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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultra-low currents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Fuketa, Hiroshi. "Ultra-Low Power Hand Gesture Sensor Using Electrostatic Induction." Sensors 21, no. 24 (2021): 8268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248268.

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This paper presents an ultra-low power hand gesture sensor using electrostatic induction for mobile devices. Two electrodes, which consist of electret foils stacked on metal sheets, are used to recognize two gestures such as hand movements from left to right and right to left. The hand gesture recognition is realized by detecting the electrostatic induction currents induced by hand movements. However, the electrostatic induction currents are significantly small; hence, a hand gesture recognition chip is first designed in this study to amplify and detect the small electrostatic induction curren

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2

Butler, J. H. "Ultra-high-resolution low-voltage imaging of polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172929.

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We have been using an LVSEM with an immersion-type objective lens extensively for the examination of polymers at low (<2 keV) incident beam energies. Because of this instrument's field emission source, the incident probe can be demagnified down to subnanometer dimensions and still provide enough incident beam current to stimulate detectable image forming signals, esp. secondary electrons. Also, the incident beam penetration depth at low voltages is less than the SE escape depth (=200Å) for carbonaceous materials), so the sample/beam interaction volume is correspondingly smaller. The combina

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Aiello, Orazio. "Design of an Ultra-Low Voltage Bias Current Generator Highly Immune to Electromagnetic Interference." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010006.

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The paper deals with the immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of the current source for Ultra-Low-Voltage Integrated Circuits (ICs). Based on the properties of IC building blocks, such as the current-splitter and current correlator, a novel current generator is conceived. The proposed solution is suitable to provide currents to ICs operating in the sub-threshold region even in the presence of an electromagnetic polluted environment. The immunity to EMI of the proposed solution is compared with that of a conventional current mirror and evaluated by analytic means and with reference to

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4

Sherstobitov, S. V. "Experimental installation of a reference source of low currents for calibration of electrometers." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 3 (May 15, 2024): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-38-44.

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Today, there is great scientific interest in the possibility of implementing reference sources of low currents based on single-electron pumps using the single-electron tunneling effect and the modern definition of the SI system. However, the practical use of this effect in everyday metrological practice has not yet reached the stage of widespread use. Typically, for routine calibration work in laboratories, either mass-produced instruments (low current sources and meters, electrometers) are used, which are calibrated against higher standards, or specially designed precision current sources. Th

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Jones, Martyn G., Evan R. Rogers, James P. Harris, et al. "Neuromodulation using ultra low frequency current waveform reversibly blocks axonal conduction and chronic pain." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 608 (2021): eabg9890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg9890.

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Chronic pain remains a leading cause of disability worldwide, and there is still a clinical reliance on opioids despite the medical side effects associated with their use and societal impacts associated with their abuse. An alternative approach is the use of electrical neuromodulation to produce analgesia. Direct current can block action potential propagation but leads to tissue damage if maintained. We have developed a form of ultra low frequency (ULF) biphasic current and studied its effects. In anesthetized rats, this waveform produced a rapidly developing and completely reversible conducti

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Bertuccio, Giuseppe, S. Caccia, Filippo Nava, et al. "Ultra Low Noise Epitaxial 4H-SiC X-Ray Detectors." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.845.

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The design and the experimental results of some prototypes of SiC X-ray detectors are presented. The devices have been manufactured on a 2’’ 4H-SiC wafer with 115 m thick undoped high purity epitaxial layer, which constitutes the detection’s active volume. Pad and pixel detectors based on Ni-Schottky junctions have been tested. The residual doping of the epi-layer was found to be extremely low, 3.7 x 1013 cm-3, allowing to achieve the highest detection efficiency and the lower specific capacitance of the detectors. At +22°C and in operating bias condition, the reverse current densities of the

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Sun, Peng, Yupeng Lu, Gaobo Xu, et al. "Ultra-large scale array silicon pixel sensors with uniform and low leakage current for advanced X-ray light sources." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (2024): P04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04019.

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Abstract The development of silicon pixel sensors (SPS) with high operating voltage, low leakage currents, and large arrays can contribute to improving the energy and spatial resolution of advanced X-ray light source detection systems. The Future Detection System comprises a hybrid-pixel detector with a collective resolution of 2048 × 2048 pixels, each measuring 100 μm× 100 μm. It consists of 16 p-i-n SPSs, where each sensor has an array size of 1024× 256 pixels. In this paper, the design of the pixel and guard rings is optimized to achieve uniform and ultra-low pixels leakage currents under h

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Hönicke, Philipp, Matthias Müller, and Burkhard Beckhoff. "X-Ray Induced Depth Profiling of Ion Implantations into Various Semiconductor Materials." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.274.

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The continuing shrinking of the component dimensions in ULSI technology requires junction depths in the 20-nm regime and below to avoid leakage currents. These ultra shallow dopant distributions can be formed by ultra-low energy (ULE) ion implantation. However, accurate measurement techniques for ultra-shallow dopant profiles are required in order to characterize ULE implantation and the necessary rapid thermal annealing (RTA) processes.

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9

MORRIS, DANIEL H., DAVID M. BROMBERG, JIAN-GANG (JIMMY) ZHU, and LARRY PILEGGI. "SPINTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS FOR LOW-VOLTAGE LOGIC." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 21, no. 01 (2012): 1250005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915641250005x.

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This paper describes the design of digital logic circuits composed exclusively from magnetic devices. The logic level of a signal is embedded in the direction of steered currents, not voltages. The currents are steered by small (e.g., 2-3x) resistance changes. Sub-100 mV pulsed voltages power and synchronize the circuits. Logic gates are non-volatile, allowing for fully-pipelined logic that can achieve ultra-low energy for design examples.

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10

Wang, Yunzhen, Shengxi Diao, Fujiang Lin, and Haiquan Yuan. "An Ultra-Low Power Subthreshold CMOS RSSI for Wake-Up Receiver." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 08 (2016): 1650090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500900.

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This paper reports an ultra-low power received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for low frequency (LF) wake-up receiver. Topology theory analysis and subthreshold operation are performed to lower power consumption. Each gain stage of the subthreshold limiting amplifier (LA) employs cascade diode-connected loads to obtain high output impedance while maintaining low power. An offset cancelation circuit with different tail currents, which also operates in the subthreshold region, is employed to reduce the DC offset voltage. Unbalanced source-coupled pairs of subthreshold devices adopted in the fu

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11

Leuw, Bradley, Jianzhao Geng, James H. P. Rice, Dominic A. Moseley, and Rodney A. Badcock. "A half-wave superconducting transformer-rectifier flux pump using J _c(B) switches." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 3 (2022): 035009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac4f3d.

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Abstract High temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps can generate ultra-high currents (>1 kA) without the requirement for thermally inefficient room temperature current leads. Ultra-high currents enable physically smaller magnets with significantly less inductance unlocking new design opportunities. However, limited by intrinsically low electrical power efficiencies, existing HTS flux pumps cannot output high voltage or high power. In this work, we design, devise, and experimentally verify a transformer–rectifier type HTS flux pump using Jc(B) switching. We show that the rectification

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12

Watson, Jeff, and Gustavo Castro. "An Ultra-Low Noise Instrumentation Amplifer Designed for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, HITEC (2012): 000082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-2012-tp13.

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This paper discusses a very low noise instrumentation amplifier designed specifically for high temperature applications. The device uses a proprietary silicon-on-insulator process that minimizes parasitic leakage currents at elevated temperature. Variance in device parameters are managed to maintain high performance over a wide temperature range. Layout and packaging considerations that would affect long term reliability are addressed. The amplifier is well characterized above 200°C and attains much higher performance than amplifiers not optimized for high temperature operation. Comprehensive

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Wang, Jing, Feixiang Zhang, Zhiyuan He, Hui Zhang, and Lin Cheng. "A 2.69 ppm/°C bandgap reference with 42 ppm/V line sensitivity for battery management system." Journal of Semiconductors 46, no. 6 (2025): 062203. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/24120045.

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Abstract This paper introduces a high-precision bandgap reference (BGR) designed for battery management systems (BMS), featuring an ultra-low temperature coefficient (TC) and line sensitivity (LS). The BGR employs a current-mode scheme with chopped op-amps and internal clock generators to eliminate op-amp offset. A low dropout regulator (LDO) and a pre-regulator enhance output driving and LS, respectively. Curvature compensation enhances the TC by addressing higher-order nonlinearity. These approaches, effective near room temperature, employs trimming at both 20 and 60 °C. When combined with f

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14

Chakraverty, Mayank, and Harish M. Kittur. "First Principle Study of Tunnel Currents through CeO₂, Y₂O₃, TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ Dielectrics in MOSFETs for Ultra Large Scale Integration." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.428.

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High gate leakage current, as a central problem, has decelerated the downscaling of minimum feature size of the field effect transistors In this paper, a combination of density functional theory and non equilibrium Green’s function formalism has been applied to the atomic scale calculation of the tunnel currents through CeO2, Y2O3, TiO2 and Al2O3 dielectrics in MOSFETs. The tunnel currents for different bias voltages applied to Si/Insulator/Si systems have been obtained along with tunnel conductance v/s bias voltage plots for each system. The results are in agreement to the use of high dielect

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15

Nagaboopathy, Monigaa, Kumudini Devi Raguru Pandu, Ashmitha Selvaraj, and Anbuselvi Shanmugam Velu. "Improved Fault Resilience of GFM-GFL Converters in Ultra-Weak Grids Using Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Virtual Inertia Control." Sustainability 17, no. 14 (2025): 6619. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146619.

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Enhancing the resilience of renewable energy systems in ultra-weak grids is crucial for promoting sustainable energy adoption and ensuring a reliable power supply during disturbances. Ultra-weak grids characterized by a very low Short-Circuit Ratio, less than 2, and high grid impedance significantly impair voltage and frequency stability, imposing challenging conditions for Inverter-Based Resources. To address these challenges, this paper considers a 110 KVA, three-phase, two-level Voltage Source Converter, interfacing a 700 V DC link to a 415 V AC ultra-weak grid. X/R = 1 is controlled using

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16

Mozrzymas, Jerzy W., Andrea Barberis, Katarzyna Mercik, and Ewa D. Z˙arnowska. "Binding Sites, Singly Bound States, and Conformation Coupling Shape GABA-Evoked Currents." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 2 (2003): 871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00951.2002.

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The time course of GABA-evoked currents is the main source of information on the GABAAreceptor gating. Since the kinetics of these currents depends on the transitions between several receptor conformations, it is a major challenge to define the relations between current kinetics and the respective rate constants of the microscopic gating scheme. The aim of this study was to further explore the impact of different GABAA receptor conformations on the kinetics of currents elicited by ultra-fast GABA applications. We show that the rising phase and amplitude of GABA-evoked currents depend on desens

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17

Keller, E., and I. Nussinovitch. "Activity-dependent ultra-slow inactivation of calcium currents in rat anterior pituitary cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 4 (1996): 2157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.4.2157.

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1. The inactivation of high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents during long depolarizations in holding potential (Vh) was studied with the use of whole cell patch-clamp recording from rat anterior pituitary cells. 2. An ultra-slow inactivation in the amplitude of HVA calcium currents, with an average slow time constant of 149.3 s for peak currents and 159.1 s for sustained currents (n = 9), was unveiled during 5-min step depolarizations in Vh. 3. The ultra-slow inactivation of HVA calcium currents was found to be generated by at least two processes: a voltage-dependent inactivation that i

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18

Hamsan, Muhammad Amirul Syafiq, and Muhammad Zahir Ramli. "Rip current occurrence probability at selected recreational beaches along Pahang coastline." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0005.

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Purpose Pahang beaches draw more than thousand visitors throughout the year. From the year 2006 to 2018, more than 30 drowning and near-drowning cases were recorded mainly from rip currents. Rip currents are defined as unexpected currents that carried beachgoers away to seaward direction more than approximately 50 m from shore. The prediction of rip current development is very important for the protection of human life. This study aims to conduct preliminary survey and field works to identify rip current hazards. Design/methodology/approach The output would be an early warning preventative mit

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19

Zevenhoven, Koos C. J., Sarah Busch, Michael Hatridge, Fredrik Öisjöen, Risto J. Ilmoniemi, and John Clarke. "Conductive shield for ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging: Theory and measurements of eddy currents." Journal of Applied Physics 115, no. 10 (2014): 103902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4867220.

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20

Lüders, M., B. Eversmann, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, and R. Brederlow. "Fully-integrated LDO voltage regulator for digital circuits." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-263-2011.

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Abstract. Low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators are widely used to supply low-voltage digital circuits. For recent ultra-low-power microcontroller systems, a fully-integrated LDO without any external capacitance is preferred in order to achieve a fast and energy-efficient wake-up. Commonly, an LDO is specified, designed and verified for DC load currents. In contrast, a digital load creates large current spikes. As an LDO designed for low quiescent current is too slow to react on fast current spikes, a minimum on-chip capacitance is required to keep the supply voltage within a certain error wind

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21

Centurelli, Francesco, Riccardo Della Sala, Pietro Monsurrò, Giuseppe Scotti, and Alessandro Trifiletti. "A Tree-Based Architecture for High-Performance Ultra-Low-Voltage Amplifiers." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 12, no. 1 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea12010012.

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In this paper, we introduce a novel tree-based architecture which allows the implementation of Ultra-Low-Voltage (ULV) amplifiers. The architecture exploits a body-driven input stage to guarantee a rail-to-rail input common mode range and body-diode loading to avoid Miller compensation, thanks to the absence of high-impedance internal nodes. The tree-based structure improves the CMRR of the proposed amplifier with respect to the conventional OTA architectures and allows achievement of a reasonable CMRR even at supply voltages as low as 0.3 V and without tail current generators which cannot be

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22

Chen, Haoze, and Pak Kwong Chan. "A Low-Voltage Low-Power Voltage-to-Current Converter with Low Temperature Coefficient Design Awareness." Sensors 25, no. 4 (2025): 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041204.

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This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power voltage-to-current converter (V-I Converter) implemented in TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.45 V with an input range of 0.1 V to 0.3 V, the proposed circuit achieves a temperature coefficient of 54.68 ppm/°C, which is at least 2× better than prior works, ensuring stable performance across a wide temperature range (−20 °C to 80 °C). The design employs a three-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with a Q-reduction frequency compensation technique to produce programmable output currents while maintaining a

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23

Antipov, V. I., L. V. Vinogradov, I. O. Bannykh, A. G. Kolmakov, Yu E. Mukhina, and E. E. Baranov. "Methods for increasing the hardness and wear resistance of economically alloyed high-strength steels for the manufacture of products operating in conditions of intense abrasive wear." Perspektivnye Materialy, no. 7 (2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-7-59-67.

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A comprehensive overview of the structural factors on which the hardness of steel depends is presented, as well as methods of increasing the hardness and wear resistance of inexpensive, economically alloyed high-carbon steels suitable for operation in abrasive wear and high contact stresses are discussed. The mechanism of increasing the hardness of the material by multiple (cyclic) cold treatment of high-carbon steels hardened on martensite is considered. It is shown that quadruple cold treatment (with cooling to –70 °С) of rolls from cheap low-alloy steel 170Х2Ф increased their hardness from

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Alirezapoori, Mohsen, Mohsen Hayati, Mohammad A. Imani, Farzin Shama, and Pouria Almasi. "An Ultra-wideband Low-power Low-noise Amplifier Linearized by Adjusted Derivative Superposition and Feedback Techniques." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 11, no. 2 (2023): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.11267.

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Ultra-wideband (UWB) applications require low-power and low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) that can operate over a wide frequency range. However, conventional LNAs often suffer from poor linearity and high-power consumption. This research work proposes a novel LNA design that uses the adjusted derivative superposition (DS) technique and feedback to improve the linearity and reduce the power consumption of UWB LNAs. The DS technique enhances the third-order intermodulation (IM3) cancellation by adjusting the bias currents of the transistors, whereas the feedback improves the stability and input matchi

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25

Mallineni, Sai Sunil Kumar, Herbert Behlow, Ramakrishna Podila, and Apparao M. Rao. "A low-cost approach for measuring electrical load currents in triboelectric nanogenerators." Nanotechnology Reviews 7, no. 2 (2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0178.

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AbstractResearch into the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has exponentially expanded over the last 5 years with TENGs expected to be a prominent alternative energy-harvesting source in the near future. Notwithstanding the rapid progress in TENG development and their applications, the start-up cost of required research equipment and components remains high for new entrants into the field. A substantial portion of that cost is for the preamplifier, which is needed for measuring the output current of a TENG. Here, an ultra-low-cost device is presented that can measure the TENG

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Leitzig, Natascha, Sonja Janssen, Hany Kayed, Stefan O. Schönberg, and Hans Scheffel. "Observer Sensitivity for Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Ultra-Low Dose Computed Tomography Protocols Using a Third-Generation Dual-Source CT with Ultra-High Pitch—A Phantom Study." Anatomia 2, no. 1 (2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010002.

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This study evaluates ultra-low-dose computed tomography (ULDCT) protocols concerning the detectability of pulmonary nodules. The influence of tube current settings, kernels, strength levels of third-generation iterative reconstruction algorithms, and pitch was investigated. A chest phantom with artificial spherical nodules of different densities and diameters was examined with a third-generation dual-source CT. Scanning and post-processing protocols, tube current levels, and ultra-high and non-high pitch modes were applied. Images were reconstructed with filtered back-projection (FBP) or advan

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Liang, Shunyi, Juncheng Liang, Kezhu Song, Yijie Jiang, and Zhijie Yang. "Performance optimizations and evaluations for the small direct currents measurement system." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 05 (2025): P05043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/05/p05043.

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Abstract Ionization chambers are essential for activity determinations in radionuclide metrology. We have developed a high-precision integrating-differentiating (int-diff) system for measuring small currents. It is anticipated to enhance the ionization current measurement capability of the 4πγ ionization chamber radioactivity standard at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China. Besides, it has broad application prospects in physical experiments and fundamental metrology. The design of the measurement system is optimized through circuit analysis and simulation. The structure of the int

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28

Krauklis, I., and D. Orr. "The effects of ionospheric 'phase mixing' on a distributed driven shear Alfvén ulf pulsation'." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 2/3 (1994): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-12-188-1994.

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Abstract. A numerical simulation study of the ultra-low frequency (ULF) H-component magnetic field at the Earth's surface arising from a perturbation ionospheric Hall current has been developed. The Hall current system is driven by field-aligned currents (FACs) associated with shear Alfvén field line resonances (FLRs) driven by fast mode global cavity oscillations. The ionospheric phase mixing of the Hall current manifests itself in a number of ways in the ground field, these are: (i) Smoothing the spectral maxima of the ground signal: (ii) Loss in clarity of the harmonic structure of the spec

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29

Huang, Zhen, Wei Yan, Zhaofeng Li, Hui Dong, Fuhua Yang, and Xiaodong Wang. "High-Responsivity, Low-Leakage Current, Ultra-Fast Terahertz Detectors Based on a GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistor with Integrated Bowtie Antennas." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030933.

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In this study, we fabricated three kinds of terahertz detectors with different leakage currents to analyze the plateau-like effect. The results indicate that the platform becomes increasingly apparent with the decrease in the leakage current. The fabricated device with the lowest leakage current shows a responsivity of 4.9 kV/W and noise equivalent power (NEP) of 72 pW/Hz. Further, it can be used for broadband detection between 215 GHz and 232 GHz with a voltage responsivity of more than 3.4 kV/W, and the response time can be up to 8 ns. Overall, the proposed device exhibits high sensitivity,

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Wieczorek, Grzegorz, Krzysztof Bernacki, Zbigniew Rymarski, and Wojciech Oliwa. "Gathering Energy of the Stray Currents in Electrified Railways Environment for Power Supply." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196206.

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The paper presents a new, unconventional energy harvesting (EH) method for supplying low-power devices on electrified railway lines that utilises stray currents and the non-zero potential of the rails to the ground. The EH device gathers the energy and stores it in batteries. It could even work in extremely unfavourable weather conditions and could be easily placed in almost any location. The presented real-life data show that the average available power is less than 250 mW and the average useful power is about 100 mW. This is enough to supply ultra-low power microcontrollers, which only occas

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Veerabathini, Anurag, and Paul M. Furth. "High-Efficiency Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter with Three Decades of Load Current Range Using Adaptively-Biased PFM." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 10, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea10010005.

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A fully-integrated switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converter that steps down 2.0 V to 0.9 V with a peak efficiency of 80% is implemented in a 0.18 μ m CMOS process. An ultra-low-power voltage-controlled oscillator that generates a wide range of switching frequencies is proposed to extend battery runtime. An efficiency >70% for load currents in the range of 12 μ A to 17.8 mA is achieved by implementing a novel adaptively-biased pulse frequency modulation (ABPFM) technique in the controller. A symmetric charge-discharge topology with two-phase time interleaving is used as a power stage to reduc

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Nissan-Cohen, Y. "A novel floating-gate method for measurement of ultra-low hole and electron gate currents in MOS transistors." IEEE Electron Device Letters 7, no. 10 (1986): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edl.1986.26474.

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Ciani, Daniele, Marie-Hélène Rio, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Hélène Etienne, and Rosalia Santoleri. "Improving the Altimeter-Derived Surface Currents Using Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data: A Sensitivity Study to SST Products." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (2020): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101601.

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Measurements of ocean surface topography collected by satellite altimeters provide geostrophic estimates of the sea surface currents at relatively low resolution. The effective spatial and temporal resolution of these velocity estimates can be improved by optimally combining altimeter data with sequences of high resolution interpolated (Level 4) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data, improving upon present-day values of approximately 100 km and 15 days at mid-latitudes. However, the combined altimeter/SST currents accuracy depends on the area and input SST data considered. Here, we present a comp

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Pacheco, Javier de Mena, Tomas Palacios, Marek Hempel, and Marisa Lopez Vallejo. "A Highly Linear Ultra-Low-Area-and-Power CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for Autonomous Microsystems." Micromachines 15, no. 10 (2024): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15101193.

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Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) can be an excellent means of converting a magnitude into a readable value. However, their design becomes a real challenge for power-and-area-constrained applications, especially when a linear response is required. This paper presents a VCO for smart dust systems fabricated by 65 nm technology. It is designed to minimize leakage, limit high peak currents and provide an output whose frequency variation is linear with the input voltage, while allowing rail-to-rail input range swing. The oscillator occupies 592 μm2, operates in a frequency range from 43 to 53

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Akbari, Meysam, and Omid Hashemipour. "A Class-AB Bulk-Driven Amplifier with Enhanced Transconductance Using Quasi-Floating Gate Method." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 09 (2018): 1850137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501372.

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This paper presents a supper class-AB adaptive biasing bulk-driven amplifier for ultra-low-power applications. In the proposed structure, two bulk-driven flipped voltage follower (FVF) cells are reconfigured as nonlinear tail currents using quasi-floating gate method to enhance transconductance and slew rate. In addition, two idle current controllers are employed as common source amplifiers to provide a supper class-AB structure without increasing total current consumption. The proposed structure is simulated in 0.18-[Formula: see text]m CMOS technology at 0.5[Formula: see text]V supply with 3

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Kim, Taeyoung, Chandan Joishi, Pao-Chuan Shih, Tomás Palacios, and Siddharth Rajan. "The impact of semiconductor surface states on vacuum field emission." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 16 (2022): 165701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105657.

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This work presents a theoretical analysis of the impact of surface states on vacuum field emission currents in semiconductors. In wide and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors such as GaN and AlGaN, low electron affinity has been proposed as a benefit for field emission into vacuum. However, in these materials, the surface Fermi level at the surface is pinned well below the conduction band, and the surface depletion barriers due to the surface Fermi level pinning can be comparable to or higher than the electron affinity. Therefore, analysis of field emission requires consideration of not only the

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Zhu, Li, Junchen Lin, Yixin Zhu, et al. "Flexible Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Energy-Efficient Neuromorphic Computing." Nanomaterials 14, no. 14 (2024): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14141195.

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Brain-inspired flexible neuromorphic devices are of great significance for next-generation high-efficiency wearable sensing and computing systems. In this paper, we propose a flexible organic electrochemical transistor using poly[(bithiophene)-alternate-(2,5-di(2-octyldodecyl)- 3,6-di(thienyl)-pyrrolyl pyrrolidone)] (DPPT-TT) as the organic semiconductor and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/LiClO4 solid-state electrolyte as the gate dielectric layer. Under gate voltage modulation, an electric double layer (EDL) forms between the dielectric layer and the channel, allowing the device to operate

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Tan, Yiqiu, Danfeng Zhou, Mengxiao Song, and Jie Li. "Effective Suppression of Residual Magnetic Interference in a Conductive Shielded Room for Ultra-Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113745.

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Residual magnetic interference induced by applied magnetic field pulses inside a conductive shielded room (SR) has been a common issue in ultra-low-field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The rapid cutoff of the applied pre-polarizing field (Bp) induces eddy currents in the walls of the SR, which produces a decaying residual magnetic interference that may cause severe image distortions and signal loss. In this study, a pair of cancellation coils (CC) and control electronics were designed for the suppression of the residual magnetic interference in a SR. Simulations show that this method

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ZHAO, WEISHENG, RAPHAEL MARTINS BRUM, LIONEL TORRES, et al. "SPINTRONIC MEMORY-BASED RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING." SPIN 03, no. 04 (2013): 1340010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010324713400109.

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Reconfigurable computing provides a number of advantages such as low Research and Development (R&D) cost and design flexibility when compared to application specific logic circuits (ASLC). However its low power efficiency greatly limits its applications. One of the major reasons of this shortcoming is that Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)-based configuration memory occupies a large die area and consumes high static power. The later is more severe due to the rapidly increasing leakage currents, which are intrinsic and become worse following the fabrication node shrinking. Spintronic memor

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Kovan, Baris, Francisco de Leon, Dariusz Czarkowski, Zivan Zabar, and Leo Birenbaum. "Mitigation of Inrush Currents in Network Transformers by Reducing the Residual Flux With an Ultra-Low-Frequency Power Source." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 26, no. 3 (2011): 1563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2102778.

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Hernandez-Gonzalez, Nieves G., Juan Montiel-Caminos, Javier Sosa, and Juan A. Montiel-Nelson. "An Edge Computing Application of Fundamental Frequency Extraction for Ocean Currents and Waves." Sensors 24, no. 5 (2024): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24051358.

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This paper describes the design and optimization of a smart algorithm based on artificial intelligence to increase the accuracy of an ocean water current meter. The main purpose of water current meters is to obtain the fundamental frequency of the ocean waves and currents. The limiting factor in those underwater applications is power consumption and that is the reason to use only ultra-low power microcontrollers. On the other hand, nowadays extraction algorithms assume that the processed signal is defined in a fixed bandwidth. In our approach, belonging to the edge computing research area, we

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Sundaresan, Siddarth G., Charles Sturdevant, H. Issa, Madhuri Marripelly, Eric Lieser, and R. Singh. "Hybrid Si-IGBT/SiC Rectifier Co-Packs and SiC JBS Rectifiers Offering Superior Surge Current Capability and Reduced Power Losses." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.945.

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Novel device design and process innovations made at GeneSiC on SiC JBS rectifiers result in a significant increase in surge current capability with a 33% decrease in power dissipation at 10x rated current. On the 1200 V-class rectifiers, a clear signature of avalanche-limited breakdown with ultra-low leakage currents is observed at temperatures as high as 240 °C. Almost temperature independent Schottky barrier heights of 1.2 eV and ideality factors 2K2 (for 4H-SiC) is directly extracted from the forward I-V characteristics. When compared with an off-the-shelf all-Si IGBT power co-pack, GeneSiC

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Eller, Anthony, and Kevin D. Heaney. "A comparison of tidal components across multiple sites using ultra-low frequency ocean acoustic measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (2024): A183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027248.

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Recent long-term analysis of the hydrophone measurements taken in the deep sea reveals indications of multiple tidal components. Tidal harmonics corresponding to solar and lunar diurnal and semi-diurnal tide components were determined by analyzing the Cepstrum (variance of a spectral power) of the year or more long time series (0.5 Hz) of mid-water column measurements taken by the United Nations Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Postulations for the origin of this signal include rolling rocks, ocean turbulence, a change in the surface

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Malikov, Vladimir N., Alexey Ishkov, and Leonid Nikonov. "Application of an Ultra-Compact Eddy-Current Transducer for Investigation of Defects in Welded Joints of High-Strength Steel." Materials Science Forum 1037 (July 6, 2021): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1037.400.

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This article discusses the results of work on the creation of a flaw detection unit, which is focused on the study of high-strength steels. Welded joints of transformer tanks, which are made of steel grade 08G2B, were selected as the object of research. We chose this grade because of the ultra-low carbon content of this material. This opens up opportunities for the application of eddy current nondestructive testing methods. For practical measurements, a scanning device was designed and optimized. It includes a converter that uses the principles of eddy currents and includes three coils assembl

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Nagulapalli, R., K. Hayatleh, Steve Barker, Sumathi Raparthy, Nabil Yassine, and John Lidgey. "A 0.6 V MOS-Only Voltage Reference for Biomedical Applications with 40 ppm/∘C Temperature Drift." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 08 (2018): 1850128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501281.

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This paper exploits the CMOS beta multiplier circuit to synthesize a temperature-independent voltage reference suitable for low voltage and ultra-low power biomedical applications. The technique presented here uses only MOS transistors to generate Proportional To Absolute Temperature (PTAT) and Complimentary To Absolute Temperature (CTAT) currents. A self-biasing technique has been used to minimize the temperature and power supply dependency. A prototype in 65[Formula: see text]nm CMOS has been developed and occupies 0.0039[Formula: see text]mm2, and at room temperature, it generates a 204[For

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Giuliano, Lucia, Fabio Bosco, Martina Carillo, et al. "RF Design and Measurements of a C-Band Prototype Structure for an Ultra-High Dose-Rate Medical Linac." Instruments 7, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7010010.

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In this paper, we illustrate the RF design and measurements of a C-band prototype structure for an Ultra High Dose Rate medical linac. (1) Background: FLASH Radiotherapy (RT) is a revolutionary new technique for cancer cure. It releases ultra-high radiation dose rates (above 100 Gy/s) in microsecond short pulses. In order to obtain a high dose in a very short time, accelerators with high-intensity currents (the order of 100 mA peak currents) have to be developed. In this contest, Sapienza University, in collaboration with SIT-Sordina IORT Technology spa, is developing a new C-band linac to ach

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Dang, Rui, Liqiu Ma, Shengguo Zhou, Deng Pan, and Bin Xia. "Achieving Good Protection on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polythene by In Situ Growth of Amorphous Carbon Film." Coatings 11, no. 5 (2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050584.

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Ultra-high molecular weight polythene (UHMWPE), with outstanding characteristics, is widely applied in modern industry, while it is also severely limited by its inherent shortcomings, which include low hardness, poor wear resistance, and easy wear. Implementation of feasible protection on ultra-high molecular weight polythene to overcome its shortcomings would be of significance. In the present study, amorphous carbon (a-C) film was fabricated on ultra-high molecular weight polythene (UHMWPE) to provide good protection, and the relevant growth mechanism of a-C film was revealed by controlling

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Winter, A., A. Aitkenhead, N. Allinson, et al. "OPTIma: a tracking solution for proton computed tomography in high proton flux environments." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 04 (2023): P04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04026.

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Abstract Currently there is a large discrepancy between the currents that are used for treatments in proton beam therapy facilities and the ultra low beam currents required for many proton CT imaging systems. Here we provide details of the OPTIma silicon strip based tracking system, which has been designed for performing proton CT imaging in conditions closer to the high proton flux environments of modern spot scanning treatment facilities. Details on the physical design, sensor testing, modelling, and track reconstruction are provided along with Monte-Carlo simulation studies of the expected

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Grimalsky, Vladimir, Anatolyi Kotsarenko, Vsevolod Yutsis, Sergey Pulinets, and Abraham Del Razo Gonzalez. "New Insights into the Simulations of Electric Currents for Discharges and ULF Magnetic-Field Perturbations: Applications to the Popocatepetl Volcano and a Micro-Discharge Model." Remote Sensing 16, no. 1 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16010151.

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The noise-like behavior of geomagnetic anomalies observed in Tlamacas station (the Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico), linked to the ionization produced by intensive radon release, is presented in the experimental part of the study. The magnetic-field perturbations produced by electrical currents due to micro-discharges on the terrain irregularities are considered in a theoretical model. The simulations demonstrated that the discharge mechanism can generate perturbations with magnitudes of up to 1–10 nT in the ultra-low frequency (ULF)) range of 10−3–10−1 Hz. ULF Magnetic-field perturbations can be

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Montiel-Caminos, Juan, Nieves G. Hernandez-Gonzalez, Javier Sosa, and Juan A. Montiel-Nelson. "Integer Arithmetic Algorithm for Fundamental Frequency Identification of Oceanic Currents." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146549.

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Underwater sensor networks play a crucial role in collecting valuable data to monitor offshore aquaculture infrastructures. The number of deployed devices not only impacts the bandwidth for a highly constrained communication environment, but also the cost of the sensor network. On the other hand, industrial and literature current meters work as raw data loggers, and most of the calculations to determine the fundamental frequencies are performed offline on a desktop computer or in the cloud. Belonging to the edge computing research area, this paper presents an algorithm to extract the fundament

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