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Journal articles on the topic 'Ultrasonic oscillation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

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Kim, Tae-Hong, and Ho-Young Kim. "Disruptive bubble behaviour leading to microstructure damage in an ultrasonic field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 750 (June 9, 2014): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.267.

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AbstractBubble oscillations play a crucial role in ultrasonic cleaning, a process by which micro- and nanoscale contaminant particles are removed from solid surfaces, such as semiconductor wafers, photomasks and membranes. Although it is well known that the ultrasonic cleaning may damage the functional patterns of ever-shrinking size in current manufacturing technology while removing dust and debris, the mechanisms leading to such damage have been elusive. Here we report observations of the dynamics of bubbles that yield microstructure damage under a continuous ultrasonic field via high-speed imaging. We find that the bubble behaviour can be classified into four types, namely volume oscillation, shape oscillation, splitting and chaotic oscillation, depending on the acoustic pressure and bubble size. This allows us to construct a regime map that can predict the bubble behaviour near a wall based on the experimental parameters. Our visualization experiments reveal that damage of microwalls and microcantilevers arises due to either splitting small bubbles or chaotically oscillating large bubbles in the ultrasonic field, with the forces generated by them quantitatively measured.

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Habib, Abdul Muis, and Yudhiakto Pramudya. "Penentuan Frekuensi Osilasi pada Dua Pendulum Terkopel Menggunakan Arduino Uno dengan Sensor Ultrasonik." Jurnal Fisika Unand 10, no. 1 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jfu.10.1.15-21.2021.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai frekuensi osilasi pada dua pendulum terkopel menggunakan Arduino Uno dengan sensor ultrasonik. Gerak osilasi pendulum yang berbeda yaitu pada gerak sefase dan beda fase. Sensor ultrasonik dihubungkan pada board Arduino Uno yang kemudian dihubungkan pada PC menggunakan kabel USB. Proses pengambilan data dimulai dengan menggerakkan pendulum secara sefase dan menekan tombol conect pada aplikasi PLX-DAQ untuk memperoleh data yang secara otomatis akan ditampilkan pada microsoft excel. Selanjutnya, data yang diperoleh dilakukan analisis fitting data, kemudian hasilnya di-plot dalam bentuk grafik. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan nilai frekuensi osilasi pada perbandingan pengukuran menggunakan tracker dan sensor ultrasonik. secara eksperimen menggunakan tracker, nilai ω sebesar 4,62 Hz dan secara teori nilai ω sebesar 5,66 Hz dengan ralat 18,4 %. Sedangkan pada sensor ultrasonik diperoleh nilai ω secara eksperimen sebesar 4,95 Hz dan secara teori sebesar 5,66 Hz dengan ralat 12,55%. Perbandingan pengukuran tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa nilai ω secara eksperimen menggunakan sensor ultrasonik lebih besar atau mendekati pada nilai ω secara teori. Artinya pengukuran frekuensi osilasi dengan menggunakan sensor ultrasonik juga memiliki tingkat akurasi yang baik sehingga layak digunakan dalam eksperimen osilasi terkopel. This study aims to determine the value of the oscillation frequency in two coupled pendulums using Arduino Uno with an ultrasonic sensor. The different pendulum oscillations are in phase and phase difference. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to the Arduino Uno board which is then connected to the PC using a USB cable. The data collection process begins by moving the pendulum in phases and pressing the connect button on the PLX-DAQ application to obtain data which will automatically be displayed on Microsoft Excel. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using a fitting data analysis, then the results were plotted in graphical form. The results show the difference in the value of the oscillation frequency in the comparison of measurements using a tracker and ultrasonic sensor. experimentally using a tracker, the value of ω is 4.62 Hz and in theory, the value of ω is 5.66 Hz with an error of 18.4%. While the ultrasonic sensor obtained an experimental ω value of 4.95 Hz and theoretically 5.66 Hz with 12.55% error. Comparison of these measurements can be seen that the value of ω experimentally using an ultrasonic sensor is greater or closer to the value of ω in theory. This means that the measurement of oscillation frequency using an ultrasonic sensor also has a good level of accuracy so it is suitable to be used in coupled oscillation experiments.

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Mishiro, Shoji. "Ultrasonic oscillation machining apparatus." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, no. 5 (1990): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.399159.

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Kudryshev, Sergey B., Valentin S. Minakov, Alexey A. Zakaluyzhnyy, and Vladimir A. Peglivanyan. "Dynamics of transformation of ultrasonic vibrations in twisted waveguides." MATEC Web of Conferences 226 (2018): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822604019.

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The effective use of ultrasound energy in various technological processes largely depends on the type of ultrasonic vibrations. Wide application in practice has found longitudinal ultrasonic fluctuations in connection with simplicity of realization, and also presence of the developed theoretical and settlement base. The longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic oscillations, the realization of which practically does not differ from the realization of longitudinal oscillations, and the efficiency and technological flexibility are much higher than for longitudinal or torsional ultrasonic oscillations, practically no applications have been found. This is due to several circumstances and, above all, from the theoretical basis for the transformation of this type of oscillation, since the theory of compressedtwisted rods was developed mainly in connection with the problem of longitudinal stability. The article deals with the case of transformation of longitudinal ultrasonic oscillations into complex ones by attaching to the last stage of the concentrator of the longitudinal acoustic system of the twisted waveguide.

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Cao, Wen, Xue Jin Zhou, and Yun Tao Gao. "Contrastive Experimental of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Oscillation Extraction of Lead from Soil Using EDTA." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2301.

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Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of lead from red soil using EDTA was investigated, the experimental result was compared with that of oscillation extraction to evaluate the performance of ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The optimum extraction conditions were 0.006 mol/L of EDTA, 0.006 mol/L of EDTA and 90 min of ultrasonic-assisted extraction or 240 min of oscillation extraction. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction rate of 76.33% and 74.30% was obtained for ultrasonic-assisted extraction and oscillation extraction, respectively. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction could shorter the extraction time with a improved extraction rate effectively.

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Nigmetzyanov, Ravil, Sergey Sundukov, and Dmitriy Fatyukhin. "Ultrasonic oscillation superposition during welding." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2020, no. 10 (2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-10-29-33.

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There are shown the investigation results on the impact of ultrasonic oscillation transfer to a structure element upon seam geometry during semi-automatic welding in protective gas environment. The effects arising in melt during ultrasound superposition, their impact upon the formation of molten pool, geometrical parameters and structure of seam cross-section are considered.

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Sakurai, Tomohisa. "Apparatus for generating ultrasonic oscillation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 6 (1996): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417260.

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Sashida, Toshiiku. "Motor device utilizing ultrasonic oscillation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, no. 2 (1986): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394038.

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Huang, C. J., and E. Ghassemieh. "3D Coupled Thermomechanical Finite Element Analysis of Ultrasonic Consolidation." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2651.

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A 3-D coupled temperature-displacement finite element analysis is performed to study an ultrasonic consolidation process. Results show that ultrasonic wave is effective in causing deformation in aluminum foils. Ultrasonic vibration leads to an oscillating stress field. The oscillation of stress in substrate lags behind the ultrasonic vibration by about 0.1 cycle of ultrasonic wave. The upper foil, which is in contact with the substrate, has the most severe deformation. The substrate undergoes little deformation. Apparent material softening by ultrasonic wave, which is of great concern for decades, is successfully simulated. The higher the friction coefficient, the more obvious the apparent material softening effect.

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Yang, Yi-Jen, Chung-Ching Huang, Shih-Kai Lin, and Jie Tao. "Characteristics analysis and mold design for ultrasonic-assisted injection molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 7 (2014): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0328.

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Abstract This study investigated the use of ultrasonic technology in assisted injection molding (AIM) and mold design. An ultrasonic device installed in a mold was employed to vibrate a melt, thereby converting kinetic energy into thermal energy. This method enabled maintaining the desired temperature in the melt flow, preventing a high level of shear and the formation of a thick frozen layer surrounding the skin layer; thus, the injection molding efficiency was enhanced and the residual stress inside the injection-molded component was reduced. In this study, a flat sample (75 mm×47 mm×1 mm) of an ultrasonic-assisted injection mold was developed. An ultrasonic oscillation device 45 mm in diameter was placed in the center of the cavity and used to vibrate a polycarbonate melt at a frequency of 20 KHz. In addition, cavity pressure sensors were positioned at the front and rear of the vibration region to analyze the melt flow behavior under ultrasonic-AIM (UAIM) conditions. The results showed that ultrasonic oscillations can reduce the amount of melt pressure lost through the cavity. The pressure loss of the flat sample used in UAIM was approximately 29% lower than that of the sample used in conventional injection molding (CIM; nonultrasonic-assisted injection); the power of UAIM did not yield substantial effects. Direct ultrasonic oscillations destroyed the melt flow and thermal stresses, therefore, the region exhibited a low stress distribution. Compared with using CIM, using UAIM reduced the average residual stress by 27%. Ultrasonic oscillation affected the surface roughness during melt solidification. When the ultrasonic power was <70%, no substantial increase in surface roughness was observed; however, when the ultrasonic power >70%, the surface roughness was 10 times higher compared with that observed using CIM.

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Michalski, Markus, Uwe Leicht, Sebastian Engler, and Marion Merklein. "Tool System for Ultrasonic-Assisted Forming and Material Characterisation with 15 kHz Oscillation Frequency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.427.

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It is well-known that superimposed ultrasonic tool vibrations are capable of decreasing the forming force and the interfacial friction during the deformation of metal. The complex causes of this phenomenon were mainly investigated by focusing on oscillation frequencies above 20 kHz. Due to limitations of the load capacity and the power of the oscillating systems, mostly soft materials, such as aluminium and copper, were analysed. The present study is concerned with the development of a tool system for ultrasonic-assisted compression tests with a 15 kHz oscillation system. The advantages of this type of oscillating system are an increased power and robustness, which allow the testing of high strength materials. In preliminary ultrasonic-assisted compression tests with a S235JR steel a force reduction of up to 63 % was measured. The major challenges identified during the preliminary investigations are a transversal drift of the specimen, a periodic separation between the die and the specimen, a high sound emission and a high demand on the measuring and signal processing technology. Based on the technical challenges and the determined requirements a tool system is introduced.

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Hara, Keisuke, Ryo Sasaki, and Hiromi Isobe. "Machinability Improvement on High Speed Ultrasonic Turning - The Effect of Tool Oscillating Direction and Tool Chip Shape." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.302.

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Ultrasonic cutting is a technique that can improve machinability such as fine surface, reduce tool worn out and etc. To improve processing speed of ultrasonic cutting is difficult due to the effects of tool oscillation are invalidated when cutting speed exceeds maximum tool oscillating velocity. In previous report, high speed principal direction ultrasonic turning experiments for stainless steel were carried out to improve processing speed and products quality. In ultrasonic turning, tool worn out and built up edge generation were reduced compare with ordinary turning. In this study, the effects of tool oscillating direction and tool chip shape for cutting properties of soft magnetic stainless steel were investigated. Cutting properties such as turned surface roughness, cutting force and ejected chip were compared.

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Liu, Guo Dong, and Xi Jing Zhu. "Study on Ultrasonic Cavitation Mechanism of Honing." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 4149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.4149.

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Ultrasonic cavitation is an extremely complex physical phenomenon. It displays a series of nonlinear dynamics as the bubbles oscillating, growth, shrinkage and even collapse. For ultrasonic honing, it causes the device to generate chatter and noise because of the cavitation effect, and even generates denudation on the workpiece surface. In this paper, it describes the cavitation mechanism in ultrasonic honing, and analysises the acoustic pressure of the formation of cavitation from the numerical, furthermore it experimentally demonstrated. It also analyzes the nonlinear oscillation of cavitation bubbles for the impact on the ultrasonic honing chatter. Through studying on ultrasonic cavitation mechanism of honing, it provided a theoretical basis to solution the problem of the ultrasonic honing chatter and improves the level of precision and ultra precision machining.

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Hara, Keisuke, and Hiromi Isobe. "Effect of Cutting Speed on Ultrasonically Added Turning in Soft Magnetic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.390.

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Ultrasonic cutting is a technique that can improve machinability such as fine surface, reduce tool worn out and etc. To improve processing speed of ultrasonic cutting is difficult due to the effects of tool oscillation are invalidated when cutting speed exceeds maximum tool oscillating velocity. In this study, high speed principal direction ultrasonic turning experiments for soft magnetic stainless steel were carried out to investigate effects of cutting speed and products quality. Surface roughness, chip worn out and built up edge were investigated in this study. In case of ultrasonic turning, tool worn out and built up edge generation were reduced compare with ordinary turning. High speed ultrasonic cutting can improve cutting performances in phase of turned surface quality, cutting force and processing speed.

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Park, Kyung Hee, Kyeong Tae Kim, Yun Hyuck Hong, Hon Jong Choi, and Young Jae Choi. "Study on Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration in Machining of Alumina Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.311.

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Ultrasonic machining can be applied for the machining of difficult-to-cut materials using ultrasonical oscillation in an axial direction on top of tool rotation, which can cause reduction of cutting temperature and tool wear. In this study, the experiments were performed on a DMG ULTRASONIC 20 linear machine tool using diamond tools in both conventional and ultrasonic vibration assisted machining. The machining performance was evaluated and compared for both cases in terms of cutting forces, machined surface roughness and tool wear. And the combination technique of 3D surface topography measurement and image processing was applied for the tool wear progress. Overall, the experimental results showed that ultrasonic machining had less tool wear and lower cutting forces at low cutting speed compared to conventional machining. Also surface roughness was slightly lower in ultrasonic machining than that without ultrasonic vibration.

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Hara, Keisuke, Ryo Sasaki, Toshihiko Koiwa, and Hiromi Isobe. "A Study of Ultrasonically Added High Speed Turning for Stainless Steel - The Effects of Ultrasonic Oscillating Direction and Chip Breaker Shape and Material." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.373.

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Ultrasonic cutting is a technique that can improve machinability such as fine surface, reduce tool worn out and etc. To improve processing speed of ultrasonic cutting is difficult due to the effects of tool oscillation are invalidated when cutting speed exceeds maximum tool oscillating velocity. In previous report, high speed principal direction ultrasonic turning without thrust direction vibration experiments for stainless steel were carried out to improve processing speed and products quality. In ultrasonic turning, tool worn out and built up edge generation were reduced compare with ordinary turning. Fine surface without thrust direction periodically cut marks were obtained in ultrasonic turning experiments. In this study, the effects of chip breaker shape and insert material were investigated. Surface roughness, chip worn out and built up edge generation were investigated in this study.

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Leicht, Uwe, Marion Merklein, and Sebastian Engler. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Metal Staking with 15 kHz Oscillation Frequency." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.536.

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To comply with increasing product requirements, the use of function-optimized materialsis claimed. Joining technology thereby becomes increasingly important to use high strength materialonly in postulated sections. Staking is a joining by forming technology that is highly reliable andcost efficient. High process forces and sufficient formability of the material limit the suitability inclaimed miniaturization for use in industrial applications. A promising approach to break these processlimitations is the use of superposed high frequency oscillation, whereby joining forces could bedecreased. The present study indicates first trials of an ultrasonic (US) assisted staking process of highstrength martensitic steel. Based on high temporal instrumentation, such as laser vibrometer, contactdetection and high-resolution force measurement, the process sequence is characterized and studiedin detail. The researches confirm high potential in force reduction of mean values due to superimposedhigh frequency oscillation with a high dependency on amplitudes. In process, two differentforce-characteristics within three regimes can be identified. Since US assisted forming processes arewell known in literature with harmonic oscillating force signals during process, hammering and soirregular force peaks with changes in contact signal within process, are identified for first time anddemonstrate a highly promising field of application.

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Xie, Lei, Timo Grueneberg, Leif Steuernagel, Gerhard Ziegmann, and Holger Militz. "Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Wood/Polypropylene Composites Parts with Ultrasonic Oscillation Assistant." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2636.

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Due to the water absorption of wood fillers and poor adhesion between wood fillers and polymer matrix, the loosen material structure always appears in wood/polymer composites after injection molding process, which results in reduced composites mechanical properties. In this study, two kinds of wood particles with different sizes and properties were compounded with Polypropylene (PP) in highly filled level (by 50% and 60% weight concentration). The experimental tensile test samples were prepared by one double-gate injection mould integrated an ultrasonic generator unit. The experiments were carried out for studying how the ultrasonic output power and the oscillation inducing time affect the injection molded wood/PP composites mechanical properties. 3 output power levels (400W, 600W and 800W) and 2 inducing mode were set (Mode1. the oscillation is induced from injecting moment to ejection moment; Mode2. the oscillation is induced from injecting moment to packing procedure finishing). The results show that the E module, tensile strength and density of the test parts are obviously changed with various ultrasonic output power and inducing time. Comparing the mechanical properties of parts with and without ultrasonic assistant indicates that the ultrasonic oscillation is a practical method to improve mechanical properties of injection molded wood/PP composites parts.

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Hara, Keisuke, Hiromi Isobe, Yoshihiro Take, and Toshihiko Koiwa. "Investigation for High Speed Ultrasonic Cutting of Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.367.

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This study investigated phenomena of ultrasonic cutting in the case of high-speed conditions. Ultrasonically assisted cutting techniques were developed by Kumabe in the 1950s. He found a critical cutting speed that limits cutting speed to obtain ultrasonically assisted effects and is calculated by frequency and amplitude of oscillation. In general, ultrasonically assisted cutting is not suitable for high-speed cutting conditions because the effects of ultrasonic application are cancelled due to tool contacts with the workpiece during the cutting operation. Present ultrasonically assisted cutting cannot allow increased cutting speed because cutting speed is limited by a critical cutting speed that is less than that compared with general cutting speed. And ultrasonically assisted cutting cannot improve productivity due to long processing time. We conducted high-speed ultrasonic cutting, and the maximum cutting speed in this research was 300 m/min which is higher than general critical cutting speed. The workpiece material was A5056 and cemented carbide tool inserts were employed in this research. Without ultrasonic oscillation, machined surface retained some built up edge and surface roughness is 28 μmRz. In the case of ultrasonic cutting, surface hasnt built up edge and periodically marks due to ultrasonic oscillation remained on the surface. The roughness of conventionally cut surface is better than in ultrasonic cutting. The cutting phenomena of ultrasonic cutting are different compared with those under conventional cutting conditions.

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Cai, Jun, Xiao Qian Chen, and Yi Yong Huang. "Ultrasonic Properties Effects on Gas Bubble Radial Oscillations in Liquids." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 2136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.2136.

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A detailed analysis is provided to discuss the effects of acoustic driving frequency and amplitude on bubble radial oscillation based on a revised bubble dynamical model. Numerical study demonstrates that 3 types of bubble radial oscillation can be achieved according to different driving signal frequency; driving signal amplitude affects oscillation differently due to its value, and a certain critical value of acoustic signal amplitude was found where the oscillation is becoming chaotic.

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Konishi, Rumi, Takayuki Tamaki, Mitsuhiro Matsumoto, and Toshiro Makino. "Observation of bubbles oscillation under ultrasonic field." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2003 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2003.13.

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Toda, Kohji, and Hiroshi Tokumaru. "A Self-Oscillation-Type Ultrasonic Linear Actuator." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No. 5B (1994): 3071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.3071.

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Michalski, Markus, and Marion Merklein. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Upsetting of Steel with 15 kHz Oscillation Frequency." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.544.

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Common limitations in bulk metal forming processes are the maximum available press force and forming characteristics of metallic materials. Conventional measures to overcome those limitations, such as forming at elevated temperature, are not always applicable. An alternative approach is the use of a superimposed axial tool vibration with ultrasonic frequency. This enables a considerable reduction of required forming forces. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon have so far mainly been investigated for frequencies above 20 kHz and easily deformable materials, like copper. Due to limitations concerning the system technology, materials with higher strength have been considered only to a very limited extent. In order to allow investigations on the deformation behavior of materials with higher strength during ultrasonic-assisted upsetting, a tool setup containing a 15 kHz oscillating system has been developed. It offers a larger loading capacity in comparison to industrially available systems with higher frequency. Ultrasonic-assisted upsetting experiments with varying amplitude and press velocity are carried out to examine vibration-induced changes in the flow behavior of steel S235JR. Changes in the material characteristics are analyzed by evaluating the mean upsetting force as well as the microstructure of the upsetting specimen before and after forming. The resulting forces show a strong process dependence regarding the oscillation amplitude. The static press velocity and contact status between tool and specimen also influence the process forces, but to a much lower extent than the amplitude. Concerning the microstructure a rising oscillation amplitude leads to an increased radial elongation and axial compression of ferrite grains at the strongly deformed specimen center.

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Mojrzisch, Sebastian, and Jörg Wallaschek. "Transient amplitude behavior analysis of nonlinear power ultrasonic transducers with application to ultrasonic squeeze film levitation." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 6 (2012): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12463460.

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In this article, force and self-excitation driving methods for ultrasonic transducers are compared with each other in sense of their transient amplitude behavior in the presence of nonlinearities. An equivalent circuit transducer model is simplified to a series oscillator. The simplified model is averaged by the Van der Pol method in order to reduce the system at hand to its amplitude dynamics. The transient amplitude behavior of both driving methods is presented in an analytical form. At high vibration amplitudes, the system’s natural frequency varies due to the nonlinear stiffness of the piezoelectric material and the vibration amplitude is likely to break down due to the jump phenomena. Therefore, the averaged models are extended by the nonlinear effects. From the amplitude behavior analysis of both systems, it follows that self-excitation is the preferable driving method in sense of obtaining a high operation bandwidth and a stable oscillation.

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Muldasheva, G. K., I. V. Zlobina, and N. V. Bekrenev. "Experimental Substantiation of a Method of Improving the Efficiency of Ultrasonic Drilling of Small Diameter Holes." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.539.

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Based on the analysis of trends in the development of aviation and rocketry and ground transportation, the prospect of use of high-alloy steels, and titanium-based alloys with high strength, heat-and corrosion-resistant properties is established. It is shown, that high strength and elasticity of mentioned alloy groups adversely affect the dynamics of cutting process and the resistance of the cutting tool. Processing of small diameter holes is especially difficult due to the small longitudinal stability of the instrument, chip evacuation problems, grooves sticking to the surface almost zero cutting speed near the core. The results from the analysis of works of domestic and foreign scientists have shown that the message sent to the drill by ultrasonic vibrations of the small amplitude reduces axial force and cutting moment due to reduced friction caused by local thermal effects and relief of dislocation motion. At the same time, it is stated that the stable results of the effectiveness of ultrasound were not received in relation to the small diameter end tools until recently because of additional dynamic loads reducing the longitudinal stability and therefore it is impossible to report the instrument optimal oscillation amplitude to facilitate cutting. The working hypothesis of increase of efficiency of the ultrasonic drilling of small diameter holes proposes to consider correlation frequency supplied to the ultrasonic instrument, structural parameters and physical and mechanical properties of the material and to drive oscillations in the plane of the main cutting edges which would significantly reduce the magnitude of the oscillation amplitude. Experimental studies on ultrasound indentation, micro cutting and drilling titanium alloys have confirmed this hypothesis. It was established that at the moment the drill receives a message with the oscillation frequency of 30 kHz when machining titanium alloys, the axial cutting forces decrease by 70 – 80 % and the tool life increases by 2.2 times.

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Агапов, Сергей, Sergey Agapov, Юрий Сидякин, Yuryi Sidyakin, Олег Корпелянский, and Oleg Korpelyansky. "Hole accuracy increase at hole reaming in hard-to-machine parts." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2018, no. 6 (2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5b0e4112149753.47733370.

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The investigation results of the tool geometry impact upon accuracy of holes worked in hard-to-machine parts at the ultrasonic oscillation introduction in a cutting area are shown. The processes of hole reaming in parts made of stainless steel and titanium alloys at ultrasonic oscillation application upon a tool are considered. Tool basic parameters defining the accuracy of holes obtained are defined. The regularities of the impact of face and back angles of reamer cutting ends, an angle of an intake cone and a tool spiral direction upon a hole smash are revealed.

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MAKUTA, Toshinori. "Microbubble Generation Technique with Using Ultrasonic Pressure Oscillation." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 83, no. 7 (2017): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.83.627.

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Kusakabe, Chiharu, Yoshiro Tomikawa, Takehiro Takano, Manabu Aoyagi, and Shoichi Inamura. "Stepping Drive of Self-Oscillation-Type Ultrasonic Motor." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No. 9B (1994): 5374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.5374.

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Wu, Wen-Hua, Peng-Fei Yang, Wei Zhai, and Bing-Bo Wei. "Oscillation and Migration of Bubbles within Ultrasonic Field." Chinese Physics Letters 36, no. 8 (2019): 084302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/36/8/084302.

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Maezawa, Koichi, Tatsuo Ito, and Masayuki Mori. "Delta-sigma modulation microphone sensors employing a resonant tunneling diode with a suspended microstrip resonator." Sensor Review 40, no. 5 (2020): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2020-0044.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose and demonstrate novel microphone sensors based on the frequency delta-sigma modulation (FDSM) technique, which replaces the conventional delta-sigma modulator in the delta-sigma analog-to digital converters. A key of the FDSM technology is to use a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for converting an input analog signal to a 1-bit pulse-density modulated digital signal. High-performance sensors can be realized if the VCO is replaced by an oscillator whose oscillation frequency depends on an external physical parameter. Design/methodology/approach Microphone sensors are proposed based on FDSM that uses a suspended microstrip disk resonator, where the backside ground plane is replaced by a thin metal diaphragm. A resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillator is also used, as the performance of these sensors significantly depends on the oscillation frequency. To demonstrate the basic operation of the proposal, prototype devices were fabricated with an InGaAs/AlAs RTD. Findings A satisfactory noise shaping property, which is a significant nature of delta-sigma modulation, was demonstrated over three decades for the prototype device. A sound-sensing peak was also clearly observed when applying 1 kHz sound from a speaker. Practical implications High-performance ultrasonic microphone sensors can be realized if the sensors are fabricated by using a thin InP substrate with high-frequency oscillator design. Originality/value In this study, the authors proposed and experimentally demonstrated novel microphone sensors, which are promising as future ultrasonic sensors that have high dynamic range with wide bandwidth.

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Ding, Zhao Yong, Bao Min Sun, Jin Sheng Bi, and Xiao Lian Ding. "Purification of Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Pyrolysis Flame." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.493.

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Pyramid shaped pyrolysis flame is a new method for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis, using this method has successfully produced high properties carbon nanotubes. But, because at the first 1min of sampling time, there are not tubes produced, so catalyst particles and carbon atom clusters assemble on the sampling substrate in the first 1min. Also, lots of amorphous carbon, deformity tubes, and graphite segment were produced in the experimental. In order to eliminate these impurities, ultrasonic treatment, aether cleaning, acid pickling, and co-processing were used. Ultrasonic treatment can separate particles from tubes, aether can clear amorphous carbon and graphite segment while acid pickling can dissolve catalyst particles. Using ultrasonic oscillation separation and aether as diluent can gain pure sample. Ultrasonic oscillation and nitric acid as diluent can purify products also, but not as good as aether as diluent. Concentrated nitric acid and long time immersion will destroy the structure of carbon nanotubes.

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Kuo, Kei Lin. "A Study of Glass Milling Using Rotary Ultrasonic Machining." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.624.

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Employment of rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) technique to mill glass material was attempted in this research. The feasibility and efficacy of the novel milling process were evaluated. The challenge of the attempt in the present study had to do with the fact that the direction of RUM tool oscillation was inherently perpendicular to the direction of milling. The RUM apparatus employed for the study comprised a computerized feeding system, a drive control system and an ultrasonic oscillation system. The RUM system was also characterized by having a feeding system fit for a PC-controlled stepping motor. It was found that the oscillation associated with the RUM milling was effective in reducing the machining resistance encountered during milling process, making it possible to increase the feed rate and thus the material rate, as well. However, the increased milling depth and feed rate would have an adverse effect on the tool life in terms of more breakage of grinding grits on the tool, thus resulting in faster wear rate of the milling tool.

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Guo, Jia-Xiu, Yi-Fan Qu, Song Shu, Xue-Jiao Wang, Hua-Qiang Yin, and Ying-Hao Chu. "Effects of preparation conditions on Mn-based activated carbon catalysts for desulfurization." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 8 (2015): 5997–6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00873e.

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Hara, Keisuke, Daisuke Hashikai, Hiromi Isobe, Jun Ishimatsu, Yoshihiro Take, and Toshihiko Koiwa. "Investigation of Cutting Phenomena in High Speed Ultrasonic Turning." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.209.

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This study investigated phenomena of ultrasonic cutting in case of high speed conditions. Ultrasonically assisted cutting techniques were developed by Kumabe in 1950’s. He found “critical cutting speed” that limits cutting speed to obtain ultrasonically assisted effects and is calculated by frequency and amplitude of oscillation. In general, ultrasonically assisted cutting is not suitable for high speed cutting conditions because the effects of ultrasonically applying are canceled due to tool contacts with workpiece during cutting operation. Present ultrasonically assisted cutting cannot increase cutting speed because cutting speed is limited by above reason. And ultrasonically assisted cutting cannot improve productivity due to long processing time. We conducted high speed ultrasonic cutting, maximum cutting speed of this research was 160m/min which is higher than general critical cutting speed. Workpiece material is JIS SUS304 stainless steed and cemented carbide tool inserts were employed in this research. In ordinary cutting, generate terrible built up edge on to tool rake face. In case of low amplitude ultrasonic cutting, tool rake face hasn’t built up edge and periodically marks by ultrasonic oscillation were remained on the surface. Cutting phenomena of ultrasonic cutting is different compared with ordinary cutting conditions.

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Tang, Xiaodan, Hang Li, Hongyan Liu, et al. "Comparative Study on Two Pretreatment Processes for Chemical Phase Analysis of Gold in Geological Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1792792.

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Sample pretreatment is important for chemical phase analysis of elements. In this study, the geological samples of the Laozuoshan gold mine are chosen to pretreat by ultrasonic centrifugation and cyclotron oscillation, and the content of gold in eight chemical phases (water-soluble, ion exchange and clay adsorption, organic matter bound, iron-manganese oxide bound, naked or seminaked, carbonate bound, sulfide bound, and insoluble silicate states) is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results show that the gold content of water-soluble, ion exchange and clay adsorption, iron-manganese oxide, and naked or seminaked states in the rock and ore samples is low, and some samples have high gold content of insoluble silicate states in the two methods. However, the gold content of organic matter bound, carbonate bound, and sulfide bound states obtained by ultrasonic centrifugation and cyclotron oscillation methods is significantly different. According to the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry data and the actual geological condition, the result given by the cyclotron oscillation method is more reasonable. The gold content of sulfide bound state in sediment samples is the highest and consistent with the mineral information, which could be applied to preliminarily predict the rock and ore conditions in the corresponding mining areas. In contrast with ultrasonic centrifugation, the cyclotron oscillation method has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, practicality, and environmental protection, and it can be better used for the determination of gold chemical phase state in geological samples by atomic absorption spectrometry.

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Prihod'ko, Vyacheslav, Vsevolod Kazancev, Viktor Karagodin, Sergey Karcov, and Kirill Ivanov. "PECULIARITIES OF HIGH-AMPLITUDE ULTRASONIC CLEANING OF PARTS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 12 (2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2019-2019-12-76-81.

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One of the most efficient methods for parts cleaning is an ultrasonic method. During ultrasonic influence on of the most significant factors defining cleaning quality is oscillation amplitude. The paper reports the formulation of the conclusion on the presence in a sound field a high-amplitude radiation formed in liquid by a piston radiator of three (technological) cavitation areas different their effectiveness.

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Lugovoi, V. P., S. A. Pronkevich, I. V. Lugovoi, and S. S. Dovnar. "COMPUTER MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS IN ANNULAR CONCENTRATOR OF ULTRASONIC SYSTEM." Science & Technique 17, no. 3 (2018): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-3-220-227.

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The paper provides substantiation on application of elastic annular concentrators of ultrasonic systems which allows to increase an intensity of tool vibrations. It has been shown that elastic elements are used as resonators and tools in a number of ultrasonic technological systems. However an application of the elastic elements as concentrators of ultrasonic vibrations has been insufficiently studied and requires research and development of recommendations for usage. For this purpose theoretical studies have been carried out and they have helped to perform modal and harmonic analysis of several variants for a computer model of a ring with outer diameter D = 50 mm. Models of rings with various hole sizes from 20 to 40 mm have been analyzed while changing hole axis position relative to ring axis. The paper shows modes of ring flexural vibrations which can be either flat or three-dimensional depending on frequency of forced oscillations. It has been pointed out that an increase in a ring internal diameter is accompanied by higher amplitude of bending oscillations in the thinnest ring section. The same effect is achieved by increasing eccentricity of a hole axis. The paper contains recommendations for determination of rational geometric parameters which allows to increase an oscillation amplitude gain ratio and it is determined as ratio of ring section thickness. It has been established that decrease in section thickness is accompanied by higher number of frequencies for ring resonance oscillations. So, if a concentric ring and a ring with small hole diameter have only one resonance frequency, then thin-walled rings with a variable cross-section have not less than three natural resonance frequencies of oscillations that makes it possible to increase a range of vibration frequencies and technological capabilities of the ultrasonic system. It has been also found that an intensity in fluctuations of the ultrasonic system is increased even more if at the same time a cross-section of a ring with variable stiffness is decreased as along thickness so across the width.

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Zhao, Lijuan, Qin Du, Genjie Jiang, and Shaoyun Guo. "Attapulgite and ultrasonic oscillation induced crystallization behavior of polypropylene." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 45, no. 16 (2007): 2300–2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.21235.

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Isobe, Hiromi, and Akira Kyusojin. "Non-Contact Guideway for Substrate Transportation by Ultrasonic Oscillation." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 3 (2008): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0199.

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In recent years, the enlargement of plane substrates and semiconductor wafers has advanced. To carry the longer and wider substrate with conventional thickness requires more fragility. The development of non-contact transportation system is desired to prevent the fracture of the substrate. In this study, a new non-contact transportation system to provide damage-free transportation is proposed. The substrate is supported by aerostatic force and transported by acoustic viscous streaming, which is induced by traveling wave deformation of disk-type stators. The desktop size non-contact transportation apparatus for polycrystalline silicon substrate (150(W)×150(L)×0.3(t)) is constructed to clarify the basic carrying performance. In order to realize non-contact transportation, a unique guide technique is proposed. The standing wave deformations of rectangular plates guide the substrate without contacting to avoid dropping off from the carrier way. Experimental results demonstrate that holding force varies with relative position between oscillating plate and substrate. The maximum holding force is obtained when the center of oscillating plate is on the edge of substrate.

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Mostafavi, Shimaalsadat, Daniel Frank Hesser, and Bernd Markert. "Detection of terminal oscillation pattern in ultrasonic metal welding." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 41 (May 2019): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.03.035.

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Teidelt, Elena, Jasminka Starcevic, and Valentin L. Popov. "Influence of Ultrasonic Oscillation on Static and Sliding Friction." Tribology Letters 48, no. 1 (2012): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-012-9937-4.

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Zhang, X. R., L. Z. Liu, J. F. Li, W. W. Cui, and L. Weng. "Preparation of a low contact angle water-based coating using ultrasonic irradiation." Pigment & Resin Technology 43, no. 6 (2014): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2013-0101.

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Purpose The key purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different ultrasonic irradiation times on the wettability and other properties of the resulting water-based coating. The subject water-based coating was prepared using water-soluble polyester and amino resins by ultrasonic oscillation. Design/methodology/approach The coating was prepared by polymerising polyester and amino resins in water using ultrasonic oscillation. The coating was baked for 40 seconds at 350°C to coalesce and solidify the film. The contact angle, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the film, as well as the molecular weight (MW) and structure of the polyester resin, were determined. Findings The contact angle of the coating was found to decrease with ultrasonic irradiation; the mechanical properties and thermal stability were not altered when the irradiation time was longer than 5 hours. The MW of the polyester initially decreased then increased and stabilized with ultrasonic irradiation. The structure of polyester molecule and aggregated state of the solidified coating were not changed by ultrasonic irradiation. Research limitations/implications In the study reported here, the effects of different ultrasonic irradiation times were investigated. Results of this research could benefit in-depth understanding of the influence of ultrasonic treatment on polyester resins and polyester coatings and could further promote the development of water-based coatings. Originality/value The contact angle of the water-based coating decreased by mechanical means. The effects of ultrasound on microstructure and properties of the coating and resin were discussed in detail.

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Liesegang, Moritz, Yuan Yu, Tilmann Beck, and Frank Balle. "Sonotrodes for Ultrasonic Welding of Titanium/CFRP-Joints—Materials Selection and Design." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 2 (2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5020061.

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Ultrasonic welding of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V to carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) at 20 kHz frequency requires suitable welding tools, so called sonotrodes. The basic function of ultrasonic welding sonotrodes is to oscillate with displacement amplitudes typically up to 50 µm at frequencies close to the eigenfrequency of the oscillation unit. Material properties, the geometry of the sonotrode, and the sonotrode tip topography together determine the longevity of the sonotrode. Durable sonotrodes for ultrasonic welding of high-strength joining partners, e.g., titanium alloys, have not been investigated so far. In this paper, finite element simulations were used to establish a suitable design assuring the oscillation of a longitudinal eigenmode at the operation frequency of the welding machine and to calculate local mechanical stresses. The primary aim of this work is to design a sonotrode that can be used to join high-strength materials such as Ti6Al4V by ultrasonic welding considering the longevity of the welding tools and high-strength joints. Material, sonotrode geometry, and sonotrode tip topography were designed and investigated experimentally to identify the most promising sonotrode design for continuous ultrasonic welding of Ti6AlV4 and CFRP. Eigenfrequency and modal shape were measured in order to examine the reliability of the calculations and to compare the performance of all investigated sonotrodes.

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Katano, Yu, and Keita Ando. "Interaction between Free-Surface Oscillation and Bubble Translation in a Megasonic Cleaning Bath." Solid State Phenomena 314 (February 2021): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.314.202.

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Visualization experiments were performed to study the relation between free-surface motion and bubble translation in a 1-MHz ultrasonic cleaning bath. From the visualization with a video camera, the characteristic frequencies of the free-surface oscillation (under the acoustic radiation force) and the translational velocity of cavitation bubbles (trapped via the primary Bjerknes force) were extracted, showing that there is a strong correlation between the free-surface oscillation and bubble translation. From the context of megasonic cleaning, such free-surface oscillation is expected to contribute to uniform cleaning performance with cavitation bubbles.

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Michalski, M., and M. Merklein. "Ultraschallunterstützte Umformung von Metallen*/Ultrasonic-assisted forming of metals - Development of a test bench for material characterization with 15 kHz ultrasonic vibrations." wt Werkstattstechnik online 105, no. 10 (2015): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2015-10-51.

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Umformwerkzeuge, die mit einer hochfrequenten mechanischen Schwingung überlagert werden, ermöglichen eine deutliche Reduzierung der benötigten Umformkräfte. Darauf aufbauend werden am Lehrstuhl für Fertigungstechnologie experimentelle Untersuchungen mit verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen durchgeführt, um deren Fließverhalten bei Ultraschallüberlagerung mit 15 kHz zu charakterisieren. Die aktuelle Studie befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und der Qualifizierung eines geeigneten Prüfstands. &nbsp; Forming tools that are superimposed with a high frequency oscillation enable a considerable reduction of the required forming forces. On this basis experimental investigations with various metallic materials are conducted at the Institute of Manufacturing Technology to characterize the flow behavior during ultrasonic-assisted forming with 15 kHz oscillation frequency. This study is concerned with the development and the qualification of a suitable test bench.

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Dai, Kun Tian, Ying An, Zhi Wei Jiao, et al. "Study on Carbon Nanotube Dispersion Behavior in Epoxy Resin under Synergistic Effect of Continuous Stretching Flow and Ultrasound Oscillation." Key Engineering Materials 717 (November 2016): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.717.14.

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In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersion behavior in epoxy resin under synergistic effect of continuous stretching flow and ultrasound oscillation was studied. A small continuous stretching machine which could provide continuous stretching flow for polymer was designed and manufactured for studying the synergistic effect of continuous stretching flow and ultrasound oscillation on dispersive property. Firstly, the influence of different initial phase angle of dual rotor and mixing time on dispersive property were studied by preparing specimens of CNTs/epoxy resin composite under continuous stretching machine. Then, the synergistic effect of continuous stretching flow and ultrasound oscillation on dispersive property was studied with various ultrasonic power and synergistic time. In this study, the morphology of blends was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that initial phase angle of dual rotor and mixing time had great effect on the dispersion of CNTs in epoxy resin. The degree of CNTs dispersion was best when the initial phase angle of dual rotor was 0°, and increasing mixing time could improve the degree of CNTs dispersion. Increasing ultrasonic power and synergistic time were helpful to disperse CNTs in epoxy resin. It demonstrated that the synergistic effect of continuous stretching flow and ultrasound oscillation had obviously effect on the dispersion of CNTs.

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OIWA, Takaaki, Hiroyuki TANAKA, Makoto ICHIMURA, and Masanori SATO. "F-0434 Active Air Bearing using Ultrasonic Oscillation : Experimental Air Bearing with Cone-shaped Oscillator." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting III.01.1 (2001): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.iii.01.1.0_251.

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An, Hong, Xi Feng He, and Shu Gang Gao. "Convenient Partial Purification of Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger A9 Fermentation Broth by Reversed Micelles." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.957.

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Aim of this work was to establish the optimum conditions for the extraction and recovery by cationic reversed micelles of glucose oxidase (GOX) from Aspergillus niger A9, The influence of pH, temperature, solvent/co-solvents ratio on the extraction was investigated by experiment, using the residual enzyme activity to evaluate the results. The best condition for GOX extraction were ensured using iso-octane as solvent and butanol and n-hexanol co-solvent at 76/18/6 volume ratio, pH 4.80, 200mM cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic surfactant, The enzyme activity of GOX is measured by DNS method (3,5-dinitro salicylic acid method). In the extraction process, ultrasonic oscillation was adopted to mix organic solvent and water, ultrasonic oscillation temperature is 45 °C. Protein activity recovery of GOX can reach 88.2% in extraction.

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Isobe, Hiromi, and Keisuke Hara. "High-Speed Capturing of Stress Distribution of Workpiece under Ultrasonically Assisted Cutting Condition." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.520.

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This paper reports the stress distribution inside the workpiece under ultrasonic vibration cutting (UVC) condition. Many researchers have reported the improvements of tool wear, burr generation and surface integrity by reduction of time-averaged cutting force under UVC condition. However general dynamometers have an insufficient frequency band to observe the ultrasonically varying processing phenomena induced by UVC. In this paper, stress distribution inside the workpiece was observed by combining the pulse laser as light source synchronized with ultrasonically vibrating cutting tool and the photoelastic method. The one shot of pulse laser with pulse width of 15nsec visualizes an instantaneous stress distribution. Sweeping the phase of emission against to ultrasonic oscillation, 360 frames for 35.7μs, one period of ultrasonic oscillation, are captured. Because UVC induced an intermittent cutting condition, the stress distribution changed periodically and disappeared when the tool leaved from the workpiece. The ideal chip-generating period is calculated by relative motion between tool and work. We found that the actual chip-generating period was extremely longer than ideal period.

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Jin, Yong Zhong, Kui Yang, Xian Guang Zen, Pan Pan Yue, and Guo Qing Zeng. "Influence of Ultrasonic Energy on Pore Structure of Ni-P Ultra-Black Films Produced by a Novel Blackening Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.276.

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Ni-P ultra-black films were prepared by ultrasonic chemical etching of electroless plated Ni-P films using 8 mol/L nitric acid at 40 °C for 20 s with different ultrasonic power ranging from 0 to 195 W. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study topographic characteristics of the films. The results show that ultrasonic oscillation plays an important role during ultrasonic chemical etching of electroless plated Ni-P films. The enhanced pore features with higher porosity through coalescence of adjacent isolated pores have been observed at 0-105 W. The increase in pore size of Ni-P etched films with the ultrasonic power (from 105 to 195 W) has been confirmed by SEM characterization. Generally, the dependences of relative etching rate on ultrasonic power are closely associated with pore size, pore shape and the distribution of etching pores.

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