; and smallholder farmers as savers and end users of seed. Challenges included an inefficient domestic seed distribution system, technical constraints in seed production and conditioning by seed companies, inadequate networks and communication among the seed industry’s key participants, and partial regulation of the seed industry. Seed companies played a key role in seed conditioning processes. Companies imported all tomato seeds into Uganda and stated germination as their primary goal for quality. Challenges for seed companies included assistance from MAAIF to regulate and certify seed and access to improved technologies. Attaining high quality seed by commercial Uganda-parent companies will require additional investment and training of seed technologists for domestic testing and seed quality assurance.
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Namujuzi, Sylvia, and David Luyombya. "Access and use of agricultural records at Uganda National Archives and Records Centre." ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives 39, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/esarjo.v39i1.7.
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This paper focused on access and use of agriculture archives at the Uganda National Archives and Records Centre (NARC) in Kampala. The objectives of this study were to identify the agriculture archives at the NARC, establish the number of MAAIF and NARI staff that consult the agriculture archives, assess researcher’s opinion on agriculture archives in promoting agriculture research, identify challenges of access and use; and make suggestions for enhancing access and use of agriculture archives at NARC. The study purposively sampled five NARC archivists, seven directors of the National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) and 15 heads of departments in the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF). Data was collected using interviews, observations and document analysis. Data was categorised into themes and the content reported in narrative form. The findings revealed that the NARC had a limited collection of agriculture archives due to the fact that there was no mechanism to collect all agriculture archives from the creating agencies, including MAAIF and NARI. Neither was there a mechanism for promoting access to and use of agriculture archives. The study recommends that the NARC should have a spelt-out budget to carry out documentation, collection and promotion of access and use of agriculture archives.
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Mirembe, Bernadette Basuta, Angella Musewa, Daniel Kadobera, Esther Kisaakye, Doreen Birungi, Daniel Eurien, Luke Nyakarahuka, et al. "Sporadic outbreaks of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in Uganda, July 2018-January 2019." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): e0009213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009213.
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Introduction Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne, zoonotic viral disease that causes haemorrhagic symptoms. Despite having eight confirmed outbreaks between 2013 and 2017, all within Uganda’s ‘cattle corridor’, no targeted tick control programs exist in Uganda to prevent disease. During a seven-month-period from July 2018-January 2019, the Ministry of Health confirmed multiple independent CCHF outbreaks. We investigated to identify risk factors and recommend interventions to prevent future outbreaks. Methods We defined a confirmed case as sudden onset of fever (≥37.5°C) with ≥4 of the following signs and symptoms: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, abdominal pain, joint pain, or sudden unexplained bleeding in a resident of the affected districts who tested positive for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFv) by RT-PCR from 1 July 2018–30 January 2019. We reviewed medical records and performed active case-finding. We conducted a case-control study and compared exposures of case-patients with age-, sex-, and sub-county-matched control-persons (1:4). Results We identified 14 confirmed cases (64% males) with five deaths (case-fatality rate: 36%) from 11 districts in western and central region. Of these, eight (73%) case-patients resided in Uganda’s ‘cattle corridor’. One outbreak involved two case-patients and the remainder involved one. All case-patients had fever and 93% had unexplained bleeding. Case-patients were aged 6–36 years, with persons aged 20–44 years more affected (AR: 7.2/1,000,000) than persons ≤19 years (2.0/1,000,000), p = 0.015. Most (93%) case-patients had contact with livestock ≤2 weeks before symptom onset. Twelve (86%) lived <1 km from grazing fields compared with 27 (48%) controls (ORM-H = 18, 95% CI = 3.2-∞) and 10 (71%) of 14 case-patients found ticks attached to their bodies ≤2 weeks before symptom onset, compared to 15 (27%) of 56 control-persons (ORM-H = 9.3, 95%CI = 1.9–46). Conclusions CCHF outbreaks occurred sporadically during 2018–2019, both within and outside ‘cattle corridor’ districts of Uganda. Most cases were associated with tick exposure. The Ministry of Health should partner with the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to develop joint nationwide tick control programs and strategies with shared responsibilities through a One Health approach.
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Rukundo, PM, JK Kikafunda, and A. Oshaug. "Roles and capacity of duty bearers in the realization of the human right to adequate food in Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 11, no. 48 (December 28, 2011): 5493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.48.10100.
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The right to adequate food recognised under international law provides a strong foundation for eradicating hunger and malnutrition in all nations. Uganda ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1987 and thereby committed itself to ensure the realization of the right to adequate food recognised under Article 11 of the Covenant. This study analysed the roles and capacity of duty bearers in the realization of the right to adequate food in Uganda. Structured interviews were held with purposefully selected duty bearers from 11 districts in the country between February and July 2007. Districts were selected by criterion based sampling. Relevant policies, budgets, and legislation were also reviewed, particularly with state obligations on human rights, and capacity of duty bearers in mind. Although this right is expressly recognised in the Food and Nutrition Policy of 2003 in which a multi-sectoral approach is proposed, sector-specific roles are not explicitly defined in Uganda’s institutional and policy framework. Most duty bearer (63%) considered the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) as being responsible for the delays in implementing the relevant actions for the right to food. The Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC) reported receiving inadequate budget resources to support the right to food. Only 20% of duty bearers had knowledge of the General Comment 12, which is an important United Nations instrument that defines and elaborates on the human right to adequate food. Duty bearer’s knowledge of the right to food in the national Constitution had a significant (X2 = 0.003; P<0.05) positive correlation (R=0.283) with membership status to an ad hoc Uganda Food and Nutrition Council (UFNC). A proposed Food and Nutrition Bill had taken over 10 years without being presented to the National Parliament for the process of enactment into law. As such, most of the support for this right came from development partners. Whereas the ministry of health and MAAIF are line ministries in the implementation of food and nutrition policy, the right to food roles of the various duty bearers in Uganda need to be well defined. Capacity development is also needed, particularly related to integrating right to food sector-specific roles into the theoretical development and practical implementation of food and nutrition security programmes at all levels in the country.
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Nassiwa, Florence, Joshua Kwonyike, and David Mwangi Kung. "Government Agricultural Support Programs and Livelihood of Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in Kampala, District Uganda." International Journal of Weather, Climate Change and Conservation Research 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijwcccr.15/vol8n1pp2035.
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This article explores government agricultural support programs and livelihood of smallholder vegetable farmers in Kampala district Uganda. Climate variability is a reality and poses severe effects on societal economy. The agriculture sector in developing countries will be hard hit because it is mostly rain-fed. The poor in such countries will face the brunt of climate variability because they are poor and less able to cope with its effects. Government agricultural programs may help smallholder farmers cope with climate variability and thus protect livelihood. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and complimented by face- to- face interviews. In this paper, multiple linear regression was used to analyze the effect of government agricultural support programs and livelihood of smallholder vegetable farmers. The results showed that out of 201 farmers only 16 (8.0%) received government support and was received in form of subsidized credit, agricultural inputs, agriculture training, extension services and market support. Correlation analysis using Pearson Correlation Coefficient showed a significant positive and weak correlation (r =0.423, p=0.000) between government support programs and livelihood of farmers. Whereas multiple linear regression results revealed that government agricultural support programs (β2= -0.037 and p>0.05) did not have a significant effect on livelihood of smallholder vegetable farmers. Consequently, the paper recommends increasing accessibility and affordability of government programs. Secondly, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and NAADS should provide provide agricultural support as a full package to farmers.
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Protsiv, O. R. "ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ ВЕТЕРИНАРНИХ АСПЕКТІВ РОЗВИТКУ РИБАЛЬСТВА ГАЛИЧИНИ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 2(66) (September 12, 2016): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6650.
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This article provides an overview of the scientific, journalistic literature, periodicals of Galicia in 19th - early 20th century, which highlights the issue of veterinary medicine related to breeding, sale and consumption of fish. It was made a generalization of historiography of problem in chronological context and it was revealed positive developments in veterinary in designated historical period of Galicia. It was made the comparative analysis of the literature in the field of veterinary medicine in the context of fisheries. Based on Instructions of vicegerency of Galicia, Ministry of Agriculture of the Second Polish Republic, administrative acts of local authorities it was researched the peculiarities of state regulation in the field of veterinary medicine. It was illustrated the impact of fishing Provincial Society in Krakow for the publication of specialized literature, which deals with the animal, their influence on public authorities to lobby for favorable fishing industry laws and their enforcement practices, organizing specialized courses of study veterinary aspects of fisheries. It was dealed the Scientists' bibliography in the veterinary field and fishing such as: A. Vyezheyski, M. Nowicki, M. Ratsiborski, S. Krulikovski, M. Hirdvoynya, S. Fibih, Z. Fischer, P. Lyesnyevski. The findings justified the use of the historical experience of Veterinary Science, legislative support of the industry, and practice of its enforcement in today's Ukraine.
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Murray, E. "Welfare in abattoirs." BSAP Occasional Publication 23 (January 1999): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00033206.
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AbstractThe Meat Hygiene Service (MHS) is responsible for the enforcement of the welfare legislation governing the slaughter of a wide range of food animal species. The principal legislation is contained in the Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (WASK) which give effect to the Provisions of Council Directive 93/119/EC on the Protection of Animals at Time of Slaughter or Killing, as contained in the EU Official Journal No. 340, 31/12/93. Codes of practice, prepared and issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food after consultation with all interested parties, provide guidance in respect of these welfare regulations. The legislation governing animal transit are contained in the Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order 1997 (WATO) which is enforced by local authorities, although MHS officers at abattoirs monitor the unloading of livestock and carry out ante-mortem inspections. Animal welfare standards, which must never be compromised, should be continually improved and based on sound science rather than on uninformed opinion and anthropomorphism. There is a need for more high quality research on animal welfare, for clear concise user-friendly codes of practice for the industry, and for continued education of all parties involved, including consumers.
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Ting, Shawn, Abrao Pereira, Amalia de Jesus Alves, Salvador Fernandes, Cristina da Costa Soares, Felix Joanico Soares, Onofre da Costa Henrique, et al. "Antimicrobial Use in Animals in Timor-Leste Based on Veterinary Antimicrobial Imports between 2016 and 2019." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040426.
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Monitoring veterinary antimicrobial use is part of the global strategy to tackle antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to quantify veterinary antimicrobials imported into Timor-Leste between 2016 and 2019 and describe the antimicrobial import profile of importers. Data were obtained from import applications received by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) of Timor-Leste. Import quantities were analysed by antimicrobial class, importance for human medicine, recommended route of administration and type of importer. An average of 57.4 kg (s.d. 31.0 kg) and 0.55 mg/kg (s.d. 0.27 mg/kg) animal biomass of antimicrobials was imported per year. Tetracyclines (35.5%), penicillins (23.7%), and macrolides (15.9%) were the commonly imported antimicrobial classes. Antimicrobials imported for parenteral administration were most common (60.1%). MAF was the largest importer (52.4%). Most of the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine were imported by poultry farms for oral administration and use for growth promotion could not be ruled out. In conclusion, the use of antimicrobials in animals in Timor-Leste is very low, in keeping with its predominantly subsistence agriculture system. Farmer education, development of treatment guidelines, and strengthening of the veterinary service is important for addressing the potential future misuse of antimicrobials especially in the commercial poultry industry.
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Kaaya, Archileo N., and HL Warren. "A Review of Past and Present Research on Aflatoxin in Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5, no. 8 (April 25, 2005): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.8.1200.
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Uganda is a landlocked country located in Eastern Africa covering an area of about 241,000 km 2 . Its climate is tropical, with most parts of it receiving bimodal rainfall of 500 to 2000 mm per annum, and an average temperature of 25 o C. These temperatures and the humid environment are optimum for growth of Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus and subsequent production of aflatoxins in the produce. The country was among those in the world where aflatoxin studies were first conducted following their discovery, in the 1960s and, during that time, hepatoma frequency was related to aflatoxin content of food. The objective of this paper is to review the past and present status of aflatoxin research in Uganda by considering the epidemiology, measurement, research, promoting factors, control strategies and problems associated with this toxin in the country. It is revealed that aflatoxin contamination has been studied mainly in maize and groundnuts, and aflatoxin B 1 is the most prevalent in the country. More studies have been done on foods sampled at the market level than on-farm level. There is more aflatoxin contamination of foods in markets, than those stored by farmers, with some having levels above the FDA/WHO recommended limits of 20 ppb. However, no strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination of food and food products in Uganda have been reported. It is concluded that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural produce is a big problem in the country, and this is attributed to inadequate research, lack of proper sampling and analytical procedures; poor legislation and lack of awareness of the problem by farmers, traders, processors and consumers. Therefore in order to reduce the potential hazard of aflatoxins, government of Uganda through the Ministries of Health, and Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; together with the Uganda National Bureau of Standard s, should put into place information dissemination and training programs for farmers, traders and consumers on proper pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin management strategies. To reduce further this potential hazard, regulations for monitoring susceptible produce from buying points to retail markets should be put in place and strict measures on the quality of food at both household and market levels be enforced by all policy makers.
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Kaaya, Archileo N., and HL Warren. "A Review of Past and Present Research on Aflatoxin in Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5, no. 8 (April 25, 2005): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.8.1200.
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Uganda is a landlocked country located in Eastern Africa covering an area of about 241,000 km 2 . Its climate is tropical, with most parts of it receiving bimodal rainfall of 500 to 2000 mm per annum, and an average temperature of 25 o C. These temperatures and the humid environment are optimum for growth of Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus and subsequent production of aflatoxins in the produce. The country was among those in the world where aflatoxin studies were first conducted following their discovery, in the 1960s and, during that time, hepatoma frequency was related to aflatoxin content of food. The objective of this paper is to review the past and present status of aflatoxin research in Uganda by considering the epidemiology, measurement, research, promoting factors, control strategies and problems associated with this toxin in the country. It is revealed that aflatoxin contamination has been studied mainly in maize and groundnuts, and aflatoxin B 1 is the most prevalent in the country. More studies have been done on foods sampled at the market level than on-farm level. There is more aflatoxin contamination of foods in markets, than those stored by farmers, with some having levels above the FDA/WHO recommended limits of 20 ppb. However, no strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination of food and food products in Uganda have been reported. It is concluded that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural produce is a big problem in the country, and this is attributed to inadequate research, lack of proper sampling and analytical procedures; poor legislation and lack of awareness of the problem by farmers, traders, processors and consumers. Therefore in order to reduce the potential hazard of aflatoxins, government of Uganda through the Ministries of Health, and Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; together with the Uganda National Bureau of Standard s, should put into place information dissemination and training programs for farmers, traders and consumers on proper pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin management strategies. To reduce further this potential hazard, regulations for monitoring susceptible produce from buying points to retail markets should be put in place and strict measures on the quality of food at both household and market levels be enforced by all policy makers.
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Otieno, Fredrick Tom, John Gachohi, Peter Gikuma-Njuru, Patrick Kariuki, Harry Oyas, Samuel A. Canfield, Jason K. Blackburn, M. Kariuki Njenga, and Bernard Bett. "Modeling the spatial distribution of anthrax in southern Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0009301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009301.
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Background Anthrax is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya associated with high animal and public health burden and widespread socio-economic impacts. The disease occurs in sporadic outbreaks that involve livestock, wildlife, and humans, but knowledge on factors that affect the geographic distribution of these outbreaks is limited, challenging public health intervention planning. Methods Anthrax surveillance data reported in southern Kenya from 2011 to 2017 were modeled using a boosted regression trees (BRT) framework. An ensemble of 100 BRT experiments was developed using a variable set of 18 environmental covariates and 69 unique anthrax locations. Model performance was evaluated using AUC (area under the curve) ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves. Results Cattle density, rainfall of wettest month, soil clay content, soil pH, soil organic carbon, length of longest dry season, vegetation index, temperature seasonality, in order, were identified as key variables for predicting environmental suitability for anthrax in the region. BRTs performed well with a mean AUC of 0.8. Areas highly suitable for anthrax were predicted predominantly in the southwestern region around the shared Kenya-Tanzania border and a belt through the regions and highlands in central Kenya. These suitable regions extend westwards to cover large areas in western highlands and the western regions around Lake Victoria and bordering Uganda. The entire eastern and lower-eastern regions towards the coastal region were predicted to have lower suitability for anthrax. Conclusion These modeling efforts identified areas of anthrax suitability across southern Kenya, including high and medium agricultural potential regions and wildlife parks, important for tourism and foreign exchange. These predictions are useful for policy makers in designing targeted surveillance and/or control interventions in Kenya. We thank the staff of Directorate of Veterinary Services under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, for collecting and providing the anthrax historical occurrence data.
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Mesalam, A., S. Zhang, K. L. Lee, S. H. Song, L. Xu, M. D. Joo, J. Y. Hwang, and I. K. Kong. "76 Effects of serum type in maturation medium on in vitro development of bovine embryos." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab76.
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This study investigated the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA), charcoal:dextran stripped fetal bovine serum (CDS FBS), and heat-inactivated FBS (HI FBS) in maturation medium on their ability to support in vitro oocyte maturation, cumulus cell-oocyte gap junctional communication, and development of bovine embryos. Charcoal:dextran treatment of FBS removes lipophilic chemicals, certain steroid hormones, and certain growth factors; however, HI FBS have a lot-to-lot variation in steroid hormones level that can affect the reproducibility of experimental findings. Oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with either 8% (w/v) BSA, 10% (v/v) CDS FBS, or 10% (v/v) HI FBS and 1µg mL−1 oestradiol-17β, 10µg mL−1 FSH, 10ng mL−1 epidermal growth factor, 0.6mM cysteine, 0.2mM sodium pyruvate, and followed by IVF, and the zygotes were cultured in SOF-BE1 medium. The developmental ability and quality of bovine embryos were determined by assessing their cell number, lipid content, mitochondrial activity, gene expression, immunocytochemistry, and cryo-tolerance. The differences in embryo development between experimental groups were analysed by 1-way ANOVA. The Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to test the differences between the treatments. The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05. We have shown that CDS FBS significantly improved (P<0.05) the percentage of MII oocytes compared with that in the BSA supplemented group (77.2±1.0% v. 69.3%±2.3%, respectively). Moreover, CDS FBS had a higher significant (P<0.05) effect on the rate of blastocyst formation compared with HI FBS and BSA (45.2±0.7% v. 37.4±1.5% and 31.1±3.9%, respectively; 6 replicates were performed). Culture of oocytes with CDS FBS increased (P<0.05) the expression of gap junction proteins, CX37 and CX43, at both transcriptional and translation levels as determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. We also found that CDS FBS significantly increased total cell number and decreased the apoptotic index in Day-8 blastocysts compared with the BSA group. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of CDS FBS on embryos were associated with significantly reduced intracellular lipid content and increased mitochondrial activity in both oocytes and blastocysts as identified by Nile red and MitoTracker Green staining, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that supplementation of maturation medium with CDS FBS, as an alternative to HI FBS, affected cumulus cell-oocyte gap junctional communication, and subsequently improved in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes and embryos. Research was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agri-Bio industry Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (grant numbers: 117029-3 and 315017-5).
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Kim, G. A., J. X. Jin, S. Lee, A. Taweechaipaisankul, H. J. Oh, C. Ahn, I. M. Saadeldin, and B. C. Lee. "27 OXIDATIVE STRESS OF LIVER IN TRANSGENIC PIGLETS WITH MULTIPLE COPIES OF TRANSGENES SOLUBLE HUMAN TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE Ig-Fc AND HUMAN HEME OXYGENASE-1." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab27.
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It has been demonstrated that transgene expression is associated with copy number in transgenic animals. Here in, we generated 7 genetically modified pigs expressing both soluble human tumour necrosis factor receptor type Ig-Fc (shTNFRI-Fc) and human heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 1 day after Caesarean section, all transgenic cloned piglets showed postnatal death. In the present study, the transgene copy number, H2O2 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in cloned piglet liver were examined to identify the relationship between transgene copy number and oxidative stress of postnatal liver. In this study, 2,209 cloned embryos using somatic cells with 15 copies of shTNFRI-Fc and HO-1 were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and transferred into 6 synchronized recipient sows. Among them, pregnancies were identified in 4 recipients using ultrasonography and only 1 recipient was maintained until full term. In total, 7 cloned piglets were delivered by the Caesarean section. On the next day, they showed postnatal death with clinical symptoms such as dyspnea (Group A). As control group, 292 cloned embryos produced from the cells with at least 4 copies of 2 transgenes shTNFRI-Fc and HO-1 were transferred into a synchronized recipient and pregnancy was identified. Two cloned piglets were delivered normally and maintained healthy. The liver of a live cloned piglet with at least 4 copies (Group B) at 2 days after the Caesarean section was isolated and compared with those of dead 7 cloned piglets (Group A) for HO-1, shTNFRI-Fc, H2O2, and SOD by ELISA analysis. The transgene copy number and expression of shTNFRI-Fc and HO-1 were confirmed by genomic DNA PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA with appropriate antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism. Level of HO-1, shTNFRI-Fc, H2O2, and SOD ELISA results of each piglets were analysed by unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction. While a transgenic piglet (Group B) had at least 4 copy numbers, all dead cloned piglets (Group A) showed 15 copy numbers. A high level of transgene HO-1 and shTNFRI-Fc expression of liver-derived cells in cloned piglets (Group A) was significantly identified compared with those of a transgenic piglet (Group B) by qRT-PCR and ELISA. While the H2O2 level in cloned piglet liver with 15 copy numbers (Group A) was significantly higher (P < 0.05), the SOD level was lower than those of a cloned pig (Group B; P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that multiple copy numbers could affect the level of oxidative stress in cloned piglet liver. It also affected the transgene expression levels and mortality of cloned piglets. This study was supported by National Research Foundation (#2015R1C1A2A01054373. 2016M3A9B6903410), Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (#10048948), Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries (#114059–03–2-SB010), Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Natural Balance and the BK21 plus program.
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Hasahya, Emmanuel, Krishna Thakur, Michel M. Dione, Susan D. Kerfua, Israel Mugezi, and Hu Suk Lee. "Analysis of patterns of livestock movements in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda for risk-based surveillance of infectious diseases." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10 (January 23, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1095293.
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IntroductionThe knowledge of animal movements is key to formulating strategic animal disease control policies and carrying out targeted surveillance. This study describes the characteristics of district-level cattle, small ruminant, and pig trade networks in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda between 2019 and 2021.MethodologyThe data for the study was extracted from 7,043 animal movement permits (AMPs) obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) of Uganda. Most of the data was on cattle (87.2%), followed by small ruminants (11.2%) and pigs (1.6%). Two types of networks representing animal shipments between districts were created for each species based on monthly (n = 30) and seasonal (n = 10) temporal windows. Measures of centrality and cohesiveness were computed for all the temporal windows and our analysis identified the most central districts in the networks.ResultsThe median in-degree for monthly networks ranged from 0–3 for cattle, 0–1 for small ruminants and 0–1 for pigs. The highest median out-degrees for cattle, small ruminant and pig monthly networks were observed in Lira, Oyam and Butambala districts, respectively. Unlike the pig networks, the cattle and small ruminant networks were found to be of small-world and free-scale topologies.DiscussionThe cattle and small ruminant trade movement networks were also found to be highly connected, which could facilitate quick spread of infectious animal diseases across these networks. The findings from this study highlighted the significance of characterizing animal movement networks to inform surveillance, early detection, and subsequent control of infectious animal disease outbreaks.
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Musoke, David, Carol Namata, Grace Biyinzika Lubega, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Lawrence Mugisha, Saba Amir, Claire Brandish, et al. "Access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study." Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 14, no. 1 (August 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021-00361-4.
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Abstract Background Inappropriate use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, human behaviours such as poor disposal of antimicrobials in the environment can increase their exposure to microbes which can impact on humans and animals. However, evidence on access, use and disposal of antimicrobials for humans and animals at community level in Uganda is limited. This study therefore explored access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda. Methods A qualitative study was conducted that involved focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Participants of the FGDs were community health workers (CHWs) and farmers involved in animal husbandry, while key informants included: officials from the Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; human and animal health professionals; district health officials; and members of the national AMR surveillance committee. Twelve FGDs were held (8 for CHWs and 4 for farmers) while 15 KIIs were conducted. Thematic analysis in NVivo (version 12) was performed. Results Five main themes emerged from the study: access to antimicrobials in humans; access to antimicrobials in animals; use of antimicrobials in humans; use of antimicrobials in animals; and disposal of antimicrobials. Community members mainly accessed antimicrobials for humans from public health facilities such as government health centres, as well as private facilities, including drug shops and clinics. Antimicrobials for animals were obtained from veterinary practitioners and drug shops (both for humans and veterinary). Examples of inappropriate use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals was evident, such as sharing antibiotics among household members, and giving human-prescribed antimicrobials to food-producing animals as growth promoters. While some CHWs returned unused antimicrobials to public health facilities for proper disposal, community members mainly disposed of antimicrobials with general household waste including dumping in rubbish pits. Conclusions There is a need to increase awareness among the population on proper access, use and disposal of antimicrobials for both humans and animals. Development of a drug disposal system at community level would facilitate improved waste management of antimicrobials. Together, these measures would help prevent the rate of progression of AMR in communities.
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Musewa, Angella, Bernadette Basuta Mirembe, Fred Monje, Doreen Birungi, Carol Nanziri, Freda Loy Aceng, Steven N. Kabwama, et al. "Outbreak of cutaneous anthrax associated with handling meat of dead cows in Southwestern Uganda, May 2018." Tropical Medicine and Health 50, no. 1 (August 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41182-022-00445-0.
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Abstract Background Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Humans acquire cutaneous infection through contact with infected animals or animal products. On May 6, 2018, three cows suddenly died on a farm in Kiruhura District. Shortly afterwards, a sub-county chief in Kiruhura District received reports of humans with suspected cutaneous anthrax in the same district. The patients had reportedly participated in the butchery and consumption of meat from the dead cows. We investigated to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, identify exposures associated with illness, and suggest evidence-based control measures. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among persons whose households received any of the cow meat. We defined a suspected human cutaneous anthrax case as new skin lesions (e.g., papule, vesicle, or eschar) in a resident of Kiruhura District from 1 to 26 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with a lesion testing positive for B. anthracis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified cases through medical record review at Engari Health Centre and active case finding in the community. Results Of the 95 persons in the cohort, 22 were case-patients (2 confirmed and 20 suspected, 0 fatal cases) and 73 were non-case household members. The epidemic curve indicated multiple point-source exposures starting on May 6, when the dead cows were butchered. Among households receiving cow meat, participating in slaughtering (RR = 5.3, 95% CI 3.2–8.3), skinning (RR = 4.7, 95% CI = 3.1–7.0), cleaning waste (RR = 4.5, 95% CI = 3.1–6.6), and carrying meat (RR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.2–7.1) increased the risk of infection. Conclusions This cutaneous anthrax outbreak was caused by handling infected animal carcasses. We suggested to the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to strengthen surveillance for possible veterinary anthrax and ensure that communities do not consume carcasses of livestock that died suddenly. We also suggested that the Ministry of Health equip health facilities with first-line antibiotics for community members during outbreaks.
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Ndumu, Deo B., Barnabas Bakamutumaho, Edward Miller, Jesca Nakayima, Robert Downing, Stephen Balinandi, Fred Monje, et al. "Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1 (April 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02867-0.
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Abstract Background Prior to the first recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Uganda, in March 2016, earlier studies done until the 1970’s indicated the presence of the RVF virus (RVFV) in the country, without any recorded outbreaks in either man or animals. While severe outbreaks of RVF occurred in the neighboring countries, none were reported in Uganda despite forecasts that placed some parts of Uganda at similar risk. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) undertook studies to determine the RVF sero-prevalence in risk prone areas. Three datasets from cattle sheep and goats were obtained; one from retrospective samples collected in 2010–2011 from the northern region; the second from the western region in 2013 while the third was from a cross-sectional survey done in 2016 in the south-western region. Laboratory analysis involved the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, including non-parametric chi-square tests for comparisons between districts and species in the regions. Results During the Yellow Fever outbreak investigation of 2010–2011 in the northern region, a total sero-prevalence of 6.7% was obtained for anti RVFV reacting antibodies (IgG and IgM) among the domestic ruminant population. The 2013 sero-survey in the western region showed a prevalence of 18.6% in cattle and 2.3% in small ruminants. The 2016 sero-survey in the districts of Kabale, Kanungu, Kasese, Kisoro and Rubirizi, in the south-western region, had the respective district RVF sero-prevalence of 16.0, 2.1, 0.8, 15.1and 2.7% among the domestic ruminants combined for this region; bovines exhibited the highest cumulative sero-prevalence of 15.2%, compared to 5.3 and 4.0% respectively for sheep and goats per species for the region. Conclusions The absence of apparent outbreaks in Uganda, despite neighboring enzootic areas, having minimal restrictions to the exchange of livestock and their products across borders, suggest an unexpected RVF activity in the study areas that needs to be unraveled. Therefore, more in-depth studies are planned to mitigate the risk of an overt RVF outbreak in humans and animals as has occurred in neighboring countries.
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"Care of laboratory animals in transit." Animal Welfare 2, no. 4 (November 1993): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600016171.
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This publication, which is reprinted from the journal Laboratory Animals 1993, 27: 93-107, was drawn up by the Laboratory Animal Breeders Association and the Laboratory Animal Science Association in alliance with the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry; the British Laboratory Animal Veterinary Association; the Institute of Animal Technology; the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare; the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspectorate of the Home Office, and with comments from the Research Animals Department of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. These various organizations had one common aim in mind: the improvement of the condition and thus the welfare of laboratory animals during transit. The guidelines start with an introductory section on the general requirements of animals in transit and this is followed by detailed information on the needs of the various species. The material is clearly presented and there are a number of drawings of transport containers reprinted from the International Air Transport Association's Live Animals Regulations. This is a very useful, concise and informative document. The adoption of the recommendations contained within it should help to ensure the welfare of laboratory animals in transit.