Journal articles on the topic 'UI-PP'

The interactions between shear-free turbulence in two regions (denoted as + and − on either side of a nearly flat horizontal interface are shown here to be controlled by several mechanisms, which depend on the magnitudes of the ratios of the densities, ρ+/ρ−, and kinematic viscosities of the fluids, μ+/μ−, and the root mean square (r.m.s.) velocities of the turbulence, u0+/u0−, above and below the interface. This study focuses on gas–liquid interfaces so that ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and also on where turbulence is generated either above or below the interface so that u0+/u0− is either very large or very small. It is assumed that vertical buoyancy forces across the interface are much larger than internal forces so that the interface is nearly flat, and coupling between turbulence on either side of the interface is determined by viscous stresses. A formal linearized rapid-distortion analysis with viscous effects is developed by extending the previous study by Hunt & Graham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 84, 1978, pp. 209–235) of shear-free turbulence near rigid plane boundaries. The physical processes accounted for in our model include both the blocking effect of the interface on normal components of the turbulence and the viscous coupling of the horizontal field across thin interfacial viscous boundary layers. The horizontal divergence in the perturbation velocity field in the viscous layer drives weak inviscid irrotational velocity fluctuations outside the viscous boundary layers in a mechanism analogous to Ekman pumping. The analysis shows the following. (i) The blocking effects are similar to those near rigid boundaries on each side of the interface, but through the action of the thin viscous layers above and below the interface, the horizontal and vertical velocity components differ from those near a rigid surface and are correlated or anti-correlated respectively. (ii) Because of the growth of the viscous layers on either side of the interface, the ratio uI/u0, where uI is the r.m.s. of the interfacial velocity fluctuations and u0 the r.m.s. of the homogeneous turbulence far from the interface, does not vary with time. If the turbulence is driven in the lower layer with ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and u0+/u0− ≪ 1, then uI/u0− ~ 1 when Re (=u0−L−/ν−) ≫ 1 and R = (ρ−/ρ+)(v−/v+)1/2 ≫ 1. If the turbulence is driven in the upper layer with ρ+/ρ− ≪ 1 and u0+/u0− ≫ 1, then uI/u0+ ~ 1/(1 + R). (iii) Nonlinear effects become significant over periods greater than Lagrangian time scales. When turbulence is generated in the lower layer, and the Reynolds number is high enough, motions in the upper viscous layer are turbulent. The horizontal vorticity tends to decrease, and the vertical vorticity of the eddies dominates their asymptotic structure. When turbulence is generated in the upper layer, and the Reynolds number is less than about 106–107, the fluctuations in the viscous layer do not become turbulent. Nonlinear processes at the interface increase the ratio uI/u0+ for sheared or shear-free turbulence in the gas above its linear value of uI/u0+ ~ 1/(1 + R) to (ρ+/ρ−)1/2 ~ 1/30 for air–water interfaces. This estimate agrees with the direct numerical simulation results from Lombardi, De Angelis & Bannerjee (Phys. Fluids, vol. 8, no. 6, 1996, pp. 1643–1665). Because the linear viscous–inertial coupling mechanism is still significant, the eddy motions on either side of the interface have a similar horizontal structure, although their vertical structure differs.

IRISH GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES IN HONOUR OF E. ESTYN EVANS, edited by Nicholas Stephens and Robin E. Gfasscock. Belfast: Department of Geography, Queen's University, 1970. xvi + 403 pp. £4.75.IRELAND, by A. R. Orme. London: Longman, 1970. xviii + 276 pp. Paper covers. £1.50.SAINTS, SEAWAYS AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE CELTIC LANDS, by E. G. Bowen. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1969. 245 pp. £2.50.THE IRISH ECONOMY SINCE 1922, by James Meenan. Liverpool: the University Press, 1970. 422 pp. £6.00RURAL EXODUS: A STUDY OF THE FORCES INFLUENCING THE LARGE‐SCALE MIGRATION OF IRISH YOUTH, by Damian Hannan. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1970. 348 pp. £3.50.RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION: THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON TWO COMMUNITIES IN WESTERN IRELAND, by Denis I. F. Lucey and Donald R. Kaldor. London: Geoffrey Chapman 1969. 208 pp. £1.75.GEOGRAPHICAL FIELDWORK IN AN IRISH BORpER AREA — LONDONDERRY‐MOVILLE, by Alan Robinson. Lincoln: Bishop Grosseteste College of Education, 1969. xv + 133 pp. 47½ p.GUIDE TO THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF, IRELAND, by Peter Harbison. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1970. 284 pp. £1.50.IRELAND OBSERVED, by Maurice Craig and the Knight of Glin. Cork: The Mercier Press, 1970. 118 pp. £2.50.ORDNANCE SURVEY MEMOIR FOR THE PARISH OF ANTRIM (1838), with an introduction by Brian Trainor. Belfast: Northern Ireland Public Record Office, 1969. xlii and 109 pp. 20 plates. 25 p.RAILWAY HISTORY IN PICTURES: IRELAND, VOL. 2, by Alan McCutcheon. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971. 112 pp. £2.75.BULLETIN OF THE GROUP FOR THE STUDY OF IRISH HISTORIC SETTLEMENT. No. 1, 1970. 41 pp. 25p.IRISH BOOKLORE. Belfast: Linenhall Library. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1971. 131pp. 70p.THE PAST, No. 8. Wexford: The Ui Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 1970. 105 pp. (text, 82 pp). 37½p.Map reviewÉIRE. 1 : 575,000. An tSuirbhéireacht Ordanáis, Baile Átha Cliath, 1970. Praghas 12½p.

Background Childhood obesity is a growing concern worldwide. School-based interventions have been proposed as effective means to improve nutritional knowledge and prevent obesity. In 2023, Mexico approved a reform to the General Education Law to strengthen the ban of sales and advertising of nonessential energy-dense food and beverages (NEDFBs) in schools and surroundings. We aimed to predict the expected one-year change in total caloric intake and obesity prevalence by introducing the ban of NEDFBs sales in schools, among school-aged children and adolescents (6 to 17 years old) in Mexico. Methods and findings We used age-specific equations to predict baseline fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and then estimated total energy intake (TEI) per day. The TEI after the intervention was estimated under 4 scenarios: (1) using national data to inform the intervention effect; (2) varying law compliance; (3) using meta-analytic data to inform the intervention effect size on calories; and (4) using national data to inform the intervention effect by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). We used Hall’s microsimulation model to estimate the potential impact on body weight and obesity prevalence of children and adolescents 1 year after implementing the intervention in Mexican schools. We found that children could reduce their daily energy intake by 33 kcal/day/person (uncertainty interval, UI, [25, 42] kcal/day/person), reducing on average 0.8 kg/person (UI [0.6, 1.0] kg/person) and 1.5 percentage points (pp) in obesity (UI [1.1, 1.9] pp) 1 year after implementing the law. We showed that compliance will be key to the success of this intervention: considering a 50% compliance the intervention effect could reduce 0.4 kg/person (UI [0.3, 0.5] kg/person). Our sensitivity analysis showed that the ban could reduce body weight by 1.3 kg/person (UI [0.8, 1.8] kg/person) and up to 5.4 kg/person (UI [3.4, 7.5] kg/person) in the best-case scenario. Study limitations include assuming that obesity and the contribution of NEDFBs consumed at school remain constant over time, assuming full compliance, and not considering the potential effect of banning NEDFBs in stores near schools. Conclusions Even in the most conservative scenario, banning sales of NEDFBs in schools is expected to significantly reduce obesity, but achieving high compliance will be key to its success. Why was this study done? - School-based interventions have been recognized as effective means to improve nutritional knowledge and prevent obesity-related diseases. - In December 2023, the Chamber of Representatives of Mexico approved an amendment that strengthens and updates the General Education Law (Article 75) and nutritional guidelines to ban the sales and advertising of nonessential energy-dense food and beverages (NEDFBs) in schools. What did the researchers do and find? - We used age-specific equations to predict baseline fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and total energy intake (TEI) per day. - We used microsimulation modeling to predict body weight and obesity prevalence of children and adolescents 1 year after implementing the intervention in Mexican schools. - Our modeling study suggests that an important impact on obesity prevalence can be expected if the law is implemented and enforced as intended. What do these findings mean? - If successful, this law could serve as an example beyond Mexico on how to achieve changes in body weight through school food regulation. - An important limitation of our main scenario is that we assumed full compliance of schools with the law, yet lower compliance will reduce its impact. We also did not consider historical trends on obesity or NEDFBs consumed in schools during our 1 year simulation, and we considered only the ban impact inside schools, excluding effects near and outside schools.

This study examines the role of the digital economy in enhancing economic development in Iraq, focusing on the period from 2003 to 2022. Utilizing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the research analyzes the relationship between GDP growth and key digital economy indicators, including the E-Government Development Index (EGDI), E-Participation Index (EPI), Online Service Index (OSI), Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII), and Internet Usage (UI). Data were sourced from the World Bank, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and United Nations E-Government Survey. The ARDL model, selected based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), was employed to capture both short-term dynamics and long-term equilibrium relationships. Diagnostic tests, including Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), Toda-Yamamoto causality, and cointegration tests, were conducted to ensure model robustness. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between GDP growth and digital economy indicators, particularly EGDI and UI, highlighting the importance of e-government development and internet penetration in driving economic growth. However, EPI and TII showed negative long-term impacts, suggesting structural and institutional challenges. The study concludes that targeted investments in digital infrastructure, regulatory reforms, and capacity-building initiatives are essential for leveraging digital transformation to achieve sustainable economic development in Iraq. Policymakers are advised to prioritize digital inclusion and innovation to reduce oil dependency and foster economic resilience.

From UI to EI: Waging the War on the Welfare State, Georges Campeau (translated by Richard Howard), Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005, pp. xiii, 235.Over the last two decades, much has been published about welfare state retrenchment and restructuring. No consensus has yet emerged regarding the scope and nature of social policy change occurring during the era of neo-liberalism and economic globalization. On the one hand, scholars argue that powerful institutional legacies and vested interests prevent policy makers from “dismantling the welfare state” (e.g., Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment, Cambridge University Press, 1994). On the other hand, a growing number of scholars recognize that, despite such institutional constraints, the combination of incremental change and path-departing reforms are reshaping major social programmes in advanced industrial societies. This is especially true as it concerns policies dealing with unemployment, which constitute a major target for neo-liberal “activation” (e.g., Robert H. Cox, “The Consequences of Welfare Reform: How Conceptions of Social Rights Are Changing,” Journal of Social Policy, 26(1) 1998: 1–16).

<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Introduction</strong>: Deep bite is characterized by increased overbite in which the vertical dimension between the incisal margins of the upper and lower teeth are excessive. Depending on the diagnosis and treatment objectives, it can be corrected orthodontically by intruding the incisors, extruding the buccal segment or combination of both. <strong>Aims </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Objectives</strong>: To evaluate and compare the skeletal and dental effects of utility intrusion arch, Connecticut intrusion arch and mini-implants in deep bite patients for incisor intrusion. <strong>Materials </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Methods: </strong>The subjects (n=30) were divided into three groups depending upon the type of intrusion mechanics used in the methodology. In group I intrusion was done by using utility intrusion arch, in group II intrusion was done by using Connecticut intrusion arch and in group III intrusion was done by using mini-implant mechanics. Lateral cephalogram were taken before the start of treatment (T1) and at the end of the intrusion process(T2) in all the three groups. The data obtained was statistically analysed by using SPSS software. <strong>Results: </strong>Significant changes from T1 to T2 among the three groups were seen in U1-PP and CR-PP. Reduction in UI- PP and CR-PP were significantly high (p&lt;.001) in the mini- implant group compared to the utility and Connecticut intrusion arch group. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mini-implant group showed maximum intrusion and minimal protrusion of maxillary incisors as compared to utility arch and Connecticut intrusion arch.

Gendered States: Women, Unemployment Insurance, and the Political Economy of the Welfare State in Canada, 1945–1997, Ann Porter, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003, pp. 355It is amazing that Canadian society has been consistently bewildered as to the social, political and economic placement of women. In her new book, Ann Porter explains that the labour requirement that enabled women's participation in the workforce during the Second World War created a post-war environment that was inequitable, illogical, gendered, and “regulating.” Thus, progressive measures were to produce regressive results, as they were taken for the sake of nationalism and not gender equality. Porter documents the change in Unemployment Insurance (UI) policy from limited coverage for certain groups of male workers that could not engage in productive labour to “site of contestation over women's entitlement to state benefits” (66).

Soediman Kartohadiprodjo(lahir di Djatirogo [Tuban] 3 September1908- meninggal 26 Januari 1970karena penyakit jantung; dimakamkandi Taman makam Pahlawan CikutraBandung), merupakan Dekan FakultasHukum Universitas KatolikParahyangan Bandung pada tahun 1961-1970. Buku ini merupakan kumpulankarangan-karangan yang asal mulanyasebagian besar disiapkan dalam bentuk“stencil” sebagai bahan pelajaran bagimahasiswa Fakultas Hukum UniversitasKatolik Parahyangan dan tingkatanterakhir dari Fakultas HukumUniversitas Padjadjaran Bandung.Sedikit catatan tentang SoedimanKartohadiprodjo yaitu 1915 belajar diOpenbare Europese Lagere School(ELS) di Bojonegoro, 1927 - tamat diHogere Burgerschool (HBS) diSemarang, sempat melanjutkan keSekolah Tinggi Kedokteran namunmeneruskan dan tamat Sarjana Hukum1931 s.d. 1936 Sekolah Tinggi Hukum(Rechts Hogeschool) denganmemperoleh gelar Meester in deRechten (Mr). Kehidupan Soedimanmencerminkan ciri-ciri watak orangyang sederhana, jujur, setia, dan adil.Intelektual yang memiliki keutuhan pribadi yang lengkap dengan keberanianmoral yang selalu terpelihara dalamkeadaan apapun. Memancarkansemangat nasionalisme, patriotisme,idealisme dan kemanusiaan yang sudahmenyala sejak masa sekolahnya di HBSSemarang. Aktivis Tri Koro Darmo,Jong Java, dan Indonesia Muda, danturut serta pada Kongres Pemuda IIyang mencetuskan Sumpah Pemudapada tahun 1982. Soediman selaluakrab dengan para mahasiswa asuhnya,dan beliau selalu hadir dalam setiapkegiatan kemahasiswaan dengansenyumnya yang khas “senyum pakDiman”, baginya menumbuhkan danmembina benih kepemimpinan padamahasiswa sebagai calon pemimpinbangsa dikemudian hari haruslah jugamenjadi perhatian dalammenyelenggarakan perguruan tinggi.Pengalaman kerja: Bekerja padaPengadilan di Tg. Karang, Garut,Semarang, dan Jakarta sampai 1945,mengakhiri karir di lingkunganperadilan pada 1947 dalam kedudukanHakim Tinggi Republik Indonesia diJakarta, juga sempat bekerja diKejaksaan Agung sebagai pembantuKetua Kejaksaan Agung dan pada 1947di Kementrian Pendidikan Pengajarandan Kebudayaan (PP &amp; K) sebagaiSekretaris Menteri.Pimpinan Perguruan TinggiDarurat Republik Indonesia pada 1946;Guru Besar luar biasa pada FakultasHukum dan Pengetahuan Masyarakatpada 1951; Guru Besar Biasa padaFakultas Hukum dan PengetahuanMasyarakat pada 1952-1957, setelahPTH terintegrasi ke FH UI, menjabatSekretaris Fakultas Hukum dan IlmuKemasyarakatan Universitas Indonesia(UI) pada 1952-1956, saat itu yangmenjadi Dekan FH UI adalah Mr.Djokosutono; Guru Besar padaAkademi Hukum Militer Jakarta mulaitahun 1952; ke Universitas CaliforniaBerkeley Amerika Serikat pada tahun1957 menjadi Guru Besar Tamu, selainitu juga di Universitas Columbia, JohnHopkins, Cornell, Ithaca, Yale, danHarvard, sepulangnya diangkat menjadiSekretaris Umum Majelis IlmuPengetahuan Indonesia (MIPI) yaitucikal bakal Lembaga Ilmu PengetahuanIndonesia; tahun 1961 pensiun daripegawai negeri, lalu diangkat menjadiGuru Besar biasa pada PerguruanTinggi Katolik Parahyangan dan GuruBesar luar biasa Universitas NegeriPadjadjaran.

Aplikasi MyIPM, yang dikembangkan oleh Pimpinan Pusat Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah (PP IPM), bertujuan memfasilitasi interaksi, komunikasi, dan pembinaan anggota IPM. Namun, desain antarmuka pengguna (UI) aplikasi ini memiliki keterbatasan yang berdampak pada User Experience (UX), seperti tata letak yang kurang teratur, navigasi yang tidak intuitif, dan elemen visual yang tidak konsisten. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Design Thinking, yang terdiri dari lima tahap: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, dan Test. Pada tahap awal, data pengalaman pengguna dikumpulkan untuk mengidentifikasi permasalahan utama pada enam menu aplikasi: Home, Event, Profile, Notifikasi, Lagu, dan Riwayat Kegiatan. Solusi desain kemudian dirancang ulang berdasarkan analisis masalah, dengan prototipe diuji menggunakan Analisis Skala Likert untuk menilai tingkat kepuasan pengguna. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa desain baru berhasil meningkatkan navigasi, estetika, dan kejelasan informasi secara signifikan. Semua menu memperoleh rata-rata rating di atas 4 pada skala 1-5, dengan menu Lagu mencatat skor tertinggi sebesar 4,69. Perubahan seperti tata letak yang lebih terstruktur, warna yang konsisten, elemen visual tambahan, serta panel yang lebih informatif memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih baik dibandingkan desain asli. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam pengembangan aplikasi komunitas yang relevan.

The conducted research and analysis of foreign experience showed that the most effective method of combating the adhesion of rocks to working surfaces is their lining with anti-adhesive and easily replaceable polymer plates. Thus, at the pelletizing plant of pelletizing factory of JSC Mikhailovsky GOK, as a result of the conducted research, the classification of polymer anti-stick lining plates (PASLP) was adopted, namely: PASLP HP (high pressure) SD (standard design); PASLP LP (low pressure) SD (standard design); PPFP IWR (increased wear resistance and impact resistance); PPFP HWR (high wear resistance and impact resistance). In the last 35 years, the following sheet materials have been recommended on the Russian market for various purposes: LDPE, HDPE, PP, PPFP-ASTIKI, PPL-EI, PPL-UI(CBM), Supralen1000, Tivar1000, VMPE 500, SVMPE1000, SVMPE9000, PE500, PE1000, PE9000, lnkulen 100, 500, 1000, 9000. For the correct selection of such materials for specific mining and geological and mining-technical conditions of operation of various process equipment, methods tested in the open press are recommended, allowing the selection of PASLP (sheets) depending on the strength of rocks according to the scale of prof. M.M. Protodyakonov and determining the optimal sheet thickness for various operating conditions of the equipment. Positive experience in combating the adhesion of finely ground iron ore concentrate and raw materials to the working surfaces of the process equipment of the pelletizing plant of JSC Mikhailovsky GOK named after A.V. Varichev is recommended for wide implementation at related enterprises of the Kursk Magnitka Anomaly, as well as at similar enterprises in other sectors of the mining and processing industry.

ABSTRACT: The contemporary life in the era of globalization marked by the fast forward of the tremendous IT (Information Technology). The information discharge excessively needs to have filter to separate the information visually and verbally. This paper studies the culture of tolerance in Balinese artist Putu Sutawijaya, on his three creations, to showed how the spirituality of Hindu’s religion promulgate and develop the tolerance figure of his idea as form, which is an assertive spiritual attitude in the name of tolerance in plurality. Every society from a country, including Indonesia, must have a variety of differences, both culture, religion, race, value system, customs, habits, and history. While the spirituality was defined in descriptive analysis, historical anthropologist, and using the Wilhem Dilthey (2010)’s Hermeneutics Theory. The study of cultural tolerance in Putu Sutawijaya case can be found in his three contemporary works: “Fire Sleep for a Moment” in 1998; “In Between” in 2000; and “Solidarity” in 2004. The novelty of this research is an effort to show how the Indonesia’s visual culture has a culture and religion tolerance as its main topics.KEY WORD: Visual Culture; Tolerance; Contemporary Artworks; Putu Sutawijaya. ABSTRAKSI: “Budaya Visual tentang Toleransi dalam Tiga Karya Seni Seniman Bali: Putu Sutawijaya, 1998-2010”. Kehidupan kontemporer di era globalisasi ditandai dengan pesatnya kemajuan IT (Informasi Teknologi). Pembuangan informasi secara berlebihan perlu adanya filter untuk memisahkan informasi secara visual dan verbal. Makalah ini mengkaji budaya toleransi dari seniman Bali Putu Sutawijaya, pada tiga karyanya, untuk menunjukkan bagaimana spiritualitas agama Hindu menyebarluaskan dan mengembangkan sosok toleransi dari gagasannya sebagai wujud, yaitu sikap spiritual yang tegas atas nama toleransi dalam pluralitas. Setiap masyarakat dari suatu negara, termasuk Indonesia, pasti memiliki perbedaan yang beragam, baik budaya, agama, ras, sistem nilai, adat-istiadat, kebiasaan, dan sejarah. Manakala, spiritualitas didefinisikan dalam analisis deskriptif, antropologi sejarah, dan menggunakan Teori Hermeneutika dari Wilhem Dilthey (2010). Kajian tentang toleransi budaya dalam kasus Putu Sutawijaya dapat ditemukan dalam tiga karya seni kontemporernya: “Fire Sleep for a Moment” [Matikan Api Sejenak] pada tahun 1998; “In Between” [Diantara] pada tahun 2000; dan “Solidarity” [Solidaritas] pada tahun 2004. Kebaruan penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk menunjukkan bagaimana budaya visual Indonesia memiliki budaya dan toleransi beragama sebagai topik utamanya.KATA KUNCI: Budaya Visual; Toleransi; Karya Seni Kontemporer; Putu Sutawijaya.About the Author: Muhammad Wasith Albar, M.Hum. is a Lecturer of Art History at the Department of History, Faculty of Humanities UI (University of Indonesia), Depok UI Campus, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the Author is able to be contacted via e-mail address at: muhammadwasithalbar2000@gmail.comSuggested Citation: Albar, Muhammad Wasith. (2020). “The Visual Culture of Tolerance in Three Bali’s Artworks of Balinese Artist: Putu Sutawijaya, 1998-2010” in MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Volume 5(2), September, pp.143-160. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI [Indonesia University of Education] Press, ISSN 2527-3868 (print) and 2503-457X (online). Article Timeline: Accepted (July 17, 2020); Revised (August 17, 2020); and Published (September 30, 2020).

This article aims to explain how the contestation of social spaces in the lives of the plural society at Lasem it processes dynamically. It is a pattern of space contestation that leads to the affirmation and strengthening of identity or a pattern that leads to the fusion of identities. As a consequence, the first pattern creates social friction or conflict. On the contrary, the second pattern is directed towards acculturation and assimilation of culture which can strengthen social harmony. The important finding of this research is that it can be known the real issue, so that problems related to all parties can be found a solution as well as a resolution. This research also proves that social mechanism preparedness is considered urgent to prevent negative excesses (negative things) from the space contestation. 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BackgroundRituximab (RTX) achieved high remission-induction and sustained maintenance rates for patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) [1], [2]. However, RTX is an expensive medication, which may potentially lead to serious side effects. Defining the best dose regimen for maintenance in AAV is still an unmet need.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to compare the effects of ultra-low dose RTX (500 mg or 1000 mg once per year) to standard low dose RTX (500 or 1000 mg twice per year) as remission-maintenance therapy in AAV patients.MethodsWe included consecutive AAV patients (classified as GPA and MPA [3]) referring to four different Rheumatology centers in Italy. We assessed all AAV patients who successfully achieved disease remission (BVASv3=0) with conventional RTX or cyclophosphamide regimens and have been subsequently treated with RTX for maintenance of remission. All included patients received at least three maintenance infusions with either 1000 mg or 500 mg, twice per year (standard low dose) or once per year (ultra-low dose). After a period of 18 months, we assessed the remission rate, damage (VDI), glucocorticoids intake, ANCA status, B-cells depletion and serum IgG levels.ResultsFrom January 2011 to December 2021, 83 AAV patients (mean age 51±16, 49.4% female, 95.2% ANCA positive, 65.8% anti PR3, 34.2% anti MPO), 61 classified as GPA and 22 MPA, achieved complete disease remission with conventional RTX induction regimen. After 7 [6-9] months, 29.9% patients started maintenance treatment with ultra-low dose RTX (once per year), while 70.1% patients with standard low dose (twice per year), for 18 months. No significant differences at baseline were noted between patients receiving ultra-low dose when compared to those treated with conventional low-dose.At the end of observation period, a disease flare was observed in 22.7% of the low-dose group, and 21.2% in those treated with the standard dose (p=0.881). Relapse-free survival was comparable between the two group (log-rank p=0.818, Figure 1).Figure 1.When comparing AAV patients treated with ultra-low dose regimen to those treated with low-dose, no differences were noted in negative ANCA rate (72.2% vs 67.1%, p=0.262), ANCA titer (0 [0-7.8] vs 0 [0-50] UI/mL, p=0.232), B-cells depletion rate (70.6% vs 75%, p=0.725), mean serum IgG (811 [146-922] vs 680 [429-861] mg/dL, p=0.367), mean daily glucocorticoid dosage (2.5 [0-5] vs 3.75 [0-5] mg/d, p=0.647), VDI (4 [1-5] vs 2 [1-4], p=0.098), hypogammaglobulinaemia rate (31.8% vs 36.5%, p=0.697) and deaths (4.5% vs 5.8%, p=0.831).Although not significant, patients treated with ultra-low dose had lower severe infection rate (10.5% vs 26.8%, p=0.154). Notably, in the all cohort 5 deaths were related to COVID19 pneumonia.ConclusionReduced exposure to RTX was not associated with an impaired efficacy of maintenance therapy in patients with AAV. Remission maintenance with ultra-low dose RTX is a safe and more cost-effective option.References[1]B. Terrier et al., “ANCA-associated vasculitides: Recommendations of the French Vasculitis Study Group on the use of immunosuppressants and biotherapies for remission induction and maintenance,” Press. Medicale, vol. 49, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104031.[2]S. V. Moiseev, N. M. Bulanov, A. S. Zykova, and P. I. Novikov, “Rituximab in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Fewer infusions or ultra low-dose maintenance therapy,” Ann. Rheum. Dis., vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 1–2, 2019, doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213873.[3]J. C. Jennette et al., “2012 Revised International Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides,” Arthritis Rheum., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2013, doi: 10.1002/art.37715.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

This study aims to determine the procedure and to assess the quality of the development of test instruments in measuring the learning disabilities of elementary school students. Learning disabilities are formulated as disorders that occur in learning activities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia. The type of the research is research and development by using Martini Jamaris’s Model. The subjects were 90 students of elementary school in Jakarta. The number of items was 75 items consisting of 19 items (dyslexia), 29 items (dysgraphia), and 27 items (dyscalculia). The results obtained in the validity test were declared valid were only 54 of the 75 items. Reliability of the test was stated to be reliable with very high interpretation in all dimensions. The results of the analysis of learning disabilities using a learning disabilities test that have been developed were obtained 90% of students experience learning disabilities.Abdurrahman, Mulyono. 2012. Anak Berkesulitan Belajar: Teori, Diagnosis, Dan Remediasinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Aiken, Lewis R., and Gary Groth-Marnat. 2005. Psychological Testing and Assessment. 12th ed. New Delhi: Pearson.Allen, K. Eileen, and Ilene S. Schwartz. 2001. The Exeptional Child Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. New York: Delmar.Aro, TuijaAhonen, Timo. 2011. Assessment of Learning Disabilities: Cooperation Beetween Teacher, Psychologists, and Parent. African ed. Finland: Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Uniprint.Aziz, Abdul. n.d. “Dataset Development of A Learning Disabilities Test: A Case Study at Elementary School.”Chodijah, Medina. 2014. “Model Bimbingan Kolaboratif Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Akademik Anak Yang Mengalami Kesulitan Belajar (Learning Disabilities) Di Sekolah Dasar Inklusif.” Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.Deiner, Penny L. 2013. Inclusive Early Childhood Education Development, Resources and Practice. 6th ed. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Dick, Walter, Lou Carey, and James O. Carey. 2015. The Systematic Design of Instructional. 8th ed. New York: Pearson Education Inc.Essa, Eva L. 2014. Introduction to Early Childhood Education. 7th ed. Canada: Thomson Learning Inc.Gall, Meredith D., Joyce P. Gall, and Walter R. Borg. 2003. “Educational Research: An Introduction.” Educational Research: An Introduction 683.Gephart, Harlan R. 2019. “Learning Problems in Children and Adolescents.” Pp. 9–15 in ADHD Complex.Gooch, Deanna L. 2012. “Research, Development, and Validation of A School Leader’s Resource Guide for The Facilitation of Social Media Use by School Staff.” Kansas State University.Harwell, Joan M., and rebecca W. Jackson. 2008. The Complete Learning Disabilities Handbook: Ready-to Use Strategies and Activities for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities. 3rd ed. San Francisco: jossey-Bass.Heward, William L., Sheila R. Alber-Morgan, and Moira Konrad. 2017. Exceptional Children An Introduction to Special Education. 11th ed. New York: Pearson.Ifdil, Ifdil, Rima P. Fadli, Nilma Zola, Elfi Churnia, Yola Eka Putri, and Berru Amalianita. 2020. “The Effectiveness of Ifdil Perceptual Light Technique in Reducing Ophidiophobia.” Addictive Disorders &amp; Their Treatment 19(4):247–51.Jamaris, Martini. 2014. Kesulitan Belajar: Perspektif, Asesmen, Dan Penanggulangannya Bagi Anak Usia Dini Dan Usia Sekolah. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.Jamaris, Martini, and Edwita. 2014. “Formal Multiple Intelligences Assessment Instruments for 4-6 Years Old Children.” American Journal of Educational Research 2(12):1164–74.Juntorn, Sutinun, Sarinya Sriphetcharawut, and Peeraya Munkhetvit. 2017. “Effectiveness of Information Processing Strategy Training on Academic Task Performance in Children With Learning Disabilities: A Pilot Study.” Occupational Therapy International.Kirk, Samuel, James J. Gallagher, Mary R. Coleman, and Nick Anastasiow. 2009. Educating Exceptional Children. 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.Klein, M. Diane, Ruth E. Cook, and Anne M. Richardson-Gibson. 2001. Strategies for Including Children With Special Needs in Early Childhood Settings. New York: Delmar.Leong, Han Ming, Mark Carter, and Jennifer R. Stephenson. 2015. “Meta-Analysis of Research on Sensory Integration Therapy for Individuals with Developmental and Learning Disabilities.” Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 27(2):183–206.Maehler, Claudia, and Kirsten Schuchardt. 2016. “The Importance of Working Memory for School Achievement in Primary School Children with Intellectual or Learning Disabilities.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 58:1–8.Mangunsong, Frieda. 2014. Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. 1st ed. Depok: LPSP3 UI. Mora, JNC; Silva, FB; Lopez, RR; Cortez, REC. 2016. “Design, Adaptation and Content Validity Process of a Questionnaire: A Case Study.” International Journal of Management 7(7):204–16.Mulyatiningsih, Endang. 2011. “Riset Terapan Bidang Pendidikan Dan Teknik.” 1–254.N Young, Sonia, and Karen Furgal. 2016. “Effectiveness and Implication of Sensory Integration Therapy on School Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities.” International Journal of Neurorehabilitation 03(01):17–18.Pesova, Biljana, Despina Sivevska, and Jadranka Runceva. 2014. “Early Intervention and Prevention of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 149:701–8.Post, Marcel W. 2016. “What to Do with ‘Moderate’ Reliability and Validity Coefficients?” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97(7):1051–52.Sidiarto, Lily D. 2007. Perkembangan Otak Dan Kesulitan Belajar Pada Anak. Jakarta: UI Press.Smith, Catherine M. 1997. “Development of A Learning Disabilities Screening TesT for Adults.” University of Toronto.Smith, Tom E. C., Edward A. Polloway, Jamews R. Patton, and Carol A. Dowdy. 2008. Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Setting. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Educational Inc.Taherdoost, Hamed. 2016. “Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validation of aQuestionnaire/Survey in a Research.” International Journal of Academic Research in Management 5(3):28–36.

Abstrak: Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keterlaksanaan program penyelenggaraan kebijakan pendidikan berkualitas dan terakses pada jenjang pendidikan dasar di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif evaluatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik: wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan, dan studi dokumentasi. Penetapan informan sebagai sumber data dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan pola interaktif Miles dan Huberman (1994). Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan derajat kredibilitas, transferabilitas, dan konfirmabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum program penyelenggaraan pendidikan berkualitas dan terakses pada jenjang pendidikan dasar masih belum optimal dilaksanakan, disebabkan belum efektifnya keterlaksanaan strategi perencanaan, sistem penjaminan mutu, standar nasional pendidikan, dan standar pelayanan minimal. Abstract: In general, this study aims to evaluate the implementation of quality education policy implementation programs and are accessed at the level of elementary education in Central Kalimantan Province. This research is an evaluative descriptive study. Data collection is done by techniques: in-depth interviews, participant observation, and study documentation. Determination of the informant as a source of data is done by using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using the interactive patterns of Miles and Huberman (1994). Checking the validity of the data uses a degree of credibility, transferability, and confirmability. The results showed that in general the program of providing quality education and being accessed at the level of elementary education was still not optimally implemented, due to the ineffectiveness of planning strategies, quality assurance systems, national education standards, and minimum service standards. References: Ali, M. (2009). Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Nasional: Menuju Bangsa Indonesia yang Mandiri dan Berdaya Saing. Bandung: INTIMA. Arikunto, S. (2010) Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Article 33 Indonesia. (2019). Pendanaan Pendidikan Dasar Gratis Berkualitas di Indonesia. Diterima dari https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/774-ID-pendanaan- pendidikan-dasar-gratis-berkualitas-di-indonesia.pdf. Badan Akreditasi Nasional Sekolah/Madrasah (BAN S/M). (2020). Pedoman Akreditasi Sekolah/Madrasah. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Akreditasi Nasional Sekolah/Madrasah. Bafadal, I. (2003). Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru Sekolah Dasar dalam Kerangka Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Berbasis Sekolah. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara. Craw, J. (2014). Statistic of the Month: Education Performance, Equity and Efficiency, Center on International Education Benchmarking. Diterima dari http://www.ncee.org/2015/01/statistic-of-the-month- education-performance-equity- and-efficiency/. Dikdas Bantul. (2014). Evaluasi SPM Dikdas Bantul. Yogyakarta: Dikdas Kabupaten Bantul. Hamalik, O. (2006) Pendidikan Guru Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kompetensi. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara. Hasibuan, A. (2017). Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Peningkatan Kualitas Pendidikan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara: Pokok-Pokok Pikirandan Kajian Aktual Dewan Riset Daerah Sumatera Utara. Medan: Balitbang Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Ikrom, A., Taufik, A., Hendri, A. F., Prayitno, H., Darmawan, R., Sudarno, R., &amp; Rohani, S. (2015). Peta Jalan Pendidikan 12 Tahun di Indonesia. Jakarta: Jaringan Pemantau Pendidikan Indonesia (JPPI) Network for Education Watch Indonesia. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemdikbud). (2016). Pedoman Umum Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Miles, M, B., &amp; Huberman, A. M. (1994). Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI-Press. Mulyasana, D. (2011). Pendidikan Bermutu dan Berdaya Saing. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Nugroho, P. J. (2012). Pengembangan Profesionalisme Guru Sekolah Dasar pada Daerah Terpencil Kabupaten Gunung Mas. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 23(6), 513-531. Nuryani, K. (2014). Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Pendidikan Dasar SD Unggulan Muhammadiyah Kretek Kabupaten Bantul Tahun Ajaran 2013/2014. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi. Diterima dari: https://eprints.uny.ac.id/16070/. Peraturan Daerah (Perda) Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang RPJMD Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Tahun 2010-2015. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional (Permendiknas) Nomor 15 Tahun 2010 tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Pendidikan Dasar di Kabupaten/Kota. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional (Permendiknas) Nomor 63 Tahun 2009 tentang Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan.Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemerintah, Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 8 Tahun 2008 tentang Tahapan, Tata Cara, Penyusunan, Pengendalian dan Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Rencana Pembangunan Daerah. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Permendikbud) Nomor 23 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 15 Tahun 2010 tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Pendidikan Dasar Kabupaten/Kota. Rahwati, D. (2019). Implementasi Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan di Sekolah Dasar. Indonesian Journal of Education Management and Adninistration Review, 3(1), 13-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/ijemar.v3i1.2945. Satori, D. (2010). Peningkatan dan Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan. Bandung: UPI. Sonhadji, A. (2007, 14 September). Optimalisasi dalam Rangka Penjaminan Mutu Program Studi S1 PGSD. Makalah disajikan pada Workshop Optimalisasi Tata Pamong S-1 PGSD Universitas PGRI Adibuana. Surabaya. Sumintono, B. (2013). Sekolah Unggulan: Pendekatan Pengembangan Kapasitas Sekolah. JMP IKIP PGRI Semarang, 2(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.26877/jmp.v2i1.401. Suprayogo, I., &amp; Tobroni. (2001). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial Agama. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Tilaar, H. A. R. (2008). Manajemen Pendidikan Nasional Kajian Pendidikan Masa Depan. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 25 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945. Wijanarti, N. (2016). Evaluasi Pencapaian Standar Pelayanan Minimal berdasarkan Prinsip Good Governance di Sekolah Dasar Negeri. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 3(2), 207-218. World Bank (2013). Pelaksanaan Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah di Indonesia. Ringkasan. Report No. 73359-ID. 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The focus of this creation is to design batik motifs for the distinctive scarves of the Samin Margomulyo Bojonegoro community with a source of inspiration from the noble teachings of Samin Surosentiko. So far, there have been no scarf artefacts with the characteristic batik motif of the Samin Margomulyo community. The method used is the method of creating practice-based research and combined with art creation methods. . This creation aims to design, create, and realize a scraves with Sri Kuncoro batik motifs to explore the culture of the people of Samin Margomulyo Bojonegoro. This stage of research begins with data collection, data analysis, and the presentation of analytical results. The analysis results will be used for product design materials, starting from pre-design, design, embodiment, and presentation. The results of this study in the form of Sri Kuncoro batik scarves functioned as a complement and identity of people's clothing Samin Margomulyo. The Sri Kuncoro batik motif means a hope for the bride and groom to get adequacy of halal windfall and happiness and inner peace in fostering home life.Keywords: scarves, batik, culture, samin margomulyo. AbstrakFokus penciptaan ini adalah merancang motif batik untuk selendang khas masyarakat Samin Margomulyo Bojonegoro dengan sumber inspirasi dari ajaran luhur Samin Surosentiko. Selama ini belum ditemukan artefak selendang dengan ciri khas motif batik masyarakat Samin Margomulyo. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penciptaan practice based research dan dikombinasi dengan metode penciptaan seni. Tujuan penciptaan ini adalah merancang, menciptakan, dan mewujudkan selendang dengan motif batik Sri Kuncoro denagn mengeksplorasi budaya masyarakat Samin Margomulyo Bojonegoro. Tahapan penelitian ini diawali dengan pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan penyajian hasil analisis. Hasil analisis akan dipergunakan untuk bahan perancangan produk, dimulai dari pra perancangan, perancangan, perwujudan, dan penyajian. Hasil penelitian ini berupa selendang batik Sri Kuncoro yang difungsikan sebagai pelengkap dan identitas busana masyarakat Samin Margomulyo. Motif batik Sri Kuncoro memiliki arti sebuah pengharapan bagi pengantin untuk mendapatkan kecukupan rejeki yang halal dan kebahagiaan serta ketentraman batin dalam membina kehidupan rumah tangga.Kata Kunci: selendang, batik, budaya, samin margomulyo. Authors:Sugeng Wardoyo : Institut Seni Indonesia YogyakartaTri Wulandari : Institut Seni Indonesia YogyakartaGuntur : Institut Seni Indonesia SurakartaDharsono : Institut Seni Indonesia SurakartaZulkarnain : Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta References:Anfalia, R., Rachmawati, Y., &amp; Yulindrasari, H. (2020, February). Values and characters of the Samin society. In International Conference on Educational Psychology and Pedagogy-" Diversity in Education"(ICEPP 2019) (pp. 220-223). Atlantis Press.Delila, T., &amp; Wiratma, S. (2017). Kerajinan Batik Dan Perkembangany Studi Kasus Pada Ardhina Batik Medan. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 6(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v6i2.11026.Febrasari, A., Dartono, F. A., &amp; Santoso, R. E. (2018). Batik Tulis Padang Lamun (Padang Lamun Sebagai Sumber Ide Perancangan Batik Tulis Untuk Selendang Sutra). Corak, 7(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.24821/corak.v7i2.2683.Hanifah, U. (2019). Transformasi Sosial Masyarakat Samin Di Bojonegoro (Analisis Perubahan Sosial dalam Pembagian Kerja dan Solidaritas Sosial Emile Durkheim). Jurnal Sosiologi Agama: Jurnal Ilmiah Sosiologi Agama dan Perubahan Sosial, 13(1), 41–74. https://doi.org/http//dx.doi.org/10.14421/.Hendriyana, Husen, (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Penciptaan Karya. Bandung: Sunan Ambu Press.Huda, K. (2020). Peran Perempuan Samin dalam Budaya Patriarki di Masyarakat Lokal Bojonegoro. Sejarah dan Budaya: Jurnal Sejarah, Budaya, dan Pengajarannya, 14(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.17977/um020v14i12020p76.Huda, K., &amp; Wibowo, A. M. (2013). Interaksi Sosial Suku Samin Dengan Masyarakat Sekitar (Studi Di Dusun Jepang Desa Margomulyo Kecamatan Margomulyo Kabupaten Bojonegoro). Jurnal Agastya, 3(1), 127–148.Ishwara, H., L.R.Yahya, &amp; Moeis, X. (2011). Batik Pesisir Pusaka Indonesia, Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono. Jakarta: KPG Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.Kartika, Dharsono Sony. (2016). Kreasi Artistik, LPKBN. Solo: Citra Sains.Leavy, P. (2015). Method Meets Art, Second Edition: Arts-Based Research Practice (Second). https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=BOJdBgAAQBAJ&amp;pgis=1 (diakses tanggal 01 Januari 2020).Miles, M. B., &amp; Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif: Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI Press.Munawaroh, S., Ariyani, C., &amp; Suwarno. (2015). Etnografi Masyarakat Samin di Bojonegoro (Potret Masyarakat Samin Dalam Memaknai Hidup). Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya (BPNB) Yogyakarta.Prayudi, Susilo, E., &amp; Prastiwi. D. (2017). Samin: Bojonegoro dan Dunia. Bojonegoro: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Bojonegoro.Sari, P. C., H, S. R., &amp; S, R. E. (2019). Perancangan Batik Dengan Inspirasi Cengkeh Dan Pace Untuk Selendang. Ornamen Jurnal Kriya, 16(01), 15–23.Wardoyo, S. (2019). Motif Batik Untuk Udheng Masyarakat Samin Dusun Jepang Kabupaten Bojonegoro. 3rd International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Arts Creation and Studies (IICACS 2019), 3rd IICACS, 185–199.Wulandari, T. (2021). Eksistensi Batik Encim Dalam Arena Produksi Kultural Di Pekalongan. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 10(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v10i1.25255.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Abstract.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; This study aims to determine how the image of coping stress on wives undergoing long distance marriage. This research uses qualitative methods, phenomenology. The subjects in this study were three people and used six research informants. The results showed that the three subjects had different coping stress images depending on how the situation was being faced. The three subjects combined emotional focused coping and problem focused coping in dealing with stress, using an active approach, both by taking action to reduce stressors and manage emotions and thoughts. Found two subjects using coping that is less healthy and less constructive, causing new problems that aggravate the situation. Found other factors that cause stress on wives who undergo long distance married. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Coping stress, Long distance relationship, Marriage&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baqutayan, S.M.S. (2015). Stress and coping mechanism: a Historical Overview. &lt;em&gt;Mediterranean Journal of Social Science. Vol 6 No 2 S1: 479 – 488&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creswell, J. (2015). &lt;em&gt;Penelitian Kualitatif &amp;amp; Desain Riset&lt;/em&gt;. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Feldman, R. S. (2012). &lt;em&gt;Pengantar Psikologi&lt;/em&gt;. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gaol, N.T.L. (2016). Teori Stres: Stimulus, Respons dan Transaksional. &lt;em&gt;Buletin Psikologi 2016 Vol 24, No 1, 1 – 11. DOI: 10.22146/bpsi.11224&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Handayani, Y. 2016. Komitmen, &lt;em&gt;Conflict Resolution &lt;/em&gt;dan Kepuasan Perkawinan pada Istri yang Menjalani hubungan Pernikahan Jarak Jauh. &lt;em&gt;Psikoborneo. 4(6), 518 - 529&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lestari, D. W. (2014). “Penerimaan dan Strategi &lt;em&gt;Coping&lt;/em&gt; pada Remaja Korban Perceraian Orang Tua&lt;em&gt;”. eJournal Psikologi&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 2, No. 1, hlm. 1-13.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mashudi, D. (2012). &lt;em&gt;Psikologi Konseling&lt;/em&gt;. Jogjakarta: IRCiSoD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mijilputri, N. (2015). “Peran Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Kesepian Istri yang Menjalani Hubungan Pernikahan Jarak Jauh (&lt;em&gt;Long Distance Marriage&lt;/em&gt;)”. &lt;em&gt;eJournal Psikologi&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 3, No. 2, hlm. 477-491.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Naibaho, S. L. dan Virlia, S. (2016). Rasa Percaya pada Pasutri Perkawinan Jarak Jauh”. &lt;em&gt;Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 3, No.1, hlm. 34-52.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nuraini, F.D. dan Masykur, A.M. (2015). Gambaran Dinamika Psikologis pada Istri Pelaut. &lt;em&gt;Jurnal Empati. (2015). Volume 4 (1), 82 - 87&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Papalia, D. E, Old, W. S., &amp;amp;., Feldman, R. D., (2009). &lt;em&gt;Human Development "Perkembangan Manusia"Edisi 10 Jilid 2.&lt;/em&gt; Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Poerwandari, K.E. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Pendekatan Kualitatif dalam Penelitian Psikologi&lt;/em&gt;. Jakarta: LPSP3 Psikologi UI&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Praweswara, A.D. dan Sakti, H. (2016). Pernikahan Jarak Jauh ( Studi Kualitatif Fenomenologis pada Istri yang Manjalani Pernikahan Jarak jauh). &lt;em&gt;Jurnal Empati, Agustus 2016, Volume 5(3), 417 – 423&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ramadhini, S. dan Hendriani W. (2015). Gambaran Trust pada Wanita Dewasa Awal yang sedang Menjalani Long Distance Married. &lt;em&gt;Jurnal Psikologi Klinis &amp;amp; Kesehatan Mental. Vol 4 No 1 April 201, 15 - 20&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Safaria, T., &amp;amp; Saputra, N. E. (2009). &lt;em&gt;Manajemen Emosi: Sebuah Panduan Cerdas Bagaimana Mengelola Emosi Positif Dalam Hidup Anda.&lt;/em&gt; Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Srisusanti, S dan Zulkaida, A. (2013). Studi Deskriptif Mengenai Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Perkawinan pada Istri. &lt;em&gt;UG Jurnal Vol 7 No 6 Tahun 2013, 8 – 12&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stroebe, W. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Social Psychology and Health.&lt;/em&gt; New York: McGraw-Hill.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suminar, J.R. dan Kaddi, S.M. (2018). The Phenomenon of Married Couples with Long-Distance Married. &lt;em&gt;Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan. Volume 34 Nomor 1 June 2018, pp. 121 – 129&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Winta, M.V.I. dan Syafitri, A.K. (2019). Coping Stress pada Ibu yang Mengalami Kematian Anak. &lt;em&gt;Philanthropy: Journal of Psychology. Vol 3 No 1, 2019, 14-33&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

In many countries, relationship between decentralization of government activities and the extent of rent extraction by private parties is an important element in the recent debate on institutional design. The topic of corruption was actively, openly and debated in Indonesia by government, its development partners, and a broadly based group of political and civil society leaders are engaged in meetings and exchange on a daily basis. In the ongoing debate on corruption a lot of attention is paid to the role of public sector salaries, particularly in the decentralization era. Based on this phenomenon, the authors want to analyze the relationship between corruption and decentralization. Using OSL model, we can find a very strong and consistent positive association between the two variables across a sample of region, thereby providing some support for theories of decentralization that emphasize its benefits. This association is robust to controlling for a wide range of potential sources of omitted variable bias as well as endogeneity bias. Keywords: Corruption, Decentralization, OSL Model Abstrak.Di banyak negara, hubungan antara desentralisasi pemerintah dan tingkat ekstraksi sewa oleh pihak swasta merupakan elemen penting dalam perdebatan baru pada desain institusional. Topik korupsi secara aktif, terbuka dan diperdebatkan di Indonesia oleh Pemerintah, mitra pembangunan, dan kelompok berbasis luas dari para pemimpin politik dan masyarakat sipil yang terlibat dalam pertemuan dan pertukaran setiap hari. Dalam perdebatan tentang korupsi banyak perhatian diarahkan untuk peran gaji sektor publik, terutama di era desentralisasi. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penulis ingin menganalisis hubungan antara korupsi dan desentralisasi. Menggunakan OSL model, kita dapat menemukan hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan konsisten antara dua variabel di seluruh sampel dari daerah, sehingga memberikan beberapa dukungan untuk teori desentralisasi yang menekankan manfaat. Asosiasi ini adalah kuat untuk mengendalikan berbagai kemungkinan potensial dari upaya menghilangkan sebagian variabel serta bias endogenitas. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Desentralisasi, OSL Model REFERENCES,Ades, Alberto and Di Tella, Rafael, 1994, “Competition and corruption” Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers 169. University of Oxford.____, 1995, “National champions and corruption: some unpleasant competitiveness arithmetic”.University of Oxford. Photocopy.Barro, Robert, 1992, “Human capital and economic growth”. in policies for long run economic growth. 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This research was conducted to analyze and describe the role of the members of the Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of the DKI Jakarta Province E Commission 2014-2019 in absorbing the aspirations of the community in the field of education. The research method uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach.&#x0D; Based on the results of the study that the role of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Parliament Member Commission E in absorbing community aspirations in the education sector still has to be optimized with efforts to intensify programs / activities carried out to the community intensively, so that the public can know the policies produced, and establish an information center and community service so that it can help facilitate the public in expressing their aspirations. School enrollment rates in Jakarta must be increased, the dropout rate at the Jakarta high school level is quite high. This large gap between regions indicates that there is still a need for encouragement for certain regions to be able to catch up with other regions. Because of the importance of the role of the DKI Jakarta Regional Representative Council (DPRD), especially Commission E in the field of community welfare, it is expected to be able to automate the use of IT technology in community management and services concerning community aspirations.&#x0D; &#x0D; Daftar PustakaA. Referensi BukuAmbar Teguh Sulistyani, Kemitraan dan Model-Model Pember-dayaan, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2004.Budiarjo, Miriam, Pengertian – Pengertian Masyarakat, Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 1992.C.S.T Kansil dan Christine S.T. Kansil, Sistem Pemerintahan Indonesia, Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara, Cetakan kedua, 2005.Chambers, R., Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan, Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial, Pembangunan Desa Mulai dari Belakang, Jakarta, 1995.Dahl, Robert Alan., On Democracy. Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1999.Deutsch, Karl W. et al., Comparative Government: Politics of Industrialised and Developing Nations, Boston: Houghton Mifflan, 1981.Dwiyanto, Agusdkk, Reformasi Tata Pemerintahan Dan Otonomi Daerah, Yogyakarta: PSKK-UGM, 2003.Freidmann J, Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development, Cambridge: Blacwell, 1992.Heywood, Andrew, Politics 4th edition, Terj. Ahmad Lintang Lazuardi, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013._______________, Politics, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave, 2002.Hurlock, E. B. 1979. Personality Development. Second Edition. New Delhi :McGraw-Hill.Ife, Jim, Community Development: Creating Community Alternatives, Vision, Analysis &amp; Practice, Australia: Logman,1995.Lasswell, Harold, The Structure and Function of Communication in Society, dalam Mass Communications, a Book of Readings Selected and Edited by the Director of the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford University, Editor: Wilbur Schramm, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1960. Malinowski, Bronislaw K., A Scientific Theory of Culture, New York: The University of North Carolina Press, 1944.Mas’oed, Mohtar., Politik, Birokrasi dan Pembangunan, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2003.Miles, M. B. Dan Hubermen, A. M., Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Sumber tentang Metode – Metode Baru, Alih Bahasa Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1984.Moh. Nazir, MetodePenelitian, Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1988.Nasikun, SistemSosial Indonesia, Jakarta: Penerbit Raja GrafindoPersada, 1995.Ndraha, Taliziduhu, Budaya Organisasi, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003_______________, Metodologi Ilmu Penelitian, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 1997.Pamudji S, Kerjasama Antar Daerah Dalam Rangka Pembinaan Wilayah, Jakarta: Bina Aksara, 1985.Parson, et. Al, The Integration Of Social Work Practice, California Wardworth.inc., 1994.Prijono, O.S. dan Pranaka A.M.W.(ed), Pemberdayaan: Konsep, Kebijakan dan Implementasi, Jakarta: CSIS, 1996.Rappaport, J., Studies in empowerment: Introduction to the issue, prevention in human issue, New York, 1984.Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Kontrak Sosial, Terjemahan, Sumardjo, Jakarta: Erlangga, 1986.Slameto, Belajar dan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaru-hinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003.Soekanto, Soerjono, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007._______________, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2012.Soetrisno, Loekman.,Menuju Masyarakat Partisipatif, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1995.Sugiyono, Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Afabet, 2005.Suharto,Edi.,Membangaun Masyara-kat Memberdayakan Rakyat, Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2006. Suradinata, Ermaya, Peranan Kepala Wilayah Dalam Analisis Masalah dan Potensi Wilayah, Bandung: Ramadan, 1995._____________,Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Bandung: CV Ramadhan, 1996._______________,Pemimpin dan Kepemimpinan Pemerintah Suatu Pendekatan Budaya, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1997.Surbakti, Ramlan, Memahami Ilmu Politik, Jakarta: Gramedia Widya Sarana, 1992.Suyanto, Bagong, Metode Penelitian Sosial: Berbagai Alternatif Pendekatan, Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2005.Swift, C. dan G. Levin., Empowerment: An emerging mental health technology, New York: Journal of primary prevention,1987.Syafiie, Inu Kencana, Kepemimpinan Pemerintahan Indonesia, Bandung:Refika Aditama, 2003._______________,Sistem Pemerin-tahan Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2002.Tannen baum, R, et al, Partisipasi dan Dinamika Kelompok, Cetakan Pertama, Semarang: Dahara Pres, 1992.Walter S. Jones., Logika Hubungan Internasional; Kekuasaan, Ekonomi Politik Internasional dan Tatanan Dunia, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1993.&#x0D; &#x0D; B. Dokumen&#x0D; Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Amandemen ke 4 tentang Hak dan Kewajiban Negara, Pasal 31 ayat (4)Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003 pasal 1 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, Pasal 49 ayat (1)Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah, Pasal 46.Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003 pasal 1 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasioal, Pasal 49.Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah, Pasal 46.Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tentang MPR, Pasal 3 ayat (1)Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tentang Presiden Republik Indonesia memegang kekuasaan Pemerintahan menurut Undang-undang Dasar, Pasal 4 ayat (1)Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tentang Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat memegang kekuasaan membentuk undang-undang, Pasal 20 ayat (1)Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tetang Kekuasaan kehakiman, Pasal 24 ayat (2).Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tentang pengelolaan dan tanggung-jawab tentang keuangan negara, Pasal 23 E ayat (1).Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 tentang Otonomi Daerah, Pasal 18 ayat (1).Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang MPR, DPR, DPD, dan DPRD, Bab V DPRD Provinsi, dan pasal 217.Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah dan Tata Tertib DPRDPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2004 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Tata Tertib DPRD, Pasal 43.Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor : 013/PUU-VI/2008, Perihal Pengujian UU No 15 Tahun 2008.Peraturan DPRD Provinsi DKI Jakarta No. 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Tata Tertib Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah.BPS Prov DKI Jakarta, Statistik Kesejahteraan Jakarta,2016.&#x0D; &#x0D; C. Internethttp://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2016.pdf&#x0D; http://dprd-dkijakartaprov.go.id/&#x0D; http://peraturan.go.id/pp/nomor-25-tahun-2004 11e44c4edccf11e0b846313231373132.html

&lt;em&gt;Along with the progress and development of the business world in Indonesia, especially the city of Bandung, the more advanced the establishment of billboards both isidentil and permanent. The installation of billboards is currently increasing in number and piling up without paying attention to the predetermined procedures for organizing billboards. So it is necessary to carry out supervision or control, this regulation is an obligation of the Bandung City Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) as stated in the Bandung City Regional Regulation Number 02 of 2017 in Article 19 paragraph (1) Challenge the implementation of the regulation of the implementation of advertising. However, in reality, in the implementation of billboards, there are still many people who do not follow the installation procedure and not all violations of billboard organizers can be put in order by satpol PP Bandung City. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of Satpol PP Bandung City employees in the Regulation of Billboards 2020 and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors in the control of violations of billboard organizers in Satpol PP Bandung City. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative type of research. This is done in the context of collecting primary data by means of observation, interviews and documentation. In addition, data collection was carried out using several book references with research themes to support previous data. The results showed that the performance of Satpol PP Bandung City Employees in the Implementation of Billboard Control has not been optimal, this is evidenced by the many violations of billboard organizers in the city of Bandung. This is due to the lack of personnel and facilities and infrastructure. The way to overcome this is that there must be additional personnel or employees of billboard control and the provision of adequate equipment to support the implementation of advertising control in the field&lt;/em&gt;&lt;textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;&lt;textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-fp-collapsed-button" style="display: block;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-fp-collapsed-button" style="display: block;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;&lt;div id="WidgetFloaterPanels" class="LTRStyle" style="display: none; text-align: left; direction: ltr; visibility: hidden;"&gt;&lt;div id="WidgetFloater" style="display: none;" onmouseover="Microsoft.Translator.OnMouseOverFloater()" onmouseout="Microsoft.Translator.OnMouseOutFloater()"&gt;&lt;div id="WidgetLogoPanel"&gt;&lt;span id="WidgetTranslateWithSpan"&gt;&lt;span&gt;TRANSLATE with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img id="FloaterLogo" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="WidgetCloseButton" title="Exit Translation" onclick="Microsoft.Translator.FloaterOnClose()"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="LanguageMenuPanel"&gt;&lt;div class="DDStyle_outer"&gt;&lt;input id="LanguageMenu_svid" style="display: none;" onclick="this.select()" type="text" name="LanguageMenu_svid" value="en" /&gt; &lt;input id="LanguageMenu_textid" style="display: none;" onclick="this.select()" type="text" name="LanguageMenu_textid" /&gt; &lt;span id="__LanguageMenu_header" class="DDStyle" onclick="return LanguageMenu &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !LanguageMenu.Show('__LanguageMenu_popup', event);" onkeydown="return LanguageMenu &amp;amp;&amp;amp; !LanguageMenu.Show('__LanguageMenu_popup', event);"&gt;English&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="position: relative; text-align: left; left: 0;"&gt;&lt;div style="position: absolute; ;left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div id="__LanguageMenu_popup" class="DDStyle" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;table id="LanguageMenu" border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ar');" tabindex="-1" href="#ar"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('he');" tabindex="-1" href="#he"&gt;Hebrew&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('pl');" tabindex="-1" href="#pl"&gt;Polish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('bg');" tabindex="-1" href="#bg"&gt;Bulgarian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('hi');" tabindex="-1" href="#hi"&gt;Hindi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('pt');" tabindex="-1" href="#pt"&gt;Portuguese&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ca');" tabindex="-1" href="#ca"&gt;Catalan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('mww');" tabindex="-1" href="#mww"&gt;Hmong Daw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ro');" tabindex="-1" href="#ro"&gt;Romanian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('zh-CHS');" tabindex="-1" href="#zh-CHS"&gt;Chinese Simplified&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('hu');" tabindex="-1" href="#hu"&gt;Hungarian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ru');" tabindex="-1" href="#ru"&gt;Russian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('zh-CHT');" tabindex="-1" href="#zh-CHT"&gt;Chinese Traditional&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('id');" tabindex="-1" href="#id"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('sk');" tabindex="-1" href="#sk"&gt;Slovak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('cs');" tabindex="-1" href="#cs"&gt;Czech&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('it');" tabindex="-1" href="#it"&gt;Italian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('sl');" tabindex="-1" href="#sl"&gt;Slovenian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('da');" tabindex="-1" href="#da"&gt;Danish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ja');" tabindex="-1" href="#ja"&gt;Japanese&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('es');" tabindex="-1" href="#es"&gt;Spanish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('nl');" tabindex="-1" href="#nl"&gt;Dutch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('tlh');" tabindex="-1" href="#tlh"&gt;Klingon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('sv');" tabindex="-1" href="#sv"&gt;Swedish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('en');" tabindex="-1" href="#en"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ko');" tabindex="-1" href="#ko"&gt;Korean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('th');" tabindex="-1" href="#th"&gt;Thai&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('et');" tabindex="-1" href="#et"&gt;Estonian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('lv');" tabindex="-1" href="#lv"&gt;Latvian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('tr');" tabindex="-1" href="#tr"&gt;Turkish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('fi');" tabindex="-1" href="#fi"&gt;Finnish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('lt');" tabindex="-1" href="#lt"&gt;Lithuanian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('uk');" tabindex="-1" href="#uk"&gt;Ukrainian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('fr');" tabindex="-1" href="#fr"&gt;French&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ms');" tabindex="-1" href="#ms"&gt;Malay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ur');" tabindex="-1" href="#ur"&gt;Urdu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('de');" tabindex="-1" href="#de"&gt;German&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('mt');" tabindex="-1" href="#mt"&gt;Maltese&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('vi');" tabindex="-1" href="#vi"&gt;Vietnamese&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('el');" tabindex="-1" href="#el"&gt;Greek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('no');" tabindex="-1" href="#no"&gt;Norwegian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('cy');" tabindex="-1" href="#cy"&gt;Welsh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('ht');" tabindex="-1" href="#ht"&gt;Haitian Creole&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a onclick="return LanguageMenu.onclick('fa');" tabindex="-1" href="#fa"&gt;Persian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;img style="height: 7px; width: 17px; border-width: 0px; left: 20px;" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;// &lt;![CDATA[&#x0D; var LanguageMenu; var LanguageMenu_keys=["ar","bg","ca","zh-CHS","zh-CHT","cs","da","nl","en","et","fi","fr","de","el","ht","he","hi","mww","hu","id","it","ja","tlh","ko","lv","lt","ms","mt","no","fa","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sl","es","sv","th","tr","uk","ur","vi","cy"]; var LanguageMenu_values=["Arabic","Bulgarian","Catalan","Chinese Simplified","Chinese Traditional","Czech","Danish","Dutch","English","Estonian","Finnish","French","German","Greek","Haitian Creole","Hebrew","Hindi","Hmong Daw","Hungarian","Indonesian","Italian","Japanese","Klingon","Korean","Latvian","Lithuanian","Malay","Maltese","Norwegian","Persian","Polish","Portuguese","Romanian","Russian","Slovak","Slovenian","Spanish","Swedish","Thai","Turkish","Ukrainian","Urdu","Vietnamese","Welsh"]; var LanguageMenu_callback=function(){ }; var LanguageMenu_popupid='__LanguageMenu_popup'; &#x0D; // ]]&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="CTFLinksPanel"&gt;&lt;span id="ExternalLinksPanel"&gt;&lt;a id="HelpLink" title="Help" href="https://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=9722454" target="_blank"&gt; &lt;img id="HelpImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a id="EmbedLink" title="Get this widget for your own site" href="javascript:Microsoft.Translator.FloaterShowEmbed()"&gt; &lt;img id="EmbedImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a id="ShareLink" title="Share translated page with friends" href="javascript:Microsoft.Translator.FloaterShowSharePanel()"&gt; &lt;img id="ShareImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="FloaterProgressBar"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="WidgetFloaterCollapsed" style="display: none;" onmouseover="Microsoft.Translator.OnMouseOverFloater()"&gt;&lt;span&gt;TRANSLATE with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img id="CollapsedLogoImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="FloaterSharePanel" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;div id="ShareTextDiv"&gt;&lt;span id="ShareTextSpan"&gt; COPY THE URL BELOW &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ShareTextboxDiv"&gt;&lt;input id="ShareTextbox" onclick="this.select()" type="text" name="ShareTextbox" readonly="readonly" /&gt; &lt;!--a id="TwitterLink" title="Share on Twitter"&gt; &lt;img id="TwitterImg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a-- id="FacebookLink" title="Share on Facebook"&gt; &lt;img id="FacebookImg" /&gt;&lt;/a--&gt; &lt;a id="EmailLink" title="Email this translation"&gt; &lt;img id="EmailImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ShareFooter"&gt;&lt;span id="ShareHelpSpan"&gt;&lt;a id="ShareHelpLink"&gt; &lt;img id="ShareHelpImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="ShareBackSpan"&gt;&lt;a id="ShareBack" title="Back To Translation" href="javascript:Microsoft.Translator.FloaterOnShareBackClick()"&gt; Back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;input id="EmailSubject" type="hidden" name="EmailSubject" value="Check out this page in {0} translated from {1}" /&gt; &lt;input id="EmailBody" type="hidden" name="EmailBody" value="Translated: {0}%0d%0aOriginal: {1}%0d%0a%0d%0aAutomatic translation powered by Microsoft® Translator%0d%0ahttp://www.bing.com/translator?ref=MSTWidget" /&gt; &lt;input id="ShareHelpText" type="hidden" value="This link allows visitors to launch this page and automatically translate it to {0}." /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="FloaterEmbed" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;div id="EmbedTextDiv"&gt;&lt;span id="EmbedTextSpan"&gt;EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a id="EmbedHelpLink" title="Copy this code and place it into your HTML."&gt; &lt;img id="EmbedHelpImg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="EmbedTextboxDiv"&gt;&lt;input id="EmbedSnippetTextBox" onclick="this.select()" type="text" name="EmbedSnippetTextBox" value="&amp;lt;div id='MicrosoftTranslatorWidget' class='Dark' style='color:white;background-color:#555555'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;script type='text/javascript'&amp;gt;setTimeout(function(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.charset='UTF-8';s.src=((location &amp;amp;&amp;amp; location.href &amp;amp;&amp;amp; location.href.indexOf('https') == 0)?'https://ssl.microsofttranslator.com':'http://www.microsofttranslator.com')+'/ajax/v3/WidgetV3.ashx?siteData=ueOIGRSKkd965FeEGM5JtQ**&amp;amp;ctf=true&amp;amp;ui=true&amp;amp;settings=manual&amp;amp;from=en';var p=document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement;p.insertBefore(s,p.firstChild); },0);&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;" readonly="readonly" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="EmbedNoticeDiv"&gt;&lt;span id="EmbedNoticeSpan"&gt;Enable collaborative features and customize widget: &lt;a href="http://www.bing.com/widget/translator" target="_blank"&gt;Bing Webmaster Portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="EmbedFooterDiv"&gt;&lt;span id="EmbedBackSpan"&gt;&lt;a title="Back To Translation" href="javascript:Microsoft.Translator.FloaterOnEmbedBackClick()"&gt;Back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;// &lt;![CDATA[&#x0D; var intervalId = setInterval(function () { if (MtPopUpList) { LanguageMenu = new MtPopUpList(); var langMenu = document.getElementById(LanguageMenu_popupid); var origLangDiv = document.createElement("div"); origLangDiv.id = "OriginalLanguageDiv"; origLangDiv.innerHTML = "&lt;span id='OriginalTextSpan'&gt;ORIGINAL: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id='OriginalLanguageSpan'&gt;&lt;/span&gt;"; langMenu.appendChild(origLangDiv); LanguageMenu.Init('LanguageMenu', LanguageMenu_keys, LanguageMenu_values, LanguageMenu_callback, LanguageMenu_popupid); window["LanguageMenu"] = LanguageMenu; clearInterval(intervalId); } }, 1); &#x0D; // ]]&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-fp-collapsed-button" style="display: block;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-mate-fp-bar" style="z-index: 2; width: 0px; height: 0px; opacity: 0; display: none;"&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-hide-fp-bar" style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-current-page-lang" style="display: none;"&gt;This page is in English&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-cta-button-layout" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-spinner"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-mw-button TnITTtw-fp-translate TnITTtw-high-cta" style="display: none;"&gt;Translate to Indonesian&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-change-language TnITTtw-select" style="display: none;" data-for-serial="3"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-stop-fp"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-toggle-iphone-settings" style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-ui_selector" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-options-arrow"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-options TnITTtw-opt-3 TnITTtw-standalone" style="display: none; z-index: 998;" data-serial="3"&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-dd-search"&gt;&lt;input class="TnITTtw-dd-input" type="text" data-dir="to" data-width="NaN" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="selVisibleScroll-3"&gt;&lt;div id="selEntireScroll-3"&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-inner-options-layout"&gt;&lt;ul class="TnITTtw-list"&gt;&lt;li class="lang-af TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-af" class="lang-af"&gt;Afrikaans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-sq TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-sq" class="lang-sq"&gt;Albanian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-am TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-am" class="lang-am"&gt;Amharic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ar TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ar" class="lang-ar"&gt;Arabic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-hy TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-hy" class="lang-hy"&gt;Armenian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-az TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-az" class="lang-az"&gt;Azerbaijani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-bn TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-bn" class="lang-bn"&gt;Bengali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-bg TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-bg" class="lang-bg"&gt;Bulgarian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ca TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ca" class="lang-ca"&gt;Catalan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-hr TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-hr" class="lang-hr"&gt;Croatian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-cs TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-cs" class="lang-cs"&gt;Czech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-da TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-da" class="lang-da"&gt;Danish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-nl TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-nl" class="lang-nl"&gt;Dutch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-en TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-en" class="lang-en"&gt;English&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-et TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-et" class="lang-et"&gt;Estonian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-fi TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-fi" class="lang-fi"&gt;Finnish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-fr TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-fr" class="lang-fr"&gt;French&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-de TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-de" class="lang-de"&gt;German&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-el TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-el" class="lang-el"&gt;Greek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-gu TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-gu" class="lang-gu"&gt;Gujarati&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ht TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ht" class="lang-ht"&gt;Haitian Creole&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-iw TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-iw" class="lang-iw"&gt;Hebrew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-hi TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-hi" class="lang-hi"&gt;Hindi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-hu TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-hu" class="lang-hu"&gt;Hungarian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-is TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-is" class="lang-is"&gt;Icelandic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-id TnITTtw-option_selected"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-id" class="lang-id"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-it TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-it" class="lang-it"&gt;Italian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ja TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ja" class="lang-ja"&gt;Japanese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-kn TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-kn" class="lang-kn"&gt;Kannada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-kk TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-kk" class="lang-kk"&gt;Kazakh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-km TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-km" class="lang-km"&gt;Khmer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ko TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ko" class="lang-ko"&gt;Korean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ku TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ku" class="lang-ku"&gt;Kurdish (Kurmanji)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-lo TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-lo" class="lang-lo"&gt;Lao&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-lv TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-lv" class="lang-lv"&gt;Latvian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-lt TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-lt" class="lang-lt"&gt;Lithuanian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-mg TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-mg" class="lang-mg"&gt;Malagasy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ms TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ms" class="lang-ms"&gt;Malay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ml TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ml" class="lang-ml"&gt;Malayalam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-mt TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-mt" class="lang-mt"&gt;Maltese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-mi TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-mi" 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class="lang-sv"&gt;Swedish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ta TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ta" class="lang-ta"&gt;Tamil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-te TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-te" class="lang-te"&gt;Telugu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-th TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-th" class="lang-th"&gt;Thai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-zh-TW TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-zh-TW" class="lang-zh-TW"&gt;Traditional Chinese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-tr TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-tr" class="lang-tr"&gt;Turkish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-uk TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-uk" class="lang-uk"&gt;Ukrainian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-ur TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-ur" class="lang-ur"&gt;Urdu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-vi TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-vi" class="lang-vi"&gt;Vietnamese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="lang-cy TnITTtw-option"&gt;&lt;span id="lang-cy" class="lang-cy"&gt;Welsh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="sel-scrollbar-3"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="TnITTtw-fp-options" style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;input id="TnITTtw-always-translate" style="display: none;" type="checkbox" readonly="readonly" /&gt;&lt;label class="TnITTtw-always-translate-label TnITTtw-not-pro" style="display: none;" for="TnITTtw-always-translate"&gt;&lt;span class="TnITTtw-always-translate-inner-label" style="display: none;"&gt;Always translate English to Indonesian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="TnITTtw-pro-label" style="display: none;"&gt;PRO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/label&gt; &lt;br style="display: none;" /&gt; &lt;input id="TnITTtw-never-translate-lang" style="display: none;" type="checkbox" /&gt;&lt;label class="TnITTtw-never-translate-lang-label" style="display: none;" for="TnITTtw-never-translate-lang"&gt;Never translate English&lt;/label&gt; &lt;br 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Pendidikan bukan lagi untuk semua orang, namun kini telah mengarah hanya untuk sekelompok orang yang memiliki ?kantongtebal?. Adagiomyangmengatakan?orang miskin dilarang sekolah‘ juga menjadi jargon yang sering kita dengar dan semakin nyaring ketika memasuki tahun ajaranbaru.&#x0D; Masuk ke perguruan tinggi pun seakan menjadi mimpi bagi banyak orang, bahkan tak jarang kita temukan fakta mahasiswa karena keterbatasan biaya terpaksa harus berhenti kuliah. Bahkan yang paling memprihatinkan bagaimana cerita sedih si anak pintar, dengan hati berbunga-bunga karena telah dinyatakan lulus seleksi di perguruan tinggi bergengsi di Indonesia dia melakukan daftar ulang namun apa mau dikata pihak perguruan tinggi bergengsi tersebut meminta uang untuk biaya gedung, sedangkan si anak pintar tadi bersama ibunya tidak memiliki uang sebesar itu, pada akhirnya semua keinginanya untuk kuliah diperguruan tinggi bergengsi di Indonesia itupun pudar. Ironismemang.&#x0D; Sekelumit cerita diatas belum menggambarkan bagaimana output pendidikan bangsa ini. Kita berbangga hati ketika ada sebagian generasi kita memiliki prestasi baik dibidang saints, tekhnologi, dll, atau kalau standarnya adalah banyaknya medali olimpiada ilmiah yang kita raih maka kita tetap berbangga. Namun, semua itu jauh lebih sedikit dibangding bagaimana gambaran generasi kita saat ini. Sek bebas, narkoba, mabuk-mabukan, tawuran, berani dengan orang tua, atau ketika dia bekerja perilaku korupsi dan suap menyuap menjadi hal yang biasa. semua hal itu menambah miris hati kita, akan kita bawa kemana bangsa ini dengan kondisi generasi yang untuk menentukan masa depannya pun dia tidak mampu? Namun pertanyaan lebih keras tertuju kepada pemeritah sebagai pihak yang memiliki otoritas dalam memegang kendali pendidikan, kemana arah pendidikanindonesia?&#x0D; Tulisan ini akan mencoba menganalisis untuk menjawab kemana arah pendidikanIndonesia. Komodifikasipendidikan&#x0D; &#x0D; Gambaran dunia pendidikan kita saat ini sungguh menyedihkan, sebagaimana dituturkan oleh Hanif Saha Ghafur, pengajar UI yang juga penasihat Menteri Pendidikan Nasional (Special&#x0D; &#x0D; Advisor for the Minister), mengatakan bahwa akses masyarakat terhadap perguruan tinggi rendah. Pada 2010, hanya 17% yang diterima masuk PTN. Selebihnya, kelas menengah-atas. Tragisnya, persentase itu terus turun menjadi 15%-16%1. Lebih ironis lagi apa yang di gambarkan oleh Darmaningtyas, pakar pendidikan dari Perguruan Tinggi Taman Siswa Yogyakarta, malah melihat kondisi sesungguhnya jauh lebih parah. Menurutnya, jumlah golongan miskin di PTN dan perguruan tinggi badan hukum milik negara (PT BHMN) tahun 2010 tinggal 4%saja2.&#x0D; Rendahnya akses masyarakat untuk melanjutkan pada jenjang lebih tinggi lebih disebabkan karena biaya pendidikan yang tidak terjangkau. Tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa konsep privatisasi PT BHMN merupakan penyebab mahalnya pendidikan di negarakita3.&#x0D; &#x0D; Berubahnya manajemen perguruan tinggi menjadi otonomi berawal dari dikeluarkannya Peraturan Pemerintah No. 61 tahun 1999 Tentang Penetapan Perguruan Tinggi Negeri sebagai Badan Hukum. Pada tahun 2000 pemerintah menetapkan status BHMN pada empat PTN yang dipandang siap yaitu Universitas Indonesia dengan PP No. 152/2000. Universitas Gadjah Mada PP.No. 153/2000. IPB menjadi BHMN dengan dikeluarannya PP No.154/2000. Menyusul ITB dengan PP. No. 155/2000 menjadi BHMN. Beberapa tahun kemudian menyusul Universitas Sumatera Utara menjadi BHMN dengan PP.No.56/2003. Universitas Pendidikan indonesia menjadi BHMN dengan PP.No 6 tahun2004. Dan UNAIR menjadi BHMN dengan PP.No.30 tahun2006.&#x0D; &#x0D; Kemudian, tanggal 17 Desember 2008, melalui jalan yang cukup panjang, yang diwarnai pro dan kontra, DPR RI tetap mensahkan UU No. 9 Tahun 2009 tentang Badan Hukum Pendidikan (UU BHP). Keberadaan pihak yang pro dan kontra terhadap pengesahan UU BHP karena di satu sisi kehadiran UU BHP dianggap merupakan pencerahan bagi dunia pendidikan, sekaligus dijadikan sebagai payung hukum bagi penyelenggaraan pendidikan formal di Indonesia. Namun, di sisi lain justru kehadiran UU BHP dianggap sebagai bentuk kapitalisasi dunia pendidikan, yang berdampak pada liberalisasi penyelenggaraan pendidikan, dan sebagai jalan lepas tangannya pemerintah terhadap dunia pendidikan sedikit demisedikit.&#x0D; &#x0D; 1Sudarmadi. Menata Ulang Manajemen Perguruan Tinggi.2011&#x0D; 2ibid&#x0D; 3ibid&#x0D; &#x0D; Konsekuensi Perguruan Tinggi BHMN menyebabkan mahalnya biaya pendidikan tinggi sehingga semakin tidak terjangkau oleh masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah. Kondisi ini berlanjut dengan diajukannya tuntutan judicial review terhadap UU BHP ke Mahkamah Konstitusi oleh sekelompok masyarakat. Hasil judicial review dalam Amar Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI No. 11-14-21-126-136/PUU-VII/2009 dinyatakan bahwa UU BHP tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum yang mengikat. Alasan yan diberikan MK adalah bahwa UU BHP bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 yang mengamanatkan agar pemerintah dapat menyelenggarakan pendidikan untuk seluruh masyarakat, pertama karena secara yuridis UU BHP tidak sejalan dengan UU lainnya dan subtansi yang saling bertabrakan, kedua UU BHP tidak memberikan dampak apapun terhadap peningkatan kualitas peserta didik dan ketiga UU BHP melakukan penyeragaman terhadap nilai-nilai kebhinekaan yang dimiliki oleh badan hukum pendidikan yang telah berdiri lama di Indonesia, seperti yayasan, perkumpulan, badan wakaf danlain-lain.&#x0D; &#x0D; Lahirnya UU BHP merupakan bagian dari amanat UU Sisdiknas Nomor 20 Tahun 2003, hal ini dikemukakan pada Pasal 53 UU Sisdiknas yang memerintahkan agar penyelenggara dan/atau satuan pendidikan formal yang didirikan oleh pemerintah atau masyarakat berbentuk badan hukum pendidikan. Sehubungan dengan itu, Pasal 53 Ayat (4) UU Sisdiknas memerintahkan agar ketentuan tentang badan hukum pendidikan ditetapkan dengan undang-undang tersendiri. UU BHP yang telah disahkan merupakan sebuah konsep yang sudah 36 kali direvisidimulai&#x0D; sejak tahun 2003 dan baru di jadikan UU setelah 36 kali revisi di tahun2008.4&#x0D; &#x0D; MenurutProf.Dr.Jimly Asshiddiqie, ?penerapanBHMNsamadengangejalakapitalis pendidkan yang memberatkan mahasiswa dan stakeholder?.5 Sedangkan menurut Darmaningtyas,pengurusMajelisLuhurTamansiswa Yogyakarta,mengatakan?Karenadiprivatisasi dalam bentuk PT BHMN, mereka lalu ingin cari untung karena berpikir bantuan pemerintah sewaktu-waktu dapat distop. BHMN berpikir cari dana abadi sehingga bayarnya&#x0D; mahal,?. Menurut Ichlasul Amal, guru besar di UGM, Perubahan besar terjadi setelah beberapa lembagapendidikanmenyandangstatusBHMNmulai2003.Statusinimembuatmanajemen&#x0D; &#x0D; 4Aryos Nivada.potensi bahaya laten UU BHP. http://www.achehpress.com/2009.diakses tgl 31 januari2012&#x0D; &#x0D; 5Edwin Tirani. Kelola Uang Di Universitas Idealnya BLU http://www.media-indonesia.com/Rabu, 28/3/ 2007. Diaksestgl 1/2/2012&#x0D; &#x0D; lembaga PT harus kreatif menggali dana dari calon mahasiswa berhubung pasokan dari pemerintah terhitung minim. Apalagi, dengan status BHMN mereka diberi keleluasan melakukan seleksi mahasiswa sendiri. Tak mengherankan, manajemen PT pun kemudian membuat kebijakan menyaring mahasiswa plus-plus: pintar secara akademis dan mampu di sisi finansial.&#x0D; ?Kesalahanberada di pihak pemerintahyangmenerapkankebijakanBHMN,bukan pada PT-nya,?.6&#x0D; &#x0D; Di banyak PTN, untuk masuk fakultas kedokteran tetap harus membayar uang pangkal di atas Rp 100 juta dan untuk jurusanekonomi-bisnis sekitarRp 50 juta.?Itumembuat masyarakat bingung karena seleksinya bersama tapi uang masuknya berbeda-beda, tergantung tingkat penghasilan orang tua. Apa bedanya dengan masuk ujian mandiri?? ujarDarmaningtyas.&#x0D; &#x0D; Harus diakui, kebijakan BHMN di tahun-tahun lalu telah membawa dampak komersialisasi PTN dalam skala massif. Betapa tidak, memang awalnya hanya beberapa perguruan tinggi yang menentukan uang pangkal dan biaya kuliah dengan nilai tinggi. Namun, tanpa disadari para pembuat kebijakan, apa yang dilakukan sejumlah BHMN diam-diam telah menciptakan standar pasar baru yang kemudian diikuti perguruan tinggi lain, baik yang negeri maupunswasta.&#x0D; &#x0D; Tentu ini sebuah ironi. Betapapun akses pendidikan tinggi harus diperluas karena merupakan pilar kemajuan bangsa ke depan. Bila komersialisasi pendidikan terus berlangsung dan warga miskin makin terpinggirkan, Indonesia diprediksi akan kehilangan SDM unggul dalam jumlah besar di masa depan. Kondisi yang tragis mengingat akses pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia masih rendah. Dari 237 juta penduduk RI, baru 5,2 juta orang yang mampukuliah.&#x0D; &#x0D; Memang tak tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa untuk biaya operasional pengelolaan pendidikan mahal, ditambah dengan riset yang harus dilakukan. Menurut Rektor Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Rohmat Wahab, biaya operasional pendidikan untuk mahasiswa prodi IPS berkisar 22 juta per tahun dan untuk prodi IPA 26 juta-28 juta per tahun (Kompas,11/7)&#x0D; &#x0D; Memang anggaran untuk fungsi pendidikan sudah mencapai 20% dari APBN yang tahun ini sebesar 248 triliun (20,2 % APBN). Dari jumlah itu, 158 triliun (60%) ditransfer ke daerah. Hanya 89 triliun yang dikelola pemerintah pusat yang disebar untuk 18 kementerian/lembaga.&#x0D; 6 Rachmanto Aris D. Menata ulang manajemen perguruan tinggi/http://swa.co.id/2011/10/ diakses tgl31/1/2012&#x0D; &#x0D; Yang dikelola Kemdiknas sendiri hanya 55 triliun yang dibagi untuk program pendidikan dasar 12,7 triliun (23%), pendidikan menengah 5 triliun (9,1%), dan pendidikan tinggi 28,8 triliun (51,9%). Anggaran Dikti (pendidikan tinggi) itu termasuk di dalamnya PNBP (penerimaan negara bukan pajak), sehingga terlihat sangat besar. Dan semua jumlah itu sebagian besarnya untuk gaji guru dandosen.&#x0D; &#x0D; Latarbelakang liberalisasiPendidikan&#x0D; &#x0D; Di negara-negara kapitalis besar, seperti AS, Kanada, Inggris, atau Australia, pendidikan merupakan penyangga peradaban mereka secara fundamental, sekaligus merupakan lahan industri strategis yang menjadi bagian dari dan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara bersangkutan. Di negara-negara itu, industri pendidikan tinggi tumbuh pesat seperti industri jasa danperdaganganyanglain.AdalahAmerikaSerikatditahun60-an,melakukanpenelitiandan&#x0D; hasil penelitiannya menyimpulkan bahwa investasi dalam dunia pendidikan jauh lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan investasi di bidang saham.7 Dengan dana tidak kurang dari 6 milyar dolar, AS lalu membiayai penelitian terapan (applied research) dalam bidang pendidikan. Hasilnya adalah Amerika Serikat memiliki sebuah sistem pendidikan yang pragmatis dan berorientasi pasar, yang meniscayakan standarisasi semua bidang ilmu terhadap kebutuhan industri. Akhirnya mulai tahun 70-an hingga sekarang, Amerika Serikat menjadi kiblat pendidikan didunia.8&#x0D; &#x0D; Indonesia sendiri mulai mengikatkan diri dalam WTO sejak tahun 1994. Dengan diterbitkanya Undang-Undang No.7 Tahun 1994 tentangpengesahan(ratifikasi)?Agreement Establising the World Trade Organization”, maka Indonesia secara resmi telah menjadi anggota WTO dan semua persetujuan yang ada di dalamnya telah sah menjadi bagian dari legislasi nasional. Sebagai anggota WTO, Indonesia tentu saja tidak bisa menghindar dari berbagai perjanjian liberalisasi perdagangan, termasuk perdagangan jasa pendidikan. Kesepakatan ini dimotori oleh WTO, dimana pada tahun 2005 melalui General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Indonesia sepakat untuk menandatangani kesepakatan tersebut. GATS mengaturliberalisasi&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 7Prof. Abuddin Nata, Pendidikan di Persimpangan Jalan,2009&#x0D; 8Rum Rosyid, Perselingkuhan Dunia Pendidikan dan Kepentingan Kapitalis,2010&#x0D; &#x0D; perdagangan sektor jasa pendidikan berdampingan dengan liberalisasi layanan kesehatan, teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, jasa akuntansi, serta jasa-jasalainnya9.&#x0D; &#x0D; Logika perdagangan jasa pendidikan, sebagaimana diutarakan oleh Rektor Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Prof. Dr. Sofian Effendi mengikuti tipologi yang digunakan oleh para ekonom dalam membagi kegiatan usaha dalam masyarakat. Ilmu ekonomi membagi 3 sektor kegiatan usaha dalam masyarakat. Pertama adalah sektor Primer mencakup semua industri ekstraksi hasil pertambangan dan pertanian. Kedua, sektor sekunder mencakup industri untuk mengolah bahan dasar menjadi barang, bangunan, produk manufaktur dan utilities. Dan ketiga, sektor tersier yang mencakup industri-industri untuk mengubah wujud benda fisik (physical services), keadaan manusia (human services) dan benda simbolik (information and communication services). Sejalan dengan pandangan ilmu ekonomi tersebut, WTO menetapkan pendidikan sebagai salah satuindustrisektortersier,karenakgiatanpokoknyaadalahmentransformasiorangyangtidak&#x0D; berpengetahuan dan orang yang tidak mempunyai keterampilan menjadi orang yang berpengetahuan dan mempunyaiketerampilan10.&#x0D; &#x0D; Kontribusi sektor tersier terhadap produk nasional suatu bangsa memang cenderung meningkat seiring dengan kemajuan pembangunan bangsa tersebut. Sejak 1980-an di negara-negara maju, perdagangan jasa tumbuh pesat dan telah memberikan sumbangan yang besar pada produk domestik bruto (PDB), lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sector primer dan sekunder. Tiga negara yang paling mendapaatkan keuntungan besar dari liberalisasi jasa pendidikan adalah Amerika Serikat, Inggeris dan Australia (Enders dan Fulton, Eds., 2002, hh 104-105). Pada 2000 ekspor jasa pendidikan Amerika mencapai US $ 14 milyar atau Rp. 126 trilyun. Di Inggeris sumbangan pendapatan dari ekspor jasa pendidikan mencapai sekitar 4 persen dari peneimaan sector jasa negara tersebut. Menurut Millea (1998), sebuah publikasi rahasia berjudul Intelligent Exports mengungkapkan bahwa pada 1994 sector jasa telah menyumbangkan 70 persen pada PDB Australia, menyerap 80 persen tenaga kerja dan merupakan 20 persen dari ekpor total negara Kangguru tersebut, Sebuah survey yang diadakan pada 1993 menunjukkan bahwa industri jasa yang paling menonjol orientasi ekpornya adalah jasa komputasi, pendidikan dan pelatihan.Ekpor&#x0D; &#x0D; 9&#x0D; Dani Setiawan, Liberalisasi Pendidikan danWTO.&#x0D; 10&#x0D; Prof.Dr.SofianEffendi,StrategiMenghadapiLiberalisasiPendidikanTinggi.2005&#x0D; &#x0D; jasa pendidikan dan pelatihan tersebut telah menghasilkan AUS $ 1,2 milyar pada 1993. Fakta tersebut dapat menjelaskan mengapa tiga negara maju tersebut amat getol menuntut liberalisasi sektor jasa pendidikan melaluiWTO11.&#x0D; &#x0D; Inilah pangkal masalah mahalnya biaya pendidikan itu. Yaitu negara ini menggunakan paradigma kapitalisme dalam mengurusi kepentingan dan urusan rakyat termasuk pendidikan. Ideologi Kapitalisme memandang bahwa pengurusan rakyat oleh Pemerintah berbasis pada sistem pasar (market based system). Artinya, Pemerintah hanya menjamin berjalannya sistem pasar itu, bukan menjamin terpenuhinya kebutuhan masyarakat. Dalam pendidikan, Pemerintah hanya menjamin ketersediaan sekolah/PT bagi masyarakat; tidak peduli apakah biaya pendidikannya terjangkau atau tidak oleh masyarakat. Pemerintah akan memberikan izin kepada siapa pun untuk mendirikan sekolah/PT termasuk para investor asing. Anggota masyarakat yang mampu dapat memilih sekolah berkualitas dengan biaya mahal. Yang kurang mampu bisa memilih sekolah yang lebih murah dengan kualitas yang lebih rendah. Yang tidak mampu dipersilakan untuk tidakbersekolah.&#x0D; &#x0D; Jelas, kekhawatiran masyarakat mengenai kian mengentalnya paham neoliberalisme dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan tinggi bukan tanpa alasan. Bahkan pemikir-pemikir pendidikan di Amerika-negara asal kelahiran mazhab neoli-beralisme-sekalipun juga risau atas praktik pendidikan tinggi yang berazas pada ideologi kapitalisme pasar bebas yang menjelma dalam mazhab neoliberalisme itu. Seorang pemikir critical pedagogy, Henry Giroux, menyebut neoliberalisme telah meneror ruang-ruang publik ketika lembaga pendidikan tinggi berpraktik menyerupai korporasi yang bersifat dominatif, eksploitatif, danhegemonik.&#x0D; &#x0D; Proyek komersialisasi sekolah yang sedang berjalan sekarang sangat mungkin mencerminkan kesulitan, bahkan kegagalan pendidikan dalam melepaskan diri dari jerat kapitalisasi. Jerat kapitalisasi pendidikan, menurut Darmaningtyas (2005), menjadikan pendidikan harus 'menyembah' kepada aturan main pasar, sehingga kebijakan dunia pendidikan bukan lagi berorientasi kepada pencerdasan dan pemanusiaan manusia, tetapi justru menjadi ajang mengeruk keuntunganfinansial.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 11idem&#x0D; &#x0D; bila sekadar terobsesi oleh motif ekonomi semata, perguruan tinggi akan cenderung mengabaikan fungsi utama sebagai lembaga produsen ilmu pengetahuan, pelopor inovasi teknologi, serta pusat eksperimentasi dan observatorium bagi penemuan-penemuanbaru.&#x0D; Skema pembiayaan pendidikangratis&#x0D; Pada tahun 2007 terdapat kesepakatan antara Pemerintah dan DPR tentang danaanggaran untuk sektor pendidikan hanya sebesar Rp. 51,3 trilyun (hanya 10,3 % dari total APBN), angka itu sedikit naik dari tahun 2006 yang sebesar Rp. 36,7 trilyun (9,1 % dari total APBN). Sepanjang tahun 2006 s/d 2009 alokasi anggaran pendidikan sebesar 210 trilyun, dimana angka tersebut jauh lebih sedikit dibanding beban pembayaran utang luarnegri.&#x0D; Alokasi pembayaran bunga utang dalam negri sebesar Rp. 38,84 trilyun, bunga utang luar negri Rp. 25,14 trilyun, cicilan pokok utang luar negri sebesar Rp. 46,84 trilyun. Jika ditotal, maka pembayaran utang luar negri telah menghabiskan 25,10 % dari total belanja negara yang berjumlah Rp. 441,61 trilyun, yang berarti juga memboroskan pendapatan negara sebesar 29,33%.&#x0D; Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk bisa memberikan kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat, dengan melihat letak geografis Indonesia sangat menguntungkan, karena kita memiliki kekayaan alam yang luar biasa kaya. Lihat saja pendapatan dari berbagai industri pertambangan asing di Indonesia seperti Exxon Mobil pada tahun 2007 berdasarkan laporannya, yang mencapai angka $ 40,6 Billion atau Rp3.723 trilyun serta Chevron ditahun 2007 mampu memperoleh keuntungan sampai $ 18,7 Billion atau Rp 171 trilliyun. Demikian pula dengan 137 pertambangan asing lainnya di Indonesia yang juga mengeruk keuntungan di negri berlahan subur ini. Bandingkan dengan keuntungan pemerintah dari hasil tambang yang telah dijual ke asing, tidak pernah menembus angka 3%. Tidak seharusnya negeri ini miskin, karena sama sekali tidak memiliki alasan untukitu.

PERAN BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDes) DALAM&#x0D; MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DESA (PADes) &#x0D; DI KECAMATAN TEBING TINGGI &#x0D; KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG BARAT&#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; Rahmi1,Ernawati Hamid2, Mirawati Yanita3&#x0D; &#x0D; 1Alumni of the Agribusiness Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Jambi University&#x0D; 2Lecturer of the Agribusiness Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Jambi University&#x0D; Email : rahmirahmansp@gmail.com&#x0D; &#x0D; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mendeskripsikan BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, (2) Mengkaji pendapatan BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, (3) Menganalisis peran BUMDes dalam meningkatan Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi. Metode penentuan daerah penelitian ditentukan secara purposive. Penelitian dilakukan pada Bulan November 2021 sampai dengan bulan Januari 2022. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Deskriptif kualitatif, yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan pertama yakni, untuk mendeskripsikan BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, BUMDes Karya Bersama) Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Analisis Deskriptif kuantittatif, yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan kedua yakni, mengkaji pendapatan BUMDes pada masing-masing desa penelitian dan tujuan kedua menganalisis peran BUMDes di daerah penelitian dalam meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian BUMDes di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat BUMDes di Kecamatan Tebing tinggi yang berperan aktif terhadap pendapatan asli desa (PADes) adalah BUMDes Maju Jaya, BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara dan BUMDes Karya Bersama. Pendapatan BUMDes yang paling berpengaruh besar terhadap peningkatan PADes salah satunya dihasilkan oleh unit usaha yang bergerak di bidang pertanian yaitu pupuk kompos. Berdasarkan kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari ketiga BUMDes yang berkontribusi dapat disimpulkan bahwa BUMDes Karya Bersama di Desa Delima memiliki kontribusi yang paling besar terhadap PADes di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi dibandingkan BUMDes dari dua desa lainnya. Artinya BUMDes Karya Bersama memiliki peranan penting terhadap perekonomian desa di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes sebesar 59,74%, sedangkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari BUMDes Maju Jaya dan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara masing-masing hanya sebesar 20,59 % dan 10,72 %.&#x0D; &#x0D; Kata Kunci : Peran, Pendapatan, Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes), Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes)&#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; This study aims to (1) describe the BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) in Tebing Tinggi District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, (2) Assess the income of BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) in Tebing Tinggi District, Tanjung Regency. West Jabung, (3) Analyzing the role of BUMDes in increasing Village Original Income (PADes) in Tebing Tinggi District. The method of determining the research area was determined purposively. The research was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022. The analysis used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis, which is used to answer the first objective, namely, to describe BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, BUMDes Karya Bersama) Tebing Tinggi District, Tanjung Regency. West Jabung. Quantitative descriptive analysis, which is used to answer the second objective, is to examine the income of BUMDes in each research village and the second objective is to analyze the role of BUMDes in the research area in increasing Village Original Income. Based on the results of the research, BUMDes in Tebing Tinggi District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, BUMDes in Tebing Tinggi District that play an active role in village original income (PADes) are BUMDes Maju Jaya, BUMDes Gate Nusantara and BUMDes Karya Bersama. The income of BUMDes that has the most influence on the increase in PADes is produced by business units engaged in agriculture, namely compost. Based on the contribution of BUMDes income to PADes from the three contributing BUMDes, it can be concluded that Karya Bersama BUMDes in Delima Village has the largest contribution to PADes in Tebing Tinggi District compared to BUMDes from the other two villages. This means that BUMDes Karya Bersama has an important role in the village economy in Tebing Tinggi District. Based on the average value of BUMDes income contribution to PADes, it is 59.74%, while the average value of BUMDes income contribution to PADes from BUMDes Maju Jaya and BUMDes Gate Nusantara is only 20.59% and 10.72%, respectively.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Role, Income, Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), Village Original Income (PADes)&#x0D; &#x0D; PENDAHULUAN&#x0D; &#x0D; Amanat Undang-undang Desa Nomor 6 tahun 2014 ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kualitas hidup masyarakat. Dengan mendorong pembangunan desa-desa mandiri dan berkelanjutan yang memiliki ketahanan sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa melalui Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pembangunan Desa membentuk suatu badan keuangan yaitu Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) yang bisa mendirikan usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan ekenomi masyarakat. Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) adalah suatu lembaga/badan perekonomian desa yang berbadan hukum dibentuk dan dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Desa, dikelola secara ekonomis mandiri dan profesional dengan modal seluruhnya atau sebagian besar merupakan kekayaan desa yang dipisahkan.&#x0D; Pada akhirnya BUMDes dibentuk dengan tujuan memperoleh keuntungan untuk memperkuat Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes), memajukan perekonomian desa, serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa. Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) adalah penerimaan dari berbagai usaha pemerintah desa untuk mengumpulkan dana guna keperluan desa dalam membiayai kegiatan rutin/pembangunan. Pendapatan Asli Desa berasal dari penerimaan tanah kas desa, pasar/kios desa, pemandian umum yang diurus desa, daya tarik wisata, bangunan milik desa yang disewakan, kekayaan desa lainnya, swadaya dan partisipasi masyarakat dan gotong royong masyarakat&#x0D; Berdasarkan data perkembangan BUMDes di Provinsi Jambi semenjak tahun 2015 sampai dengan Tahun 2021 terdapat 1.146 BUMDes, yang terdiri dari 738 BUMDes yang masih aktif dan sebanyak 408 BUMDes yang sudah tidak aktif. Dalam perkembangannya, BUMDes di Provinsi Jambi diklasifikasikan berdasarkan beberapa kategori dengan indikator sebagai berikut: (1) Mandiri (laba bersih pertahun &gt; Rp. 500 Juta) (2) Maju (laba bersih pertahun &gt; Rp. 100 Juta) (3) Berkembang (laba bersih pertahun &gt; Rp. 30 Juta) (4) Tidak Berkembang (laba bersih pertahun &lt; 30 Juta) Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari data klasifikasi BUMDes tahun 2021 dapat dijadikan rekapitulasi untuk melihat kategori BUMDes masing-masing Kabuaten/Kota yang ada di Provinsi Jambi. Berdasarkan klasifikasi dengan indikator laba bersih pertahun yang terdapat di Provinsi Jambi mayoritas BUMDes di Provinsi Jambi berada pada tahap tidak berkembang, dan sebagian lagi berkembang. Hanya terdapat empat BUMDes yang berada di kategori maju, yakni BUMDes yang berasal dari Batanghari terdapat satu BUMDes, Muaro Jambi terdapat satu BUMDes, dan Tanjung Jabung Barat terdapat 3 (tiga) BUMDes. Kategori yang terakhir yaitu kategori mandiri yang hanya berasal dari satu kabupaten yakni Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat memiliki 13 kecamatan yang terdiri dari 114 desa. Dari 114 desa tersebut hanya terdapat 68 desa yang memiliki BUMDes berstatus aktif, 46 desa berstatus tidak aktif. Di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, kecamatan Tebing Tinggi memiliki semua kategori BUMDes yakni BUMDes Mandiri, BUMDes Maju, BUMDes Berkembang dan BUMDes Tidak Berkembang diantara semua kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Berdasarkan data BUMDes yang dipeoleh menunjukkan bahwa Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat memiliki 9 BUMDes yang terdiri dari 3 BUMDes kategori tidak berkembang, 3 BUMDes kategori berkembang, dua BUMDes kategori maju, dan 1 BUMDes kategori mandiri.&#x0D; BUMDes yang masuk kategori Mandiri dari Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi adalah Desa Delima. Sedangkan BUMDes yang masuk dalam kategori Maju adalah BUMDes dari Desa Adi Jaya dan BUMDes dari Desa Dataran Kempas. Pencapaian BUMDes sebagai BUMDes Maju dan Mandiri di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan perekonomian di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Mendeskripsikan BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Mengkaji pendapatan BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, Karya Bersama) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Menganalisis peran BUMDes dalam meningkatan Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi.&#x0D; &#x0D; METODE PENELITIAN&#x0D; &#x0D; Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive) dengan pertimbangan bahwa daerah yang dipilih merupakan daerah di dalam Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat yang memiliki BUMDes dengan kategori maju dan mandiri lebih banyak daripada semua BUMDes yang ada di Provinsi Jambi. Adapun objek dari penelitian ini adalah BUMDes dengan laba bersih dari unit usaha BUMDes lebih dari Rp. 100.000.000,00 (seratus juta rupiah) per-tahun. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah BUMDes Maju Jaya Desa Adi Jaya, BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara Desa Dataran Kempas, BUMDes Karya Bersama Desa Delima, dengan unit usaha yang diteliti adalah unit usaha yang bergerak dibidang pertanian atau Agribisnis dan Pendapatan Asli Desa yang diambil atau diteliti yaitu Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) yang bersumber dari Hasil Usaha Desa penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan November 2021 sampai dengan bulan Januari 2022.&#x0D; Sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari data primer dan data sekunder. Metode penarikan sampel adalah Purposive Sampling, sedangkan sampel yang digunakan adalah unit usaha BUMDes yang berkaitan dengan bidang pertanian. Jumlah sampel penelitian terdiri dari 12 orang yang merupakan orang yang mengelola masing-masing unit usaha, dimana untuk BUMDes Maju Jaya dengan unit usaha TBS terdiri dari 3 orang dan unit usaha pupuk 1 orang. BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara dengan unit usaha kompos terdiri dari 3 orang dan unit usaha jahe 2 orang, serta BUMDes Karya Bersama dengan unit usaha kompos terdiri dari 3 orang.&#x0D; Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis Deskriptif Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Untuk mengetahui Peran BUMDes dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa dapat diketahui seberapa besar kontribusinya dengan Rumus Kontribusi menurut Mangkoesoebroto dan Algifari, 1992 sebagai berikut:&#x0D; Kontribusi = Pendapatan BUMDes x 100% ................(1)&#x0D; PADes&#x0D; HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN&#x0D; &#x0D; Gambaran Umum Daerah Penelitian&#x0D; Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi adalah salah satu kecamatan yang terletak di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat yang merupakan hasil pemekaran dari Kecamatan Tungkal Ulu. Seiring perkembangannya, kemajuan Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi sangat pesat karena didukung oleh keberadaan perusahaan besar yang bergerak di bidang industry manufaktur, kehutanan dan perkebunan.&#x0D; &#x0D; Gambaran Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi&#x0D; BUMDes adalah suatu lembaga ekonomi yang dikelola bersama oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat desa dengan tujuan perekonomian desa dengan memperhatikan potensi dan kebutuhan yang ada pada masyarakat desa (Suharyanto,2014). Adapun deskripsi BUMDes secara garis besar dapat dilihat pada tabel 1 berikut ini:&#x0D; Tabel 1. Deskripsi BUMDes (Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, dan Karya Bersama)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; No.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Deskripsi BUMDes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Nama BUMDes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Maju Jaya&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Gerbang Nusantara&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Karya Bersama&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 1.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Desa&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Adi Jaya&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Dataran Kempas&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Delima&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pendirian BUMDes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 3.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Modal Awal&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Rp. 150.000.000,-&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Rp. 300.000.000,-&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Rp. 135.000.000,-&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 4.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit Usaha (Keseluruhan)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha Tandan Buah Segar (TBS), Unit usaha Pupuk, Unit BRILink dan unit Simpan Pinjam&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos , unit usaha jahe, sewa ruko, BRILink, Unit pasar&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos, unit perdagangan, unit jasa, unit usaha wisata, unit air RO, unit BRILink&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 5.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit Usaha (Pertanian)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit Usaha Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) dan Unit Usaha Pupuk&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos dan unit usaha jahe&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 6.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sarana Pendukung&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; a. Pengelola Unit Usaha&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) 3 orang, Pupuk 1 orang&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos 3 orang dan unit usaha jahe 2 orang&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos 3 orang&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; b. Prioritas&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha Tandan Buah Segar (TBS)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pupuk kompos&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Unit usaha pupuk kompos&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 7.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Modal&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Modal (2017-2021) =Rp. 982.521.762&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Rp. 900.000.000,-&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Modal (2017-2021) = Rp. 800.000.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 8.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber Modal&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Dana Desa&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Dana Desa&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Dana Desa&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 9.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pendapatan BUMDes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Pendapatan (2017-2021) =&#x0D; Rp.768.920.695&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Pendapatan (2017-2021)=&#x0D; Rp. 895.455.661&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Pendapatan (2017-2021) =&#x0D; Rp. 1.673.945.354&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 10.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Partner Kerja Sama&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; PT. Agro Wiyana, Fortius, Makin Group dan Palma&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; PT. Wira Karya Sakti&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; PT. Wira Karya Sakti&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber: Data diolah oleh peneliti&#x0D; Berdasarkan Tabel 1 dapat dilihat bahwa Permodalan BUMDes berasal dari Dana Desa yaitu Modal awal BUMDes Maju Jaya sebesar Rp. 150.000.000,- BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara sebesar Rp. 300.000.000,- dan BUMDes Karya Bersama Rp. 135.000.000,- dan dengan modal tersebut terjadi penambahan modal sampai dengan Tahun 2021 menjadi Rp. 982.521.762,- (BUMDes Maju Jaya) Rp. 900.000.000,- (BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara) dan Rp. 800.000.000,- (BUMDes Karya Bersama).&#x0D; &#x0D; Pendapatan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes)&#x0D; &#x0D; Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa Pasal 71 Ayat (1) menyatakan bahwa Keuangan Desa adalah semua hak dan kewajiban desa yang dapat dinilai dengan uang serta segala sesuatu berupa uang dan barang yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan hak dan kewajiban Desa. Pasal 72 Ayat 1 (a), disebutkan sumber pendapatan desa berasal dari Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) terdiri atas hasil usaha, hasil aset, swadaya dan partisipasi, gotong royong, dan lain-lain pendapatan asli desa. Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) di daerah penelitian salah satunya adalah bersumber dari BUMDes. Banyaknya unit usaha BUMDes yang dikelola tergantung kepada potensi desa itu sendiri. Unit usaha BUMDes ada yang berasal dari usaha pertanian dan non pertanian.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; BUMDes Maju Jaya &#x0D; &#x0D; Tujuan didirikannya BUMDes Maju Jaya adalah sebagai upaya menampung seluruh kegiatan dibidang ekonomi ataupun pelayanan umum yang dikelola Desa atau kerja sama antar desa dengan harapan kedepannya kepengurusan BUMDes Maju Jaya dapat bekerjasama dengan baik agar dapat menghasilkan hasil yang maksimal, sehingga dapat mendongkrak ekonomi masyarakat menjadi lebih baik lagi.&#x0D; BUMDes Maju Jaya mendapatkan Pendapatan sampai akhir tahun 2021 adalah sebesar Rp. 279.860.180,- dengan rincian pada Tabel 2.&#x0D; Tabel 2. Pendapatan BUMDes Maju Jaya Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pendapatan (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Laba Bersih (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Setor PADes (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 47.562.411&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 39.826.411&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 7.965.282&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 107.572.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 40.530.747&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 8.106.149&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 145.233.884 &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 132.872.967&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 26.574.593&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 188.692.260&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 167.035.499&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 33.407.099&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 279.860.180&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 270.393.917&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 54.078.783&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber : Laporan Keuangan BUMDes Maju Jaya, Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; Berdasarkan tabel 2 di atas, pada tahun 2021 BUMDes Maju Jaya memberikan sebesar 20% ke PADes dari laba bersih yang didapatkan BUMDes Maju Jaya. Hal ini sesuai dengan aturan pembagian hasil sisa usaha.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara&#x0D; &#x0D; Bumdes Gerbang Nusantara berperan sebagai media pemasaran dari tiap unit usaha yang dijalankannya. Modal awal dibentuknya BUMDes Gerbang Nusantra sebesar Rp.300.000.000. (tiga ratus juta rupiah). Rincian mengenai jumlah pendapatan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara terdapat dalam Tabel 3.&#x0D; &#x0D; Tabel 3. Pendapatan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pendapatan (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Laba Bersih (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Setor PADes (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 98.700.570&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 65.870.800&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 13.174.160&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 156.462.781&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 126.420.018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 25.284.003.6&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 245.760.870&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 198.356.718&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 39.671.343.6&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 185.870.600&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 145.765.900&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 29.153.180&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 208.660.840&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 170.856.650&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 34.171.330&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; TOTAL&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 895.455.661&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 707.270.086&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 141.454.017,2&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber : Dokumen Laporan Keuangan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; Dari Tabel 3 dapat dilihat terjadi penurunan pendapatan pada Tahun 2020, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya perubahan kepengurusan BUMDes, dengan kepengurusan baru tersebut terjadi konflik internal dalam BUMDes, sehingga terjadi penurunan pendapatan dan hanya memberikan 20% ke PADes sebesar Rp. 57.153.180,-&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; BUMDes Karya Bersama&#x0D; &#x0D; Desa Delima merupakan desa yang mengelola BUMDes Karya Bersama. Unit usaha Karya Bersama ada yang berasal dari usaha non pertanian dan pertanian. Berdasarkan penyertaan modal sejak tahun 2016 hingga tahun 2021, BUMDes Karya Bersama mendapatkan penerimaan berjumlah Rp. 17.512.332.643 dengan pendapatan berjumlah Rp. 2.150.705.896 dan menyumbangan setoran Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) berjumlah Rp. 669.117.904. Rincian mengenai jumlah omset diatas terdapat dalam Tabel 4 berikut ini :&#x0D; Tabel 4. Total Penerimaan, Pendapatan dan Setoran PADes dari BUMDes Karya Bersama Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Total Penerimaan&#x0D; (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Pendapatan (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Setor PAD Desa (Rp)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 10.960.120&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 7.069.410&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 1.413.882&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 800.486.236&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 690.840.036&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 158.168.006&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 796.468.237&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 672.585.226&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 174.800.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 650.782.600&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 579.462.324&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 211.907.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 740.490.565&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 476.760.542&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 378.705.425&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; TOTAL&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2.999.187.758&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2.426.717.538&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 924.994.313&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber: Profil BUMDes Karya Bersama, Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; Dari tabel 4 dapat dilihat bagi hasil sisa usaha 40% hasil dari pendapatan BUMDes diperuntukkan untuk PADes, dengan demikian semakin besar pendapan BUMDes maka semakin besar pula pendapatan desa yang dihasilkan&#x0D; &#x0D; Analisis Peran BUMDes dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa&#x0D; Kontribusi Pendapatan BUMDes terhadap pendapatan PADes&#x0D; Peran BUMDes terhadap peningkatan PADes dapat dilihat melalui semakin tinggi pendapatan BUMDes maka semakin besar pula kontribusi pendapatan yang disumbangkan ke Pendapatan Asli Desa. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan yang diperoleh menunjukkan semakin tinggi pendapatan BUMDes dapat mencerminkan peningkatan PADes. Pada akhirnya BUMDes dibentuk dengan tujuan memperoleh keuntungan untuk memperkuat Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes), memajukan perekonomian desa, serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa.&#x0D; Tabel 5. Kontribusi Pendapatan BUMDes terhadap pendapatan PADes Tahun 2017 s.d 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; BUMDes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tahun&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Setor BUMDes ke PADes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; TOTAL PADes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Persentase (%)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Maju Jaya&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2015&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 7.965.282&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 45.000.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 17,70&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 8.106.149&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 125.000.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 6,48&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 26.574.593&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 45.000.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 59,05&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 33.407.099&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 614.817.305&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 5,43&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 54.078.783&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 378.705.425&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 14,28&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Gerbang Nusantara&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2015&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 13.174.160&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 121.580.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 10,84&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 25.284.003&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 216.002.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 11,71&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 39.671.343&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 319.000.600&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 12,44&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 29.153.180&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 427.670.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 6,82&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 34.171.330&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 289.900.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 11,79&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Karya Bersama&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2015&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2016&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2017&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 0&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2018&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 276.336.014&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 315.700.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 87,53&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2019&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 269.034.090&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 392.670.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 68,51&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2020&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 231.784.930&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 419.787.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 55,21&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 2021&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 190.704.217&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 218.090.000&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; 87,44&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sumber : Data diolah oleh peneliti&#x0D; &#x0D; Berdasarkan Tabel 5 dapat dilihat bahwa keberadaan BUMDes memberikan kontribusi yang tinggi terhadap peningkatan PADes. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan tujuan dibentuknya BUMDes pada Permendes No.4 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pendirian, Pengurusan dan Pengelolaan, dan Pembubaran Badan Usaha Milik Desa Pasal 3 yaitu meningkatkan perekonomian desa. &#x0D; Keberadaan BUMDes Maju Jaya, Gerbang Nusantara, dan Karya Bersama memainkan peran yang sangat penting terhadap Pendapatan Asli Desa. Hal tersebut tentunya berhubungan dengan hasil masing-masing unit usaha dalam menjalankan bisnisnya. Dari pencapaian inilah memberikan pengaruh yang baik dalam peningkatan PADes.&#x0D; Gambar 1. Grafik persentase kontribusi Pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes&#x0D; Berdasarkan gambar 1 kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari ketiga BUMDes yang berkontribusi dapat disimpulkan bahwa BUMDes Karya Bersama di Desa Delima memiliki kontribusi yang paling besar terhadap PADes di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi dibandingkan BUMDes dari dua desa lainnya. Artinya BUMDes Karya Bersama memiliki peranan penting terhadap perekonomian desa. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes sebesar 59,74%, sedangkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari BUMDes Maju Jaya dan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara masing-masing hanya sebesar 20,59 % dan 10,72 %. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Chikamawati (2015) menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa BUMDes salah satu pilar pembangunan desa yang digalakkan oleh pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat pedesaan. Sebagai sebuah sentral ekonomi desa, diharapkan BUMDes mempunyai peran dalam pembangunan desa yang berkelanjutan, pemberdayaan masyarakat desa, dan peningkatan terhadap ekonomi desa.&#x0D; &#x0D; KESIMPULAN&#x0D; Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut BUMDes di Kecamatan Tebing tinggi yang berperan aktif terhadap pendapatan asli desa (PADes) adalah BUMDes Maju Jaya, BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara dan BUMDes Karya Bersama. Pendapatan BUMDes yang paling berpengaruh besar terhadap peningkatan PADes salah satunya dihasilkan oleh unit usaha yang bergerak di bidang pertanian yaitu pupuk kompos. Dan berdasarkan kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari ketiga BUMDes yang berkontribusi dapat disimpulkan bahwa BUMDes Karya Bersama di Desa Delima memiliki kontribusi yang paling besar terhadap PADes di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi dibandingkan BUMDes dari dua desa lainnya. Artinya BUMDes Karya Bersama memiliki peranan penting terhadap perekonomian desa di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes sebesar 59,74%, sedangkan nilai rata-rata kontribusi pendapatan BUMDes terhadap PADes dari BUMDes Maju Jaya dan BUMDes Gerbang Nusantara masing-masing hanya sebesar 20,59 % dan 10,72 %. &#x0D; &#x0D; DAFTAR PUSTAKA&#x0D; &#x0D; Anggraeni, Maria Rosa Ratna. 2016. “Peranan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) Pada Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Pedesaan Studi Pada Bumdes Di Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta”, MODUS Vol.28 (2): 155-167, 2016.&#x0D; Bahareh Ansari dan Mirdamadi. 2013. Sustainable Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas’ Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 5(1), pp. 26–31. doi: 10.19026/rjees.5.5635.&#x0D; Chikamawati, Zulifah. 2015. Peran BUMDes Dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Pedesaan Melalui Penguatan Sumber Daya Manusia. Skripsi. Universitas Soedirman. Jawa Tengah. Dipublikasikan. http://jp.feb.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/sca-1/article/view/603.&#x0D; Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. 2021. Laporan Rincian Keuangan BUMDes Maju Jaya. Jambi.&#x0D; Hernanto F. 1991. Ilmu Usahatani. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.&#x0D; Infobumdes. 2021. 5 Sektor Prioritas BUMDes. Diakses di https://infobumdes.id/5-sektor-prioritas-bumdes/. Pada tanggal 12 Januari 2022&#x0D; Maryunani. 2008. Pembangunan Bumdes dan Pemerdayaan Pemerintah Desa. Pustaka Setia. Bandung.&#x0D; Modal BUMDes. 2021. Diakses di : https://infobumdes.id/modal-bumdes/. Pada Tanggal 12 Januari 2022.&#x0D; Permendes PDTT. 2020. Peraturan Menteri Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, Dan Transmigrasi Republik Indonesia No. 13 Tahun 2020. PDTT, Pemendes, (16), pp. 1689–1699.&#x0D; Putra, A. R. 2010. Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Pupuk Organik Darul Fallah (Studi Kasus: Unit Pupuk Organik Pondok Pesantren Darul Fallah, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat). Agribisnis IPB. Diakses di https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/60399. Pada tanggal 12 Januari 2022&#x0D; Romadhon. 2020. Analisis Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) Desa Teluk Pandan Rambahan Kabupaten Tebo. UIN Sultan Thaha Saipuddin Jambi.&#x0D; Soekartawi. 1995. Analisis Usaha Tani. UI-Press. Jakarta.&#x0D; Wiryanta, Bernadinua T. Wahyu. Bertanam Cabai Pada Musim Hujan. Cetakan Pertama.&#x0D; Yunus. 2011. Kontribusi Usaha Budidaya Rumput Laut Terhadap Pendapatan Keluarga. Jurnal Penelitian Universitas Hasanudin.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Abstract Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) and urinary incontinence (UI) are common complications following radical prostatectomy (1). At twenty-four months post-surgery, approximately 43% of men experience some degree of ED, while UI affects around 15% of patients between twelve to twenty-four months (2, 3). Notably, nearly 20% of patients experience both ED and UI complications (4). Initial conservative management strategies include the use of PDE-5 inhibitors, intercavernosal injections, or a vacuum erectile device for ED and pelvic floor muscle training for UI (5). However, symptoms that persist or worsen beyond six months can be considered for surgical intervention (6). Surgical options include penile prosthesis implantation for ED and diverse techniques such as the Artificial Urinary Sphincter (AUS) or adjustable male urethral sling, depending on symptom severity, for UI management. Limited evidence suggests that a simultaneous surgical approach addressing both conditions can be a cost-effective and a safe alternative to separate surgeries (7, 8). Objective In this context, the objective of this video presentation is to illustrate a detailed, step-by-step technique for the simultaneous implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and an adjustable male sling (AMS), while also discussing its feasibility, safety, and functional outcomes. Methods The combined IPP and AMS surgery is a safe, viable, and cost-effective option for patients who need to address both ED and UI. Rhee (2005) initially described the concurrent placement of a penile prosthesis (PP) and male sling (MS) in a series of four post-prostatectomy patients. Results The results demonstrated successful restoration of erections and complete continence in all patients, with no postoperative complications. Our previous systematic review, comparing the outcomes of simultaneous surgical placement of PP and MS versus PP and artificial urethral sphincter (AUS), found no clinically significant differences in outcomes between the two groups (Raheem 2021). Therefore, the simultaneous placement of IPP and AMS should be considered an option for patients, as it shows comparable effectiveness to other concurrent surgical interventions. Dual implantation of PP and male sling have also demonstrated cost savings of approximately $9,000 for patients, further enhancing its advantages in managing both ED and UI (Gorbatiy 2010). Ultimately, a collaborative discussion between patients and their urologist is crucial in determining the most suitable approach for patient individual needs. Conclusions The simultaneous surgical placement of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and adjustable male sling (AMS) presents a favorable and viable solution for managing erectile dysfunction (ED) and urinary incontinence (UI) in patients who exhibit an inadequate response to conservative management following prostatectomy. Disclosure No.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the additional effects of the Knack maneuver and comprehensive lifestyle recommendations to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in individuals with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PP-UI). Methods Seventy-one individuals with symptom of PP-UI were included. Individuals were randomly assigned to study groups (Group I: PFMT + Knack + Comprehensive Lifestyle Recommendations, Group II: PFMT + Knack, Group III: PFMT alone). Assessments were performed at the baseline and at the end of the 8th week. The primary outcome was the subjective severity and impact of UI. Secondary outcomes were objective severity of UI, health-related quality of life (QoL) and patient global impression of severity and improvement. Descriptive and outcome measures were compared between study groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Games-Howell post hoc test was also used to indicate which groups differ. Results A total of 66 patients were included in the final analysis. Per protocol analysis in all three groups showed significant improvements in all primary and secondary outcomes in eight weeks. The group of patients who had the PFMT + Knack + Comprehensive Lifestyle Recommendations had the greatest improvement in all outcome measures (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, while PFMT + Knack showed superiority in terms of subjective UI severity and effect of UI on daily life, compared to PFMT alone (p &lt; 0.001), there was no inter-group differences for objective UI severity and other subdomains of QoL (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion Adding comprehensive lifestyle recommendations and/or Knack maneuver to traditional PFMT is more effective in the management of post-prostatectomy UI in the short term. Further long-term follow-up studies should be planned to investigate compliance and response to these combined interventions. Clinical Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04804839. Date of registration: 03/17/2021.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Dolphin VTO prediction in patients requiring extraction treatment by comparing the VTO-predicted values and post-treatment values. Method Digital pre and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 52 patients having Class I bimaxillary protrusion were taken and transferred in Dolphin Imaging software for analysis and VTO prediction. A composite analysis was made containing 17 dental and soft tissue parameters (Holdaway, Mc Namara, Rakosi, Steiners, and Tweed analysis). Results A comparison between post-treatment and VTO-predicted values showed that software was able to predict soft tissue changes accurately in regions such as nose, inferior sulcus depth, and chin region ( p &gt; .05). In dental changes, software was able to predict the inclination of upper incisors to Sn and palatal plane correctly ( p &gt; .05). Parameters for other areas such as upper and lower lip, position of upper and lower incisor show significant difference in their VTO and post-treatment values ( p &lt; .05) showing inaccuracy of the software. Conclusion The VTO prediction of dental and soft tissue changes was significantly different from the post-treatment values for parameters such as superior sulcus depth, lower lip to h line, subnasal to h line, upper lip thickness, lip strain, nasolabial angle, interincisal angle, Ui-NA, Li-NB, and IMPA. For nasal prominence, inferior sulcus depth, chin thickness, UI-SN, and UI-PP, there was no significant difference seen. Since, for most of the parameters, a significant difference was found between the post-treatment and the predicted values, so it was inferred that the software-based VTO prediction could not be fully relied for any treatment planning.

The ubiquitous nature of smartphone ownership, its broad application and usage, along with its interactive delivery of timely feedback are appealing for health-related behavior change interventions via mobile apps. However, users' perspectives about such apps are vital in better bridging the gap between their design intention and effective practical usage. In this vein, a modified technology acceptance model (mTAM) is proposed here, to explain the relationship between users' perspectives when using an AI-based smartphone app for personalized nutrition and healthy living, namely, PROTEIN, and the mTAM constructs toward behavior change in their nutrition and physical activity habits. In particular, online survey data from 85 users of the PROTEIN app within a period of 2 months were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and regression analysis (RA) to reveal the relationship of the mTAM constructs, i.e., perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEoU), perceived novelty (PN), perceived personalization (PP), usage attitude (UA), and usage intention (UI) with the users' behavior change (BC), as expressed via the acceptance/rejection of six related hypotheses (H1–H6), respectively. The resulted CFA-related parameters, i.e., factor loading (FL) with the related p-value, average variance extracted (AVE), and composite reliability (CR), along with the RA results, have shown that all hypotheses H1–H6 can be accepted (p &amp;lt; 0.001). In particular, it was found that, in all cases, FL &amp;gt; 0.5, CR &amp;gt; 0.7, AVE &amp;gt; 0.5, indicating that the items/constructs within the mTAM framework have good convergent validity. Moreover, the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) was found within the range of 0.224–0.732, justifying the positive effect of PU, PEoU, PN, and PP on the UA, that in turn positively affects the UI, leading to the BC. Additionally, using a hierarchical RA, a significant change in the prediction of BC from UA when the UI is used as a mediating variable was identified. The explored mTAM framework provides the means for explaining the role of each construct in the functionality of the PROTEIN app as a supportive tool for the users to improve their healthy living by adopting behavior change in their dietary and physical activity habits. The findings herein offer insights and references for formulating new strategies and policies to improve the collaboration among app designers, developers, behavior scientists, nutritionists, physical activity/exercise physiology experts, and marketing experts for app design/development toward behavior change.

Abstract Background In England, the number of takeaway food outlets (‘takeaways’) has been increasing for over two decades. Takeaway management zones around schools are an effective way to restrict the growth of new takeaways but their impacts on population health have not been estimated. Methods To model the impact of takeaway management zones on health, we used estimates of change in and exposure to takeaways (across home, work, and commuting buffers) based on a previous evaluation suggesting that 50% of new outlets were prevented from opening because of management zones. Based on previous cross-sectional findings, we estimated changes in body mass index (BMI) from changes in takeaway exposure, from 2018 to 2040. We used PRIMEtime, a proportional multistate lifetable model, and BMI change to estimate the impact of the intervention, in a closed-cohort of adults (25–64 years), on incidence of 12 non-communicable diseases, obesity prevalence, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and healthcare costs saved by 2040 in six local authorities (LAs) across the rural–urban spectrum in England (Wandsworth, Manchester, Blackburn with Darwen, Sheffield, North Somerset, and Fenland). Results By 2031, compared to no intervention, reductions in outlet exposure ranged from 3 outlets/person in Fenland to 28 outlets/person in Manchester. This corresponded to mean per person reductions in BMI of 0.08 and 0.68 kg/m2, respectively. Relative to no intervention, obesity prevalence was estimated to be reduced in both sexes in all LAs, including by 2.3 percentage points (PP) (95% uncertainty interval:2.9PP, 1.7PP) to 1.5PP (95%UI:1.9PP, 1.1PP) in males living in Manchester and Wandsworth by 2040, respectively. Model estimates showed reductions in incidence of disease, including type II diabetes (e.g. 964 (95% UI: 1565, 870) fewer cases/100,000 population for males in Manchester)), cardiovascular diseases, asthma, certain cancers, and low back pain. Savings in healthcare costs (millions) ranged from £1.65 (95% UI: £1.17, £2.25)/100,000 population in North Somerset to £2.02 (95% UI: £1.39, £2.83)/100,000 population in Wandsworth. Gains in QALYs/100,000 person were broadly similar across LAs. Conclusions Takeaway management zones in England have the potential to meaningfully contribute towards reducing obesity prevalence and associated healthcare burden in the adult population, at the local level and across the rural–urban spectrum.

The ubiquitous nature of smartphone ownership, its broad application and usage, along with its interactive delivery of timely feedback are appealing for health-related behavior change interventions via mobile apps. However, users&rsquo; perspectives about such apps are vital in better bridging the gap between their design intention and effective practical usage. In this vein, a modified technology acceptance model (mTAM) is proposed here, to explain the relationship between users&rsquo; perspectives when using an AI-based smartphone app for personalized nutrition and healthy living, namely PROTEIN, and the mTAM constructs towards behavior change in their nutrition and physical activity habits. In particular, online survey data from 85 users of the PROTEIN app within a period of two months, were subjected to regression analysis to reveal the relationship of the mTAM constructs, i.e., perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEoU), perceived novelty (PN), perceived personalization (PP), usage attitude (UA), and usage intention (UI) with the users&rsquo; behavior change (BC), as expressed via the acceptance/rejection of six related hypotheses (H1-H6), respectively. The regression results have shown that all hypotheses H1-H6 can be accepted (), exhibiting adjusted coefficient of determination () within the range of 0.224-0.732, justifying the positive effect of PU, PEoU, PN, and PP on the UA, that in turn positively affects the UI, leading to the BC. The explored mTAM framework provides the means for explaining the role of each construct in the functionality of the PROTEIN app as a supportive tool for the users to improve their healthy living by adopting behavior change in their dietary and physical activity habits. The findings herein offer insights and references for formulating new strategies and policies to improve the collaboration among app designers, developers, behavior scientists, nutritionists, physical activity/exercise physiologists experts and marketing experts for app design/development towards behavior change.

We present RAYX, an advanced optics simulation software for synchrotron applications and the successor to RAY/RAY-UI [Schäfers, in Modern Developments in X-Ray and Neutron Optics, edited by A. Erko, M. Idir, T. Krist and A. G. Michette (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008)], pp. 9–41. RAYX offers a modern, versatile platform designed to address and accelerate the process in the beamline design, its optimization, and data analysis, including machine learning approaches. The aim is to assist synchrotron facilities, including the upcoming fourth generation of synchrotrons, by providing accurate and efficient simulations across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum and optical elements. This paper presents the current capabilities of RAYX, including its advanced ray tracing algorithm, hardware optimization, Python bindings for seamless integration into scientific workflows, and a graphical user interface for real-time design and visualization for beamlines.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the consumable inventory control are applied in Vocational Education Program, University of Indonesia as well as to determine the consumable inventory into groups A, B, and C based on the use of the ABC analysis, investing, and the critical index. This research uses descriptive analytical approach to look at the problems faced and the activities undertaken by the Procurement Section vocational program UI to manage inventory of consumable during 2014. The supply of consumable goods data is processed to provide a picture of the pattern of inventory consumable goods then the classification method ABC analysis of demand, investment, and the critical index. This research will also produce an application used to manage the supply of consumables in the vocational program UI. Results from this study is the control of the supply of consumables in the vocational program UI is sufficient. ABC analysis of the results obtained that the demand for consumables inventory categories are included in the group A are as many as nine items, group B were 26 items, and group C as many as 125 items. A total of 78.74% of the demand comes only 9 items and 5.11% request came from 125 items of goods. ABC analysis of the results obtained that the investment value of inventory categories consumables are included in the group A are as many as 18 items, group B a total of 29 items, and group C as many as 113 items. APENGGUNAAN ANALISIS ABC UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BARANG HABIS PAKAI : STUDI KASUS DI PROGRAMVOKASI UITitis WahyuniVolume 3 Nomor 2 ,pp 1-202total of 79.94% of investment value is only given to 18 items and 5.01% of investment value given for 113 items. From the analysis of the critical index ABC found that as many as 11 items of inventory consumable goods that enter the group A has an investment of 79.94%, 67 inventory items consumable goods that enter the group B has an investment of 15.06%, and 82 items supply of consumable goods that enter the group C has an investment value amounting to 5.01%.Keywords: supply of consumables, ABC analyst, critical value index.

BackgroundNo studies have been done to examine the efficacy of IVF and intrauterine insemination (IUI) for the treatment of young patients with unexplained infertility and low ovarian reserve, although it is becoming an increasingly significant indication for in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The goal of this research was to compare the efficacy of IVF with IUI on Poseidon group 3 patients with unexplained infertility (PG3&amp;amp;UI).MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of PG3&amp;amp;UI patients who had IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or IUI at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 1, 2015, and March 31, 2021. To equalize the baseline characteristics of the IVF/ICSI and IUI groups, propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were used to compare the differences in live births. To discover variations in time to biochemical pregnancy leading to live birth, Kaplan-Meier curves were produced. To evaluate the expenses per live birth between two procedures, a cost-effective analysis was done.ResultsAccording to ITT analysis, the live birth rate for the IVF/ICSI group was substantially higher than the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) for the IUI group (22.6% (38/168) vs. 11.3% (19/168), RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20-3.32, P = 0.006). In the PP analysis, the live birth rate was 23.0% (38/165) in the IVF/ICSI group and 11.7% (19/162) in the IUI group (RR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.18-3.26, P = 0.007). When censored at 365 days, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the IVF/ICSI group had a higher live birth rate than the IUI group (log-rank test χ²= 6.025; P = 0.014). However, when the two groups were censored at 180 days, the live birth rates were not substantially different (log-rank test χ²= 3.847; P = 0.05). The number of hospital visits per live birth in the IUI group was higher than in the IVF/ICSI group (85 vs. 48). The overall cost of a live birth was comparable across the two groups (¥132242 vs. ¥131611), while the medical expenses for a live delivery from IVF/ICSI were higher than those from IUI (¥118955 vs. ¥108279).ConclusionsThe livebirth rate per IVF/ICSI cycle with at most one embryo transfer is higher than the CLBR of IUI, with fewer hospital visits and similar expenses.

Fundamento: A ablação de fibrilação atrial (FA) sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina é segura e recomendada por especialistas. Entretanto, há controvérsia quanto aos anticoagulantes orais de ação direta para o mesmo fim. Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança em realizar ablação de FA sob anticoagulação ininterrupta com rivaroxabana. Métodos: Uma série de 130 pacientes foi submetida à ablação com radiofrequência da FA sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana (grupo RIV) e comparada a um grupo-controle de 110 pacientes que a fizeram sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina (grupo VRF) e relação normatizada internacional (RNI) terapêutica. Analisamos morte, taxas de eventos tromboembólicos, de sangramentos maiores e menores, níveis do tempo de coagulação ativado (TCA) e dose de heparina no procedimento. O protocolo da ablação consistiu basicamente em isolamento circunferencial das veias pulmonares guiado por mapeamento eletroanatômico. Significância estatística de 5% foi adotada. Resultados: As características clínicas dos grupos foram semelhantes e a FA paroxística mais frequente (63% e 59%, grupos RIV e VRF). Um evento tromboembólico ocorreu no grupo RIV. Foram três pacientes com sangramentos maiores (RIV = 1 e VRF = 2; p = 0,5); nenhum óbito. A RNI basal foi maior no grupo VRF (2,5 vs. 1,2 ± 0,02; p &lt; 0,0001), com níveis de TCA basal semelhantes (123,7 ± 3 vs. 118 ± 4; p = 0,34). Maior dose de heparina venosa foi utilizada no grupo RIV (9.414 ± 199 vs. 6.019 ± 185 UI; p &lt; 0,0001) para manter níveis médios de TCA semelhantes durante o procedimento (350 ± 3 vs. 348,9 ± 4; p = 0,79). Conclusão: Na população estudada, a ablação de FA sob rivaroxabana ininterrupta teve segurança equivalente à varfarina ininterrupta, com RNI terapêutica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Lemongrass oil derived from some species of grasses in the family of Poaceae (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) posses a highly effective insect repellent potential. In Vietnam, this product is widely commercially available but its quality is not strictly controlled. From a formulator's perspective, lemongrass essential oil is not suitable for direct application on the skin because high concentrations of citral, major chemical constituent of this oil, may cause local irritation. In addition, this compound is volatile, resulting in a short repellent effect. Contributing to solve these problems, a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous quantification of neral and geranial, two geometric isomers of citral. This method was used to examine the quality of some lemongrass oil samples in order to choose material for the preparation of insect repellent cream. Experimental research demonstrated that the stability of the lemongrass oil cream containing 6% of citral was significantly improved when using β-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharides capable of protecting substances by capturing them in conical structure. The obtained product showed insect repellent effect against banded sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus. This effect did not change after 6 months of storage in conventional conditions.&#x0D; Keywords&#x0D; Citral, high performance liquid chromatography, quantification, insect repellent cream, lemongrass oil.&#x0D; References&#x0D; [1] H.O. Lawal, G.O. Adewuyi, A.B. Fawehinmi, A.O. Adeogun, S.O. Etatuvie, Bioassay of herbal mosquito repellent formulated from the essential oil of plants, Journal of Natural Products. 5 (2012) 109-115. http://journalofnaturalproducts.com/Volume5/15_Res_paper-14.pdf.[2] New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Lemongrass oil profile active ingredient eligible for minimum risk pesticide use. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/56130/lemongrass-oil-MRP-NYSIPM.pdf, 2019 (accessed 5 November 2019).[3] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Citral CAS N°:5392-40-5. https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/UI/handler.axd?id=0ea83202-3f4f-4355-be4f-27ff02e19cb9, 2001 (accessed 5 November 2019).[4] R. Arun, K.C.K. Ashok, V.V.N.S.S. Sravanthi, Cyclodextrins as drug carrier molecule: a review, Scientia Pharmaceutica 76 (2008) 567-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0808-05.[5] O.I. Adeniran, E. Fabiyi, A cream formulation of an effective mosquito repellent: a topical product from lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Stapf, Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2 (2012) 322-327. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/13bf/993de8f77462335ebc07365adb38e56e706f.pdf.[6] P. Borman, D. Elder, Q2(R1) Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology, in: A. Teasdale, D. Elder, R.W. Nims (Eds), ICH quality guidelines: an implementation guide, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., Hoboken, 2018, pp. 127-166.[7] S. Agrawal, N. Haldankar, A. Jadhav, Formulation of natural mosquito repellent, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology 4 (2018) 11-17. https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v4i1/V4I1-1143.pdf.[8] Vietnamese pharmacopoeia commission, Vietnamese pharmacopoeia V part 2, Medical Publishing House Co., Ltd, Ha Noi, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[9] M.A.B. Edris, A.S.Y. Mamat, M.S. Aslam, M.S. Ahmad, Insect repellent properties of Melaleuca alternifolia, Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 2 (2016) 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/RABM.2016.02.293742.[10] R. Gaonkara, S. Yallappab, B.L. Dhananjayac, G. Hegde, Development and validation of reverse phase high performance liquidchromatography for citral analysis from essential oils, Journal of Chromatography B. 1036 (2016) 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.001.[11] D. Miron, F. Battisti, C.S.T. Caten, P. Mayorga, E.E.S. Schapoval, Spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of citral isomers in cyclodextrin complexes with partial least squares supported approach, Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 8 (2012) 401-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341212803341735.[12] L. Huber, Validation and qualification in analytical laboratories, Informa Healthcare USA Inc., New York, 2007.[13] N.D. Wilson, M.S. Ivanova, R.A. Watt, A.C. Moffat, The quantification of citral in lemongrass and lemon oils by near‐infrared spectroscopy, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 54 (2002) 1257-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/002235702320402107.[14] N. Dudai, O. Larkov, E. Lewinsohn, Simple colorimetric measurement of citral in lemon scented essential oils using Schiff’s reagent, Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 26 (2004) 499-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.64.&#x0D;

Lemongrass oil derived from some species of grasses in the family of Poaceae (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) posses a highly effective insect repellent potential. In Vietnam, this product is widely commercially available but its quality is not strictly controlled. From a formulator's perspective, lemongrass essential oil is not suitable for direct application on the skin because high concentrations of citral, major chemical constituent of this oil, may cause local irritation. In addition, this compound is volatile, resulting in a short repellent effect. Contributing to solve these problems, a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous quantification of neral and geranial, two geometric isomers of citral. This method was used to examine the quality of some lemongrass oil samples in order to choose material for the preparation of insect repellent cream. Experimental research demonstrated that the stability of the lemongrass oil cream containing 6% of citral was significantly improved when using β-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharides capable of protecting substances by capturing them in conical structure. The obtained product showed insect repellent effect against banded sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus. This effect did not change after 6 months of storage in conventional conditions.&#x0D; Keywords&#x0D; Citral, high performance liquid chromatography, quantification, insect repellent cream, lemongrass oil.&#x0D; References&#x0D; [1] H.O. Lawal, G.O. Adewuyi, A.B. Fawehinmi, A.O. Adeogun, S.O. Etatuvie, Bioassay of herbal mosquito repellent formulated from the essential oil of plants, Journal of Natural Products. 5 (2012) 109-115. http://journalofnaturalproducts.com/Volume5/15_Res_paper-14.pdf.[2] New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Lemongrass oil profile active ingredient eligible for minimum risk pesticide use. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/56130/lemongrass-oil-MRP-NYSIPM.pdf, 2019 (accessed 5 November 2019).[3] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Citral CAS N°:5392-40-5. https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/UI/handler.axd?id=0ea83202-3f4f-4355-be4f-27ff02e19cb9, 2001 (accessed 5 November 2019).[4] R. Arun, K.C.K. Ashok, V.V.N.S.S. Sravanthi, Cyclodextrins as drug carrier molecule: a review, Scientia Pharmaceutica 76 (2008) 567-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0808-05.[5] O.I. Adeniran, E. Fabiyi, A cream formulation of an effective mosquito repellent: a topical product from lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Stapf, Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2 (2012) 322-327. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/13bf/993de8f77462335ebc07365adb38e56e706f.pdf.[6] P. Borman, D. Elder, Q2(R1) Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology, in: A. Teasdale, D. Elder, R.W. Nims (Eds), ICH quality guidelines: an implementation guide, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc., Hoboken, 2018, pp. 127-166.[7] S. Agrawal, N. Haldankar, A. Jadhav, Formulation of natural mosquito repellent, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology 4 (2018) 11-17. https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v4i1/V4I1-1143.pdf.[8] Vietnamese pharmacopoeia commission, Vietnamese pharmacopoeia V part 2, Medical Publishing House Co., Ltd, Ha Noi, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[9] M.A.B. Edris, A.S.Y. Mamat, M.S. Aslam, M.S. Ahmad, Insect repellent properties of Melaleuca alternifolia, Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 2 (2016) 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/RABM.2016.02.293742.[10] R. Gaonkara, S. Yallappab, B.L. Dhananjayac, G. Hegde, Development and validation of reverse phase high performance liquidchromatography for citral analysis from essential oils, Journal of Chromatography B. 1036 (2016) 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.001.[11] D. Miron, F. Battisti, C.S.T. Caten, P. Mayorga, E.E.S. Schapoval, Spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of citral isomers in cyclodextrin complexes with partial least squares supported approach, Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 8 (2012) 401-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341212803341735.[12] L. Huber, Validation and qualification in analytical laboratories, Informa Healthcare USA Inc., New York, 2007.[13] N.D. Wilson, M.S. Ivanova, R.A. Watt, A.C. Moffat, The quantification of citral in lemongrass and lemon oils by near‐infrared spectroscopy, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 54 (2002) 1257-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/002235702320402107.[14] N. Dudai, O. Larkov, E. Lewinsohn, Simple colorimetric measurement of citral in lemon scented essential oils using Schiff’s reagent, Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 26 (2004) 499-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.64.&#x0D;