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1
Slee, Shirley. Text-tionary: The ultimate text/symbol decoder. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2010.
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2
Mobile web designer's idea book: The ultimate guide to trends, themes and styles in mobile web design. Cincinnati, Ohio: How Books, 2013.
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3
Boyle, Artie. Six months to live: Three guys on the ultimate quest for a miracle. New York: Crossroad Pub. Company, 2014.
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4
Cox, Michael M., Albert Lehninger, and David L. Nelson. The Cell Map for The Absolute, Ultimate Guide to Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman, 2008.
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6
(EDT), Alfred Publishing. Ultimate Beginner Series Cello. Alfred Publishing Company, 2002.
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7
Read, Nick D. Fungal cell structure and organization. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0004.
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Human pathogenic fungi produce three basic ‘cell’ types: hyphae, yeast cells, and spores. The organization and subcellular structure of these different cell types and their modes of growth and formation are reviewed. Growth and form is the consequence of how new cell surface is formed. This is generated by the delivery of vesicles to the surface which provides new membrane and the enzymes for cell wall synthesis. To generate these various cell types, the pathway of vesicle secretion to the surface has to be carefully regulated. These vesicles have to be transported through the cell by the cytoskeleton, and in filamentous cells these vesicles accumulate at a supply centre called the Spitzenkörper before docking and fusion with the hyphal apex. Ultimately, membrane is also endocytosed and recycled behind actively expanding regions of the fungal surface. These various processes are described and particular emphasis is given to the structural and organizational features of fungal cells that play roles in their pathogenesis and virulence.
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Leonardi, Patrick. The Ultimate Study Guide For Biology: Key Review Questions and Answers with Explanations (Topics: Origin of Living Things & Chemistry of Life, Structure and Function of the Cell & Energy Pathways, Reproduction and Heredity, Genetics) Volume 1. Silver Educational Publishing, 2004.
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9
Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Thermodynamics today – and tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0026.
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This last chapter explores the frontiers of how thermodynamics is currently being applied to biology, moving from the scale of the molecule to the scale of the cell. The key theme is ‘self-assembly’ – the process by which macromolecules spontaneously assemble into larger structures such as cell membranes, cell organelles, cells, and ultimately organisms. The starting point is the simplest process of self-assembly, the formation of a liquid from the condensation of a gas, which draws on some results from Chapter 15, and develops the concept of nucleation, this leads to a discussion of protein aggregation, and how virus particles are formed. The chapter, and the book, ends with a key challenge for the future: how can we deliberately design self-assembling systems that can perform valuable functions?
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Galliford, Bill, and Alfred Music Staff. Ultimate Movie Instrumental Solos for Strings: Cello, Book and CD. Alfred Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2012.
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11
Hartigan-O’Connor, Dennis J., and Christian Brander. Immunology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0005.
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The key factor in HIV pathogenesis is the decline in CD4+ T cells with resultant immunodeficiency and chronic inflammation. Depletion of CD4+ T cells from the gastrointestinal mucosa followed by microbial translocation and subsequent immune activation are components of disease progression in untreated patients. Symptomatic and occult opportunistic infections including cytomegalovirus contribute to chronic inflammation in persons infected with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in immune reconstitution, with increases in peripheral CD4+ T cell lymphocytes in most persons infected with HIV, although immune recovery is quite variable. A subset of patients with AIDS will develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes after initiation of ART. Approximately 1% of persons with HIV are able to control infection without the need for ART (“elite” controllers). A variety of immune-based therapies, including hydroxyurea, growth hormone, and statins, are being studied in clinical trials and may ultimately play a role in treating persons with HIV infection.
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Wimmer, Harry. ML 6, Colle: The Ultimate Bow Control Device (The Joy of 'Cello Playing). Seesaw Music Corp, 1986.
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Bunch, Chris. Myelodysplasia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0288.
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The myelodysplastic syndromes (or myelodysplasias) comprise a spectrum of disorders characterized by dysplastic or ineffective haemopoiesis that leads to variable anaemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. There is often a degree of red-cell macrocytosis. The majority are clonal stem cell disorders in which the abnormal clone predominates and expands only slowly over a number of years. Myelodysplasias have a tendency to develop ultimately into acute leukaemia in some patients; for this reason, they are sometimes referred to as ‘preleukaemias’, even though two-thirds of patients will never develop this complication. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Ruiz-Villalba, Adrián, Nikolaos Frangogiannis, and José Maria Pérez-Pomares. Origin and diversity of cardiac fibroblasts: developmental substrates of adult cardiac fibrosis. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0012.
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Cardiac connective tissues are primarily formed by cardiac fibroblasts (CF) of diverse embryonic origins. Whereas CF specific roles in cardiac morphogenesis remain under-researched, their involvement in adult cardiac fibrosis is clinically relevant. Cardiac fibrosis is a common element of several chronic cardiac conditions characterized by the loss of ventricular wall mechanical function, ultimately driving to heart failure. In the ischaemic heart early reparative fibrosis evidences the very restricted regenerative potential of the myocardium. In non-ischaemic diseases fibrosis is activated by unknown signals. We summarize current knowledge on the origin of CFs and their developmental roles, and discuss the differential disease-dependent response of different CF subpopulations to various pathological stimuli. We also describe the characteristic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that determine the fibrotic remodelling of the myocardium. We analyse experimental models for the study of cardiac fibrosis, and suggest future directions in the search for new markers and therapeutic targets.
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Sprynger, Muriel, Iana Simova, and Scipione Carerj. Vascular echo imaging. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0068.
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Arterial diseases are heavily intertwined with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease and the presence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral artery diseases is known to affect the rate of cardiovascular events and deaths. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in selected populations is also a major issue for the cardiologist. Additionally, intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurements, screening for carotid or femoral plaques, and new techniques looking at the rigidity and elasticity of arteries may further help with risk stratification, especially in intermediary risk populations. Cardiologists may also encounter other conditions such as subclavian artery disease, arterial dissection, arterial entrapment, and arteritis (e.g. giant cell or Takayasu’s arteritis). Even if they don’t undertake imaging themselves, they should know about these diseases and when to refer patients. Although cardiac and vascular ultrasounds are complementary, they require a completely different skill set and formal training. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to define the basic principles that any cardiologist should know, and also provide guidance to cardiologists more interested in vascular diseases. For the benefit of the patient there is a need for collaboration between the different disciplines involved in vascular diseases according to local medical availability and skill.
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Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0084.
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Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common aetiology of ATIN and a potentially correctable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). An interval of 7–10 days typically exists between drug exposure and development of AKI, but this interval can be considerably shorter following re-challenge or markedly longer with certain drugs. It occurs in an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent manner. Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors are the most frequently involved agents, but the list of drugs that can induce ATIN is continuously increasing. The mechanism of renal injury is postulated to involve cell-mediated immunity, supported by the observation that T cells are the predominant cell type comprising the interstitial infiltrate. A humoral response underlies rare cases of ATIN, in which a portion of a drug molecule (i.e. methicillin) may act as a hapten, bind to the tubular basement membrane (TBM), and elicit anti-TBM antibodies. The classic symptoms of fever, rash, and arthralgia may be absent in up to two-thirds of patients. Diagnostic studies, such as urine eosinophils and renal gallium-67 scanning provide only suggestive evidence. Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but it may not be required in mild cases or when clinical improvement is rapid after removal of an offending medication. Pathologic findings include interstitial inflammation, oedema, and tubulitis. The time until removal of such agents and the severity of renal biopsy findings provide the best prognostic value for the return to baseline renal function. Poor prognostic indicators are the long duration of AKI (> 3 weeks), a patient’s advanced age, and the high degree of interstitial fibrosis. Early recognition and appropriate therapy are essential to the management of drug-induced ATIN, because patients can ultimately develop chronic kidney disease. The mainstay of therapy is timely discontinuation of the causative agent, whereas controversy persists about the role of steroids.
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Morrison, Alan R., Joseph C. Wu, and Mehran M. Sadeghi. Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0029.
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Cardiovascular molecular imaging is a relatively young but rapidly expanding discipline that consists of a biologically-targeted approach to the assessment of physiologic and pathologic processes in vivo. This novel approach to imaging involves the integration of multiple disciplines such as cell and molecular biology, chemistry, and imaging sciences. The ultimate goal is quantitative assessment of cardiovascular processes at the cellular and molecular level, moving beyond traditional diagnostic information, in order to guide individually tailored therapy. In fact, it is likely that specific approaches to molecular imaging will be developed in tandem with the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in probe development and imaging systems have contributed to evolution of molecular imaging toward clinical translational. These include technological progress in traditional imaging platforms; along with the emergence of newer imaging modalities such as photoacoustic imaging. In addition, hybrid imaging (e.g. nuclear imaging with CT or MRI) has the potential for improved spatial localization, and more accurate quantification by coupling anatomic and biological information. In addition to potential clinical applications that address existing diagnostic gaps in cardiovascular medicine, molecular imaging allows for unique approaches to studying pathophysiology. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the state of the art in cardiovascular molecular imaging, highlighting how it may improve the management of major cardiovascular diseases.
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Ehrlich, Benjamin. Cajal and Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619619.003.0002.
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In the second half of the nineteenth century, psychological inquiry was shifting away from the realm of philosophy and into the natural sciences. The associationalist school believed that the basic elements of the psyche, thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions, were available to study. Cajal’s work affected other disciplines outside of neuroscience. His discovery of distinctly individual cells inside the brain seemed to confirm the associationalist model of psychology. He focused on these spindly, fragile-looking cells as the units of psychological function that he called “the psychic cells.” Even with his work, he was not convinced of the psychological interpretations of the neuron. Cajal knew that contemporary neuroanatomy was ultimately incapable of explaining psychology.
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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. Economia Clujului. Municipiul Cluj-Napoca și Zona Metropolitană Cluj:Dezvoltarea economiei locale în deceniul 2008-2018. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710452.
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În ultima decadă s-au intensificat procesele de globalizare care localizează procesele secundare ale organizațiilor globale către noi spații specializate în operațiuni (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cea mai mare parte din procesele care fac obiectul externalizărilor de outsourcing și offshoring sunt cele de Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) și Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015).
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Cattran, Daniel C., and Heather N. Reich. Membranous glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0064_update_001.
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It has been clear for several decades from comparison with the rodent model disease Heymann nephritis that membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is an immune condition in which antibodies, usually autoantibodies, bind to targets on the surface of podocytes. However, the antigen in Heymann nephritis, megalin, is not present on human podocytes. The first potential antigen was identified by studying rare examples of maternal alloimmunization, leading to congenital membranous nephropathy in the infant caused by antibodies to neutral endopeptidase. More recently, the target of autoantibody formation in most patients with primary MGN has been identified to be the phospholipase A2 receptor, PLA2R. Genome-wide association studies identify predisposing genetic loci at HLADQ and at the locus encoding the autoantigen itself. So antibodies to at least two different molecular targets can cause MGN, and it seems likely that there may be other targets in secondary types of MGN, and possibly haptenized or otherwise modified molecules are implicated in drug- and toxin-induced MGN. Once antibodies are fixed, animal models and human observations suggest that complement is involved in mediating tissue damage. However, immunoglobulin G4, not thought to fix complement, is the predominant isotype in human MGN, and the mechanisms are not fully unravelled. Podocyte injury is known to cause proteinuria. In MGN, antibody fixation or cell damage may stimulate production of extracellular matrix to account for the increased GBM thickness with ‘podocyte type’ basement membrane collagen isoforms, and ultimately cell death and glomerulosclerosis.
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Plutynski, Anya. Causation, Causal Selection, and Causal Parity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199967452.003.0004.
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It is typical to refer to cancer as a “genetic” or “genomic” disease. This claim is ambiguous; one of the central goals of this chapter is to disambiguate this claim. I first distinguish different types of causal claims: claims about causal relevance, causal role, and causal specificity. As a backdrop to this discussion, I introduce what I call the “mechanistic research program” in cancer, according to which progression to cancer involves breakdowns in regulatory controls on gene expression in ways that affect cell birth and death. While this research program has been successful, it has downplayed the role of context in cancer progression, and the fact that disorderly cellular growth is affected by many pathways. I conclude by considering several philosophers’ accounts of “causal selection” and argue that ultimately the causal selection problem is not one but several different problems, requiring different, context-specific solutions.
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Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.
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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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Stein, Matthew A. Lymphadenopathy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0051.
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Lymphadenopathy is a pathological or abnormal state of one or more lymph nodes in a nodal basin that occurs in response to pathogens, immunogens, or malignant cells that are detected within the lymph. Malignant lymphadenopathy may be detected by physical exam and/or imaging findings, but it is ultimately confirmed or excluded by histological evaluation. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin, and lymph nodes, reviews key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations of lymphadenopathy detected by mammography, tomosynthesis, and ultrasound (US). Topics include the anatomy and physiology of breast lymphatic function, the anatomy and imaging features of lymph nodes, differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, and the imaging assessment of the axillary nodal basin in the context of known breast cancer.
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Birch, Jonathan. The Philosophy of Social Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733058.001.0001.
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From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin selection, and inclusive fitness—that changed the way we think about how social behaviour evolves, beginning a research program now known as social evolution theory. This is a book about the philosophical foundations and future prospects of that program. Part I, ‘Foundations’, provides a philosophical analysis of Hamilton’s core ideas, with some modifications along the way. We will see that Hamilton’s rule provides a compelling way of organizing our thinking about the ultimate causes of social behaviour; and we will see how, in inclusive fitness, Hamilton found a fitness concept with a special role to play in explaining cumulative adaptation. Part II, ‘Extensions’, shows how these ideas, when extended in certain ways, can help us understand cooperation in micro-organisms, cooperation among the cells of a multicellular organism, and culturally evolved cooperation in the earliest human societies. In all these cases and more, living things cooperate because they are related, where the concept of relatedness picks out relevant statistical patterns of similarity in the transmissible basis (genetic or otherwise) of social traits.
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Servais, Aude, and Bertrand Knebelmann. Cystinuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0024.
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Cystinuria (OMIM #220100) is an autosomal recessive disorder of a dibasic amino acid transport in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. It leads to increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent urolithiasis. The cystine transporter is an heterodimeric transporter which is composed of a heavy subunit, rBAT, linked to a light subunit, b0,+AT. Two genes, SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3 member 1) and SLC7A9, coding for rBAT and b0,+AT, account for the genetic basis of cystinuria. Cystinuria may lead to obstruction, infections, and ultimately to renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of cystinuria mainly relies on stone analysis, urinary cystine measurement, or urinary cystine crystal identification. Medical treatment is based upon a stepwise strategy using hydration and alkalinization as basic measures, with the addition of thiol derivatives in refractory cases. Urological interventions are often indicated for the management of cystine stones >5 mm in diameter.
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Netzer, Falko P., and Claudine Noguera. Oxide Thin Films and Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834618.001.0001.
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Nanostructured oxide materials ultra-thin films, nanoparticles and other nanometer-scale objects play prominent roles in many aspects of our every-day life, in nature and in technological applications, among which is the all-oxide electronics of tomorrow. Due to their reduced dimensions and dimensionality, they strongly interact with their environment gaseous atmosphere, water or support. Their novel physical and chemical properties are the subject of this book from both a fundamental and an applied perspective. It reviews and illustrates the various methodologies for their growth, fabrication, experimental and theoretical characterization. The role of key parameters such as film thickness, nanoparticle size and support interactions in driving their fundamental properties is underlined. At the ultimate thickness limit, two-dimensional oxide materials are generated, whose functionalities and potential applications are described. The emerging field of cation mixing is mentioned, which opens new avenues for engineering many oxide properties, as witnessed by natural oxide nanomaterials such as clay minerals, which, beyond their role at the Earth surface, are now widely used in a whole range of human activities. Oxide nanomaterials are involved in many interdisciplinary fields of advanced nanotechnologies: catalysis, photocatalysis, solar energy materials, fuel cells, corrosion protection, and biotechnological applications are amongst the areas where they are making an impact; prototypical examples are outlined. A cautious glimpse into future developments of scientific activity is finally ventured to round off the treatise.
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Aelenei, Laura. ADHD la adult. Interferente cu tulburarile de personalitate. Editura Universitara, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062812393.
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Lucrarea de fata se refera la tulburarea cu deficit de atentie/ hiperactivitate la adult (ADHD) abordand relatia dintre aceasta si tulburarile de personalitate. ADHD, considerata pana in ultimii ani o afectiune a copilariei, dupa noua clasificare a bolilor psihice -DSM-5, este intalnita mult mai frecvent la adult. Problematica discutata este cercetata pe larg in literatura de specialitate in ultima perioada, fiind un subiect de interes, tinand cont de faptul ca daca la multe grupe diagnostice DSM-5 a pastrat viziunea anterioara, la tulburarea ADHD modificarile au dus la unele diferente notabile. Este evident acum ca simptomatologia ADHD este vazuta ca o componenta relativ constanta de-a lungul vietii individului, cu eventuale atenuari odata cu varsta, dar cu persistenta unei proportii de manifestari la adult, care puteau fi pana acum neobservate. Aceasta viziune se apropie foarte mult de descrierile clasice ale personalitatii, de aici si posibilitatea unei comparatii intre cele doua patologii. Noua perspectiva din ICD 11 urmeaza si ea tendinta DSM-5 in ceea ce priveste ADHD la adult. Astfel, se evidentiaza mult mai clar posibilitatea diagnosticarii acestei patologii la populatia adulta si necesitatea atentiei sporite vizavi de identificarea trasaturilor specifice acestei patologii.
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Blum, Deborah, Mary Knudson, and Robin Marantz Henig, eds. A Field Guide for Science Writers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195174991.001.0001.
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This is the official text for the National Association of Science Writers. In the eight years since the publication of the first edition of A Field Guide for Science Writing, much about the world has changed. Some of the leading issues in today's political marketplace - embryonic stem cell research, global warming, health care reform, space exploration, genetic privacy, germ warfare - are informed by scientific ideas. Never has it been more crucial for the lay public to be scientifically literate. That's where science writers come in. And that's why it's time for an update to the Field Guide, already a staple of science writing graduate programs across the country. The academic community has recently recognized how important it is for writers to become more sophisticated, knowledgeable, and skeptical about what they write. More than 50 institutions now offer training in science writing. In addition mid-career fellowships for science writers are growing, giving journalists the chance to return to major universities for specialized training. We applaud these developments, and hope to be part of them with this new edition of the Field Guide. In A Field Guide for Science Writers, 2nd Edition, the editors have assembled contributions from a collections of experienced journalists who are every bit as stellar as the group that contributed to the first edition. In the end, what we have are essays written by the very best in the science writing profession. These wonderful writers have written not only about style, but about content, too. These leaders in the profession describe how they work their way through the information glut to find the gems worth writing about. We also have chapters that provide the tools every good science writer needs: how to use statistics, how to weigh the merits of conflicting studies in scientific literature, how to report about risk. And, ultimately, how to write.