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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultramafic soils'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

van der Ent, Antony, Tanguy Jaffré, Laurent L'Huillier, Neil Gibson, and Roger D. Reeves. "The flora of ultramafic soils in the Australia–Pacific Region: state of knowledge and research priorities." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15038.

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In the Australia–Pacific Region ultramafic outcrops are both widespread and extensive, covering thousands of km2. Soils derived from ultramafic bedrock impose edaphic challenges and are widely known to host highly distinctive floras with high levels of endemism. In the Australia–Pacific Region, the ultramafics of the island of New Caledonia are famed for harbouring 2150 species of vascular plants of which 83% are endemic. Although the ultramafic outcrops in Western Australia are also extensive and harbour 1355 taxa, only 14 species are known to be endemic or have distributions centred on ultramafics. The ultramafic outcrops in New Zealand and Tasmania are small and relatively species-poor. The ultramafic outcrops in Queensland are much larger and host 553 species of which 18 (or possibly 21) species are endemic. Although New Caledonia has a high concentration of Ni hyperaccumulator species (65), only one species from Western Australia and two species from Queensland have so far been found. No Ni hyperaccumulator species are known from Tasmania and New Zealand. Habitat destruction due to forest clearing, uncontrolled fires and nickel mining in New Caledonia impacts on the plant species restricted to ultramafic soils there. In comparison with the nearby floras of New Guinea and South-east Asia, the flora of the Australia–Pacific Region is relatively well studied through the collection of a large number of herbarium specimens. However, there is a need for studies on the evolution of plant lineages on ultramafic soils especially regarding their distinctive morphological characteristics and in relation to hyperaccumulation.
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2

Aiba, Shin-ichiro, Yoshimi Sawada, Masaaki Takyu, Tatsuyuki Seino, Kanehiro Kitayama, and Rimi Repin. "Structure, floristics and diversity of tropical montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu (Borneo) compared with those on non-ultramafic soils." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14238.

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We describe here the structure, floristics and diversity of tropical montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, and compared them with those on non-ultramafic soils. We used 14 sample plots from 1580 to 3080 m elevation, six on ultramafic soils and eight on non-ultramafic soils, and identified all trees ≥4.8 cm diameter. The plot area ranged from 0.1 to 1 ha, the majority (nine plots) being 0.25 ha. Forests on ultramafic soils showed more stunted structure, especially at higher altitudes, than those on non-ultramafic soils and on ridges than on slopes. Species of Coniferae (Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) and Myrtaceae strongly dominated on ultramafic soils occupying 61–96% of basal area in each plot, compared with 22–63% on non-ultramafic soils. Among 287 species found in the 14 plots, only nine species (including four species endemic to Mount Kinabalu) were strictly restricted to ultramafic soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that elevational change in species composition was accelerated on ultramafic soils and on ridges. Tree species diversity was generally lower on ultramafic soils than on non-ultramafic soils at the comparative altitudes. Multiple regression analysis suggested that soil nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) could be the cause of vegetation differentiation between ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils, although the data on soil metals are lacking. Comparison of our results with those from other mountains with ultramafic soils in South-east Asia demonstrated the uniqueness of the montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu.
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Marescotti, Pietro, Paola Comodi, Laura Crispini, Lara Gigli, Azzurra Zucchini, and Silvia Fornasaro. "Potentially Toxic Elements in Ultramafic Soils: A Study from Metamorphic Ophiolites of the Voltri Massif (Western Alps, Italy)." Minerals 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9080502.

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Ultramafic soils are characterized by severe edaphic conditions induced by a low content of essential nutrients, an adverse Ca/Mg ratio, a low water-holding capacity, and high contents of geogenic potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in particular Cr, Ni, and Co. These metals commonly exceed the content limits set by environmental agencies and governments, representing serious environmental risks for ecosystems and human health. In alpine environments, ultramafic soils are characterized by modest thickness and poor horizon differentiation. Several studies on ultramafic soils have shown that their properties may be directly related to the characteristics of the parent rocks, but most of these studies deal with soil chemistry, metal availability, isotopic composition, and pedological characterization. The aim of this research is to investigate how much the geotectonic characteristics of ultramafic bedrocks, such as the degree of serpentinization, metamorphic imprint, and deformation, may affect the mineralogical and chemical variations of ultramafic soils, including the occurrence and potential mobility of the PTEs. Using a multiscale and multi-analytical approach, we fully characterize the properties and mineralogical composition of soil profiles with different ultramafic parent rocks, i.e., partially serpentinized peridotite, massive serpentinites, and foliated serpentinites, sampled within the Voltri Massif High Pressure–Low Temperature (HP–LT) metaophiolite (Western Alps, Italy). Our results, related to soils located at comparable latitude, altitude, landscape position, and pedological environment, outline that the degree of serpentinization, the metamorphic imprint, and the deformation history of the ultramafic parent rocks are key factors influencing soil evolution, mineralogy, and chemistry, as well as PTEs distribution and mobility. Moreover, this study shows that the high content of Cr, Ni, and Co in the studied ultramafic soils has to be considered of geogenic origin and highlights the need for new approaches and methods to obtain indications on the potential contamination of natural or anthropogenic soils.
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4

Trethowan, Liam A., Benjamin Blonder, Endang Kintamani, Deden Girmansyah, Timothy M. A. Utteridge, and Francis Q. Brearley. "Metal‐rich soils increase tropical tree stoichiometric distinctiveness." Plant and Soil 461, no. 1-2 (January 31, 2021): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04839-7.

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Abstract Background and aims Ultramafic soils have high metal concentrations, offering a key opportunity to understand if such metals are strong predictors of leaf stoichiometry. This is particularly relevant for tropical forests where large knowledge gaps exist. Methods On the tropical island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, we sampled forests on sand, limestone, mafic and ultramafic soils that present a range of soil metal concentrations. We asked how variation in 12 soil elements (metals and macronutrients) influenced leaf stoichiometry and whether stoichiometric distinctiveness (the average difference between a species and all others in a multivariate space, the axes of which are the concentrations of each leaf element) is influenced by increasing soil metal concentrations. Results Positive correlations between corresponding elements in soils and leaves were only found for Ca and P. Noticeably, soil Cr had a negative effect upon leaf P. Whilst most species had low stoichiometric distinctiveness, some species had greater distinctiveness on stressful metal-rich ultramafic soils, generally caused by the accumulation of Al, Co, Cr or Ni. Conclusions Our observation of increased stoichiometric distinctiveness in tropical forests on ultramafic soils indicates greater niche differentiation, and contrasts with the assumption that stressful environments remove species with extreme phenotypes.
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5

Reeves, Roger D., W. Scott Laidlaw, Augustine Doronila, Alan J. M. Baker, and (the late) George N. Batianoff. "Erratic hyperaccumulation of nickel, with particular reference to the Queensland serpentine endemic Pimelea leptospermoides." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14195.

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Many hyperaccumulators of nickel (Ni) are endemic to ultramafic soils and always show very high Ni concentrations. Others occur on a variety of substrates but accumulate high Ni from the ultramafic ones. Pimelea leptospermoides is unusual in being an ultramafic endemic that shows a very wide range of Ni concentrations. The present work sought to establish the factors governing the wide variation in Ni uptake by P. leptospermoides, and aimed to investigate the likelihood of this variation originating from plant differences or soil differences. Multiple paired plant and soil samples were taken over the geographic range of occurrence of P. leptospermoides. Plant and soil metal concentrations and soil pH were measured. No evidence was found to suggest that the plants belong to populations with inherent ‘high-Ni’ and ‘low-Ni’ accumulation capability. Instead, the soil pH (covering a range from 6.0 to 8.3) and the total soil Ni concentrations of the ultramafic soils were found to be the major influences on the level of Ni accumulation. The wide variation observed in Ni accumulation by P. leptospermoides from ultramafic soils can be explained by a combination of variations in soil pH and total soil Ni concentrations.
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6

van der Ent, Antony, Guillaume Echevarria, Philip Nti Nkrumah, and Peter D. Erskine. "Frequency distribution of foliar nickel is bimodal in the ultramafic flora of Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Malaysia)." Annals of Botany 126, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa119.

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Abstract Background and Aims The aim of this study was to test the frequency distributions of foliar elements from a large dataset from Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Malaysia) for departure from unimodality, indicative of a distinct ecophysiological response associated with hyperaccumulation. Methods We collected foliar samples (n = 1533) comprising 90 families, 198 genera and 495 plant species from ultramafic soils, further foliar samples (n = 177) comprising 45 families, 80 genera and 120 species from non-ultramafic soils and corresponding soil samples (n = 393 from ultramafic soils and n = 66 from non-ultramafic soils) from Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Malaysia). The data were geographically (Kinabalu Park) and edaphically (ultramafic soils) constrained. The inclusion of a relatively high proportion (approx. 14 %) of samples from hyperaccumulator species [with foliar concentrations of aluminium and nickel (Ni) >1000 μg g–1, cobalt, copper, chromium and zinc >300 μg g–1 or manganese (Mn) >10 mg g–1] allowed for hypothesis testing. Key Results Frequency distribution graphs for most elements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P)] were unimodal, although some were skewed left (Mg and Mn). The Ni frequency distribution was bimodal and the separation point for the two modes was between 250 and 850 μg g–1. Conclusions Accounting for statistical probability, the established empirical threshold value (>1000 μg g–1) remains appropriate. The two discrete modes for Ni indicate ecophysiologically distinct behaviour in plants growing in similar soils. This response is in contrast to Mn, which forms the tail of a continuous (approximately log-normal) distribution, suggestive of an extension of normal physiological processes.
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7

Jones, David T., Homathevi Rahman, David E. Bignell, and Anggoro H. Prasetyo. "Forests on ultramafic-derived soils in Borneo have very depauperate termite assemblages." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 1 (December 8, 2009): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990356.

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Abstract:Previous studies in Sundaland (Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Peninsular Malaysia) have shown that termite assemblages in natural forests have a characteristic structure. These typical forest assemblages contain many soil-feeding species. However, this study investigated four natural forest sites in Borneo with depauperate termite assemblages, and compared their soils with soils from four other sites that have typical termite assemblages. In contrast to the typical assemblages, the four depauperate assemblages all have low species density (<35%), low relative abundance (<30%), a virtual absence of soil-feeders, significantly fewer wood-feeders, and a near-absence of species of Rhinotermitidae, Amitermes-group, Termes-group, Pericapritermes-group and Oriensubulitermes-group. The depauperate sites are on ultramafic-derived soils and have significantly higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper and zinc compared with the non-ultramafic soils at sites with typical assemblages. In addition, soil pH at the depauperate sites is significantly higher (>pH 5.4) compared with soils at the typical sites (which are all below pH 4.7). Possible mechanisms to explain the depauperate termite assemblages on ultramafic soils include metal toxicity, high pH disrupting gut physiology, and microbial interactions with metals.
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8

Bulmer, C. E., and L. M. Lavkulich. "Pedogenic and geochemical processes of ultramafic soils along a climatic gradient in southwestern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-024.

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This paper presents information on pedogenic processes, weathering status and geochemical evolution of ultramafic soils at three areas in southwestern British Columbia characterized by climatic conditions ranging from relatively wet–cool to relatively dry–cool. The soils of the Coquihalla serpentine belt have Podzolic profiles that resulted from intense weathering in a moist environment. The Tulameen area has a moderately dry climate, and Brunisolic soils have developed in serpentinized peridotite and dunite. Brunisolic soils with composite profiles of tephra overlying serpenite developed in a dry environment at the Shulaps area. We investigated the weathering status of five soils using a variety of chemical and mineralogical techniques. Chlorite and mica weathering was indicated by XRD analysis of clay fractions for the Podzolic soils at the Coquihalla area. Serpentine dissolution was also indicated by geochemical analysis of these upland soil profiles. Weathering and leaching depleted Mg from B horizons relative to parent materials. Chromium accumulated in B horizons of the soils, and was associated with high levels of Fed. The distribution of total and extractable Ni and Co indicated that these elements were transported to the C horizons in all but the driest environments. Redistribution of Mn also occurred, but to a lesser extent. The distribution patterns of Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni were useful indicators during the early stages of ultramafic pedogenesis. Key words: Serpentine, ultramafic rocks, mineralogy, soil processes, trace minerals
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9

Woodell, S. R. J., A. J. M. Baker, J. Proctor, and R. D. Reeves. "The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils." Journal of Ecology 82, no. 2 (June 1994): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261312.

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10

Read, Jennifer, John M. Ferris, and Tanguy Jaffré. "Foliar mineral content of Nothofagus species on ultramafic soils in New Caledonia and non-ultramafic soils in Papua New Guinea." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 5 (2002): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01091.

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Nothofagus species dominate the upper canopy of some New Caledonian rainforests on ultramafic soils. The characteristics of Nothofagus that facilitate its dominance of these forests are uncertain, but may include a superior capacity to resist the severe soil conditions. In this study, we compared foliar concentrations of macronutrients and heavy metals of Nothofagus species from ultramafic soils in New Caledonia with those from non-ultramafic soils in New Guinea. The concentrations of N and P were significantly lower (4–5-fold difference) and Fe, Cr and Ni significantly higher (140–600-fold difference) in the New Caledonian soils than in the New Guinean soils. The magnitude of difference between the two regions in mean foliar mineral concentrations was considerably less. Analysis of the full leaf data set indicated significant differences between the five New Caledonian and five New Guinea species only in P (c. 2.5-fold higher in New Guinean species) and Cr (c. 6-fold higher in New Caledonian species). The absence of significant differences between regions for most foliar elements is associated with leaf : soil ratios (foliar concentration : soil concentration) that show negative correlations with soil mineral-element concentrations. The highest leaf : soil ratios were recorded in New Caledonian species in K and Ca : Mg. The lowest ratios were recorded in the New Caledonian species in Cr, Ni and Fe. There is no evidence of accumulation of heavy metals in the New Caledonian species, with foliar concentrations similar to those of other New Caledonian species growing on non-ultramafic soils. Instead, the limited evidence suggests they are 'excluders'. In general, the New Caledonian Nothofagus species appear to have relatively low foliar concentrations of macronutrients compared with other New Caledonian rainforest species, suggesting that canopy dominance may be in part due to high nutrient efficiency in terms of growth rate per unit nutrient uptake.
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11

Quintela-Sabarís, Celestino, Michel-Pierre Faucon, Rimi Repin, John B. Sugau, Reuben Nilus, Guillaume Echevarria, and Sophie Leguédois. "Plant Functional Traits on Tropical Ultramafic Habitats Affected by Fire and Mining: Insights for Reclamation." Diversity 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060248.

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Biodiversity-rich tropical ultramafic areas are currently being impacted by land clearing and particularly by mine activities. The reclamation of ultramafic degraded areas requires a knowledge of pioneer plant species. The objective of this study is to highlight the functional traits of plants that colonize ultramafic areas after disturbance by fire or mining activities. This information will allow trait-assisted selection of candidate species for reclamation. Fifteen plots were established on ultramafic soils in Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia) disturbed by recurrent fires (FIRE plots) or by soil excavation and quarrying (MINE plots). In each plot, soil samples were collected and plant cover as well as species abundances were estimated. Fifteen functional traits related to revegetation, nutrient improvement, or Ni phytomining were measured in sampled plants. Vegetation of both FIRE and MINE plots was dominated by perennials with lateral spreading capacity (mainly by rhizomes). Plant communities displayed a conservative growth strategy, which is an adaptation to low nutrient availability on ultramafic soils. Plant height was higher in FIRE than in MINE plots, whereas the number of stems per plant was higher in MINE plots. Perennial plants with lateral spreading capacity and a conservative growth strategy would be the first choice for the reclamation of ultramafic degraded areas. Additional notes for increasing nutrient cycling, managing competition, and implementing of Ni-phytomining are also provided.
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GOTTSCHLICH, GÜNTER, and FEDERICO SELVI. "Hieracium moravense (Asteraceae), a new hawkweed from Albania." Phytotaxa 592, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.592.1.7.

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13

Alexander, E. B. "Baja California Soils with Ultramafic Parent Materials." Soil Horizons 48, no. 3 (2007): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh2007.3.0067.

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14

El Ghalabzouri, A., R. Ajbilou, M. G. Mariotti, K. Targuisti, and M. Ater. "Vegetation of Beni Bousera (northern Morocco) ultramafic soils and adjacent non-ultramafic soils in relation to edaphic factors." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14320.

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Vegetation and soil sampling were undertaken in 47 relevés in two different sites in Beni Bousera (northern Morocco), 32 relevés were on ultramafic sites (peridotite) and 15 were on adjacent non-ultramafic soils (mica-schist). Soil composition of exchangeable elements (nickel, calcium, magnesium, calcium : magnesium ratio, iron, copper) and physicochemical characteristics (e.g. pH, cation exchange capacity, conductivity, carbonate) were investigated and the species composition and cover were recorded. Although there was a significant difference between the two types of soil shown by Student’s t-test and principal component analysis, the ‘serpentine factor’ can be considered moderate on the basis of the observed heavy metal concentrations and of the related calcium : magnesium ratio. Correspondence and canonical analysis were used to detect the principal factors associated with gradients in species composition. This analysis showed a clear differentiation of vegetation among the plant communities. Preferential or strict serpentinophyte species were recognised, whereas no hyperaccumulator species have yet been found.
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Romero-Freire, Ana, José Olmedo-Cobo, and José Gómez-Zotano. "Elemental Concentration in Serpentinitic Soils over Ultramafic Bedrock in Sierra Bermeja (Southern Spain)." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100447.

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Although the presence of potentially toxic metals in soils is normally associated with human soil pollution, these elements also appear naturally in environments in which the lithological base contains ultramafic rocks such as peridotites. Serpentinitic soils tend to develop on substrates of this kind, often containing metals with few or no known biological functions, which in some cases are toxic for most plants. This study assessed the level of potentially toxic metals and other elements in an endorheic basin discovered in Sierra Bermeja (Southern Spain), one of the largest peridotite outcrops on Earth. In this location—of particular interest given that basins of this kind are very rare on peridotites—six geomorphoedaphic sub-units on three different substrates were identified. The distribution of microelements in these sub-units was analyzed, and stratified random sampling was performed to identify the major ions with essential functions for living organisms and the potentially toxic metals. The lowest values for macronutrients appeared in the soils formed on ultramafic materials. When analyzing the load of potentially toxic metals, no significant differences were detected between the soils formed on serpentinite and peridotite substrates, although different values were obtained in the soils formed over acidic rocks.
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Amir, Hamid, and René Pineau. "Relationships between extractable Ni, Co, and other metals and some microbiological characteristics of different ultramafic soils from New Caledonia." Soil Research 41, no. 2 (2003): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02040.

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New Caledonian ultramafic soils have relatively high metal content, which normally induces toxicity in plants and microflora. The relationships between extractable metal concentrations, especially Ni and Co, and different microbiological factors were analysed by statistical methods. For this purpose, some physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of 40 ultramafic soil samples were estimated: organic carbon, pH, extractable metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Mg), microbial density, total microbial activity and percentage of microorganisms tolerant to Ni. Total, partial, and multiple correlation analyses are reported. The release of metals (measured by their extractablity) into these soils appeared to be related to microbial activity; the link with pH was not clear. A laboratory experiment confirmed the role of the microflora in the release of Ni and Co, which were not previously known to be released by microbial processes in soil. The percentage of microorganisms tolerant to Ni was highly correlated to the extractable concentration of this metal in the soils.
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Boneschans, R. B., M. S. Coetzee, and S. J. Siebert. "A geobotanical investigation of the Koedoesfontein Complex, Vredefort Dome, South Africa." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14267.

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The Vredefort Dome (impact structure) in South-Africa hosts several unique peralkaline to ultramafic intrusive bodies that were emplaced into its core and collar. Because of the broad difference in mineral composition, between the intrusions as well as the abundant siliciclastic country rocks, abrupt transitions in soil chemical characteristics are produced that can ultimately affect the floristic and physiognomic characteristics of the associated vegetation in the dome. Despite various efforts to study the ultramafic-adapted vegetation of southern Africa, little is known about the effect these particular intrusions have on the soil and floristical components of the dome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the geobotany of one of the ultramafic-peralkaline complexes in the dome, namely the Koedoesfontein Complex. The complex hosts several different intrusions that collectively form a mineralogical gradient ranging from mafic- to felsic-dominant silicates. Three primary components (geology, soil and woody vegetation) were sampled along this gradient and analysed to determine the effect of these intrusions on the residual soil chemistry, and the floristics and physiognomy of the supported vegetation type. Weathering of the peralkaline to ultramafic lithologies greatly affected the soil’s chemical properties and related species composition and physiognomy. Major chemical variation in the soil, including the total chromium and nickel content, is correlated with the difference in abundance of sodium-, calcium-, iron- and magnesium-rich silicate minerals. Significant variations in woody species composition (particularly across Senegalia and Vachellia genera) have been established between soils originating from ultramafic–mafic, intermediate and felsic rock types and can be utilised as indicators for different geological substrates within the dome.
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Alves, Ana R. A., Eduardo F. Silva, and Luís A. B. Novo. "Morais Ultramafic Complex: A Survey towards Nickel Phytomining." Resources 8, no. 3 (August 11, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8030144.

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Ultramafic areas are critical for nickel (Ni) phytomining due to the high concentration of this element in their soils and the number of hyperaccumulators they harbor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of the Morais massif, an ultramafic area in Portugal, for phytomining using the hyperaccumulator species Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum. Soil samples and A. serpyllifolium specimens were collected in four locations of the Morais massif. After determination of Ni concentrations in the samples, the results show that soil pseudo-total Ni concentrations in sites number 1 and 2 are significantly higher than in the soil samples collected in the other two locations, with 1918 and 2092 mg kg−1, respectively. Nickel accumulation is significantly greater in the aerial parts of plants collected at sites 1, 2, and 4, presenting Ni harvestable amount means of 88.36, 93.80, and 95.56 mg per plant, respectively. These results suggest that the sites with highest potential for phytomining are sites 1, 2, and 4. A nickel agromining system in these locations could represent an additional source of income to local farmers, since ultramafic soils have low productivity for agriculture and crop production.
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Quintela-Sabarís, Celestino, Petra S. Kidd, and María Isabel Fraga. "Identification of Metalliferous Ecotypes of Cistus ladanifer L. using RAPD Markers." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2005): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-408.

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Abstract The genetic diversity of Cistus ladanifer ssp. ladanifer (Cistaceae) growing on ultramafic and non-ultramafic (basic and schists) soils in the NE of Portugal was studied in order to identify molecular markers that could distinguish the metal-tolerant ecotypes of this species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used in order to estimate genetic variation and differences between populations. The RAPD dataset was analysed by means of a cluster analysis and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Our results indicate a significant partitioning of molecular variance between ultramafic and non-ultramafic populations of Cistus ladanifer, although the highest percentage of this variance was found at the intra-population level. Mantel’s test showed no relationship between inter-population genetic and geographic distances. A series of RAPD bands that could be related to heavy metal tolerance were observed. The identification of such markers will enable the use of Cistus ladanifer in phytoremediation procedures.
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20

Chiarucci, Alessandro. "Vegetation Ecology and Conservation on Tuscan Ultramafic Soils." Botanical Review 69, no. 3 (July 2003): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0252:veacot]2.0.co;2.

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Jourand, Philippe, Marc Ducousso, Clarisse Loulergue-Majorel, Laure Hannibal, Sylvain Santoni, Yves Prin, and Michel Lebrun. "Ultramafic soils from New Caledonia structurePisolithus albusin ecotype." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 72, no. 2 (May 2010): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00843.x.

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22

Becquer, T., C. Quantin, M. Sicot, and J. P. Boudot. "Chromium availability in ultramafic soils from New Caledonia." Science of The Total Environment 301, no. 1-3 (January 2003): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00298-x.

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Maleri, R., S. A. Reinecke, J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, and A. J. Reinecke. "Growth and Reproduction of Earthworms in Ultramafic Soils." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52, no. 3 (March 9, 2007): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0132-6.

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Amir, Hamid, and René Pineau. "Release of Ni and Co by microbial activity in New Caledonian ultramafic soils." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 4 (March 1, 2003): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-039.

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A high positive correlation was found between extractable Ni and Co contents and microbial activity of 40 ultramafic soil samples from New Caledonia, suggesting a possible role of microorganisms in the release of these two metals. A saprolite (ultramafic subsoil) and a hypermagnesian brown soil were incubated 9 months in different conditions. Ni and Co release, measured by their extractability, occurred without reduction of soil pH but did not occur when the native microflora was eliminated by heat treatment. However, when autoclaved soil was re-inoculated with a pinch of the same nonheated soil, the release of metals was recorded. The concentrations of extractable Ni and Co were much higher in soils amended with organic compounds in which microbial activity was enhanced, but only if the soil was not heat treated. The presence of Grevillea exul, a metal-tolerant plant, stimulated the metal release process, but the stimulation was less effective than it was in the compost-amended soil without plant. The influence of the plant in extractable Ni and Co contents in this amended soil was not significant. The release of the two metals therefore seemed to be induced by the activity of specialized organotrophic microorganisms.Key words: Co, Ni, metal release, microbial activity, ultramafic soils.
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Amir, H., and R. Pineau. "Influence of plants and cropping on microbiological characteristics of some New Caledonian ultramafic soils." Soil Research 36, no. 3 (1998): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97063.

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Five New Caledonian ultramafic soils were compared for their bacterial and fungal population densities and for their microbial activity estimated by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis. The low microbial numbers and activities were related to the organic matter content and to metallic toxicity. Actinomycetes were found to be dominant among bacterial populations. The effect of soil colonisation by plants on the microflora was studied and appeared to be very favourable. The rhizosphere effect of 2 plant species (Grevillea gillivrayi and Costularia comosa) was estimated. The influence of cropping on the development of microflora in one soil was also investigated and a qualitative study of the fungal populations and their variation in relation to the cropping was reported. The fungal flora was dominated by Moniliaceae, and Tuberculariaceaeand Dematiaceae were absent in natural ultramafic soils. Cropping enhanced the diversity of these fungal populations.
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CUNHA, MARIA DO CARMO LIMA E., JORGE ERNESTO DE ARAUJO MARIATH, EGYDIO MENEGOTTO, and MILTON LUIZ LAQUINTINIE FORMOSO. "Diagnose de Microbiólitos Metálicos em Espécies Vegetais Endêmicas em Solos de Rochas Ultramáficas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura." Pesquisas em Geociências 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19563.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate by SEM the presence of crystalline forms of noble metals in dehydrated tissues of Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae), Scoparia montevidensis (Scrophulariaceae) and Adiantopsis cf. chlorophylla (Pteridaceae), a endemic vegetation on ultramafic soils from Pedras Pretas, São Sepé, southermost Brazil. Chemical composition of rocks, soils and ash plants were also determined by ICP-MS. The rocks and soils from Pedras Pretas show the expected geochemical pattern of ultramafic ones. Despite the low concentrations of some trace elements and noble metals in ash plants, the BSE images obtained by electron microprobe reveal the presence of semicrystals of Au, Pt, and Ag, besides Ni, Cr, Fe and Ca in xilem parenchyma cells from the species concerned. These preliminary data show the necessity of combination of mineralogical with biogeochemical and physiological investigations in order to demonstrate the importance of these plants in forming biominerals. Moreover, studies about metallic concentrations in plant tissues can contribute to the comprehension of detoxication mechanisms of plants that can be applied for phytoremediation purposes.
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Bourles, Alexandre, Linda Guentas, Eleftherios Chalkiadakis, Clarisse Majorel, Farid Juillot, Yvon Cavaloc, Valérie Burtet-Sarramegna, Valérie Medevielle, Philippe Jourand, and Hamid Amir. "New Caledonian ultramafic conditions structure the features of Curtobacterium citreum strains that play a role in plant adaptation." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 12 (December 2019): 880–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0283.

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The present study focused on the characterization of 10 Curtobacterium citreum strains isolated from the rhizosphere of pioneer plants growing on ultramafic soils from New Caledonia. Taxonomic status was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Three strains (BE, BB, and AM) were selected in terms of multiple-metal resistance and plant-growth-promoting traits. They were tested on sorghum growing on ultramafic soil and compared with the reference strain C. citreum DSM20528T. To better understand the bacterial mechanisms involved, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biofilm formation were investigated for the representative strain of the ultramafic cluster (strain BE) versus C. citreum DSM20528T. The polyphasic approach confirmed that all native isolates belong to the same cluster and are C. citreum. The inoculation of sorghum with strains BE and BB significantly reduced Ni content in shoots compared with inoculation with C. citreum DSM20528T and control values. This result was related to the higher Ni tolerance of the ultramafic strains compared with C. citreum DSM20528T. Ni biosorption and bioaccumulation showed that BE exhibited a lower Ni content, which is explained by the ability of this strain to produce exopolysaccharides involved in Ni chelation. We suggested that ultramafic C. citreum strains are more adapted to this substrate than is C. citreum DSM20528T, and their features allow them to enhance plant metal tolerance.
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Lagrange, Alexandre, Marc Ducousso, Philippe Jourand, Clarisse Majorel, and Hamid Amir. "New insights into the mycorrhizal status of Cyperaceae from ultramafic soils in New Caledonia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 1 (January 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-096.

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In New Caledonia, a hot spot of biodiversity, plants from the Cyperaceae family are mostly endemic and considered pioneers of the nickel-rich natural serpentine ecosystem. The aim of the study was to highlight the mycorrhizal status of these Cyperaceae and to bring new insights into the role of this symbiosis in plant tolerance to ultramafic soils. Nine Cyperaceae species were studied and presented evidence of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), with frequencies ranging from 8% to 57%. The highest level of AM colonization was observed in plants from the endemic dominant genus Costularia . Molecular evidence demonstrated the presence of Glomus sp. inside the roots. In a controlled greenhouse assay, AM inoculation of Costularia comosa grown under ultramafic conditions significantly enhanced plant growth, with an increase in biomass by up to 2.4-fold for shoots and 1.2-fold for roots, and also reduced nickel content in roots by 2.5-fold, as compared with the controls. All these data support our hypotheses (i) that a relationship exists between the mycorrhizal status of Cyperaceae and their habitat, and (ii) that AM have a positive role in plant tolerance to ultramafic soils (mineral nutrition and metal tolerance), suggesting the use of these pioneer plants with AM management as potential tools for nickel mine site rehabilitation in New Caledonia.
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Calalang, Guadalupe, Laurent Bock, Gilles Colinet, Vincent Hallet, and Peter Walpole. "Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Affecting the Development of Two Highland Agricultural Soils of Bukidnon, Philippines." Philippine Agricultural Scientist 106, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62550/jf130021.

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This research was conducted in two highland areas of Bukidnon, Philippines: Miarayon, a sub-catchment of the upper Cagayan de Oro River; and Bendum, a sub-catchment of the upper Pulangui River. Due to their pyroclastic parent rock materials, soils in the upper Cagayan de Oro are classified as Andic Cambisol in open and convex positions, and Andic Umbrisol in concave and depressed positions. Soils in the upper Pulangui are classified as Pisoplinthic Acrisol, Ferralic Nitisol, and Acric Nitisol in areas with ultramafic rock parent materials, and Haplic Cambisol with pyroclastic deposits. Element contents in rocks were congruent to the total soil element content analysis results except for the total calcium which was higher in Miarayon. This is attributed to the parent rocks and soil management. Total magnesium and iron were highlighted in upper Pulangui soils because of their ultramafic rock parent materials. Soil management practices and length of cultivation were identified as anthropogenic factors affecting soil development. The constant application of organic fertilizers from chicken manure had caused the build-up of organic carbon and calcium in the topsoil of Miarayon soils. The differences in total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium were highly significant, particularly in soil pH and total calcium between two sites in Miarayon. In Bendum, traces of phosphate fertilizers and lime application were evidenced by the relatively higher phosphorus and calcium content in topsoil. Tillage influenced the water conductivity in soils. Organic matter content increased the water-holding capacities of soil.
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Proctor, John, K. Bartlem, S. P. Carter, D. A. Dare, S. B. Jarvis, and D. R. Slingsby. "Vegetation and soils of the Meikle Kilrannoch ultramafic sites." Botanical Journal of Scotland 46, no. 1 (January 1991): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746600508684771.

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Alexander, Earl B. "Old Neogene summer-dry soils with ultramafic parent materials." Geoderma 159, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.06.006.

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Salinitro, Tassoni, Casolari, de Laurentiis, Zappi, and Melucci. "Heavy Metals Bioindication Potential of the Common Weeds Senecio vulgaris L., Polygonum aviculare L. and Poa annua L." Molecules 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152813.

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In recent years, heavy metals (HMs) levels in soil and vegetation have increased considerably due to traffic pollution. These pollutants can be taken up from the soil through the root system. The ability of plants to accumulate HMs into their tissues can therefore be used to monitor soil pollution. The aim of this study was to test the ruderal species Senecio vulgaris L., Polygonum aviculare L., and Poa annua L., as possible candidates for biomonitoring Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in multiple environments. The soils analyzed in this work came from three different environments (urban, woodland, and ultramafic), and therefore deeply differed for their metal content, texture, pH, and organic matter (OM) content. All urban soils were characterized by high OM content and presence of anthropogenic metals like Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu. Woodland soils were sandy and characterized by low metal content and low OM content, and ultramafic soils had high Ni and Cr content. This soil variability affected the bioindication properties of the three studied species, leading to the exclusion of most metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb) and one species (P. aviculare) due to the lack of linear relations between metal in soil and metal in plants. Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua, conversely, appeared to be good indicators of Ni in all the soils tested. A high linear correlation between total Ni in soil and Ni concentration in P. annua shoots (R2 = 0.78) was found and similar results were achieved for S. vulgaris (R2 = 0.88).
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Chen, Junhao, Khoon Meng Wong, Antony Van der Ent, and Hugh Tiang Wah Tan. "Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) from Kinabalu Park, Borneo." Phytotaxa 181, no. 3 (October 3, 2014): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.3.2.

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Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) from Kinabalu Park are described: T. abanii, T. beamanii, T. bullatus, T. kinabaluensis, T. leopoldii, T. ophioliticus, T. pannosus, T. stenolobus, and T. tambuyukonensis. Of the nine species, six are likely to be endemic to the Kinabalu massif, and four appear to occur exclusively on ultramafic soils.
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34

Hopewell, Tyler, Federico Selvi, Hans-Jürgen Ensikat, and Maximilian Weigend. "Trichome Biomineralization and Soil Chemistry in Brassicaceae from Mediterranean Ultramafic and Calcareous Soils." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020377.

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Trichome biomineralization is widespread in plants but detailed chemical patterns and a possible influence of soil chemistry are poorly known. We explored this issue by investigating trichome biomineralization in 36 species of Mediterranean Brassicaceae from ultramafic and calcareous soils. Our aims were to chemically characterize biomineralization of different taxa, including metallophytes, under natural conditions and to investigate whether divergent Ca, Mg, Si and P-levels in the soil are reflected in trichome biomineralization and whether the elevated heavy metal concentrations lead to their integration into the mineralized cell walls. Forty-two samples were collected in the wild while a total of 6 taxa were brought into cultivation and grown in ultramafic, calcareous and standard potting soils in order to investigate an effect of soil composition on biomineralization. The sampling included numerous known hyperaccumulators of Ni. EDX microanalysis showed CaCO3 to be the dominant biomineral, often associated with considerable proportions of Mg—independent of soil type and wild versus cultivated samples. Across 6 of the 9 genera studied, trichome tips were mineralized with calcium phosphate, in Bornmuellera emarginata the P to Ca-ratio was close to that of pure apatite-calcium phosphate (Ca5(PO4)3OH). A few samples also showed biomineralization with Si, either only at the trichome tips or all over the trichome. Additionally, we found traces of Mn co-localized with calcium phosphate in Bornmuellera emarginata and traces of Ni were detected in trichomes of the Ni-hyperaccumulator Odontarrhena chalcidica. Our data from wild and cultivated plants could not confirm any major effect of soil chemistry on the chemistry of trichome biominerals. Hyperaccumulation of Ni in the plants is not mirrored in high levels of Ni in the trichomes, nor do we find large amounts of Mn. A comparison based on plants from cultivation (normal, calcareous and serpentine soils, Mg:Ca-ratios ca 1:2 to 1:20) shows at best a very weak reflection of different Mg:Ca-ratios in the mineralized trichomes. The plants studied seem to be able to maintain highly conserved biomineralization patterns across a wide range of soil chemistries.
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35

Swenson, Ulf, and Jérôme Munzinger. "Revision of Pichonia (Sapotaceae) in New Caledonia." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 1 (2012): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb11027.

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Pichonia Pierre (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae) is a small genus of 10 species in Australasia, of which seven are endemic to New Caledonia. We revise the genus for New Caledonia and describe one new species (P. grandiflora), resurrect another (P. dubia) and make two new combinations because of nomenclatural priority (P. balansae, P. deplanchei). P. balansae has been known for decades as P. calomeris, a name that in fact has never been validly published. The members are mainly found in Grande Terre, the main island of New Caledonia, but two species extend to Belep Islands in the north and to Isle of Pines in the south of the archipelago. Most grow in maquis vegetation at low altitudes, on ultramafic soils, preferably serpentinite. The exceptions are P. balansana, confined to limestone areas, and P. dubia that is a large canopy tree of the humid forest on ultramafic soil. Pichonia is distinguished by a character combination of an areolate higher venation, staminodes, a single-seeded fruit, plano-convex cotyledons and absence of endosperm. Because of being restricted to ultramafic soils, they are subsequently sensitive to present and future mining activities in New Caledonia. Hence, preliminary IUCN Red List assessments for all members are provided. P. balansana, P. daenikeri and P. lecomtei are all naturally uncommon, do not occur in any protected area and are proposed the IUCN status of Vulnerable. The herein described species P. grandiflora is rare in nature, known only from the Boulinda–Paéoua–Kopéto Mountains, and is in urgent need of protection. It is therefore assigned a preliminary status of Endangered.
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36

Fernando, Edwino S., J. Peter Quakenbush, Edgardo P. Lillo, and Perry S. Ong. "Medinilla theresae (Melastomataceae), a new species from ultramafic soils in the Philippines." PhytoKeys 113 (December 11, 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.113.30027.

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A new species, Medinillatheresae Fernando, from ultramafic soils on Dinagat and Mindanao Islands, Philippines is described and illustrated. The species is characterized by its terrestrial erect habit, non-setose nodes, 3-plinerved, lanceolate and coriaceous leaves arranged in whorls, cauline or axillary and pendulous inflorescences, rounded flower buds, 4-merous flowers, and straight anthers. It is compared with other similar species in the Medinillapendula Merr. complex.
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37

Cooper, G. R. C. "Oxidation and toxicity of chromium in ultramafic soils in Zimbabwe." Applied Geochemistry 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(02)00014-8.

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38

Balkwill, K., G. J. Campbell-Young, L. Fish, J. Munday, M. L. Frean, and M. Stalmans. "A new species of Sartidia (Graminae), endemic to ultramafic soils." South African Journal of Botany 77, no. 3 (August 2011): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.12.003.

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39

Burgess, Jerry, Katalin Szlavecz, Nishanta Rajakaruna, and Christopher Swan. "Ecotypic differentiation of mid-Atlantic Quercus species in response to ultramafic soils." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 4 (2015): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14274.

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Spatial heterogeneity of soil conditions combined with intraspecific variation confer site-specific edaphic tolerance, resulting in local adaptation and speciation. To understand the geoecological processes controlling community assembly of woodland tree species on serpentine and mafic soils, we investigated resource gradients and provenance (geographic area of propagule collection) as variables affecting typical representative upland oak (Quercus) species distribution. Accordingly, we conducted a year-long reciprocal transplant experiment in the greenhouse with serpentine and mafic soils, using seedlings of five oak species (Quercus marilandica, Q. stellata, Q. montana, Q. michauxii and Q. alba). All seedlings, regardless of provenance or soil depth, displayed more robust growth in the mafic soils. Soil depth was an important determinant, with all species exhibiting increased growth in the deeper-soil treatments. Fitness surrogates such as stem height, relative growth rate, and leaves per plant were greater when seedlings were grown in their home soil than when they were grown in the non-resident soil, suggesting an ecotypic effect. Mean stomatal conductance and stem growth were positively correlated with soil depth in all treatments. Taken together, the study showed provenance-specific growth responses of oak seedlings to soil type and depth, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling species assembly in woodland communities.
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Markovic, Branislav, Dragana Randjelovic, Gvozden Jovanovic, Gordana Tomovic, Ksenija Jakovljevic, Tomica Misljenovic, and Miroslav Sokic. "Extraction of ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate by hydrometallurgical process from the hyperaccumulating plant Odontarrhena muralis – case study from Serbia." Chemical Industry 75, no. 5 (2021): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind210701027m.

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Phytomining is a new promising technique that is based on using hyperaccumulating plants which biomass is utilized as a bio-ore for metal extraction. The Ni-hyperaccumulating species Odontarrhena muralis is widely distributed on ultramafic soils in Serbia, and could be a promising candidate for Ni agromining. In the present study, efficiency of a hydrometallurgical process for Ni recovery using biomass of O. muralis wild population through the synthesis of Ni salts from plant ash in the form of ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate, Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 6H2O ? (ANSH) was assessed. The average Ni content in the plant from ultramafic sites in West Serbia was up to 3.300 g kg-1. The mass yield of ANSH crystals from the crude ash was ~12 % with the average purity of 73 % were obtained. By optimizing the purification process before precipitation of ANSH crystals, it is possible to obtain salt crystals of higher purity, which increases the economic profitability of this process. The results of this preliminary study on wild population of O. muralis show the increased potential for implementation of phytomining practices as an alternative way of Ni extraction on ultramafic sites in Serbia.
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van der Ent, Antony, Philip Nti Nkrumah, Mark Tibbett, and Guillaume Echevarria. "Evaluating soil extraction methods for chemical characterization of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia)." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 196 (January 2019): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.10.004.

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42

Gonin, Mathieu, Simon Gensous, Alexandre Lagrange, Marc Ducousso, Hamid Amir, and Philippe Jourand. "Rhizosphere bacteria ofCostulariaspp. from ultramafic soils in New Caledonia: diversity, tolerance to extreme edaphic conditions, and role in plant growth and mineral nutrition." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 3 (March 2013): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0570.

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Rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from Costularia spp., pioneer sedges from ultramafic soils in New Caledonia, which is a hotspot of biodiversity in the South Pacific. Genus identification, ability to tolerate edaphic constraints, and plant-growth-promoting (PGP) properties were analysed. We found that 105colony-forming units per gram of root were dominated by Proteobacteria (69%) and comprised 21 genera, including Burkholderia (28%), Curtobacterium (15%), Bradyrhizobium (9%), Sphingomonas (8%), Rhizobium (7%), and Bacillus (5%). High proportions of bacteria tolerated many elements of the extreme edaphic conditions: 82% tolerated 100 μmol·L–1chromium, 70% 1 mmol·L–1nickel, 63% 10 mmol·L–1manganese, 24% 1 mmol·L–1cobalt, and 42% an unbalanced calcium/magnesium ratio (1/16). These strains also exhibited multiple PGP properties, including the ability to produce ammonia (65%), indole-3-acetic acid (60%), siderophores (52%), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (39%); as well as the capacity to solubilize phosphates (19%). The best-performing strains were inoculated with Sorghum sp. grown on ultramafic substrate. Three strains significantly enhanced the shoot biomass by up to 33%. The most successful strains influenced plant nutrition through the mobilization of metals in roots and a reduction of metal transfer to shoots. These results suggest a key role of these bacteria in plant growth, nutrition, and adaptation to the ultramafic constraints.
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43

Brearley, Francis Q. "Differences in the growth and ectomycorrhizal community of Dryobalanops lanceolata (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings grown in ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 12 (December 2006): 3407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.05.012.

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Boyd, Robert S., Arthur R. Kruckeberg, and Nishanta Rajakaruna. "Biology of Ultramafic Rocks and Soils: Research Goals for the Future." Northeastern Naturalist 16, sp5 (June 2009): 422–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.016.0530.

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45

E.C, Oliveira-Filho, Muniz D.H.F., Freire I.S, Aquino F.G., and Andrade L.R.M. "Comparative Susceptibility of Freshwater Fish Species to Metals from Ultramafic Soils." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2013.01.017.

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46

Pillon, Yohan, Dubiel Alfonso González, Herizo Randriambanona, Porter P. Lowry, Tanguy Jaffré, and Sylvain Merlot. "Parallel ecological filtering of ultramafic soils in three distant island floras." Journal of Biogeography 46, no. 11 (August 18, 2019): 2457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13677.

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Garnier, Jérémie, Cécile Quantin, Guillaume Echevarria, and Thierry Becquer. "Assessing chromate availability in tropical ultramafic soils using isotopic exchange kinetics." Journal of Soils and Sediments 9, no. 5 (February 21, 2009): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0062-4.

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48

Pillon, Yohan, Jérôme Munzinger, Hamid Amir, and Michel Lebrun. "Ultramafic soils and species sorting in the flora of New Caledonia." Journal of Ecology 98, no. 5 (July 13, 2010): 1108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01689.x.

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49

van der Ent, Antony, Peter Erskine, and Sukaibin Sumail. "Ecology of nickel hyperaccumulator plants from ultramafic soils in Sabah (Malaysia)." Chemoecology 25, no. 5 (March 14, 2015): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-015-0192-7.

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50

Sánchez-Marañón, M., E. Gámiz, G. Delgado, and R. Delgado. "Mafic-ultramafic soils affected by silicic colluvium in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (southern Spain)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-063.

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Soil properties, mineral composition, available microelements for plant uptake and ultramicromorphological gravel characteristics in skeletal soils from amphibolite and serpentinite rocks with additions of silicon-rich colluvial materials were studied in the Mediterranean region (Sierra Nevada, southern Spain). The soils (Entic Cryumbrept, Typic Xerochrept, Pachic Cryoboroll and Typic Cryorthent) showed mineralogical discontinuities, exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios greater than 1 and a pH and base saturation profile that decreases in the central and lower parts of the solum. The different soil particle-size fractions had similar mineral compositions (X-ray diffraction [XRD] and infrared [IR] techniques) retaining unstable phases (amphibole, feldspar, serpentine). Inherited or slightly transformed phyllosilicates (serpentine, mica, chlorite, talc and interstratified phases) were shown to be dominant in the clay fraction. The scant pedogenic evolution contrasted with a high free iron content. The concentrations in fine earth of DTPA-Zn, -Cu, -Mn, -Co, -Cr, -Ni and -Fe were not toxic, showed interdependence and were related to the silt, clay and free forms content. The gravel fraction revealed significant amounts of free iron and available microelements (DTPA-extractable), which could be bound to deposits of precipitated secondary forms and to finer pedogenic material present in the fragments. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations confirmed these morphological characteristics in serpentinite and amphibolite pebbles. Key words: Mafic-ultramafic soils; mineralogy; DTPA-microelements; rock fragments
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