To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: UK Emissions Trading Scheme.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'UK Emissions Trading Scheme'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 35 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'UK Emissions Trading Scheme.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bogojevic, Sanja. "Discourse analysis of emissions trading scholarship : a case study of the EU emissions trading scheme." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4bab5c90-dc00-48ef-88a0-3162f05cf1b1.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last four decades emissions trading has enjoyed a high profile in environmental law scholarship and in environmental law and policy. Much of this regulatory discussion is promotional, preferring emissions trading above other regulatory strategies without, however, engaging with legal complexities embedded in conceptualising, scrutinising and managing emissions trading schemes. The combined effect of these debates is to create a perception that emissions trading is a straightforward regulatory strategy, imposable across various jurisdictions and environmental settings. This thesis shows that this view of emissions trading is problematic for at least two reasons. First, emissions trading responds to distinct environmental and non-environmental goals, including creating profit-centres, establishing a governance regime aimed at substituting state control of common resources, and ensuring regulatory compliance. This is important, as the particular purpose entrusted to a given emissions trading regime has, as its corollary, a particular governance structure, according to which the regime may be constructed and managed. Second, the governance structures of emissions trading regimes are culture- specific, which is a significant reminder of the importance of law in understanding not only how emissions trading schemes function but also what meaning is given to them as regulatory strategies. This is shown by deconstructing emissions trading discourses: that is, by inquiring into the assumptions about emissions trading that feature in the literature and in debates involving law- and policymakers and the judiciary at the EU level. Ultimately, this thesis makes a strong argument for reconfiguring the common understanding of emissions trading schemes as regulatory strategies, and sets out a framework for analysis to sustain that reconfiguration.
2
Minnice, Paul. "Heterogeneous national allocation plans in the EU Emission Trading Scheme under imperfectly competitive markets." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3637.
Full text
3
Jooste, Dustin. "Emissions trading scheme for South Africa : opportunities and challenges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79330.
Full textAbstract:
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report aims to determine whether an emissions trading scheme or carbon tax is the
most suitable market-based emissions reduction mechanism for South Africa, given its multiple
environmental, social and economic objectives. Key factors considered in this comparison include:
environmental effectiveness; economic efficiency; social welfare impacts; public finance
considerations; administrative complexity and costs; and, finally, the relationship to global
greenhouse gas reduction mechanisms. These factors are compared in the short and long term to
determine which mechanism is most likely to deliver South Africa’s emissions reduction targets
within the given time frames. The comparison of these factors involves a non-empirical literature
review, followed by a rating of the mechanisms in order to distil a best fit in terms of the various
aspects of an effective emissions reduction mechanism, taking into account the specific needs and
conditions of South Africa.
The research found that, in the short term, a carbon tax was best suited to the South African
context. This is because of the fiscal certainty inherent in this mechanism, which provides clear
price signals and a stable public income. However, the reasons for these comparative advantages
over an emissions trading scheme relate to the long lead times and structure of the latter
mechanism, which requires years of implementation and favours environmental effectiveness over
economic efficiency. Further reasons include a lack of understanding and buy-in in terms of
market-based mechanisms, a situation that favours familiarity over effectiveness in some
instances. Taking these issues into account, the research shows that an emissions trading scheme
is better suited to the South African context in the long term. Once properly implemented, this
mechanism provides superior results in terms of the above-mentioned factors, and specifically in
terms of environmental effectiveness and the potential for benefit through international integration.
This research report concludes that the South African government has failed to take a long-term
view of the mechanisms available for emissions reduction, choosing instead to implement a carbon
tax, which favours economic growth at the expense of the environment and future generations. A
general lack of understanding of the structures and opportunity costs of the two mechanisms
necessitates an investigation by government of the applicability and structure of an emissions
trading scheme in the South African context before market-based mechanisms can play an
effective part in the future development of the country’s environmental regulatory regime.
4
Kopsch, Fredrik. "Including International Aviation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33999.
Full text
5
Kim, Tae Hee. "The Korean emissions trading scheme : focusing on accounting issues." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21690.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the accounting standard-setting process in relation to emissions rights and related liabilities in the Korean context in order to provide a better understanding of accounting issues under an emissions trading scheme (ETS). Using an interpretive inductive approach, this study comprises semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and analysis of relevant documents. Interviews were carried out with a wide range of key players, including accounting standard setters (Korean Accounting Standards Board, International Accounting Standards Board, and Autorité des Normes Comptables), accounting experts, industry and government. This study identifies how problematic accounting issues on emissions rights and related liabilities have been addressed by accounting standard setters. The key accounting issues under ETS are linked mainly with free allowances. It is found that accounting standard setters attempt to establish the most appropriate accounting standard under the given circumstances reflecting a variety of considerations, and that the most common elements affecting the development of accounting standards for ETS are the legal and economic context, the existing accounting framework, and preceding models and practices. Nevertheless, these factors affect the development of accounting standards for ETS in different ways. Accordingly, the primary accounting issues on which each standard setter concentrates vary depending on different circumstances and considerations. This study investigates the accounting standard-setting process for emissions rights by Korean accounting standard setters, from the agenda-setting stage to the final publication of the standard. The findings reinforce the importance of political factors in the standard-setting process, including stakeholders’ participation in the process, prominent stakeholders, and the motivation, methods and timing of lobbying activities. In particular, the findings have important implications for the effectiveness of lobbying. Overall, the findings confirm that accounting standards are likely to be the political outcome of interactions between the accounting standard setter and stakeholders. The findings highlight desirable factors for accounting models of emissions rights. Desirability or appropriateness of standard is judged by the extent to which stakeholders in institutional environments consider the promulgation to be legitimate or authoritative. Therefore, accounting standard setters must make greater efforts to encourage stakeholders to participate in the standard-setting process in order to ensure institutional legitimacy. The originality of this study lies in its empirical research on accounting issues for ETS from a practical point of view. In particular, in its timely and detailed investigation of Korean accounting standard setters, this study provides a broader understanding of the accounting standard-setting process in the Korean context. The study also advances legitimacy theory by offering a framework particularly applicable to accounting standard setting process, which also incorporates stakeholder theory research. The study finds support from the framework and further contributes to the related literature by reviewing legitimacy conflicts. From an accounting policy point of view, the findings have implications for both national and international standard setters and provide guidance on how to achieve high-quality accounting standards with a high degree of compliance.
6
Liu, Xin. "Emission Trading For China : the inspiration from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58643.
Full textAbstract:
How to avoid and deal with dangerous climate change, which will have catastrophic economic and social consequences, has already become the focus worldwide. From the UNFCCC to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community has been trying to find effective means to reduce GHGs. Facing both internal demand and external pressure, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China needs to make further efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. So far, emission trading, especially the EU ETS has proved to be a good system to reduce emissions with low cost. In this thesis, the valuable experience and lessons of the EU ETS and the current situation of China are reviewed. The necessity, feasibility and limitations of applying the EU ETS in China are analyzed through comparative study and SWOT – PEST analytical model. In the light of the analysis result that establishing its own emission trading scheme based on the EU ETS will be a good choice for China, several recommendations are put forward concerning both the process of the “Sino ETS” and various stakeholders.
7
Anger-Kraavi, Annela. "Emissions trading for regulating climate change impacts of aviation : a case study of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610211.
Full text
8
Nye, Michael Brandon. "Understanding business participation in UK emissions trading : accounting for content, context and carbon." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252013.
Full text
9
Link, Christoph, Juliane Stark, Axel Sonntag, and Reinhard Hössinger. "Contribution of an emission trading scheme to reduce road traffic induced CO2 emissions in Austria." Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1170.
Full textAbstract:
The Emission Trading Scheme for green house gases is a key tool of European climate protection. Including the road transport sector might be a promising strategy to limit its CO2 emissions. This could be realized within a common market (trans-sectoral trading permitted) or separated markets (trans-sectoral trading not permitted). Starting from different assumptions on emission reduction objectives, the impact of both options is analyzed using a quantitative model. Although an emission trading scheme is ecologically effective regardless of the trading model, it turns out that CO2 emissions and emission allowance prices differ strongly between both design options due to sector specific price elasticities of allowance demand. (authors' abstract)
10
Efthymiou, Marina. "Challenges in aviation governance : implementation of Single European Sky and EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, University of West London, 2016. https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/3239/.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic growth, capacity constraints, climate change and the necessity to develop a more cost efficient system led to an ambitious initiative to reform the architecture of airspace management. This initiative, launched by the European Commission (EC), is called Single European Sky (SES). The four Key Performance Areas (KPAs) of SES are environment; cost efficiency; capacity; and safety. In the environment KPA Performance Indicators for Air Navigation Services Providers (ANSPs) are established to ensure that improvement in sustainability is achieved. In addition, aviation is included in the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS): the EC sets limits on CO2 emissions and provides economic incentives to airlines to reduce emissions by establishing a market-based trading system. EU-ETS can be used to simultaneously promote economic efficiency and achieve environmental goals on a sustainable basis. The PhD research examines the existence of cancel-out effects between supply-led, i.e. SES, and demand-led management, i.e. EU ETS, policies by following a holistic approach. Environmental economics theory and industrial economics are applied to identify factors that have a significant influence on the two policies. Interestingly, and in spite of common objectives, the two schemes are governed by different bodies, which may fail to streamline their communication process. Hence, the PhD thesis also addresses the issue of governance and its possible failure regarding the full implementation and efficiency of the schemes. From a methodological perspective, Delphi is conducted in two rounds to encapsulate policy complexity at an in-depth level. The target population comprises stakeholders involved in SES and EU ETS. To select candidates purposive and snowball sampling was used. Thus, the sample consists of 39 senior managers/experts from Civil Aviation Authorities; ANSPs; aviation-related organisations and institutions; and airlines. Based on the results of the Delphi and building on its theoretical background, the PhD thesis then develops a conceptual model to address governance failure, thus effectively linking supply- to demand-oriented aviation policies in a holistic manner.
11
Yu, Pei-Shan. "The financial and environmental performance of firms exposed to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/49316/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an empirical-based study of the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and its implications in terms of corporate environmental and financial performance. The novelty of this study includes the extended scope of the data coverage, as most previous studies have examined only the power sector. The use of verified emissions data of ETS-regulated firms as the environmental compliance measure and as the potential differentiating criteria that concern the valuation of EU ETS-exposed firms in the stock market is also an original aspect of this study. The study begins in Chapter 2 by introducing the background information on the emission trading system (ETS), which focuses on (i) the adoption of ETS as an environmental management instrument and (ii) the adoption of ETS by the European Union as one of its central climate policies. Chapter 3 surveys four databases that provide carbon emissions data in order to determine the most suitable source of the data to be used in the later empirical chapters. The first empirical chapter, which is also Chapter 4 of this thesis, investigates the determinants of the emissions compliance performance of the EU ETS-exposed firms through constructing the best possible performance ratio from verified emissions data and self-configuring models for a panel regression analysis. Chapter 5 examines the impacts on the EU ETS-exposed firms in terms of their equity valuation with customised portfolios and multi-factor market models. The research design takes into account the emissions allowance (EUA) price as an additional factor, as it has the most direct association with the EU ETS to control for the exposure. The final empirical Chapter 6 takes the investigation one step further, by specifically testing the degree of ETS exposure facing different sectors with sector-based portfolios and an extended multi-factor market model. The findings from the emissions performance ratio analysis show that the business model of firms significantly influences emissions compliance, as the capital intensity has a positive association with the increasing emissions-to-emissions cap ratio. Furthermore, different sectors show different degrees of sensitivity towards the determining factors. The production factor influences the performance ratio of the Utilities sector, but not the Energy or Materials sectors. The results show that the capital intensity has a more profound influence on the utilities sector than on the materials sector. With regard to the financial performance impact, ETS-exposed firms as aggregate portfolios experienced a substantial underperformance during the 2001–2004 period, but not in the operating period of 2005–2011. The results of the sector-based portfolios show again the differentiating effect of the EU ETS on sectors, as one sector is priced indifferently against its benchmark, three sectors see a constant underperformance, and three sectors have altered outcomes.
12
Buhr, Katarina. "Bringing aviation into the EU emissions trading scheme : institutional entrepreneurship at windows of opportunity /." Uppsala : Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9505.
Full text
13
Sung, Sally Ki-Youn. "Responding to Climate Change: A Carbon Tax or an Emissions Trading Scheme? A New Zealand Perspective." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accountinig and Information Systems, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6934.
Full textAbstract:
Consequences of global warming and climate change issues have become more apparent over the last several decades. Heat waves, floods, tornados and storms are not just natural disasters occurring elsewhere, but they are now serious environmental catastrophes threatening New Zealand (NZ) and nearby countries as a result of continously escalating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, the Kyoto Protocol was prepared for countries to work collaborately to provide a solution through encourging countries to commit themselves to reducing their individual share of the total GHG emissions. To date, NZ has gone through several phases of modification – introducing and revising two distinctive climate change policies (a Carbon Tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme [ETS]) as a tool to reduce GHG in NZ. These attempts to address climate change, coupled with the question raised by McDonald (Irish Times, 2009) doubting the actual effect of a tax on behaviour-change, provide an extensive basis for a case study in a NZ context involving an evaluation of the effectiveness of these regimes on incentivising behaviour-change to reduce and stablise the level of GHG emissions.
In an attempt to answer the research question and conduct a case study in a NZ context, a triangulation approach incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research methods was undertaken. Statistical data analysis was conducted as a quantitative method to analyse and compare numerical changes 'with‘ and 'without‘ the existence of climate change policies. To enhance the results obtained from the quantitative research, qualitative information was also collected by interviewing politicians directly related to the introduction, implementation and the review process of the climate change policies in a semi-structured manner.
The results of this study reinforced the need for regulations and policies to reduce and maintain the level of GHG emissions. Statistical data analysis proved that the existence of climate change policies results in lower level of GHG emissions. The interviewees also perceived that some sort of policy is definitely required to regulate the level of emissions, although whether the current, National-led Government‘s modfied-ETS is the 'right' approach is still uncertain. However, the majority of interviewees agreed that the type of tool does not matter, as long as it is correctly-designed to reflect the necessary policies to influence the decision making process of individuals and businesses, and ultimately change their behaviour as a result. However, in order to maintain NZ‘s relationship with other countries, it is preferable to retain its ETS regime until other countries decide to do otherwise.
14
Teng, Andrea. "Toward a reconciled and integrated EU Emissions Trading Scheme? : a case study of United Kingdom, Germany and Poland." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760901.
Full textAbstract:
Since the EU-ETS was placed at the centre of EU climate governance in 2003,its influence has not been restricted to environmental policy but has spread to theeconomic and political domains. But its implementation remains blocked even after the EU revised it by the Climate and Energy Package (CEP). The larger problem is, the ‘East-West’ split toward the revised EU-ETS triggered by the ambitious but ‘missions complicated’ CEP and diffused to energy governance, which put EU's climate governance into the deadlock (Wettestad, 2014). Skjærseth and Wettestad (2009, 2010) argued that the revised EU-ETS could be the result of the changing MS’ preferences, but they did not unpack these preferences formulated during the EU-ETS implementation. This thesis fills the gap by reinvestigating the EU-ETS implementation to identify what the domestic contextual factors are and how they affect and reshape MS’ preferences to the EU-ETS. By applying the five stage policy-making cycle andthe multilevel governance (MLG) in this study, it is concluded that the difficulty offixing the EU-ETS is not merely limited to the revised climate governance structure, but also the need to reconcile MS’ energy-economic structures and coordinate with their climate and energy policy. To solve the MS’ problem of ‘asymmetrical energy-economic interests’, it is vital for the EU to improve the cross-level reconciliation between the EU-ETS and national energy policies and to increase the coordination between policy instruments when reforming the EU’s climate governance structure. The EU-ETS development encourages both national and EU’s climate governance structures to fall in line with MLG concepts (flexible design and more jurisdictional levels involved in the policy network). Therefore, it has become the turning point of European integration, by which the traditional dichotomy between ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ integration starts transitioning to the ‘two-way reconciliation.’
15
Aufenanger, Vanessa [Verfasser]. "Challenges of a common climate policy. An analysis of the development of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme / Vanessa Aufenanger." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027392547/34.
Full text
16
Forsberg, Joel. "The effects of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme on the energy enterprises with small carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-44234.
Full textAbstract:
To reduce the rate of global warming the EU has implemented the European Union EmissionTrading Scheme (EU ETS) as the world’s largest Cap and Trade system in an ambitiousattempt to reduce greenhouse gases with high cost-effectiveness. However, Cap and Tradetheory stipulates that transaction costs should be low for a Cap and Trade system to workeffectively. There is a possibility that small actors producing district heating and electricitypay too large a part of their costs in transaction cost, thereby making the EU ETS fail in itseffort to reduce emissions in the most cost effective way. To research this, interviews withrepresentatives from ten small producers of district heating and electricity in Sweden whereconducted. This study details their time and cost necessary to administrate the EU ETS. Theresults showed that transaction costs where high at around 50%. The cause for the hightransaction costs are the administrative requirements necessary to fulfill the legal obligationsin the EU ETS, a system that requires a little less than a week to administrate. Despite thehigh transaction costs the EU ETS does not lower the energy producers CO2 emissions, sincebio-fuel is already the preferred fuel. It is recommended is that the Swedish government usesthe possibility stipulated in the EU legislation to opt-out small emitters from the EU ETS.
17
Löschel, Ralf [Verfasser], and S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Berninghaus. "The European emissions trading scheme under imperfect competition : an economic analysis of the institutional framework / Ralf Löschel. Betreuer: S. Berninghaus." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1014100046/34.
Full text
18
Nwaogu, Chidinma C. P. "What are the challenges faced by the Australian emissions trading scheme and are there any lessons to be learned from the EU ETS?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505603.
Full text
19
Norberg, Martina, and Ladan Sharifian. "EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter i Sverige : En intervjustudie om några svenska energibolags och myndigheters uppfattning och agerande." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6804.
Full textAbstract:
Den 1 januari 2005, startades det europeiska handelssystemet med utsläppsrätter. Handelssystemet avser att minska
koldioxidutsläppen inom Europa, för att fullfölja åtagandet i Kyotoprotokollet. I Sverige har flera sektorer påverkats
av handeln med utsläppsrätter bl.a. energisektorn, som står i fokus för denna studie.
Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur de större och mindre energibolagen samt de ansvariga myndigheterna i
Sverige uppfattar systemet för handel med utsläppsrätter. För att uppfylla syftet formulerades ett antal
frågeställningar om hur energibolagen och myndigheterna ser på handelssystemets följande områden, fördelar och
nackdelar, implementering, tilldelningsprinciper, förbättringspotential, framtida utveckling, samt om det finns några
likheter och skillnader mellan energibolagen. Detta gjordes genom intervjuer med representanter från ett urval av
svenska energibolag och ansvariga myndigheter. Resultatet av intervjuerna analyserades och jämfördes med tidigare
studier. Därefter diskuterades frågeställningarna.
Slutsatserna visar att handelssystemet anses vara ett kostnadseffektivt styrmedel. Vidare visar slutsatserna att vid
implementeringen var tidspressen det största problemet för både energibolagen och myndigheterna. Vad gäller
tilldelningsprinciper föredrar energibolagen tilldelning baserad på riktmärken, detta bl.a. då de ser problem med
uppdatering av de historiska utsläppen. När det gäller handelssystemets förbättringspotential önskar energibolagen
främst större harmonisering, längre perioder samt en förenkling av reglerna och kraven. Både energibolagen och
myndigheterna framhåller att handelssystemets framtid är väldigt osäker och att det beror mycket på vilka
internationella beslut som fattas. En skillnad som har kunnat urskiljas mellan de större och mindre energibolagen är
att de större tänker globalt på klimatproblematiken och miljön, i jämförelse med de mindre energibolagen, vars fokus
ligger på den inhemska marknaden.
20
Rodenberg, Ballweg Julie. "Testing the afforestation reservation price of small forest landowners in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7536.
Full textAbstract:
The estimation of afforestation reservation prices for small landowners in New Zealand has not been the subject of much research despite its importance in predicting future land use. Reservation prices for planting represent the minimum payment a landowner must receive before converting land from agriculture to forest. A survey of 728 landowners from every region of New Zealand who own between 20 and 200 hectares of forest as well as other unplanted land used for agriculture were surveyed about forestland, forest land owner demographics, ownership objectives, silviculture and reservation prices.
In this study, reservation price strategies were investigated by offering hypothetical annual and one-time payments for converting land from agriculture to forestry. From this survey, the average one-time payment a landowner would be willing to accept to convert a hectare of land from agriculture to forestry was $3,554 and the average annual payment to convert a hectare of land was $360. The key factors influencing the reservation price were; whether or not the landowner lived on the property, if one of the ownership objectives was income from carbon, the primary agricultural enterprise and total household income. An implied discount rate was calculated for each landowner and excluding those who would not accept any payment the average after-tax discount rate was 9.7%.
Small landowners indicated that their primary reason for owning plantation forest was income from timber with very few landowners using their forest land for recreation. The median farm size was 400 hectares and the median forest plantation was 37 hectares. Planting of radiata pine peaked in 1994 and 1995 with more radiata pine planted in 1994 than in all the years from 2000-2009. Most landowners are performing some type of silviculture in their forests. Ninety percent of landowners are pruning in the current rotation while only 61% plan to prune in the future. Only 26% of landowners have engaged in any commercial harvesting in the past ten years but as their current rotation matures 71% plan to replant on the same site. A majority of respondents thought the situation for forest landowners was getting better.
Understanding the reservation price strategies of landowners is important for predicting future land use patterns and recognizing how close landowners are to converting land. The ownership objectives of landowners and the replanting decisions they make are critical for future timber supply. The results of this study can assist in the development of forest establishment incentive programmes. Better information about landowner characteristics will result in enhanced decision-making for the timber industry and the government in New Zealand.
21
Sabová, Katarína. "Analysis of the European energy industry with focus on the impact of the CO2 reduction measures." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125095.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this diploma thesis was to create a comprehensive overview of the recent devel-opment in the fight against the climate change in European Union and complement it with evidence on how the CO2 reduction measures impacted the energy industry. Firstly, the ener-gy industry of the European Union is introduced with its basic characteristics. Information on the climate change and on actions that have been established so far in order to fight the cli-mate change is also provided. Next, the theoretical knowledge from the environmental eco-nomics is presented together with the various concepts on how to address the issues connected with the externalities. EU ETS and renewable energy subsidies (FiTs) are further analyzed and practical insights on how the measures work are also offered. The practical part contributes with analyses of case studies of Germany and Czech Republic, in which the key success factors of the policies and their impact are assessed.
22
Leclerc, Thomas. "Les mesures correctives des émissions aériennes de gaz à effet de serre : Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les ordres juridiques en droit international public." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0751/document.
Full textAbstract:
La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationaleLooking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change
23
Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.
Full textAbstract:
For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction.
The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions.
Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies.
Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP).
An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.
24
Chang, Wei-Ju, and 張瑋儒. "EU Climate Governance:The Policy Decision of Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23172221000545391045.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
99
In the field of global environmental politic, European Union plays a crucial role. This study aims to investigate EU climate governance through the perspective of multi-level governance, using Emission Trading Scheme as case study. The policy-forming process of ETS can be analyzed in national, supranational and transnational levels. Three characteristics of EU climate governance are revealed by multi-level analysis. The first characteristic would be multi-actor, which means that the policy is formed by numbers of agents containing EU institutions, national governments, environmental NGOs, industries and scientific communities. The ultimate goal of these actors is to reach a consensus through negotiation. The second characteristic refers to the existing of multi-level channels in decision making process, including official and non-official ones, which shape into an interdependent and decentralized networking structure, and thus enhance the interaction between involving actors. The differentiation of policy issues is the third characteristic. Under this circumstance, climate governance becomes a highly professional issue. Technological bureaucrats and specialized knowledge are required when designing and promoting related policies. First chapter states the motives and purposes, range and restrictions, and literature review of the research. Chapter two probes into the theory of multi-level governance. Chapter three examines the evolution of EU environmental and climate policies historically. The following three chapters are case study, investigating how EU finally achieves to pass the ETS directive from the beginning. Chapter eight is an overall overview of the research.
25
Chen, Yi-Jun, and 陳怡君. "A Study on Proper Legal Design of Emissions Trading Scheme in Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99079579484860847692.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
100
The term “emissions trading” simply refers to a tradeable-permit system in which a greenhouse gases emitter (a firm or country) can buy and sell permission to emit a certain amount of emissions from or to other emitters who are below or above their limits. Emissions trading was proposed as a legal instrument designed to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions at the Rio Summit in 1992. Its principal advantage is that it provides first for a stabilization of global pollution levels, and subsequently for a gradual reduction in the total global level. Emissions trading systems also provide individual emitters with the flexibility to decide what emission levels to aim for, and the incentive to accomplish their goals. These systems are intentionally designed to reduce pollution without impeding economic development as well as to minimize the cost of meeting target levels. This paper reviews several emissions trading programs including the U.S Acid Rain Program, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, the Kyoto Protocol, and EU trading schemes, to demonstrate the basic common structure of emissions trading systems. The focus will be on five major issues within emissions trading programs: cap settings, regulated scopes, allocation of allowances, flexible mechanisms, and penalties for over emission, and will conclude with a viable emissions trading program for Taiwan. Given that Taiwan is not yet legally bound by the Kyoto Protocol, the first step the Taiwanese government should take is to set short and long-term strategies regarding official climate change policy. Second, the government should adopt a legally binding emissions target for the nation. Third, based upon the short and long term strategies, the regulated scope should be decided upon. Forth, offset programs and flexible mechanisms should be decided upon and adopted to enhance the overall program. And fifth, current policies regarding penalties for overemitting should be reviewed and updated where necessary.
26
Ramirez-Ramirez, Gmelina. "Agricultural soil carbon sinks and the design of a domestic emissions trading scheme." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18134.
Full textAbstract:
After the signing of the Kyoto Protocol and its several mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the globe have been developing appropriate schemes to deal with their excess greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis presents general design guidelines based on the objective of economic efficiency to develop a Domestic Carbon Emissions Trading scheme which also offers to emitters the option of buying offset credits generated from the temporal carbon sequestration services of agricultural soils. Quotas and emissions permits are similar economic instruments and therefore the experience of the Canadian Supply Management system provides lessons and a rich source of rules and procedures for an emissions trading scheme. Nevertheless, designing a system that manages offset credits generated from sequestering carbon in agricultural soils is not trivial. Through appropriate land management practices the soil can increase its carbon uptake thus reducing the net existence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, this reduction may not be permanent as carbon sinks (where carbon is stored in the soil) are prone to release the sequestered carbon easily. Given the temporal feature of agricultural soil carbon sinks, this thesis presents relevant design aspects of a Domestic Carbon Emissions Trading scheme which accommodates the unique features of agriculture. In particular this thesis explores the concept of rental contracts which are designed to purchase soil C sequestration services from farmers over a specified period of time to generate the offset credits.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
27
WANG, LING-HUEI, and 王玲惠. "Green Europeanization and the Practice of EU Emissions Trading Scheme in the United Kingdom." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6sj4m3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
政治學系
102
Broadly speaking, the scholars have observed the environment related issues regarding the relationship between the policies and the consequences of reform for a long time. This article tried to focus on the elements of Europeanization to providing an analytical framework how those elements prove members’ transforming their domestic environmental policies to fit with European level norms and policies, where the process of green europeanization is the key issue. From environmental awakening, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme has become the paradigm of environmental systems, and that might be the sole reason for choosing it as example to explain the process of green europeanization in Europe. The EU ETS is the case that Kyoto Protocol puts into practice in Europe with obligation, and it is also the first large experiment as an emission trading system in carbon dioxide area in the world. The “cap and trade” is the working principle of EU ETS, the cap means to set a total amount of certain greenhouse gases that factories can emit at EU level, while trade shows that companies receive or buy emission allowances as their need can only buy limited amounts of international credits from emission-saving projects. This thesis focuses on how the three elements of Green Europeanization influence the United Kingdom implementation of the EU ETS in the domestic level.
28
LING, WU MING, and 吳明陵. "A Study on the Economic Incentive Scheme in the Environmental Protection Law------------On the Greenhouse Effect Gas Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40996770928603411983.
Full textAbstract:
博士輔仁大學
法律學研究所
96
Abstract With the transformation of current environment problems, especially in the face of the global warming, it is not only confined but also has chances of contravening the principle of efficiency, if simply to use the command and control approach. The method of economic incentives have been gradually put an emphasis on, especially the emission trading, which have been adopted by Kyoto Protocol, a spotlight all over the world. The text is for the purpose of exploring various theory of the method of economic incentives and some related legal matter research. At the same time, some advantages and shortage of them can be discussed, including the Tokyo Protocol mechanism, the EU Emission Trading Scheme, Climate Change Policy in the UK as well as Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Trading Scheme in the U.S., hoping to establish the greenhouse gas transaction system through comparative study and attempt to estimate basic analysis system by the method of economic incentives. Furthermore, aiming at the Draft Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Act, which is shifted from the Executive Yuan to Legislated Yuan, Carrying on the appraisal and the analysis as legislation reference in the future. The study finds that system in America was testified to optimize the effect on the obedience. The reason of it is that the choices from the emissions become assorted, confirming to comply with the penalty, the efficiency of monitoring discharges, reducing the emission. England has obtained the great deduction and improvement on the system of climate change, which also let the local researchers obtain some related precious experiences of the bartering system on emissions. Moreover, the impact of the greenhouse gas on the product sects has been gradually alleviated. However, The policies on the climate change in England are not compulsive, which leads a fracture on the emission trading. The contents of the EU Emission Trading Scheme, for example, available Areas, allocation of allowance, confirming to comply with and so on. Those will examine Taiwan’s Scheme of emission trading giving the suitable enlightenment in the future. Especially the time is so urgent and due to a compromise in this process that reduced the usability of the scheme. Waits for us to think deeply with the attention. Key Words : Emission Trading, Economic Incentives, Kyoto Protocol, Allowance allocation, European Union.
29
Zhou, Xun. "Advanced computational techniques for electricity market analysis considering sustainable energy supply issues." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1322548.
Full textAbstract:
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Electricity industries worldwide are undergoing rapid and deepening change. This has been largely driven by the market-oriented restructuring underway in many countries and the increasing global concerns about climate change.Unceasingly climate change is becoming one of a major challenge for the sustainable development of power industries, as power generations are the major sources of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This research is dedicated to developing advanced computational techniques to solve several power system problems that emerge in deregulated electricity markets and changing environmental protection regulations. Three major objectives are included and achieved in this research. The first objective is to assess and quantify the potential impacts on, and changes in, economic efficiency in the electricity generation sector in Australian national electricity market after the implementation of ETS, as opposed to without the introduction of ETS. The focus is on the relative changes in electricity wholesale prices, generators merit order of dispatch, market power and possible compensation to carbon intensive generators.The second objective is to create a constrained multi-objectives evolutionary optimisation model based on decomposition for power system dispatch by minimising generation costs and carbon emissions.The third objective is to develop an electricity price forecast model using differential evolution (DE) algorithm-enhanced evolutionary extreme learning machine (E-ELM). The main goal is to provide more accurate and reliable prediction of electricity price to facilitate energy market participants’ portfolio and risk management.
30
Benz, Eva [Verfasser]. "The price of CO2 allowances in the European Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme : an empirical, experimental, and theoretical study / vorgelegt von Eva Benz." 2008. http://d-nb.info/992669596/34.
Full text
31
Lin, Tzu-Jay, and 林子傑. "The Emissions Trading Scheme in Environmental Law——The Study on the Constitutionality of ETS and ETS as the Practice of Administrative Regulation Instrument." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38756953482625340429.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
95
For the purpose to reduce the effect of Global Warming, the Kyoto Protocol constructed three major mechanisms—Emissions Trading, Join Implementation(JI), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM). The Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) has been accepted to be an important flexible instrument, and many countries has established their domestic ETS, so does the international community, such as European Union. In Taiwan, EPA has announced that we will establish ETS in the coming future. Therefore, this essay focused on the legal issues that we will be engaged when establishing ETS in Taiwan. First, ETS was an regulation instrument that has strong base of environmental economics, so introductions of relative economics was the first step of this essay. In USA, for controlling the air pollution, the “bubble policy” was established in 70s, and the Acid Rain Program that established in 1990 was the model of ETS. Therefore, this essay focuses on the economical theory and the history of ETS. The system of public law in Taiwan is constructed from the Constitutional law, administrative law, and the environmental law is the specific area of the administrative law. Therefore this essay has focused on the constitutionality of ETS. So this essay discuss the constitutionality of environmental protection, the protection of fundamental rights, the allocations of emission rights. In the level of administrative law, the topic of “cooperative state” and the principles of environmental law, such as preventative, precautionary, and polluter pay principles, have been fully discussed in this essay. Finally, in this essay, we found that ETS can be fully cooperated with the system of public law of Taiwan. Otherwise, we may say that the dilemma of ETS will not focus of the legal issues, but on the economic scale, and other scheme designing to make the market more effective.
32
Wolken, Antony Raymond. "Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions : costs associated with farm level mitigation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Economics in Economics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1359.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions within New Zealand account for 48 percent of all national greenhouse gas emissions. With the introduction of the emissions trading scheme farmers will soon be liable for their emissions, introducing additional physical constraints and financial costs. Farmers that still operate within the sector will have two options to meet emissions targets; to purchase carbon credits from the open market, or mitigate farm level emissions at added costs to the farmer. This study examines the latter case of assessing farm level options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and quantifying the physical and financial costs associated with mitigation strategies. Results show that, based on the assumptions in the study, there are available options for dairy farmers to profitably meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets. Sheep and beef farmers can increase profit, but cannot meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets, through examined scenarios.
33
Reis, Nuno Alexandre Tirapicos Dos Santos. "The EU ETS: a tale of arbitrage opportunities." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69927.
Full textAbstract:
This work studies the presence of arbitrage opportunities following the announcements of the Market Stability Reserve of the EU ETS on May 2017, using the cost of carry model and three EUA futures contracts – December 2016, December 2017 and December 2018. The results suggest a long-run link between the spot and futures prices, but the cost of carry model does not explain well the price dynamics in the short run, which might be a sign for the presence of arbitrage opportunities in this market. These conclusions are especially important for European authorities, since they convey the inefficiency of the scheme.
34
Brophy, Alain. "Des enjeux juridiques concernant l'efficacité des systèmes d'échange de droits d'émission." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2543.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire décrit et analyse différents types de systèmes d'échange de droits d'émission utilisés dans le
cadre de politiques de gestion de la pollution atmosphérique. L'objectif premier est de répertorier des enjeux
juridiques étant liés à l'efficacité de ces systèmes.
Dans un premier temps, nous nous attardons à la structure et aux mécanismes internes des systèmes
d'échange de droits d'émission. Tout d'abord, nous soulignons le fondement théorique de ce type de système.
Nous évaluons par la suite la structure et certains litiges liés au système d'échange américain dans le cadre
des émissions de dioxyde de soufre.
Dans un deuxième temps, nous continuons la description de systèmes en nous attardant plus spécifiquement
aux interactions entre les systèmes d'échange de droits d'émission et les autres politiques et règlementations
environnementales (incluant d'autres systèmes d'échange d'émission) visant la même problématique
environnementale.The present essay describes and analyses different types of emissions trading schemes as an instrument in air quality and environmental policy. The objective is to index legal stakes or risks relating to the efficiency of emissions trading schemes. ln the first part, we evaluate the structure and the design of emissions trading schemes. The knowledge of the economic theory transcending those schemes is necessary to understand ail the structural mechanisms. After this evaluation, this essay proposes an analysis of the U.S. sulphur dioxide program based on the U.S. Clean Air Act and sorne of the litigations that occurred in the application of the said program. ln part two, we are describing the structure and the design of emissions trading schemes with the specific goal of underlining the interactions between different types of environmental policies or regulations and emissions trading schemes when they are ail used for the same environmental problem.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option recherche". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury ; "Le jury souligne la difficulté du sujet et l'importance des enjeux économiques, politiques et juridiques. Le candidat a bien déblayé le sujet et a su structurer son analyse de manière intéressante".
35
Vaverka, David. "Ochrana klimatického systému Země." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-349873.
Full textAbstract:
In accordance with its title, this Thesis Aims to Analyse Legal Aspects of Climate protection. Therefore its structure comprises of Five major sections dedicated to offer substantial amounts of information on the topic of Climate Change and its Protection. The first section describes the Issue of Climate Change, the History of its Protection as well as necessary measures and certain difficulties to achieve a consensus usually occurring during international negotiations. The second, third, and forth sections address Legal Climate Protection at International, European Union, and National Levels. Finally, the closing fifth section not only summarizes all that has been stated in previous sections but also evaluates Efficiency of actions taken at the three levels mentioned. Furthermore, the last section suggests where the major efforts should be focused on in the forthcoming years. All in all, the main objective of all the sections introduced is to Highlight the Urgent Need for Effective and Coordinated Action taken by the Whole International Community based on Conscious and Mindful Doings of each and every Individual. This requirement is the very crucial precondition in order to keep the global rising temperature below 2 degrees celsius by the end of the 21st Century so that potential negative and...