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Journal articles on the topic 'Uighur literature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Dewi, Nevy Rusmarina, Maulana Irsyad, Mufarikhin Mufarikhin, and Ahmad Maulana Feriansyah. "Dinamika Kemanusiaan Muslim Uyghur di Cina." IJTIMAIYA: Journal of Social Science Teaching 4, no. 1 (2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/ji.v4i1.7452.

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<p>Permasalahan kemanusiaan muslim Uighur di Cina menjadi salah satu bahasan dunia internasional, yang menjadi fokus ialah pelanggaran hak asasi manusia oleh pemerintah Cina. Dalam rangka menerapkan ideology komunis di Cinabanyak strategi dipakai oleh pemerintah Cina dalam mendoktrin muslim Uighur diantaranya, menyiksa, mengurung, sampai perkawinan paksa oleh suku Cina dan suku Uighur. Tujuan utamanya agar suku Uighur dapat membaur dengan warga Cina yang lain dan tak ada lagi perbedaan di bawah Komunis. Hal itu yang menjadikan alasan bahwa pelanggaran hak asasi terhadap suku Uighur ini terus berlanjut, dalam tulisan ini akan membahas dinamika muslim Uighur di bawah ideologi Cina beserta dampak permasalahan kemanusiaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan banyak terjadi pelanggaran kemanusiaan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Komunis Cina terhadap muslim Uighur. Pelanggaran yang terjadi telah masuk pada kategori pelanggaran HAM, namun dunia internasional tidak dapat menjangkaunya karena bagi pemerintah Cina hal ini merupakan masalah dalam negerinya.</p><p class="Affiliasi">Kata Kunci: Pelanggaran HAM, Muslim Uighur, Komunis</p><p> </p><p><em>The humanitarian problem of Uighur Muslims in China has become one of the international discussions, the focus being on human rights violations by the Chinese government. In order to implement communist ideology in China many strategies are used by the Chinese government in doctrining Uighur Muslims including, torturing, confining, to forced marriage by Chinese and Uighur tribes. The ultimate goal is for the Uighurs to blend in with other Chinese and there is no difference under the Communists. That is what makes the reason that human rights violations against the Uighurs continue, in this paper will discuss the dynamics of Uighur Muslims under Chinese ideology and the impact of humanitarian problems. This research uses qualitative research methods using literature study. The results showed that there were many humanitarian violations committed by the Chinese Communist government against Uighur Muslims. The violations that occur have been categorized as human rights violations, but the international community cannot reach them because for the Chinese government this is a problem in their country.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: human rights violations, Uighur Muslims, Communists.</em></p>

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2

Liusuan, Qin. "International Law Enforcement of Alleged Gross Human Rights Violations by the Chinese Government Against the Uyghur Muslim Ethnicity." Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL) 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/sijal.v1i1.1.

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The objectives of this research are as follows: 1. To find out what forms of alleged gross human rights violations were experienced by ethnic Muslims in the Uighurs from 2017-2018. 2. To find out the enforcement of international law on alleged gross human rights violations by the Chinese government against the Uighur Muslims . This study uses a normative juridical method, namely legal research conducted by examining literature or secondary data as a basis for research, where the focus of research activities is research on legal principles. The conflict between the Chinese government and the Uighur Muslim ethnicity has led to the crime of genocide, an attempt at ethnic cleansing because it was carried out systematically, starting with the policies of the Chinese government which cornered the existence of the Uighur Muslim ethnicity.

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3

Fu, Ma. "Unedited Old Uighur Buddhist Literature Preserved in the National Museum of China: the Mahāpratisarā dhāraṇī and ‘On the Three Qualities’". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 75, № 4 (2022): 563–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2022.00216.

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Two Old Uighur manuscripts housed in the National Museum of China have remained unidentified and unedited since their discovery by Huang Wenbi in 1928–30. A philological study based on examination of the originals is given in this paper. The first manuscript, a fragmentary codex with seven folios, can be identified as an Old Uighur transcription of the dhāraṇī text belonging to the Sanskrit Mahāpratisarā Mahāvidyārājñī. It may have served as a handbook for Uighur Buddhist monks or practitioners to recite the dhāraṇī in public ritual or private practice. The reconstructed Vorlage demonstrates a close relationship with the Tibetan and Tangut versions. A group of blockprint fragments in the Pelliot Collection from Dunhuang can also be identified as coming from the same text. The second manuscript, with 30 lines of text, belongs to a thus far unknown Old Uighur Buddhist treatise related to the qualities conducive to the attainment of ‘entrance into the stream’ (srotaāpattyaṅga) in Buddhist spiritual practice. It is likely a commentary composed by Uighur Buddhists.

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4

Kasgarli, Sultan Mahmut. "Modern Uighur literature: its origins and development." Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 9, no. 2 (1988): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666958808716088.

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5

Oktavia, Enika Maya. "Islam dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia: Kebijakan Indonesia Terhadap Cina dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Etnis Uighur." Jurnal Restorasi Hukum 6, no. 2 (2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jrh.v6i2.3131.

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Abstract: Indonesia is faced with a foreign policy dilemma regarding the Uighur conflict. Despite its strategic relationship with China, Indonesia, as an Islamic country, places the protection of the rights of Uighur Muslims as a priority. The limitations of direct action against China arise from geopolitical considerations, economic interests, and the complexity of bilateral relations. Indonesia plays an active role in international forums, such as the OIC and the UN, to fight for the rights of Uighur Muslims, while Islam becomes the moral basis of foreign policy. Economic challenges, relationship complexity, and limited resources are factors that affect policy implementation. The research methodology uses a qualitative approach, with data tracing through literature studies to analyze the phenomenon of the Uighur conflict. Overall, Indonesia's policy reflects political, economic, and moral considerations in responding to the Uighur conflict with China, using a soft diplomacy approach. Diplomacy that avoids confrontation and is influenced by the balance of power and international capabilities.Abstrak: Indonesia dihadapkan pada dilema kebijakan luar negeri terkait konflik Uighur. Meskipun menjalin hubungan strategis dengan Cina, Indonesia, sebagai negara berbasis Islam, menempatkan perlindungan hak-hak Muslim Uighur sebagai prioritas. Keterbatasan tindakan langsung terhadap Cina timbul dari pertimbangan geopolitik, kepentingan ekonomi, dan kompleksitas hubungan bilateral. Indonesia berperan aktif di forum internasional, seperti OKI dan PBB, untuk memperjuangkan hak-hak Muslim Uighur, sementara Islam menjadi dasar moral dalam kebijakan luar negeri. Tantangan ekonomi, kompleksitas hubungan, dan keterbatasan sumber daya menjadi faktor yang memengaruhi implementasi kebijakan. Metodologi penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan data tracing melalui studi kepustakaan untuk menganalisis fenomena konflik Uighur. Secara keseluruhan, kebijakan Indonesia mencerminkan pertimbangan politik, ekonomi, dan moral dalam menanggapi konflik Uighur dengan Cina, dengan menggunakan pendekatan diplomasi lunak. Diplomasi yang menghindari konfrontasi dan dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan power dan kapabilitas internasional.

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6

Telitsin, Nikolay N., and Kamilla A. Alieva. "Perfect in the Old Uighur Language." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 15, no. 2 (2023): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.207.

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The article discusses the semantic nature of the Turkic perfect, its semantic zone limitations and possible grammar tools of expressing Perfect in the Old Uighur language. Goals. The study aims to determine grammar tools of expressing Perfect meanings in the Old Uighur language. Morphological tools that are able to perform the meanings included into the semantic zone of Perfect are being studied. Perfect and description of its semantic zone are connected with the concepts of aspect, actionality and ways of verbal action. In this regard, the issue of the relevance of these terms, in relation to the Old Uighur perfect, is under discussion. The grammar tools expressing Perfect are studied according to the point of view that excludes Aspect as a grammar category in the Turkic languages. Studying aspectual and temporal meanings of Perfect diachronically on the basis of the Od Uighur material may give a hint to understand the Turkic perfect and its expressions in genetically related modern languages. Functional-semantic and typological methods are used to identify and describe morphological tools with a perfect meaning. Scripts of the Old Uighur language, dated back to 10th–11th centuries, are of biographical and religious-philosophical content. Work with scripts, comprehension of existing theoretical approaches to understanding Perfect as an element of aspectual functional-semantic field show that Perfect meanings in the Old Uighur language are expressed by morphological tools that can be correlated with models. The study concludes that means expressing the Perfect meaning in the Old Uighur language are able to mark temporal localization and/or aspect.

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7

Fu, Ma, and Lidong Xia. "Philological Study of Several Old Uighur Tantric Manuscripts Recently Unearthed from Tuyuq, Xinjiang." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 75, no. 1 (2022): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2022.00153.

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Among the recent archaeological finds in Tuyuq are several Old Uighur texts related to Tantric practices in the cave monasteries in the Mongol time. A fragment from Cave 24 preserves an unidentified text related to the Mahākāla rites, which has not been attested before. A fragment from Cave 54 provides us a new kind of manuscript of the Baxšï Ögdisi, which is different from the previously identified manuscripts from Dunhuang and Turfan. Another fragment from Cave 57 preserves a list of dates that can be identified as the days on which the lamp-lighting ceremony influenced by Chinese tantric Buddhism should have been held. Three wooden tablets with Uighur texts probably belong to guest monks or donors. These materials provide precious new information on the ritual and daily life of the Uighur Buddhist community in Tuyuq.

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8

Kasgarli, Sultan Mahmut. "The formation of modern Uighur literature and current developments." Central Asian Survey 12, no. 4 (1993): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939308400840.

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9

Burkitbayeva, Sh, and G. Kortabaeva. "FEATURES OF UİGHUR POETRY IN INDEPENDENT KAZAKHSTAN." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (2020): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.32.

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The article deals with the poetry of the Uyghur diaspora living in independent Kazakhstan. First of all, this work is due to the fact that there are very few scientific works in the Kazakh language about the songs, poets and literary figures of the Uyghurs living in the independent Kazakh land. Second, the study aims to introduce ethnic Uyghur songs from the years of independence. The article also discusses the growth and prosperity of the poetry of the Uyghur diaspora, which was formed as a branch of the literature of independent Kazakhstan, the poets and their works. It is revealed that the main theme of the poetry of the fraternal Uyghur diaspora, one of the Turkic-speaking peoples, is developing in the same direction as the themes of Kazakh literature, and excerpts from his poems are given. The article examines the poetry of the Uyghur diaspora from 1991 to the present, when Kazakhstan gained independence, in three stages. It is analyzed that Uyghur poetry develops and continues as a branch of the literature of Independent Kazakhstan in all three stages, both in terms of themes and genres. The article uses materials from the library of the Uyghur Cultural Center in Almaty.Works from the literary fund of the Department of Uyghur Studies of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Suleimenov and the poets themselves were used.

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Ma, Fu, and Xia Lidong. "Comprehensive Study on Old Uighur and Chinese Wall Inscriptions in Room B of Newly Excavated Cave 26 in Tuyuq Grottoes, Turfan." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 2 (2021): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00011.

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The excavation in Tuyuq Grottoes initiated in 2010 has brought about numerous archaeological ﬁnds. In particular, those discovered in Cave 26 on the high platform in the middle of the Western Section are noteworthy. Many wall inscriptions in Old Uighur, as well as Brahmi and Chinese are preserved in the side rooms, releasing important information on the dating and the nature of this cave. They also contribute new data to the ﬁelds of history and linguistics. This paper presents an edition and study of all the 29 inscriptions preserved in Room B, most of which are written in Old Uighur, while others in Chinese.

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11

Uçar, Erdem. "Contributions To Uighur Lexicography II: Remarks onČOG." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67, no. 2 (2014): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.67.2014.2.2.

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12

Geng, Shimin. "Study of Two Folios of the Uighur Text “Abitaki”." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57, no. 1 (2004): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.57.2004.1.7.

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13

Suganda, Rangga, and Wita Setyaningrum. "Juridical review of cases of human rights violations against the Uighur Ethnic and its resolution mechanisms in the perspective of international law." Borobudur Law Review 5, no. 1 (2023): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/burrev.6558.

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Human Rights Violation is the act of individuals or groups, including state authorities, who intentionally or unintentionally disregard, restrict, or revoke human rights. Human rights violations committed by the Chinese government against ethnic Uighurs are also occurring in Xinjiang. The presence of human rights violations in Xinjiang is an attempt by the Chinese government to eradicate the Uighur ethnic group's indigenous culture. Also deemed to be rebels, Uighurs have joined international terrorist networks. Consequently, the Chinese government has implemented several actions and policies that are classified as violations of human rights. This study discusses two main issues, namely how cases of violations and crimes against humanity in Xinjiang in the perspective of international law and how the mechanism of settlement of human rights violations that have occurred through the perspective of international law. This research is normative legal research, the sources used are primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is carried out using a literature study technique, and data analysis will be carried out using a normative juridical approach or seeing the law as the norm in society. The results of this study are that among these policies have led to several violations of human rights, ranging from violations of civil and political rights, crimes against humanity, economic discrimination, social, and cultural, to human rights violations against women and children. For this reason, it is very necessary to resolve human rights violations in Xinjiang through international legal instruments, namely the United Nations Charter and the 1998 Rome Statute. Steps that can be taken to resolve human rights violations in Xinjiang are through peaceful resolution of the conflict or through international courts.

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Shimin, Geng. "Study of Another Two Folios of the Uighur Text “Abitaki”." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1 (2006): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.1.4.

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15

Mirkamal, Aydar. "Studies on a Fragment of the Old Uighur Abhidharmakośabhāṣya Preserved at the National Library of China". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, № 4 (2020): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00028.

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AbstractIn this paper, the author presents a fragment of a translation of the Abidharmakośabhāṣya into Old Uighur preserved at the National Library of China, Beijing. This leaf can be connected to the Abidharmakośabhāṣya fragments preserved at the Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm and studied by Shōgaito Masahiro. Through an examination of the size, form, handwriting, etc., we conclude that all the Abidharmakośabhāṣya texts preserved in Stockholm, Kyoto, Beijing, Lanzhou, and Hangzhou belong to one and the same manuscript.

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Fan, Jingjing, Jinzhang Peng, and Haiyun Wang. "Three more leaves of the Sanskrit – Uighur bilingual Dharmaśarīrasūtra in Brāhmī script." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 3 (2018): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2018.71.3.3.

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Mirkamal, Aydar, та Simone-Christiane Raschmann. "Turning the Wheel of Dharma Adhyeṣaṇā Fragments in Old Uighur Referring to the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra and the Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 75, № 2 (2022): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2022.00219.

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The Old Uighur fragment (GT15-64) preserved in National Library of China, Beijing and its parallel fragments (Ch/U 6005 + Ch/U 6411 + Ch/U 7287) preserved in the Berlin Turfan collection are different copies of the same text. This text consists of two parts, an adhyeṣaṇā verse that extols the merit of good deeds, which is immeasurable when one implores the Buddha to turn the dharma-wheel, and a colophon. Although the adhyeṣaṇā part contains many quotations from the Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra, the colophon indicates that it is an original literary work by Buddhist monks who praise the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra.

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Li, Gang. "A Study on Several New Fragments of theSäkiz Yükmäk Yaruq Sudurin Uighur Script." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 72, no. 2 (2019): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2019.72.2.2.

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Maulana, Egy Dwi, Imam Asmarudin, Tiyas Vika Widyastuti, Achmad Irwan Hamzani, and Mukhidin . "Protection of Uighur Muslim in Human Rights Aspect in International Law Perspective." Journal of Legal Subjects, no. 24 (July 12, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jls.24.12.20.

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Human rights are fundamental individual rights, these rights are the right to live in the political, economic, social, and cultural fields. Amid efforts to maximize the fulfillment of human rights, both nationally and internationally, there is a conflict in China between the Chinese government and Uighur Muslims which has resulted in human rights violations. This study aims to look at the regulation of human rights protection from the point of view of national law, namely the Law of the People's Republic of China, and from the point of view of International Law. This type of research is a literature study, the approach used is normative, the data collection technique is through data collection in the form of readings such as journals, books, and the internet, the results of which are directly analyzed through qualitative methods. The results of this study indicate that the protection of human rights is stated in the Chinese Constitution but its implementation is very difficult because it is contrary to China's use of communism, while the protection of human rights from international law is very possible because it is regulated in an international legal instrument, namely the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. , 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute.

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Kharanutova, Darima Sh, Larisa B. Budazhapova та Nikolay S. Baikalov. "Заимствованная буддийская лексика бурятского языка в историко-лингвистическом освещении". Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 15, № 4 (2023): 742–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2023-4-742-756.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to Buddhist terms, which represent a significant layer in the lexical system of the Buryat language. The borrowed Buddhist vocabulary of the Buryat language is the result of the enteringprocessof Buddhist terms into the Buryat language taken place over centuries. It was not stable, it, like any process, had periods of decline and activity. Of course, borrowing of Buddhist terms is a consequence of the development of Buddhist ideas. The main purpose of the study is to describe the features of borrowed Buddhist terms, which are the result of an inextricable connection between the process of their appearing in the Buryat language and the history of Buddhism popularization among the Mongolian–speaking peoples. The objectives of the study include: 1) justification of intensification periods of entering the Buddhist terms into the lexicological system of the Buryat language against a historical background; 2) a brief historical and linguistic description of periods of the mass appearance of the Buddhist terms; 3) identification of the peculiarities of the semantics of individual borrowings belonging to different periods of borrowing and different donor languages. Results. Based on the historical and linguistic facts, the authors justify the validity of the allocation of periods of appearing of Buddhist terms associated with periods of intensive development of Buddhism. The study showed that in the first period of borrowing Buddhist terms of the Buryat language, their guides were the Sogdian and Uighur languages: from Sanskrit and Tibetan they fell into Sogdian, then into Uighur. It was only after Uighur that they appeared in the Mongolian languages through the old-written Mongolian language. In the second period, Buddhist terms came directly from the Tibetan language to the Buryat language, in some cases the Mongolian language was the intermediary. The third period of intensification of the appearance of Buddhist terms is characterized by the revival of previously borrowed words. The authors conclude that the features of Buddhist terms depend on the donor language, while the roads along which they came to the Buryat language also play an important role: directly or through an intermediary language, orally or in writing.

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Khamrayev, А. Т. "AITMATOV’S CONCEPT OF THE ORIGINAL PERMEABILITY OF PEACE IN THE NATIONAL LITERATURE." Keruen 80, no. 3 (2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53871/2078-8134.2023.3-02.

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The creative heritage of Ch. Aitmatov was actively included in the Uyghur national literaryprocess with its relevant and time-consuming moral and ethical issues. We observe the direct influence of thework of Ch. Aitmatov on the artistic perception of the Uyghur writers and poets of Kazakhstan. The storiesand novels of prominent Uyghur writers, despite the fact that they are written on purely national material,ideologically-thematically, intonationally-stylistically and structurally overlap with the works of Ch. Aitmatov.We are dealing with the problem of homology in the literature of the Soviet period, i.e. at the contact level invarious literary texts, certain elements of the similarity of creative searches in form, structure and origin aremanifested. This can be seen in the analysis of the works of the Uyghur writers of Kazakhstan in the contextof the work of the Kyrgyz writer. In particular, «folklore» material is used by Uighur writers in the Aitmatоvsstyle as an additional intertextual cultural discourse, suggesting an increase in the drama of the work. On thewhole, the works of the Kyrgyz writer also had a tremendous influence on the Uyghur literature of the XinjiangAutonomous Republic of China, contributed to the final destruction of the borders of the closed conservativeworld, and suspended the process of destroying the fading of the historical memory of the Uyghur people.

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ARSLAN, Hüsnü Çağdaş. "THE PERCEPTUAL ETYMOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD TURKİC ‘ÏMGA’ AND ‘IL ÏMGA’ VIA THE NEW THOUGHTS." Turkology 112, no. 4 (2022): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-3162.04.

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When it comes to etymology, two methods come to mind: 1. Scientific or linguistic etymology and 2. Folk etymology. However, the Polish linguist Marek Stachowski introduced a new etymology term to the literature: 3.”Perceptual etymology”. Stachowski explains the term, which he coined for the first time in his article titled “Perceptual etymology, or three Turkish culinary terms in Croatian and Slovene, and a Polish social term inteligencja ‘intelligentsia’” published in Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 138 (4) in 2021, in his article titled “Perceptual etymology. A social aspect of etymological research” published in issue 139 (1) of the same journal in 2022. In this study; unaware of this new term, the origin information of which is explained, 'اِمْغا', 'اَلِمْغا' in the Diwanu Lugati’t-Turk of Kashgari (Barskani) Mahmud and the titles ‘amγa’, ‘il ïmγa’ in Old Uighur letter documents, which mean “guard of the military governor, secretary of state”, which have meanings such as “state treasurer, treasurer, tax collector”, are reconsidered in the context of the concept of “perceptual etymology”. Based on the previous sources, it is accepted that the word was borrowed from a Chinese title, yaya (押牙 / 押衙), from a Middle Chinese pronunciation of *im go dar to Turkish during the Chinese Tang Dynasty. This title is represented by Sir G. Clauson ‘ımğa’, T. Takata ‘ąmäga’, N. Sims-Williams and J. Hamilton ’’mγ’ (amγa) and T. Moriyasu as amγa / ïmγa. Here, the origin information of the title in question will be tried to be explained again through their spellings, historical developments and meanings in old Uighur documents and to be shown that the title is not borrowed into Turkish from Chinese, but from Khotanese Sakan.

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Fish, Amanda. "The Applicability of Hybrid Peacebuilding in Ethno-Religious Conflict: A Case Study of the Uighur-Han Conflict in Xinjiang, China." Asian International Studies Review 23, no. 1 (2022): 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-bja10012.

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Abstract This study attempted to examine to what extent hybrid peacebuilding would be applicable in Xinjiang’s ethnic conflict between the Han and Uighurs. After situating hybrid peacebuilding within the liberal peacebuilding literature, for further contextualization, the study then extrapolated key information from several other Asian cases of hybrid peacebuilding. It then overviewed the conflict (the parties involved and their various perspectives), outlined the modern efforts to resolve the conflict, and determined how they remain problematic. Finally, the study qualitatively analyzed the theoretical applicability of hybrid peacebuilding, its potential benefits, and potential drawbacks. The study concluded that hybrid peacebuilding has theoretical potential in Xinjiang, especially in the future, but its current drawbacks hinder its chances of success.

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Blair, Sheila S. "Ascending to Heaven: Fourteenth-century Illustrations of the Prophet’s miʽrāǧ". Arabist: Budapest Studies in Arabic 28-29 (2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58513/arabist.2008.28-29.2.

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Scenes illustrating the Prophet’s ascension to heaven, are some of the most glorious in Persian painting. Single scenes illustrating the subject are found in various types of literature, ranging from such Persian classics as Nizami’s Hamsa to popular devotional works about the Prophet’s life such as the Qisas al-anbiya’ (Tales of the Prophet) and biographies of his life such as the Siyar an-nabi. In all these cases, the ascension is merely one of many illustrations, but in addition there were at least two illustrated manuscripts devoted entirely to the subject of the Prophet’s ascension. Called Book of Ascension, these works have multiple paintings illustrating several incidents of the journey. The more famous of the two manuscripts, transcribed in Uighur script, was made in the Timurid period. The other illustrated manuscript was made a century earlier under the Ilkhanids, Mongol rulers of Iran from 1256 to 1353. This essay surveys the illustrations from the Ilkhanid copy and shows how the topic of the Prophet’s ascension to Heaven developed in the fourteenth century from a single incident in the Prophet’s life to an independent hagiography with multiple, large illustrations that served as models for the next several centuries.

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Кичеева, Кристина Владимировна. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PAST TENSE FORMS -CHYKH/-CHYK/-YUK AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION WITH FORMS -ZHEE, -CHU, -AACHCHY, -CHA (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE)." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 2(36) (November 25, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2022-2-34-46.

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Представлен обзор научной литературы, посвященной проблеме этимологии форм прошедшего времени на -чых/-чык/-йук, а также произведена попытка их дифференциации с другими формами, отождествляемыми некоторыми учеными с анализируемыми формами. Выделяются две основные точки зрения, полемизирующие между собой, в том числе автором приводится своя гипотеза, которая строится на материале хакасского языка, собранном методом сплошной выборки текстов из художественной, публицистической и фольклорной литературы. В ходе сопоставления семантики и некоторых функций монгольской формы на -җээ, киргизской на -чу, якутской на -ааччы, тунгусо-маньчжурской на -ча и хакасской формы на -чых делается вывод, что они не тождественны последней, соответственно, и формам на -чык/-чых/-йук хакасского, тувинского, тофского и древнеуйгурского языков. Особое внимание уделено сочетаниям анализируемой формы -чых с другими индикативными аффиксами прошедшего времени на -ған, -ды, -тыр, -ҷаң, -ғалах, -(п)чатхан. Выявлено, что в хакасском языке имеется аналитическая конструкция -ған полҷых, в связи с чем предположение о стяжении вспомогательного глагола эр- ‘быть’ в форме -ғанҷых -ған + эр-ҷых вызывает сомнение. Выборка показывает, что в хакасском языке форма -чых чаще всего употребляется в нарративе (повествовании), редко встречается в прямой речи. Интересным является то, что в первом случае повествование ведется от третьего лица, случаи употребления данной формы в первом и втором лице не обнаружены. Как показал языковой материал, форма на -чых в хакасском языке имеет свойство сочетаться с разными частями речи и менять позицию в структуре глагольной словоформы подобно частице -ох/-ӧк, которая также пишется слитно со словоформой. Это иллюстрирует тезис о том, что форма на -чых и есть утвердительная частица, некогда часто употребляемая при описании прошедших событий и которая со временем стала принимать личные аффиксы. The article provides a review of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of etymology of the past tense forms -chykh/-chyk/-yuk, as well as an attempt to differentiate them with other forms identified by some researchers with the analyzed forms. There are two main points of view that are polemizing with each other. Besides, the author proposes own hypothesis based on existing views. It, i.e. the author’s hypothesis, is based on the material of the Khakass language, collected by the method of continuous sampling of texts from fiction, journalistic, and folklore literature. Comparing the semantics and some functions of Mongolian form -zhee, Qırghız one -chu, Yakut -aachchy, Tungus-Manchu -cha, and Khakass form -chykh, it is concluded that they are not identical to the latter and, respectively, to the forms -chyk/-chykh/-yuk of the Khakass, Tuvan, Tofalar, and Old Uighur languages. Special attention is paid to the combinations of the analyzed form -chykh with other indicative past tense affixes -gan, -dy, -tyr, -chan, -galakh, -(p)chatkhan. It is revealed that in the Khakass language there is the analytical construction -gan polchykh, in this regard the assumption of the contraction of auxiliary verb er- ‘to be’ in form -ganchykh -gan + er-chykh is doubtful. Sampling shows that in the Khakass language, form -chykh is most often used in narration, and is rarely found in direct speech. It is interesting that in the first case narration is performed from the third person. Cases of the use of this form in the first, second persons have not been found. As our language material has shown, form -chykh in the Khakass language has the property of combining with different parts of speech and changing the position in the structure of a verbal word form, likewise particle okh/ -yok is written together with a word form. This illustrates the thesis that form -chykh is an affirmative particle, once often used when describing past events and which began to take personal affixes over time.

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Zhang, Tieshan, and Zieme Peter. "A terminology list in Old Uigur." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65, no. 3 (2012): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.65.2012.3.1.

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Kitsudō, Kōichi. "Two Chinese Buddhist texts written by Uighurs." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.64.2011.3.5.

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Tieshan, Zhang, and Peter Zieme. "Further fragments of the Commentary on the Yuanjue jing in Old Uigur from Dunhuang." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 3 (2020): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00019.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper the authors edit two Old Uigur fragments that recently became accessible from Dunhuang. Both are parts of the unknown commentary on the Yuanjue jing of which already some other remnants were edited.

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Zhang, Tieshan, and Peter Zieme. "A further fragment of Old Uigur annals." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 66, no. 4 (2013): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.66.2013.4.2.

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Kitsudō, Kōichi. "Notes on the commentary to theYuanjue jingin Old Uigur." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67, no. 3 (2014): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.67.2014.3.5.

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Kadyrbaev, Aleksandr Sh. "Turks (Uighurs, Kipchaks and Kanglis) in the History of the Mongols." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58, no. 3 (2005): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.58.2005.3.3.

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Kadyrbaev, Aleksandr. "Turks (Uighurs, Kipchaks and Kanglis) in the history of the Mongols." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58, no. 3 (2005): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.58.2005.5.3.

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Tieshan, Zhang. "A new fragment of the Altun Yaruk in old Uigur from Tuyuk." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 70, no. 4 (2017): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2017.70.4.3.

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Zhang, Tieshan, and Peter Zieme. "Two Old Uigur fragments from Dunhuang connected with the Pure Land belief." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 3 (2018): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2018.71.3.1.

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Zhang, Tieshan, and Peter Zieme. "An Old Uigur Version of the Kasibhāradvāja sutta Extended by a Poem." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 72, no. 2 (2019): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2019.72.2.3.

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Ibrahimov, Elchin. "THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES." Alatoo Academic Studies 21, no. 1 (2021): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.211.28.

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The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

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А.K., Kаmalov. "Oral History of Migration from China to Kazakhstan during the period of “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976)." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 107, no. 3 (2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022hph3/91-99.

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The article examines the last stage of interstate migration from China to Kazakhstan in 1950–1970, that is, the period of the so-called “great cultural revolution”, which began in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1966 and lasted ten years. Migration of this period from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the PRC to Soviet Kazakhstan was not mass-scale and took the form of groups of young Kazakhs and Uighurs who crossed the Kazakh section of the Soviet-Chinese state border. They were persecuted by the Chinese authorities as “counter-revolutionaries” and “revisionists.” The events related to the escape of some groups of young people to Kazakhstan in the early years of the “cultural revolution” are reconstructed in the article based on oral histories recorded during the implementation of the research project “Oral history of migration in 1950–1970s from China to Kazakhstan”, as well as archival materials and memoir literature. The study of oral histories and other sources revealed specific features of the migration of that time: it affected a limited number of politically active youth from among the local Turkic peoples of the XUAR and represented the spontaneous escape of young people in extreme political conditions, namely, in the conditions of a political struggle for power between different groups of the Communist Party of China (CCP), mass political repression and persecutions. The last group of refugees arrived in Kazakhstan on the eve of 1970, after which the “iron curtain” in Soviet-Chinese relations finally closed.

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Angel De Soto, Joseph. "The Origin of the Sars‑Cov‑2 in the United States as a Biological Weapon." Journal of Virology Research & Reports, March 31, 2022, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jvrr/2022(3)141.

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Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first reported in Wuhan China in Dec 2019, since then 279 million have been infected and 5.4 million have died. This has raised the question where did the SARs-CoV-2 virus originate? Methodology: In this study, the literature was reviewed, and the scientific and intelligence evidence assessed. Interviews were made with scientists and victims involved in the creation of the virus in both the United States and China. Results: The evidence suggest that the SARs-CoV-2 virus began as bat virus which was then manipulated in the lab via gain of function research in the United States funded by the National Institutes of Health under Dr. Fauci. This proto-biological weapon was then given to the Chinese and passed through Uighur prisoners. It is hypothesized that the modest common Altaic ancestry between American Native Americans and the Uighur from North Central Asia may in part account for the increased death rates of Native Americans in the United States. Conclusion: The SARS- CoV-2 virus with near scientific certainty originated in the United States as a proto-biological weapon which was further clinically developed in China in a collaborative effort as a biological weapon to target ethnic and racial minorities by both China and the United States.

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Güner, Büşra. "The Last Genocide of the Modern Age: East Turkestan." TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi, no. 2 (August 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55709/tsbsbildirilerdergisi.2.143.

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In this study, with the criteria determined by international documents, It has been examined whether the Chinese government's policies towards the Uyghur Turks are genocide or not. Uyghur Turks living in this region are faced with many rights violations today as in the past. The activities carried out by China against the Uyghur Turks living in this region have now exceeded the dimension of atrocities and reached the level of systematic genocide. Therefore, the basic hypothesis of this study is that the persecution of the Uighur Turks has reached the level of genocide. In the study, the year 1949, China occupied East Turkestan, was taken as a starting point and tried to be examined until today. However, this has been a long time, and therefore the most important and current events have been tried to be included throughout the study. Current events reaching the level of genocide are included. The hypothesis was confirmed based on the definition of genocide defined by the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and the analysis of Gregory Stanton's Eight Stages of Genocide. The goal is to contribute to the work to be done about the Uyghurs living in East Turkestan and to announce the crime of genocide in the region. Genocide is an international crime that must be stopped. Announcing this crime to large masses is very important in terms of drawing attention to the ongoing violations of rights and the crime of genocide committed in the region. The accuracy of the basic claim in the study was tried to be verified by the descriptive data analysis method based on the literature review (based on the use of secondary sources). When the data collected as a result of the study is examined, the policies implemented by China in East Turkestan are similar to those of Nazi Germany on the Jews. Therefore, it shows many similarities with the genocide suffered by the Jews and other genocides that took place in the past. The concentration camps, which were created for the so-called "re-education" purpose, are clearly a policy of marginalization and assimilation. People are subject to class discrimination for religious, racial, or ethnic reasons. In order to control the East Turkestan region and to control the Uighurs and other Muslim minorities more easily, activities aimed at reducing the population were implemented in the first place, and planned and systematic studies were carried out to isolate people from their past history and culture in order to assimilate. It has been clearly observed that all these activities mainly aim at consuming the population. Thanks to practices such as education camps, compulsory marriage, and birth policies, a group's generation is trying to be destroyed step by step. The truth is that this persecution, whose origins are very old, has now turned into a genocide. This genocide, which still continues even today, has come to the fore even though it is late. The violations of rights in the region have begun to be described as genocide by the states. In addition, as a result of the researches, the main hypothesis of the study was confirmed in the direction of the data obtained after the activities carried out by China towards the Uyghur Turks were examined. It has been explained with the most recent data that the persecution of the Uyghur Turks is genocide. Population consumer activities in the East Turkestan region of China still continue actively. The topic is current and varied. Therefore, the data on the study is constantly updated, so it is recommended to carry out more studies on the subject.

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