Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ulcère de'
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Bouriat, Sylvie. "Carcinome épidermoï͏de sur ulcère de jambe : 12 observations en Guadeloupe." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23005.
Full textChaudeurge, Guy, and Annette Chaudeurge. "Ulcère gastroduodénal : à propos d'un cas, revue de la littérature." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3120.
Full textButtigieg, Raymond. "Comparaison jeûne versus alimentation précoce dans l'évolution immédiate d'une hémorragie par ulcère gastroduodénal." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11075.
Full textBissonnette, Virginie. "Évaluation des coûts et éléments d'efficacité du traitement d'un ulcère du pied diabétique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5962.
Full textMillogo, Anselme. "Le diagnostic des mycobactérioses cutanées en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT030.
Full textCutaneous mycobacterioses remains prevalent in West Africa, despite the existence of treatments due to problems linked to early diagnosis. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of their microbiological diagnosis. The results of the work of this thesis allow us to understand the epidemiology of cutaneous mycobacterioses in Burkina Faso, West Africa. This work is a first that focuses on the simultaneous microbiological diagnosis of Buruli ulcer, leprosy and cutaneous tuberculosis in Burkina Faso using innovative approaches. A review of the literature carried out on the microbiology of skin and subcutaneous ulcers in West Africa made it possible to identify the following objectives: i) to study the molecular prevalence of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical samples of chronic wounds in patients living in the rural areas of South West and West of Burkina Faso; ii) set up a microscopic technique for hybridization of fluorescent molecular probes for precise detection of Mycobacterium leprae in clinical skin samples; iii) used this technique to search in non-invasive samples (stool and nasal secretions) of Mycobacterium ulcerans in order to propose non-invasive methods of diagnosing leprosy in Burkina Faso, West Africa; iii) to put in place a microscopic staining technique making it possible to distinguish living, dormant or dead mycobacteria in clinical samples for monitoring treatments and to provide researchers with a tool for selecting samples eligible for attempts to culture Mycobacterium leprae. The clinical samples for the research of Mycobacterium ulcerans were made in Bobo-Dioulasso, in Djikologo (Diébougou) and in Bomborokuy (Nouna) that is 64 swabs of chronic skin wounds. As for skin samples (biopsies and skin incisions), they were carried out in the dermatology department of the “Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou de Bobo – Dioulasso”. Molecular tests carried out for Mycobacterium ulcerans targeting the following markers: IS2404, IS2606 and KR-B. A specific oligonucleotide probe designer on the role of Mycobacterium leprae and labeled with fluorochrome Alexa555 was used by Fluorescence microscopy - leprosy. Fluorescein diacetate, red Nile and DAPI were used for the characterization of Mycobacterium leprae according to the three stages: living, dynamic and dead. For Burkina Faso, there is a first molecular proof of the circulation of Mycobacterium ulcerans in chronic wounds of rural patients. A more specific microscopic tool made it possible to make a precise diagnosis which enabled the dermatologists of CHUSS to treat the sick. For clinicians, DDD-leprosy remains a tool for monitoring patients on anti-leprosy drugs. The researchers will find in DDD a tool to relaunch research on the culture of leprosy based on samples they have an overview of the proportion of living mycobacteria. These results confirm on the one hand a geographical extension of Buruli ulcer in West Africa and on the other hand call for a strengthening of efforts in the fight against leprosy in Burkina Faso, West Africa with the end a prospect of strengthening approaches to leprosy culture for scientists.Keywords: Cutaneous mycobacterioses / West Africa / Burkina Faso / Mycobacterium ulcerans / Mycobacterium leprae / FISH / DDD
Bouam, Amar. "Les sources et les réservoirs de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent causal de l'ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0270.
Full textBuruli ulcer is a dermis, epidermis and sometimes bone infection leading to deformities and permanent disabilities. It is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a mycobacterium associated to the aquatic ecosystems but its sources and reservoirs are not yet defined. Therefore, no prophylaxis is established. This thesis contribute to unmask the sources of contamination of M. ulcerans. My review has identified potential sources of M. ulcerans in the environment and highlighted the missing pieces for understanding the epidemiology of Buruli ulcer. My study on the role of amoeba in the survival of M. ulcerans in the environment, install M. ulcerans as susceptible to amoeba rendering amoeba an unlikely host of M. ulcerans. Hereafter, i studied carbon substrates metabolized by M. ulcerans strains. Literature survey indicated that the environmental sources of carbon substrates metabolized by M. ulcerans were bacteria, fungi, algae and mollusks. I therefore studied the interactions of M. ulcerans with fungi by testing the effect of mycolactones on fungi. Mycolactones showed an attraction effect on Mucor circinelloides. This observation suggest a novel role for mycolactones as chemoatractants to fungi. The mode of transmission of M. ulcerans to humans remains unknown. I showed that M. ulcerans DNA can be detected on the healthy skin of asymptomatic persons, suggesting an asymptomatic carriage. These data could help promote prophylaxis based on wearing protective clothing in contact with risky environments. In perspective to my thesis work, we set up a collaboration with the Buruli Ulcer Program (PNLUB) and Institut Pasteur Côte d'Ivoire to study the reservoirs of M. ulcerans
Meyin, A. Ebong Solange. "Punaises aquatiques du Cameroun : biodiversité, phylogéographie et rôle dans l’écologie de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent étiologique de l’ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS273/document.
Full textOne of 17 neglected tropical diseases declared by WHO, Buruli ulcer is now a real public health problem in Central and West Africa, where it occurs in nearly 30 countries. This disease mainly affecting people in remote areas remains a myth because we don't know today the exact mode of Mycobacterium ulcerans transmission, the causal agent to humans. A better understanding of the ecology of this bacillus is an important lever to make the information about its transmission as the fight against this scourge. Strongly suspected to playing a role of host or vector of M. ulcerans, some aquatic bugs’ taxa seem to be predisposed by their ecology or behavior to harbor the bacillus or to convey it. The works presented here are intended firstly to identify on anatomical bases complemented by molecular approaches different taxa of aquatic bugs present in Cameroon. Beyond proposing an identification key of taxa and classification of aquatic bugs in Cameroon based on the nucleotide sequences, we discuss the important role of the ecology of some taxa of aquatic bugs in the transmission of M. ulcerans. Different comparative and biostatistics approaches developed in this thesis support the hypothesis that some taxa of water bugs, especially from the Belostomatidae and Naucoridae families acquire the mycobacteria from the environment by sharing habitats (attendance of emerged aquatic vegetation) where the bacilli proliferate, and feeding on prey such as molluscs and small fish themselves contaminated with the bacteria. The flight capacity of aquatic bugs do not appear to facilitate the acquisition of M. ulcerans but seems to be involved in their dissemination by contaminating new the environments. At the end of this thesis, we discuss the ecology of aquatic bugs’ communities and their macroecology in Cameroon, and examine the importance of sampling as an important component of any research work in ecology and evolution of infectious diseases
Marion, Estelle. "Ecologie de M. Ulcerans et physiopathologie de l'ulcère de Buruli : rôle des punaises aquatiques et développement d'un modèle murin pour l'étude de la cicatrisation spontanée." Angers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ANGE0010.
Full textBuruli ulcer or M. Ulcerans infection is the third most common mycobacterial disease in the world. M. Ulcerans produces a toxin, mycolactone, which induces extensive destruction of the skin and soft tissues with the formation of large ulcers. Therapeutic and preventive arsenals are still limited. The mode of transmission of M. Ulcerans is unclear and the role of water bugs was evocated for 10 years without strong evidence in natura. Firstly, we conducted a large study in Cameroon with the aim to assess the role of water bugs as hosts and vectors of M. Ulcerans. Our results could be put to advantage for surveillance and prevention purposes. More precisely, our work suggests that the detection of M. Ulcerans in water bug saliva could be used as an environmental indicator of the risk of M. Ulcerans infection. Secondly, we have studied the infection control in an original mouse model that mimic all clinical disease stages in particular the spontaneous healing. Indeed, FVB/N mice are sensitive as all other mouse strains with respect to M. Ulcerans infection, but present a spontaneous healing response after the ulcerative stage. A fascinating observation was the dynamic of the bacterial load in healing tissues suggesting that mycolactone production is regulated. During the healing process, the loco-regional inflammatory response is important, while adaptive response seems to play a minor role. Altogether, these results represent new perspectives for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Currently, the lack of a powerful tool to detect mycolactone remains an obstacle for bacilli-host interaction understanding. In this context, we realized the critical steps to obtain nucleotidic aptamer against mycolactone
Nazari, Hashemi Parvin Sadat. "Analyse protéomique et propriétés de ré-épithélialisation des membranes amniotiques humaines en vue d'une greffe de la surface oculaire." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR085/document.
Full textThe Human Amniotic Membrane (HAM) graft allows the healing of corneal ulcers and rescues a significant number of eyes with chemical burn. HAM is a biological material, its use for the treatment of ocular surface diseases gives good results because of its ability to reduce inflammation and promote rapid epithelialization. For its clinical use, the HAM must of course be sterile, but also easy to transport from the sampling center to the transplant center, and easily storable and for a long time. Currently on routine in the tissue bank of Rouen, the amniotic membrane is separated from the amnion and denuded of its spongy layer. Subsequently this membrane is stored by cryopreservation (freezing at -80 ° C) which potentially complicates the delivery of membranes. Consequently, as part of this study with the Banque Normande de Cornées of Rouen University Hospital, we have developed freeze-drying of HAM to facilitate its use and distribution. The HAM mapping study will also determine whether the level of growth factors is homogeneous in the HAM or whether it depends on its distance from the umbilical cord. The study of the in vivo biocompatibility of a second material composed of collagen also allows us to consider an alternative for implantation at the level of the stroma. Our protein analyzes (ELISA and Label-free) of freeze-dried HAM do not show any significant difference in terms of quantity and protein quality. The proteomic approach is complemented by the analysis of the ability of human corneal epithelial cells (CECs) to multiply on the freeze-dried amniotic membrane in vitro. We did not observe any difference between the epithelial cells growths on freeze-dried or frozen HAM. The analysis of the extracted protein total also shows that freeze-drying does not degrade the HAM at the protein level. At the structural level the electron microscopy results showed that the structure of the MAH stroma is impacted by freeze-drying. The MAH transplant performed on corneal ulcers in rabbits was performed. During the experiment the rabbits did not show any sign of inflammation, the histological analyzes highlighted the epithelialization of the ocular surface.This project is in collaboration with OSF association for the development of the clinical use of MAHL responding in particular to humanitarian needs (Cameroon). Our study of HAM mapping also showed that variability in terms of amount of protein exists between different donors. We have also shown that the spongy layer is an important source of important growth factor in the healing process of corneal ulcers
Debacker, Martine M. J. "L'ulcère de Buruli dans un centre de santé rural au Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211042.
Full textUne première publication porte sur 1700 cas consécutifs admis au CSNG entre 1997 et 2001. Ces données nous ont permis d’illustrer l’évolution du nombre des cas d’UB au cours des années, par département et par sous-préfecture. Le nombre de patients UB qui se présentent au centre est fonction de différents facteurs comme par exemple l’ouverture d’autres centres de traitement, l’organisation de campagnes d’information sur l’UB mais aussi de changements dans l’environnement. Au niveau des formes de la maladie, nous avons montré que les formes non ulcérées sont aussi fréquentes que les formes ulcérées. La forme de la maladie est liée au délai à consulter le CSNG. Les atteintes osseuses sont fréquentes et sont présentes chez plus de 13% des cas. Au fil des années, le délai à consulter le CSNG ainsi que la durée de l’hospitalisation ont été fortement réduits, passant de 4 mois à 1 mois dans le premier cas et de 9 mois à 1 mois en ce qui concerne l’hospitalisation. Les personnes ressources à cibler lors des campagnes de sensibilisation sur la maladie ont été identifiées. Il s’agit des anciens malades, qui dans 68% des cas, réfèrent les nouveaux malades au CSNG.
Une deuxième publication, portant sur la même période, nous a permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois des taux d’UB élevés chez les sujets de 60 ans et plus, probablement du fait d’une diminution de leur immunité. Chez les 60 ans et plus, les hommes sont plus à risque de développer un UB que les femmes. Par contre aucune différence dans le risque d’UB en fonction du sexe n’est trouvée chez les moins de 60 ans. Les lésions d’UB prédominent au niveau des membres inférieurs pour tous les groupes d’âge. Du fait de leur petite stature, les enfants ont une répartition des lésions qui touchent tout le corps. Chez les adultes, les femmes présentent plus de lésions que les hommes au niveau de la tête, du cou et du tronc. Les sujets de moins de 15 ans développent souvent des lésions multifocales, associées à des atteintes osseuses. Ces atteintes osseuses constituent les formes graves de la maladie.
Notre troisième publication porte sur le suivi des malades au niveau des villages, entre mars 2000 et février 2001, afin de déterminer les taux de récurrences de l’UB. Le taux de récurrence de la maladie est faible (6.1%) pour un temps de suivi des malades allant jusqu’à 7 ans. La majorité des malades soignés au CSNG étaient en bonne santé. Nous n’avons néanmoins pu retrouver qu’un nombre limité de malades.
Dans notre quatrième publication, nous avons pu mettre en évidence le développement d’un UB sur le site d’une morsure humaine. La surface de la peau du malade a pu être contaminée par M. ulcerans et la morsure (= traumatisme) a occasionné l’entrée de M. ulcerans dans le derme. Une autre explication plausible est que la morsure ait réactivé un foyer latent de M. ulcerans au niveau du site de la morsure.
Notre base de données nous a également permis de contribuer à d’autres études, notamment celles sur l’influence du BCG et de la schistosomiase sur l’UB. Dans les deux cas, nous trouvons une association significative avec les formes graves de l’UB, l’absence de vaccination BCG et la schistosomiase favorisant le développement de formes osseuses. Aucun lien n’a pu être établi entre la présence ou l’absence de l’infection à Schistosoma haematobium et l’UB.
Dans la dernière partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes attachés à l’étude de quelques facteurs de risque de l’UB. Nous avons montré que l’UB est essentiellement associé à l’âge, le lieu de résidence et le type d’eau utilisé. Pour les sujets de 5 ans et plus, le risque d’UB est plus élevé chez les sujets vaccinés à la naissance avec le BCG. L’analyse par strate d’âge des sujets âgés de 5 ans et plus, nous a permis de voir que dans le groupe des 50 ans et plus l’influence du type d’eau utilisé est moindre que dans les autres groupes d’âge, laissant envisager qu’un autre facteur entre en jeu :une réactivation de la maladie à la faveur d’une baisse d’immunité.
Notre étude démontre que la prise en charge de l’UB doit être pluridisciplinaire et doit pouvoir englober diverses interventions telles que :
- les campagnes d’information à la population,
- la formation du personnel sanitaire ainsi qu’une implication de l’état,
- une bonne prise en charge des malades au niveau des centres de traitement de l’UB en collaboration avec les laboratoires régionaux et internationaux,
- la confirmation microbiologique des cas,
- la mise en place d’un suivi des malades en s’appuyant sur les structures déjà mises en place pour d’autres maladies,
- la mise à disposition des populations de sources d’eau potable (puits, pompes) qui par la même occasion permettront de limiter/diminuer d’autres affections liées à la consommation d’eau non potable,
- la poursuite des activités de recherche sur un éventuel vaccin ou une médication appropriée, ainsi que sur le réservoir de M. ulcerans afin de pouvoir mettre en place des stratégies de prévention de la maladie.
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mbondji, Wonje Christelle. "Paramètres épidémiologiques, immunologiques et entomologiques liés au mode de transmission à l'homme de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent causal de l'ulcère de Buruli, dans une région endémique du Cameroun." Nantes, 2008. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ef545ba1-b58e-48e7-ba57-c79f6748b80f.
Full textThe exact mechanism of transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, an emerging tropical disease, remains elusive. An epidemiological and immunological investigation was carried out in an endemic area of Cameroon. A case-control study enabled to identify three protective factors: covering limbs during farming activities, use od bed nets and wound treatment. Given that water bugs can be reservoirs and vectors of M. Ulcerans, we have reported that exposure of laboratory mice to aquatic insect saliva could protect against M. Ulcerans lesion development. Furthermore we have observed in two cohorts of individuals in Benin and Cameroon distinct human immune signatures with a level of antibodies IgG higher for the safe subjects than Buruli patients and the specific recognition of several saliva molecules bound to M. Ulcerans
Saint-Auret, Sarah. "Synthèse totale de mycolactone A/B et d'analogues ciblés pour l'étude mécanistique de l'ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF049.
Full textBuruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease present in more than thirty countries in the world, located mainly in West and Central Africa but also in Australia and in Japan. This infection is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans) that secretes a macrolide toxin called mycolactone, which is the first polyketide isolated from a human pathogen. The disease is characterized by the formation of painless progressive necrotic lesions combined with a lack of acute inflammatory response, and mycolactone is known to be directly involved in the biological mechanism. To date no specific and completely efficient treatment of Buruli ulcer has been developed which correlates with the dramatic lack of understanding of the associated chemical and biological mechanisms. In this context, this research project aims at a better understanding of mycolactone A/B molecular interactions by using total synthesis as main tool. To this end, our research team has developed an efficient synthetic pathway allowing the preparation of the natural toxin and its differents analogues for purposes of their biological evaluation and fine-tuning our mechanical understanding of this infection
Debbasch, Caroline. "Etude de l'efficacité "in vitro" de différents agents antiparasitaires et antibactériens sur une souche d'"Acanthamoeba" isolée d'un ulcère de cornée." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P093.
Full textLandier, Jordi. "Epidémiologie de l'ulcère de Buruli et de la transmission de Mycobacterium ulcerans au Cameroun : personnes, saisons, espaces et insectes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066370/document.
Full textBuruli ulcer (BU) is a tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. It appears as cutaneous lesions causing severe morbidity and permanent incapacities in affected populations. BU occurs mainly in West and Central Africa, where it is found endemic in very localized regions. The transmission mode of M. ulcerans to humans remains mysterious, which, combined with the lack of basic epidemiological knowledge on the disease, hampers considerably the design of effective control strategies. The goals of this thesis were to identify the different risks associated with Buruli ulcer, and to contribute to the improvement of knowledge on the circulation and transmission of M. ulcerans. We studied two Buruli ulcer foci in Cameroon, and analyzed the individual, behavioral, spatial and temporal risk factors for BU. We described populations groups, environments and seasons at higher risk. We also engaged in entomological fieldwork to verify if M. ulcerans was circulating in the domestic environment, an hypothesis never tested in African endemic regions. We identified several taxa carrying M. ulcerans, and possible vector candidates among them.This work proposes an update of the knowledge on Buruli ulcer epidemiology in Cameroon, and several results can be transposed to other endemic regions, especially in Central or West Africa, where endemic areas present similar environments. These results could provide useful elements to design more efficient public health strategies against Buruli ulcer and to target them accurately to populations, places and persons at highest risk. These results finally suggest new leads for future research on the mode of transmission of M. ulcerans
Houngbédji, Germain Mabèrou. "Dégénérescence et régénération musculaires associées à l'infection au Mycobacterium ulcerans." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22395.
Full textBleau, Lavigne Maude. "Développement d'instruments de mesure pour l'évaluation des facteurs influençant l'adoption des pratiques exemplaires pour le traitement de la mise en décharge de l'ulcère du pied diabétique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9763.
Full textSanhueza, Daniel. "Effets des conditions environnementales sur la croissance et l'expression génique de Mycobacterium ulcerans, agent causatif de l'ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT054.
Full textMycobacterium ulcerans (MU), the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), an emerging human infectious disease, is associated with tropical aquatic environments, particularly those modified by human activities. The ecology of this mycobacterium is still poorly understood, and questions remain about its transmission cycle within ecosystems and from nature to humans. Nowadays the research orientation is to show the existence of a multitude of host taxa carrying the bacillus in both aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Thus, it is likely to think that one or a few common factors might contribute and explain the presence and development of this bacillus across distinct localities and regions.In this context, we have developed experimental approaches in the laboratory to analyze the effects of several environmental parameters, selected as being important in the definition of the MU ecological niche and in its growth and persistence in natural ecosystems. Considering ranges of values encountered in endemic and non-endemic regions where BU occurs, we first tested the effect on MU growth of two polysaccharides widely present in nature (chitin and starch) and five chemical components (iron, calcium, zinc, phosphate and sulfate) representing essential nutrients for bacteria. Our work shows that chitin increases significantly the growth of MU. Conversely, the presence of starch does not favor its development with time. Calcium is the only chemical element contributing to increase MU cell number over time, but this effect remains very marginal. The lack of effect exerted by iron, zinc, sulfate and phosphate on the in vitro growth of MU suggests that values used in our experiments correspond to the limit values to explain the geographical distribution of MU in tropical aquatic ecosystems.Secondly, given the few existing information about the role of pH on the presence and development of MU in natural settings, we have reproduced in the lab some environments to study the growth of MU depending on different pH values encountered in regions of Cameroon and French Guiana where the mycobacterium can be present or absent. Our results show that pH has a significant effect on MU growth with a greater effect at pH values close to 6.0. In addition, there is a strong interaction between pH and chitin as to the same pH bacterial growth is 10 times greater in the presence of medium with chitin. These results also suggest that pH too acidic, lower than 5.0 are unfavorable for MU growth.Finally, we looked at gene expression of different MU cultures from different experimental frameworks. Here, and by making use of a new RNA sequencing approach, we studied the genetic expression of MU in differents environments. We are especially interested in the expression of genes implicated in the metabolic pathways of mycolactone production, the peptide toxin responsible of ulcerations in human. Specific environmental contexts could lead to an over-expression of these genes by MU populations, thus pinpointing the fact that MU ecology and epidemiology could be (micro-) context-dependent having some pathological and clinical implications. Taken together, our results participate in a research allowing to better understand the key parameters of the ecological niche of MU, and beyond helping to identify the aquatic ecosystems favorable or not to the maintenance and development of this mycobacterium responsible for Buruli ulcer
Estève, Patrick. "A propos des ulcères de l'intestin grêle, 5 observations." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11051.
Full textTian, Roger Bi Diangoné. "Sources environnementales de Mycobacterium ulcerans en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5040.
Full textBuruli ulcer is the third mycobacteriosis in the world after tuberculosis, leprosy. Buruli ulcer is widespread in at least 33 countries including West Africa which has the highest prevalence. Among the countries in which Buruli ulcer is reported, Ivory Coast which we come from has the highest incidence of 36% reported in the World Health Organization. Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, an environmental mycobacterium whose reservoir and source of transmission to humans, are not understood. Our review of the literature focused on environmental sources of this mycobacterium in West Africa, which converge stagnant aquatic environment. On this basis, we conducted an extensive campaign of environmental sampling in Ivory Coast and detected by real-time PCR M. ulcerans in stagnant water, soil and feces of an herbivorous mammal Thryonomys swinderianus. Then we experimentally proved that M. ulcerans could survive in the soil for at least four months. These results suggest that, in Ivory Coast, stagnant water, soil and animal could play a role in the life cycle of the bacterium. In the second work, we have upgraded aquatic tropical plants by the use of extracts in the culture medium of M. ulcerans, slow growing mycobacteria to accelerate its growth. In the third work, we proposed the methylene blue, less expensive, easy to access as an alternative treatment for Buruli ulcer. It is appropriate to resume the experiment on methylene blue by other teams of researchers and after reproducing our experimental data, suggest the topical use of purified, non-toxic methylene blue in human clinical
Décorps, Johanna. "Efficacité de l'acide alpha-lipoïque (traitement anti-oxydant) dans la prévention des escarres au cours du vieillissement." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10022.
Full textThe aging decreases the protective properties of the skin, which predisposes the aging subject to pressure ulcers. This thesis had for objective (1) to test the defence capacities of the skin to resist mechanical stress during aging, (2) identify the factors responsible for the degeneration of the protection capacity of the aging skin and (3) evaluate the effects of a chronic antioxidant treatment. To meet this three objectives, the cutaneous responses to pressures of different intensities together with the pressure ulcer incidence following a prolonged ischemia were studied on 3 different ages of rats: young (6 months), mature (12 months) and aged (24 months). Those 3 stages of aging were studied on 2 different rat strains: “Brown Normay”, healthy aging model with an accrued longevity and “Wistar”, control rats. Complementary studies allowed identifying the mechanism who leads to a diminution of the protective capacities of the skin. In particular, the vascular dysfunctions (endothelial and smooth muscular cells), the sensory nervous dysfunctions, the modifications of the skin structure and the viscoelastic properties were evaluated. The efficiency of the anti-oxidant treatment was estimated focusing principally on the effects on the nervous and vascular capacities, the structure of the skin and the impact of the pressure ulcer. The results show that the aging induces a more or less early alteration of the protective properties of the skin in response to pressures, more or less precocious depending on the strain of the rat. The decrease of the natural defences is associated to a vascular dysfunction (endothelium with the Wistar rats), the progressive installation of a sensory peripheral neuropathy and a deterioration of cutaneous viscoelastic properties with the two strains of rats. These deteriorations do not reflect systematically the fragility of the aged skin towards pressure ulcers, modulated by the state of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The chronic anti-oxidant treatment allows to reduce several dysfunctions but has induced contradictory effects between the two studied strains of rats towards the incidence of pressure ulcers
Vincent, Quentin. "Epidémiologie et génétique humaine de l’ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S019/document.
Full textBuruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is the third most frequent mycobacteriosis worldwide. It has been rapidly emerging in sub-Saharan African countries since 1980. Until now, knowledge of BU epidemiology relied on series of non laboratory-confirmed clinical cases. From 2005-2011, we recruited the current largest cohort of laboratory-confirmed cases (more than 1,200 patients) at the Pobe CDTUB, Benin, to describe the clinical epidemiology of the disease and to explore the genetic architecture of human susceptibility to BU. Typically, patients with BU were children (median age at diagnosis 12 years) presenting with a unique (96%) large (≥15 cm, 36%) ulcerative (66%) lesion of the lower limb (60%). Atypical clinical presentation of BU included osteomyelitis with no identifiable present or past BU skin lesions. The sex ratio of BU widely varied with age, with male patients accounting for 57% of patients aged 15 years and younger, but only 33% of those older than 15 years. Clinical presentation of BU was significantly dependent on age and sex. 9% male patients had BU osteomyelitis, whereas only 4% of female patients did. 1 year after treatment, 22% of patients with follow-up information presented with permanent functional sequelae. Presentation with oedema, osteomyelitis, or large (≥15 cm in diameter), or multifocal lesions was significantly associated with occurrence of permanent functional sequelae (OR 7•64, 95% CI 5•29–11•31) and operationally defines severe BU. When coinfected with HIV, patients had a significantly higher risk to develop severe BU (OR 2.77, IC95% [1.32-6.33]). We explored the genetic architecture of susceptibility to BU in both mendelian and complex genetic frameworks. The most severe case of the disease to have been treated at the Pobe CDTUB belonged to a consanguineous family in which the segregation of the phenotype was indicative of a recessive mendelian genetic defect. Genetic linkage analysis by homozygosity mapping suggested the implication of the beta-defensin locus on chromosome 8 in BU pathogenesis and lead to the identification of a homozygous deletion, which co-segregated perfectly with the disease in the family. In a complex genetics approach, we undertook a genome-wide association study, which involved the genotyping of more than 2 million SNPs (Illumina Omni2.5) in a cohort of 400 cases and 400 exposed controls. We identified many signals of interest. The replication study is ongoing. Understanding BU physiopathology is crucial to the development of efficient vaccines and drugs. Dissection of the genetic control of the infection by M. ulcerans by its human host therefore constitutes an indispensable step
Chany, Anne-Caroline. "Synthèse d'analogues des mycolactones, toxines de l'ulcère de Buruli." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MULH4076.
Full textBuruli ulcer, a severe necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is one of the most neglected tropical diseases. The World Health Organization has started in 1998 a Global Initiative against this disease. The pathogen belongs to the same family as the mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy and 6000 new cases are registered each year. Infection leads to extensive destruction of the skin and soft tissues with the formation of large ulcers usually on the legs or the arms and can caver up 15% of the skin surface. These effects are due to the presence of the bacterial toxins mycolactones, secreted by M ulcerans. Mycolactones are the first polyketides isolated from a human pathogen. Deciphering their functional interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding and ultimately the control of this devastating mycobacterial infection. A Diverted Total Synthesis approach of mycolactones analogues has been developed and provides the first insights into their structure-activity relationship based on cytopathic assays on L929 fibroblasts
Remoué, Noëlle. "Fragilité cutanée et cicatrisation retardée de l'ulcère de pression avec la neuropathie diabétique : étude dans un modèle murin." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1010.
Full textThe skin is a complex organ and its repair involves multiple cells and molecules in a specific spacio-temporal process. When this process is disrupted, healing is no longer successful, leading to chronic wound, which is a major public health issue, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The "diabetic foot ulcer" is one of these chronic wounds and is responsible, in the absence of effective treatment, for amputation of a toe, foot or leg of almost 10 % of diabetic patients during their lifetime. Peripheral neuropathy, which is a dysfunction and destruction of nerve fibers, is a complication of diabetes that affects 30-50% of patients and is the major risk factor in diabetic foot ulcer development. Thus, in order to improve the understanding of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence and its impaired healing process, in this thesis work we studied on mice the impact of diabetic neuropathy and its severity on i/ the structure and the physical properties of skin that can lead to fragility, then on ii/ the duration of wound closure, the impaired healing processes, and the molecules differently expressed. For this, we developed and patented a mouse lesion induction model combining the factors responsible for the diabetic foot ulcer: pressure and friction. This original model allowed to observe that the skin is weakened as soon as small cutaneous nerve fibers are affected by diabetes, and that the additional degradation of the myelinated large nerve fibers increases this fragility. This leads to pressure ulcers with the more severe neuropathy, the more wound healing delay. This PhD study highlighted the involvement of the CGRP pathway, via the deregulation of the expression, the assembly and the maturation of its receptor complex RAMP1-CLR-RCP, that could participate in delaying reepithelialization
Lagarrigue, Valérie. "L'ulcère de Buruli avec atteinte osseuse (à propos de 33 cas au Bénin)." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M079.
Full textGarchitorena, Garcia Andrés. "Maladies infectieuses, écosystèmes et pauvreté : le cas de l'ulcère de Buruli au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20187.
Full textUnderstanding the feedbacks between infectious diseases, ecosystem structure and economic development is necessary to alleviate the burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases. This group of parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections is closely associated with particular geographical and environmental conditions mainly present in the tropics, thriving under conditions of poverty, inefficient sanitation and malnutrition. This PhD thesis works through the case study of Buruli ulcer, an emerging and neglected infectious disease associated with a great morbidity and disability burden in tropical regions. Relying on an extensive environmental field survey and a multidisciplinary research approach, this PhD attempts to gain a better understanding of different aspects of the ecology and epidemiology of Buruli ulcer. Notably, the dynamics of its pathogen, M. ulcerans are characterized for a wide range of freshwater ecosystems and aquatic communities in Cameroon, and the environmental drivers of M. ulcerans presence are investigated. Furthermore, we assess the transmission of the pathogen from the environment to humans and the impact of the disease on the economic development of endemic populations. Thus, this work shows how the interplay between ecological, epidemiological and economic dynamics interact together and calls for an urgent need to apply such inter-disciplinary approach to decrease the burden of neglected tropical diseases
Carolan, Kevin. "Ecological niche modelling and its application to environmentally acquired diseases, the case of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20178/document.
Full textThe Buruli ulcer is an emerging environmentally acquired infectious neglected tropical disease. It causes permanent disability and disfigurement in victims. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans; however the environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of this bacterium are not known. Attempts to manage the disease have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir of M. ulcerans. Certain environments have been associated with the disease, notably disturbed aquatic environments composed of small bodies of stagnant water. There is no known vector, though aquatic insects have been implicated as possible vectors. A full understanding of the distribution and mode of transmission of the bacterium would help in management of the disease.In this thesis, we use the tools developed in ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of M. ulcerans. Following the construction of a model in Cameroon, Central Africa, and tested against a second database in French Guiana (South America), the pathogen is found to have notable seasonal changes in its distribution in our study sites in Cameroon. In the wet season, M. ulcerans is more common in large watersheds, while in the dry season the bacterium is more common in small watersheds. This enabled the generation of hazard maps of the pathogen distribution in the study region, which will be used in future studies and management of the disease. Following this we undertook ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of the aquatic insects suspected to be vectors of M. ulcerans. Based on a sampling protocol that spanned the country of Cameroon, we undertake maximum entropy modelling, which enabled us to interpolate our model across all of West Africa. With these maps we explore the correlation between the predicted distribution of the insects to the prevalence of the Buruli ulcer. We find a significant positive correlation between the distribution of the insects and the distribution of the disease, and find that this correlation undergoes significant changes in space and time, consistent with the model of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease.Finally, in collaboration with other authors, we have assisted in exploring how the distribution of M. ulcerans changes according to community structure networks, how the distribution of the Buruli ulcer disease changes in our study region of Akonolinga, Cameroon, and how the distribution of the disease changes at a larger scale, between Benin and Nigeria. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the distribution and drivers of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer, providing evidence of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease, and the first hazard maps of the pathogen for Akonolinga, Cameroon
Zingue, Dezemon. "Réservoirs de Mycobacterium ulcerans : développement de nouvelles techniques de laboratoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0552/document.
Full textBuruli ulcer is a tropical infectious disease present in endemic foci/This mainly cutaneous infection is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. M. ulcerans is an opportunistic pathogen from the environment. Our literature review has listed the potential environmental sources of this mycobacterium.. However, only five strains of M. ulcerans have been isolated from environmental samples. There is an inverse correlation between global warming and incidence of Buruli ulcer, possibly related to the intrinsic sensitivity of M. ulcerans to temperature, or to changes in its ecosystem. In order to improve the isolation protocols of M. ulcerans from the environment, we conducted a high-throughput phenotypic analysis of the carbon substrates metabolized by M. ulcerans and the profile obtained oriented us afterwards a bibliographic search of the main environmental sources of these substrates, towards more specific interactions of M. ulcerans with other bacteria, algae, molluscs and fungi. The results of this first work served as a basis for the development of innovative culture media which, allowed us to isolate for the first time a microcolony of M. ulcerans from feces of agouti. We also developed a method for automated reading of samples stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Our thesis work has produced protocols that are intended to be implemented in African endemic countries, in order to clarify the sources and modes of transmission of M. ulcerans to populations
M'bappe, Carole. "Propriétés pharmacologiques et toxicologiques de la famotidine." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P051.
Full textBenchabbat, Ruth. "Maladies ulcéreuses gastro-duodénale et ranitidine : prévention des récidives ulcéreuses par la ranitidine au long cours." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P119.
Full textLe, Coadou Pierre Yves. "Technique chirurgicale originale dans le traitement de l'ulcère duodénal (section suture antérieure de la petite courbure gastrique associée à une vagotomie tronculaire haute postérieure)." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25239.
Full textMourou, Hervé. "Traitement anti-infectieux de l'ulcère duodénal." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25151.
Full textBouffard, Martine. "Le traitement d'entretien des ulcères duodénaux : méta-analyse des essais randomisés." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR23022.
Full textEphrati, Véronique. "Hélicobacter pylori et les récidives d'ulcères." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P043.
Full textDupiefort, Christine. "Les facteurs de risque de l'ulcère de l'estomac." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P074.
Full textJagadesh, Soushieta. "Biogeography of Emerging Infectious Diseases In search for the hotspots of Disease X: A biogeographic approach to mapping the predictive risk of WHO’s Blueprint Priority Diseases Emerging human infectious diseases of aquatic origin: a comparative biogeographic approach using Bayesian spatial modelling Global emergence of Buruli Ulcer Spatial variations between Leishmania species: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species in French Guiana Mapping priority neighborhoods: A novel approach to cluster identification in HIV/AIDS population." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0007.
Full textThe COVID-19 pandemic highlights that the spread of infectious diseases goes beyond geographical boundaries. Simultaneous changes in local biodiversity and land use, the increasing international connectivity through human transport and trade and the imminent threat of climate change have increased the risk of the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The current public health response to emerging infectious diseases (EID) by passive surveillance has proven largely ineffective in preventing and controlling disease outbreaks. The way toward is to “get ahead of the curve” by identifying potential hotspots of disease emergence and detecting the environmental triggers such as land transformation, biodiversity loss and climate change. I used a biogeographic approach to study and analyze disease emergence across different taxonomic pathogen groups such as bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal, globally and in French Guiana, a French Overseas territory located in South America. I found that regions at risk of floods, recent conversion of forest to agricultural lands and increasing minimum temperature (i.e. temperature at night) caused by cli mate change were drivers for disease emergence locally and globally across the different pathogen groups. The main findings of the PhD thesis are the following:1. Biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of EIDs with using existing human cases data, remote sensing imagery and unconventional statistical models is effective to “get ahead of the curve” in the detection of regions at risk and the management of EIDs.2. EIDs are not unprecedented but predictable by identifying and managing the triggers of disease emergence, which have a direct link with the anthropization of the environment
Miremont, Sabine. "Chronobiologie et ulcères gastro-duodénaux." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P025.
Full textBarjou, Agnès. "Les inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons dans la thérapeutique de l'ulcère gastroduodénal." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P018.
Full textBruno, Bonnet Christelle. "Valorisation de la banane Cavendish FWI pour l'obtention de molécules d'intérêts biologiques." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0533.
Full textThe combined influence of maturation, ripening and climate periods on French West Indies (FWI) bananas, Musa Cavendish, bioactive compounds profile was studied. The polyphenol content of the 400 dd bananas remained unchanged, while the 600 and 900 dd bananas exhibited a significant polyphenol increase during ripening (p
Poquet, Sandrine. "Un nouvel inhibiteur de la pompe à protons : le prantoprazole." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P047.
Full textAdriaans, Beverley. "The aetiology and pathogenesis of tropical ulcer." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25758.
Full textFaltot, Dominique. "Ulcères de jambe : sensibilisation aux allergènes de contact, étude prospective." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23095.
Full textAlfandary, Robert. "Etude et intérêt des 2 principaux antiH2 dans le traitement de l'ulcère : perspectives." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P207.
Full textPommier, Jean-François. "Les mécanismes de défense de la muqueuse gastro-duodénale : le sucralfate et la cytoprotection dans le cadre de la maladie ulcéreuse." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2P120.
Full textAUCOUTURIER, JEAN-PAUL. "Quels sont les ulceres qui saignent ? etude tranversale d'une serie hospitaliere de 310 patients consecutifs ayant un ulcere gastrique ou duodenal." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMM087.
Full textMalsoute, Catherine. "Prostaglandines cytoprotectrices : application en thérapeutique anti-ulcéreuse." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P275.
Full textFalzon, Noe͏̈lle. "Hémorragies graves révélatrices d'ulcère solitaire du rectum : à propos de cinq observations." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25331.
Full textIwamoto, Leilane Hespporte 1985. "Avaliação da atividade farmacológica de extrato bruto diclorometânico das folhas de Piper umbellatum microencapsulado e livre padronizado em 4-nerolidilcatecol." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290320.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A espécie Piper umbellatum L., sinonímia Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miquel, é conhecida popularmente como pariparoba, caapeba e malvarisco. Tendo em vista as diferentes atividades biológicas comprovadas para a espécie Piper umbellatum e a técnica de microencapsulação por Spray Dryer, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade farmacológica de extrato bruto padronizado (EBP) de P. umbellatum em modelos de câncer, inflamação, úlcera e verificar se as micropartículas de EBP apresentam atividade antiproliferativa in vitro. O extrato bruto diclorometânico de P. umbellatum possui 23,9% de 4-nerolidilcatecol aproximadamente. Foi avaliado a sua atividade anticâncer em modelo in vivo de tumor sólido de Ehrlich, atividade anti-inflamatória no edema da pata induzido por carragenina e peritonite. EBP foi capaz de reduzir o crescimento do tumor, quando administrado diariamente por via oral, sem sinais de toxicidade. Além disso, diminuiu o edema de pata e a migração de leucócitos no modelo de peritonite dessa forma, acredita-se existir uma relação entre a atividade anticâncer e anti-inflamatória. Também foi comprovada sua a atividade antiulcerogênica e gastroprotetora, relatada pelo uso popular no tratamento de úlceras gástricas. Os mecanismo de ação gastroprotetor envolvido na manutenção dos grupos sulfidrílicos, aumento de glutationa e de muco relacionam sua atividade antiulcerogênica à atividade antioxidante já descrita na literatura. O processo de microencapsulação por Spray Dryer do extrato bruto diclorometânico de P. umbellatum com o amido modificado Purity Gum 1773® permitiu alterar a propriedade graxa inerente a este extrato, insolúvel em água e foi capaz de manter sua atividade antiproliferativa in vitro. Dessa forma, a técnica de Spray Dryer pode ser um caminho para desenvolver um extrato seco de P. umbellatum. Portanto, podemos concluir que P. umbellatum pode ser fonte promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos, tanto para o tratamento de úlceras gástricas quanto para inflamação e câncer
Abstract: The species Piper umbellatum, is popularly known as "pariparoba", "caapeba" and "malvarisco". Despite the different biological activities certified for the species P. umbellatum and the technique of microencapsulation by Spray Dryer, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of dichloromethane crude extract (DCE) from Piper umbellatum leaves in models of cancer, inflammation and gastric ulcer and also evaluate the antiproliferative activity of microparticles containing standardized crude extract (SDE) in a panel of human tumor cell lines. The SDE from P. umbellatum containing 23,9% of 4-nerolidylcatechol approximately and its in vivo anticancer activity in the Ehrlich solid tumor model as well as its anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan induced paw edema and peritonitis. The SDE presented in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity, being capable to reduce tumor growth when administered daily by oral route, without signals of toxicity. It was also reduced paw edema induced and leukocyte migration on carrageenan induced peritonitis model. Thus establishing a relationship between the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.It was also confirmed the popular use of P. umbellatum in the treatment of gastric ulcers, as SDE presented gastroprotective action dependent of the sulfhydryl groups, increase glutatione and mucus pathway and possibly for its antioxidant potential. The microencapsulation process by Spray Dryer of SDE of P. umbellatum with modified starch (Purity Gum 1773®) allowed improvement of the extract solubility, without interfere on its in vitro antiproliferative activity. Thus, the technique of Spray Dryer may be a good alternative to the development of a dry extract of P. umbellatum. Therefore, we conclude that P. umbellatum is a promising source for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment gastric ulcers, inflammation and cancer
Mestrado
Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica
Mestra em Odontologia
Cony, Mariane. "Etude ouverte d'un pansement à base de collagène et de kératinocytes humains cultivés dans le traitement des ulcères de jambe." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR23049.
Full textMorel, Jean-David. "Mechanism underpinning the immunosuppressive effects of the mycobacterial macrolide mycolactone." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC316.
Full textMycolactone is a diffusible lipid produced by the human pathogen Mycobacteriumulcerans, the causative agent of a tropical skin disease called Buruli ulcer. Bacterial production of mycolactone in infected skin causes local tissue necrosis, while inducing immunosuppressive defects at the systemic level. When I started my PhD, the molecular mechanism(s) underpinning these effects were unknown. Over the course of my thesis, I contributed to demonstrate that mycolactoneis a novel inhibitor of the Sec61 translocon, a channel regulating the biogenesis of most secretedand membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Indeed, a single point mutation in the alpha subunit ofSec61 protected cells from the cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects of mycolactone. I showed that mycolactone-mediated blockade of the Sec61 translocon efficiently prevents the synthesis ofkey immune receptors and signaling molecules, impeding the communication between immunecells that is required for the development of anti-mycobacterial immunity. Through a series of larges caleproteomic studies, I demonstrated that mycolactone is a broad-acting inhibitor of Sec61 and identified the Sec61 clients that are primarily down regulated by mycolactone in physiologicallyrelevant cell types. These analyses also allowed me to describe a unique stress response,encompassing elements of the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, that isinduced upon protein translocation blockade and ultimately causes cell apoptosis. The Sec61 translocon has been proposed to play a role in other cell functions that require the retrograde transport of proteins across membranes, namely Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation(ERAD), an essential process in protein quality control, and antigen export to the cytosol during cross-presentation, a pathway essential to the activation of adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and cancer. Using mycolactone, I showed that Sec61 blockade does not affect protein export to the cytosol in either of these pathways, arguing against Sec61 operating as are trotranslocon. Altogether, my work provided a molecular mechanism for the diverse effects of mycolactone in Buruli Ulcer patients, and thus for M. ulcerans virulence. Mycolactone representing the most potent Sec61 blocker identified to date, my studies also revealed the key importance of Sec61-mediated protein translocation in the regulation of immune responses and protein homeostasis
Vinagre, Adriana Mendes. "Efeito anti-ulcerogenico do extrato de Chlorella vulgaris." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314108.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A úlcera péptica acomete cerca de 10% da população mundial; inseridos dentro dessa porcentagem estão milhares de brasileiros. Essa patologia é causada por um desbalanço entre os mecanismos protetores e agressores da mucosa, e é resultado da associação de diversos fatores agressores endógenos (ácido, pepsina e bile), fatores exógenos predisponentes às condições de vida (estresse, fumo, álcool, uso continuo de drogas antiflamatórias não esteróides, ingestão de determinados alimentos e a presença do Helicobacter pylori) e a predisposição genética. Atualmente, as terapêuticas utilizadas no tratamento das lesões são: antiácidos, anticolinérgicos, antagonistas de receptores H2 para histamina, inibidores da bomba de próton, antibióticos e mais raramente alguns procedimentos cirúrgicos. A aplicação de qualquer esquema terapêutico com emprego de uma ou mais destas drogas ou procedimento cirúrgico pode ocasionar alguns efeitos colaterais e não obrigatoriamente é eficaz. A utilização de plantas medicinais no tratamento de doenças vem se desenvolvendo na última década. Algumas plantas têm atividade antiulcerogênica. Há evidências que a alga Chlorella vulgaris pode modificar a resposta imune celular, tem atividade antitumoral, antimetastática e antiulcerogênica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica da alga Chlorella vulgaris em modelos agudos e um modelo crônico de indução de úlceras. Ratos Wistar foram utilizados para determinação do esvaziamento gástrico (EG) e modelos de úlcera induzida por etanol e ácido acético, enquanto camundongos swiss foram utilizados para os modelos de úlcera através de ligadura do piloro e piroxicam. Para avaliar o efeito sobre o esvaziamento gástrico (EG) do extrato de Chlorella vulgaris (ECV) foi utilizada uma refeição de prova (RP) liquida com extrato nas concentrações de 50mg/mL e 100mg/mL do ECV. Para o estudo dos modelos agudos de ligadura do piloro, etanol e piroxicam e do modelo crônico, foram utilizadas as doses de 250, 500 e 1000mg/kg de ECV para a prevenção e o tratamento das lesões. No modelo crônico também foi utilizada a fração acetato obtida do ECV na dose de 5mg/100g e foi dosada a quantidade de fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF) produzido na região da úlcera. O estudo da toxicidade do ECV foi realizado através da medida de ganho de peso dos ratos e peso dos órgãos como rins, pulmões, fígado e coração, visto que os primeiros sinais da toxicidade dada por um extrato é a perda de peso corporal e dos órgãos.O ECV, nas concentrações empregadas, não interferiu no EG quando preparado como uma RP liquida em comparação com o veículo (água). O extrato não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros bioquímicos como pH, quantidade de H+ e peso do suco gástrico, no modelo de ligadura do piloro. O ECV não preveniu a formação de úlceras no modelo de piroxican, mas evitou a formação de lesões causadas por etanol nas doses de 500 e 1000 mg/kg. Esse efeito desapareceu quando o etanol foi empregado duas horas após o pré-tratamento com ECV na dose de 1000 mg/kg. No modelo de úlcera crônica o ECV, nas doses de 500 e 1000 mg/kg, foi capaz de diminuir significativamente as lesões causadas pelo ácido acético, não alterando no entanto, a quantidade de EGF produzida na zona de cicatrização, quando comparados ao controle água. Além disso, o tratamento prolongado com o ECV na dose de 500 mg/kg alterou significativamente a evolução do ganho de peso desses animais. Em conclusão, o ECV, como complemento alimentar, pode ser uma alternativa no tratamento da úlcera péptica gástrica
Abstract: About 10%of the world¿s population suffer from peptic ulcer, within this percentage we find thousands of Brazilians. This pathology is caused by an unbalance between the protection and attack mechanisms of the stomach lining, and is the result of the association of various endogenous attack factors (pepsin, acid, bile), exogenous factors pertaining to life style (stress, smoking, alcohol intake, continuous use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ingestion of certain types of food and the presence of Helicobacter Pylori) and genetic predisposition. Nowadays, the therapeutic methods used for the treatment of the lesions are: Anti-acids, anti-cholinergic, antagonist H2 receptors for histamine, proton bombs; certain surgical procedures are also applied, though much less frequently. Any therapeutic method that involves the use of one or more of the drugs and/or procedures above mentioned may cause some side effects and is not necessarily effective. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases has been developing over the past decade. Some plants have an anti-ulcer activity. There is evidence that the Chlorella vulgaris algae may modify cellular immune response, and there is also evidence to its anti-tumor, anti-metastasis, anti-ulcer activity. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of the Chlorella vulgaris algae acute models of ulcer induction and also in one chronic model of ulcer induction. Wistar rats were used to determine gastric emptying (GE) and in models of ulcer induced by ethanol and acetic acid, while swiss mice were used for the piloro ligature and piroxicam ulcer induction models. In order to evaluate the effect of the Chlorella vulgaris extract (ECV) on gastric emptying (GE) a liquid proof meal (PM) with the extract in the concentration of 50mg/l and 100mg/l was usedIn the study of the acute piloro ligature, ethanol and piroxicam models, and in the chronic model, dosages of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg of ECV were used in the prevention and treatment of the lesions. In the chronic model the fraction of acetate obtained from the ECV in the dosage of 5mg/100g was also used, and the amount of epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced in the region of the ulcer was measured. The toxicity study of the ECV was done by measuring the weight gain of the rats and the weight of their organs i.e. kidneys, lungs, liver, and heart, once the first signs of toxicity by an extract are loss of body and organ weight. The ECV, in the concentration used, did not interfere with the GE when prepared as a liquid PM in comparison to the vehicle (water). The extract did not alter any of the biochemical parameters such as pH, amount of H+ and weight of the gastric juice in the piloro ligature model. The ECV did not prevent the formation of ulcer in the piroxicam model, but it prevented the formation of lesions caused by ethanol in the dosage of 500 and 1000mg/kg. This effect disappeared when ethanol was ministered two hours after the pre-treatment with ECV in the dosage of 1000mg/kg. The chronic ulcer induction model the ECV, in the dosage of 500 and 1000mg/kg, was able to significantly lessen the lesions caused by acetic acid, not altering, however, the amount of EGF produced in the scar tissue area when compared to the water control. Furthermore, the long-term treatment with ECV in the dosage of 500mg/kg significantly altered the evolution of weight gain of these animals. In conclusion, the ECV, as a dietary complement, may be an alternative in the treatment of gastric peptic ulcer
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular