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1
Aynur Jabiyeva, Aynur Jabiyeva. "ULTRASONİC DEVİCE WİTH A TEMPORARY AUTOMATİC ADJUSTMENT GENERATOR." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 19, no. 02 (May 18, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc19022022-36.
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All audible and inaudible sound oscillations propagate to the environment as mechanical oscillations, having the property of waves. When sound propagates, positive and negative pressures occur at a frequency equal to its frequency. Sound waves propagate in the same straight direction and are reflected and absorbed in the environment. The speed of propagation of ultrasonic waves varies in different environments, that is, the denser the medium, the higher the speed of propagation. Ultrasound treatment is carried out using special advanced devices. Ultrasonic vibrations in modern devices are obtained by piezoelectric effect. Keywords: sound vibrations, ultrasonic waves, piezoelectric effect, ultrasonic physics, amplifiers, voltage, current, ultrasonic scanner, automatic adjustment generator, adiabatic rotation sequence, apodization
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Wang, Xufeng, Xuanlin Wang, Jiyao Wang, and Zhongxi Tian. "Feasibility Study and Prospects of Rock Fragmentation Using Ultrasonic Vibration Excitation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 5868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175868.
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This paper systematically examines the feasibility of using ultrasonic vibration excitation for rock breakage and fragmentation; it focuses on the failure mechanisms of rock mass under the impact of ultrasonic waves, and the development of ultrasonic technology. Laboratory testing using a self-designed system was conducted in this paper to further validate the efficiency and reliability of rock breakage using ultrasonics. The results show that: (i) under the effects of both the high speed impact of ultrasonic vibration excitation and induced rock vibration excitation, a fracture is initiated and propagates rapidly within and outside of the rock. Under ultrasonic vibration excitation for 140 s, the compressive strength decreased by 45.6%; (ii) under the excitation of ultrasonics, the rock specimens failed completely in a short time from inside to outside, and there are distinct fissures in the internal nucleation of the rock. It is suggested that ultrasonic excitation provides a novel and promising option for rock fragmentation and breakage, which optimises the efficiency of underground hard rock engineering.
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Nassar, Sayed A., and Aditya B. Veeram. "Ultrasonic Control of Fastener Tightening Using Varying Wave Speed." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 3 (August 4, 2005): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2218347.
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A high precision ultrasonic technique and a test apparatus are developed for the real time control of the fastener elongation during the tightening process of bolted joints. This is accomplished by monitoring the propagation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves through the fastener material and the reflection of these waves at the end of the fastener. The round trip time of the longitudinal waves is continuously measured and monitored in real time. Using the wave speed in the fastener material, the change in the round trip time determines the fastener elongation, which creates fastener tension and joint clamp load. The wave speed through the bolt material is stress dependent; hence, it continuously changes as the fastener is being elongated during the tightening process. A varying wave speed algorithm is developed and utilized in order to compensate for wave speed variations. Because the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners is highly sensitive to friction variations, the scatter in such relationship is often unacceptable, especially in critical applications. By contrast, the automatic control of the fastener elongation during the tightening process would eliminate the dependence on the torque value as a predictor for the bolt tension. Hence, the new ultrasonic technique for the real-control of the fastener tension, by monitoring its elongation, would significantly enhance the reliability of bolted assemblies.
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Otani, Takahiko. "Modeling of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Path through Cancellous Bone and Quantitative Estimation of Bone Density and Bone Quality." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.857.
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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreasing bone density, and is assessed by the bone mass density of cancellous bone. An X-ray method is widely used for noninvasive measurement of bone mass density [mg/cm3]. An ultrasonic method has the potential to evaluate the elastic properties, however measured ultrasonic parameters are the slope of frequency dependent attenuation (BUA [dB/MHz]) and the speed of sound (SOS [m/s]), not the bone mass density [mg/cm3]. In previous study, two longitudinal waves, the fast and slow waves, were observed in cancellous bone. In this study, the propagation path through cancellous bone is modeled to specify the causality between ultrasonic wave parameters and bone density. Then bone density and bone elasticity are quantitatively formulated. A novel ultrasonic bone densitometry, prototype LD-100, have been developed. The bone density [mg/cm3] and the bone elasticity [GPa] are evaluated by ultrasonic parameters based on the fast and slow waves in cancellous bone using a modeling of ultrasonic wave propagation path.
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Khakimov, Ortagoli. "Immersion ultrasonic transducers." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2021.236076.
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The principles of operation and design of immersion ultrasonic transducers developed by the authors for excitation and reception of elastic vibrations in moving filament-like and plane-parallel materials, in particular, polymer fibbers and films, with an adjustable angle of input (reception) of probing signals into moving controlled object – polymer fibbers and films at normal and high temperatures.
The technical characteristics of the installation are given in which the converters developed by us are used, namely, sounding base (distance from the emitter to the receivers), the duration of the probing pulses, the frequency of filling and the duration of the probing pulses, the speed of the controlled object, the combined standard measurement uncertainties of the difference Δt of the propagation times of ultrasonic waves from the emitter to the first and second signal receivers, relative combined standard uncertainties of measurements of attenuation coefficient and velocity of propagation of ultrasonic waves.
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Chen, Xingjie, Wenfa Zhu, Guopeng Fan, Zaiwei Li, Wei Shao, Xiangzhen Meng, Liming Li, and Haiyan Zhang. "Novel method for detection of void defects under track slabs using air-coupled ultrasonic sensors." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 155014772094065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720940650.
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Void defects under track slabs are the main danger affecting the safe operation of high-speed railways. In the short high-speed railway maintenance periods, China’s high-speed railway line maintenance operations must quickly and dynamically determine void defects under track slabs that are in service without contact. However, the detection of void defects under track slabs still mainly relies on the manual inspection and flaw detection by railway workers during the railway maintenance period. If the defects are not quickly identified, the consequences could be disastrous. This article presents a new method for the non-contact dynamic detection of void defects under track slabs. The method involves the use of air-coupled ultrasonic sensors to generate and receive ultrasonic guided waves in the track slab to quantitatively represent the size of the void defect according to the principle of energy leakage of guided waves in the propagation process. The characteristics of the position-amplitude curve, taking the position of the beam axis as the abscissa and the amplitude of the time domain signal as the ordinate, were numerically calculated and analyzed. The quantitative relationship between the convex interval of the position-amplitude curve and the size of the void defect was obtained, and an imaging method of the void defects based on x, y two-dimensional line scanning data fusion is proposed. The excitation and reception methods of air-coupled ultrasonic guided waves were studied, and a 1:1 model of the track structure was built in the laboratory to verify the method and detect the void defect under the track slab. The experimental results show that ultrasonic guided waves can be excited and received in the track slab by air-coupled ultrasonic sensors. Based on the guided wave energy leakage principle, the quantitative characterization and imaging of the void defect under track slabs can be realized.
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di Scalea, Francesco Lanza, Ivan Bartoli, Piervincenzo Rizzo, and Mahmood Fateh. "High-Speed Defect Detection in Rails by Noncontact Guided Ultrasonic Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1916, no. 1 (January 2005): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191600110.
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Recent train accidents have reaffirmed the need to develop rail defect detection systems that are more effective than those used today. This paper proposes new inspection systems for detecting transverse-type cracks in the rail head, notoriously the most dangerous flaws in rails. In principle these systems can be applied to both continuous welded rail and jointed tracks because bidirectional inspection can be implemented. However, the systems may fail to detect defects located close to a joint. The proposed technology uses ultrasonic guided waves that are detected by remote sensors positioned as far away as 76 mm (3 in.) from the top of the rail head. An impulse hammer is used to generate waves below 50 kHz that can successfully detect cracks larger than 15% of the head cross-sectional area. For smaller cracks-those as shallow as 1 mm-a pulsed laser is used for generating waves above 100 kHz. The inspection ranges are at least 10 m (32 ft) for cracks larger than 15% of the head area and at least 500 mm (20 in.) for surface head cracks as shallow as 1 mm. The defect detection reliability is improved by using both reflection and transmission measurements.
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Locat, Jacques, Normand Beauséjour, and Marc-André Bérubé. "Utilisation du céléromètre ultrasonique sur des sols cohérents." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-034.
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The recent developments in acoustical methods make it possible to obtain, in the laboratory, quick and simple measures of the speed of propagation of the compression (Vp) and shear (Vs) waves in cohesive saturated or nonsaturated soils. The ultrasonic celerometer has allowed the observation of a significant correlation between the speed of the shear waves and the shear strength measured with the Swedish cone in clayey soils with or without additives. This nondestructive test could be currently used in geotechnical practice. Key words: ustrasonic celerometer, dynamic-elastic constants, nondestructive test, laboratory test, acoustic method, Swedish cone shear strength, cohesive soils, shear wave speed, compression wave speed. [Journal translation]
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Lee, Chang Hoon, Beom Hoon Park, Young Hun Kim, Hyeong Geun Jo, and Kwan Kyu Park. "Particle Manipulation in 2D Space Using a Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040534.
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Ultrasonic particle manipulation is a noncontact method for controlling microscale objects, such as cells or microparticles, using an acoustic field. In this study, a 2D array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs), placed horizontally in immersion, generated ultrasonic waves in the vertical direction, and the oil’s surface increased due to the radiation force of the ultrasonic waves. In addition, the radiation force directly exerted a force on a floating particle. By measuring the movement of the reflected laser light by the moving oil surface, the height of the oil’s surface deformed by the acoustic radiation force (ARF) was measured. The ARF made a floating particle, as well as the oil’s surface, move. The particle moved radially away from the surface position above the transducer, and its velocity was determined by its position on the fluid’s surface. When a single channel was operated, it moved 0.4 mm at an average speed of 90 μm/s, and when two adjacent channels were operated, it moved 1.2 mm at a speed of 272 μm/s. The particles moved in any direction on the surface of the oil by controlling the actuation channel using an electrical switch.
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Poursan Dalir, Mohammad, Ehsan Hedayati, and Arefeh Hedayati. "Detection and identification of subcutaneous defects using ultrasonic waves in reflective test." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 8003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.2.2021.06.0631.
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Non-destructive ultrasonic evaluation is one of the methods used for inspection in mechanical engineering. This method has diverse applications in various fields, including industry and medicine. The main purpose of this research is to identify a subcutaneous defect with ultrasonic waves. This is done by sending ultrasonic waves into the skin tissue and receiving backward echoes, simulating them using a software, and calculating the time difference using the speed of sound. In this research, the behavior of longitudinal and transverse waves is investigated in collisions with a defect by describing the genesis and application history as well as the principles and definitions of ultrasonic waves. In the test, first, the method of identifying the subcutaneous defect is explained. Then, the dimensions and stiffness of the defect are determined by analyzing the information obtained from the location. Using the 3.5-MHz probe, the defect was detected at a distance of 1.8 mm, indicating a high level of reliability compared to the sonography imaging device. This was while the 10-MHz probe failed to detect the defect just near the skin surface. The results confirm the choice of this method as a suitable method for detecting the subcutaneous defect.
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Li, Binbin, Bo Liu, Fan Xu, Yang Liu, Wentao Wang, and Tao Yang. "Compressive sampling–based ultrasonic computerized tomography technique for damage detection in concrete-filled steel tube in a bridge." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 2 (February 2021): 155014772098611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720986113.
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Ultrasonic computerized tomography is a promising technique for damage detection by enabling ultrasonic waves via multiple measurement paths leading to accurate localization of structural damage. Unlike traditional ultrasonic computerized tomography that requires numerous measurements and costly computation, a compressive sampling advancing both the measuring phase and the imaging phase is proposed in this study to achieve accurate identification with no low-speed traditional ultrasonic computerized tomography technique measurements or costly computation in real-world applications. The proposed rapid ultrasonic computerized tomography approach advances both the measuring phase and the imaging phase. In the measuring phase, far few ultrasonic measurement paths are randomly selected to capture the characteristics of the ultrasonic waves carrying the underlying damaged information. And in the imaging phase, ℓ1-norm minimization optimization algorithm is used to reconstruct the internal damage, rendering the sparest solution related to the physical damages. The functionality of the proposed approach is validated by both numerical simulation and experimental testing. The results indicate that the improved ultrasonic computerized tomography technique in compressive sampling framework has a great potential for rapid damage detection, which is a game-changing technique for accurate and cost-efficient damage detection in real-world applications.
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Santosa, I. E. "Speed of Sound Measurement Using an Ultrasonic Motion Detector." Physics Teacher 60, no. 7 (October 2022): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0014302.
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We propose a method to measure the speed of sound in air using a motion detector. The experiment is based on the principle of a motion detector used to measure distances. This device measures the time of flight of alternating ultrasonic waves between the observer and the target. By assuming a fixed speed of sound, the time of flight can be converted into a distance. The medium, including its temperature through which the sound travels, influences the speed of sound. A motion detector has been used to show the effect of CO2 concentration on the resulting distance measurement, and to estimate the linear change in speed of sound per degree Celsius. The distance measurement using a motion detector has to be calibrated according to the medium’s condition. The Logger Pro 3 features allow adjustment of the temperature setting and addition of an offset value to correct the motion detector reading.
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Herdovics, Balint, and Frederic Cegla. "Compensation of phase response changes in ultrasonic transducers caused by temperature variations." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718759272.
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One of the biggest challenges in structural health monitoring is the compensation of monitored data for environmental and operational conditions. In order to reliably estimate the changes in the structure, it is essential that the effects of environmental and operational conditions on the ultrasonic signal are compensated for before the signals are further analysed. The temperature-induced propagation speed change has the biggest effect on the ultrasonic signal and has been thoroughly investigated. This article investigates the subtler, yet also very important, changes in transducer output resulting from changes in the operating temperature. A compensation method is proposed which compensates for both the transducer phase response change and the wave’s propagation speed change. A key practical feature of the presented compensation method is that it uses only the ultrasonic signal itself for compensation estimation and can be used for any type of ultrasonic wave regardless of the type of transducer. For demonstration purposes, in this article, the results are shown for zero-order torsional guided waves, acquired by a purpose-built electromagnetic acoustic transducer. For signals with a 41.5°C temperature difference, the proposed compensation method was able to reduce the effect of environmental and operational conditions by 20 dB further (7 dB at the tail of the echo) compared to standard methods. This results in a much higher sensitivity to defects in areas where strong reflections are received. Furthermore, for the presented measurement setup, the precision to which the temperature-dependent change in wave propagation speed could be estimated was improved by 15%.
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Yuan, Mu, Chen Li, Jiangqin Ge, Qingduo Xu, and Zhian Li. "Study on the Motion Characteristics of Solid Particles in Fine Flow Channels by Ultrasonic Cavitation." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081196.
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Microjets caused by the cavitation effect in microchannels can affect the motion trajectory of solid particles in microchannels under ultrasonic conditions. The optimal parameters for an observation experiment were obtained through simulations, and an experiment was designed to verify these parameters. When the cavitation bubbles collapse in the near-wall area, the solid particles in the microchannel can be displaced along the expected motion trajectory. Using fluent software to simulate the bubble collapse process, it can be seen that, when an ultrasonic sound pressure acts on a bubble near the wall, the pressure causes the top of the bubble wall to sink inward and eventually penetrate the bottom of the bubble wall, forming a high-speed microjet. The maximum speed of the jet can reach nearly 28 m/s, and the liquid near the top of the bubble also moves at a high speed, driving the particles in the liquid towards the wall. A high-speed camera was used to observe the ultrasonic cavitation process of bubbles in the water to verify the simulation results. A comparison of particle motion with and without ultrasonic waves proved the feasibility of using the ultrasonic cavitation effect to guide small particles towards the wall. This method provides a novel experimental basis for changing the fluid layer state in the microchannel and improving precision machining.
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Shevaldykin, V. G. "CREEPING SURFACE LONGITUDINAL ACOUSTIC WAVE: MAIN PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 277 (July 2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.07.pp.004-012.
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Creeping ultrasonic waves have long been successfully used for flaw detection of near-surface and near-bottom zones of metal products. However, due to the fact that the creeping wave generates a lateral transverse wave directed into the metal volume at the third critical angle, it is also possible to test internal defects in principle. At known velocities of propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves in the metal, the third critical angle is easily calculated. Therefore, the time of propagation of the ultrasonic signal along any trajectory between points on the surface and in the volume of the metal can be calculated. Usually, creeping waves are used to test products of plane-parallel shape. There are no cases of their application on curved surfaces in the literature. It is possible that the creeping wave can also propagate over a concave surface. The aim of the article is to test experimentally new ways of using creeping waves. The propagation trajectories of the creeping and lateral transverse waves were studied on a steel plate. The time of passage of the ultrasonic signal along such trajectories of different lengths was measured, and the measurement results were compared with the calculated time values. The measured and calculated values coincided with accuracy sufficient for the coherent accumulation of echo signals that passed through the metal part of the path by the creeping wave and another part of the path by the lateral transverse wave.The propagation of the creeping wave over a concave surface was studied on a steel sample with cylindrical faces of different radii. As a result, it turned out that on a concave surface, the creeping wave propagates at the same speed of longitudinal waves as on a flat surface, but it decays much more strongly with distance. Studies have shown that creeping waves can be used in ultrasonic tomography, where a preliminary calculation of the propagation trajectories of ultrasonic signals is required. The propagation of creeping waves over concave surfaces extends the capabilities of the TOFD method to the area of intube testing
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Ito, Youichi. "Experimental Investigation of Deflection of High-Speed Water Current with Aerial Ultrasonic Waves." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 6B (June 24, 2005): 4669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.4669.
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Wang, Chuangnan, Thomas Connolley, Iakovos Tzanakis, Dmitry Eskin, and Jiawei Mi. "Characterization of Ultrasonic Bubble Clouds in A Liquid Metal by Synchrotron X-ray High Speed Imaging and Statistical Analysis." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010044.
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Quantitative understanding of the interactions of ultrasonic waves with liquid and solidifying metals is essential for developing optimal processing strategies for ultrasound processing of metal alloys in the solidification processes. In this research, we used the synchrotron X-ray high-speed imaging facility at Beamline I12 of the Diamond Light Source, UK to study the dynamics of ultrasonic bubbles in a liquid Sn-30wt%Cu alloy. A new method based on the X-ray attenuation for a white X-ray beam was developed to extract quantitative information about the bubble clouds in the chaotic and quasi-static cavitation regions. Statistical analyses were made on the bubble size distribution, and velocity distribution. Such rich statistical data provide more quantitative information about the characteristics of ultrasonic bubble clouds and cavitation in opaque, high-temperature liquid metals.
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Fedorov, A. V., V. A. Bychenok, I. V. Berkutov, and I. E. Alifanova. "METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATION THE UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL STRESS BY THE ULTRASONIC METHOD WITH THE HELP OF AN OPTICAL-ACOUSTIC SEPARATE-COMBINED TRANSDUCER." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 277 (July 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.07.pp.056-061.
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The work is devoted to the ultrasonic method for controlling mechanical stresses using ultrasonic head waves. The speed of the head ultrasonic wave is the highest, which allows it to be recorded stably among other types of ultrasonic waves and noises. To determine mechanical stresses, registration of the relative change in the velocity of propagation of the head ultrasonic wave is used, corrected for the change in the measured value caused by the change in the temperature of the test object. Thus, mechanical stresses are not measured directly, but the sources of uncertainty are the results of measurements of the propagation velocity of the head ultrasonic wave, the temperature of the environment and the test object, the coefficients of acoustoelastic and thermoacoustic coupling, and the parameters of the optical-acoustic transducer. The contribution of each of these factors to the results of measurements of mechanical stresses is estimated. On the basis of GOST 34100.3–2017, a method has been developed for asessing the uncertainty of measurements of mechanical stresses by the ultrasonic method using head waves. The dependence of the expanded measurement uncertainty on the value of the measured mechanical stresses was obtained. This dependence shows that measurements of mechanical stresses in the range of less than 100 MPa have an uncertainty of more than 10 % of the measured value. When measuring mechanical stresses over 200 MPa, the measurement uncertainty will not exceed 4 % (at a confidence level of 95 %).The proposed approach to assessing the uncertainty of measurements of mechanical stresses can be useful in the development of requirements for the used measuring instruments, alignment samples and control objects, as well as in the development of methods for monitoring mechanical stresses by the ultrasonic method using an optical-acoustic separate-combined transducer.
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Srijith, Biyyala. "Arduino based Distance Measurement Sensor using Ultrasonic Sensor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35346.
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The project we designed is used to develop a distance measurement system using ultrasonic waves and interfaced with Arduino UNO. We know that the human audible range is from 20hz to 20khz. We can use these frequency range waves through ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04. The main advantages of this sensor are when this sensor is interfaced with Arduino which is a control system and a sensing system, a proper calculation of the distance measurement can be done by using different types of new techniques. As huge amounts are spent on hundreds of inflexible circuit boards, the Arduino board will allow the business to bring many more unique devices. These distance measurement systems are mostly used as range meters and as proximity detectors in the different types of industries. The hardware part of the ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with the Arduino Uno board. This type of measuring distance is an efficient way to measure even small distances accurately. The distance of an object from the sensor is measured by using an ultrasonic sensor. After knowing the speed of the sound wave the distance of an object can be calculated.
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Baev, A. R., A. L. Mayorov, M. V. Asadchaya, V. N. Levkovich, and K. G. Zhavoronkov. "Features of the Surface and Subsurface Waves Application for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Physicomechanical Properties of Solids. Part 1. Influence of the Geometrical Parameters." Devices and Methods of Measurements 9, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2018-9-4-325-326.
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Application of surface and subsurface waves for control of objects with a double-layer structure allows to extend possibilities of diagnostics of their physico-mechanical properties. The purpose of work was to determine conditions and offer recommendations providing measuring of ultrasonic velocity and amplitude of the former modes in protective layers and in basis of object at one-sided access to its surface.The analysis of an acoustic path of a measuring system in relation to ultrasonic evaluation of the objects having the restricted sizes and the protective coating according to velocity data of the surface and subsurface waves propagation is made. On the basis of representations of beam acoustics the dependences connecting a wavelength of the excited surface and subsurface modes, thickness and width of a controlled object, acoustic base of a sounding are defined. There are to provide a condition leveling of the influence of an acoustical noise created by the reflected and accompanying waves on parameters of acoustic signal with the given quantity of oscillations in an impulse.The principle opportunity is shown and conditions for determination of velocity of subsurface body waves in the base material which is under a protective coating layer are established. For these purposes on the basis of use of the block of ultrasonic probes the optimum scheme of a sounding is offered and the analytical expression for calculation of required velocity considering varying of thickness of a covering is received.The method of acoustical measuring realized by a direct and reverse sounding of the objects with small aperture and angle probes was analysed and formulas for determination of speed of subsurface wave under protective layer of the wedge form have been got. An ultrasonic device is suggested for the excitationreception of subsurface waves with different speed in objects (on 20–35 %) using for the acoustic concordance of environments of metallic sound duct as a wedge. Possibility of leveling of interference in a protective layer to control efects in basis of material by a volume wave by creation of supporting echo-signal of longitudinal wave of the set frequency and entered normally to the surface of object was studied.
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Zhou, Hong Ming, and Guo Wen Liu. "Research on Influence Factors Based on Model of Rotational Ultrasonic Tube Testing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 127 (October 2011): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.127.242.
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The scanning mode of probes rotating at a high speed can make the ultrasonic testing for steel tubes much more efficient. However, the ultrasonic field produced by a fast rotating probe has a strong time variability, which influences the value of echo signals and leads to a decrease in accuracy of quantitative testing. In order to improve the reliability of quantitative testing, it is necessary to explore how ultrasonic waves travel in steel tubes and establish a mathematical model for the quantitative relation between echo signals and their influencing factors. A following numerical simulation experiment indicates that data from measurement and simulation are consistent with each other. Based on this ultrasonic model, the paper studies the relation between echo signals and relevant parameters in ultrasonic tube testing and claims that this model can optimize parameter configuration in steel tube testing.
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Kruisová, Alena, and Jiří Plešek. "Tangent Moduli of the Hencky Material Model Derived from the Stored Energy Function at Finite Strains." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.327.
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Tangent moduli associated with the linear logarithmic model of hyperelasticity are derived. These relations are crucial not only to theoretical analyses but also to wave propagation and ultrasonic testing. The tangent moduli as functions of stress determine the speed of propagating acoustic waves and, therefore, indirectly point to a possible occurrence of residual stress fields in elastic solids.
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Meloni, Daniel, Barbara de Nicolo, Giovanna Concu, and Fabio Gillone. "Finite Element Modelling of Acoustic Waves Propagation in Stone Masonry." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.123.
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Abstract. The paper deals with the finite element modelling of acoustic waves propagation through a stone masonry specimen. In the last decades major efforts have been devoted to improve Sonic and Ultrasonic analysis of structural members and provide suitable correlations between acoustic wave features and the material parameters. This paper concerns the ultrasonic analysis and tomography of a masonry specimen made of trachyte blocks and cement mortar, including an inner void as an anomaly supposed to be detected by the analysis. The tests were performed with several equipments accordingly to the Direct Transmission Technique, transmitting an ultrasound signal by a piezoelectric transducer and detecting and analysing the signal received on the opposite side by another transducer. Basically the transmission time of the signal through an ideal path from the emitting and receiving transducers and the resulting wave speed are regarded as the main phenomenological measurements for non-homogeneity and anomalies detection.
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Aditi Kulkarni, P. Sai Laasya, Pritha, Priya M.S., Adithya T.G., Pavithra G., Sindhu Sree M., and T.C.Manjunath. "Design & development of an LED distance indicator." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.037.
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The work presented in this paper highlights about the design & development of an LED indicator for various of engineering applications. The project is designed to develop distance measurement system using ultrasonic waves and interfaced with Arduino. We know that human audible range is 20hz to 20khz. We can utilize these frequency range waves through ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04.The advantages of this sensor when interfaced with Arduino which is a control and sensing system, a proper distance measurement can be made with new techniques. As large amounts are spent for hundreds of inflexible circuit boards, the Arduino will allow businessto bring many more unique devices. This distance measurement system can be widely used as range meters and as proximity detectors in industries. The hardware part of ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino. This method of measurement is efficient way to measure small distances precisely. The distance of an obstacle from the sensor is measured through ultrasonic sensor. After knowing the speed of sound the distance can be calculated. The work presented here is the mini-project work of the second semester engineering students of electronics & communication engineering department of Dayananda Sagar College of Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka
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Wijaya, Rangga Pujianto, Abdul Rouf, and Tri Wahyu Supardi. "Klasifikasi Tingkat Kemurnian Bahan Bakar Minyak Berdasarkan Cepat Rambat Gelombang Menggunakan Algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor." IJEIS (Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems) 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.49660.
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The need for fuel oil has increased along with the increase of population, the number of vehicles and industries. An increase in demand for fuel oil is used by some people to make a profit by selling mixed fuel oil at the same price as the price set by the government. The purpose of this study is to create a prototype device that can characterize the type of fuel oil and create a classification system to determine the level of fuel purity with 40 kHz ultrasonic waves based on the parameters of wave velocity using the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm.This device works by using a 40 kHz ultrasonic wave that is connected to an ultrasonic transmitter. The propagated wave will be received by the ultrasonic receiver. The wave received by the receiver will be amplified and connected to the comparator circuit so that it can be processed by a microcontroller. Data obtained using this tool are wave travel time, wave velocity, density, and attenuation. The data used for classification systems using the KNN algorithm is wave velocity.Classification using the KNN algorithm can identify the level of fuel purity based on the parameters of the wave velocity obtained from ultrasonic wave gauges with an accuracy of 72.50%. Wave velocity which is measured using ultrasonic waves is directly proportional to the actual speed with the largest percentage of deviations that is 0.34%.
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Yao, Wenqing, Fuwei Sheng, Xiaoyuan Wei, Lei Zhang, and Yuan Yang. "Propagation characteristics of ultrasonic guided waves in continuously welded rail." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (July 27, 2017): 1740075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917400759.
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Rail defects cause numerous railway accidents. Trains are derailed and serious consequences often occur. Compared to traditional bulk wave testing, ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) can provide larger monitoring ranges and complete coverage of the waveguide cross-section. These advantages are of significant importance for the non-destructive testing (NDT) of the continuously welded rail, and the technique is therefore widely used in high-speed railways. UGWs in continuous welded rail (CWR) and their propagation characteristics have been discussed in this paper. Finite element methods (FEMs) were used to accomplish a vibration modal analysis, which is extended by a subsequent dispersion analysis. Wave structure features were illustrated by displacement profiles. It was concluded that guided waves have the ability to detect defects in the rail via choice of proper mode and frequency. Additionally, thermal conduction that is caused by temperature variation in the rail is added into modeling and simulation. The results indicated that unbalanced thermal distribution may lead to the attenuation of UGWs in the rail.
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Banaś, Alicja, and Zbigniew Karwat. "Influence of the glue joint on the speed of propagation of sound waves in wood." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 117 (April 30, 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9057.
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Influence of the glue joint on the speed of propagation of sound waves in wood. The aim of this study is to demonstrate differences in the propagation of sound waves in wood depending on the type of glue used to form the joint. Samples of tree species considered as resonant wood, i.e. Norway spruce (Picea abies) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), and for comparison, wood of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were used. The fractured samples were glued together using glutinous fish glue, polyurethane glue (Titebond Liquid Glue) and cyanoacrylate glue (BONDOLOC B415). All types of glue are used in instrument repair, of which glutinous glue is regarded to be the correct one used in gluing technique. The test was carried out using a non-destructive ultrasonic method. It has been shown that the highest decreases in speed of propagation of sound waves are in wood glued with glutinous glue and the lowest in wood glued with cyanoacrylate glue.
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Moon, Jeonghoon, Sungjun Park, and Sangkil Lim. "A Novel High-Speed Resonant Frequency Tracking Method Using Transient Characteristics in a Piezoelectric Transducer." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176378.
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When driving the piezoelectric transducer (PT: piezo transducer), which is a key device, it is important for the ultrasonic system (using ultrasonic waves of 20 kHz or higher) to operate at a resonant frequency that can maximize the conversion of mechanical energy (vibration) from electrical energy. The resonant frequency of the PT changes during the actual operation according to the load fluctuations and environmental conditions. Therefore, to maintain a stable output in an ultrasonic system, it is essential to track the resonant frequency in a short time. In particular, fast resonant frequency tracking (RFT: resonant frequency tracking) is an important factor in the medical ultrasonic system, i.e., the system applied in this thesis. The reason is that in the case of a medical ultrasonic system, heat-induced skin necrosis, etc., may cause the procedure to be completed within a short period of time. Therefore, tracking the RFT time for maximum power transfer is an important factor; in this thesis, we propose a new high-speed RFT method. The proposed method finds the whole system resonance frequency by using the transient phenomenon (underdamped response characteristic) that appears in an impedance system, such as an ultrasonic generator, and uses this to derive the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT. To increase the accuracy of the proposed method, parameter fluctuations of the pressure of the PT, the equivalent circuit impedance analysis of the PT, and a MATLAB simulation were performed. Through this, the correlation between the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system, including the LC filter with nonlinear characteristics and the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT, was analyzed. Based on the analyzed results, a method for tracking the mechanical resonance frequency that can transfer the maximum output to the PT is proposed in this thesis. Experiments show that using the proposed high-speed RFT method, the ultrasonic system can track the mechanical resonance frequency of the PT with high accuracy in a short time.
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Волхонов, Михаил, Mihail Volhonov, Игорь Зимин, Igor' Zimin, Иван Максимов, Ivan Maksimov, Губейдулла Юнусов, et al. "THE METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF MATERIAL AND AIR IN PNEUMOSEPARATION CHANNEL WINNOWING MACHINE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5afc14fbb1cbb8.74768988.
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The article substantiates the practical application of ultrasonic range finders for studying and controlling the operation of the pneumatic separation channel of a grain cleaning machine. A new technological scheme of the installation is described, as well as the results of experimental studies aimed at finding parameters that have the greatest correlation with the supply of material and air flow to the pneumatic separation channel of the grain cleaning machine. It has been experimentally determined that the speed of the feeding roller regulating the supply of material to the pneumatic separation channel in order to fully load it and provide maximum output has a strong inverse correlation (-0.89) with the difference in the averaged values of the lengths of the paths of ultrasonic waves piercing across the moving grain layer , obtained from ultrasonic range finders at the beginning and end of the pneumatic separation channel. The rotor speed of the fan regulating the air supply to the pneumatic separation channel also has a strong inverse correlation (-0.82) with the difference in the averaged values of the path lengths of ultrasonic waves piercing across the moving grain layer obtained from ultrasonic range finders in the middle and end of the air separation channel. It is proved that at a frequency of polling the sensors 1200 ms, the quality of the evaluation of the state of the stochastic layer is the best. The developed method for controlling the supply of material and air to the air separation channel of the grain cleaning machine can be used as the basis for the automation of the grain cleaning process, it will allow to react in a timely manner to the stochastic change in the variable state of the process of cleaning the grain heaps, and as a consequence, to improve its quality and to reduce specific energy costs.
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HUANG, C. F., K. N. HUANG, Y. C. LI, and M. S. YOUNG. "TWO-FREQUENCY CONTINUOUS WAVE ULTRASONIC SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN AN INFANT INCUBATOR." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 13, no. 06 (December 25, 2001): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237201000376.
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In this paper, we develop a new ultrasonic measurement method based on the speed of sound to measure the temperature. The average temperature of the air between the pair of ultrasonic T/R transducers is positively associated with the speed of sound. The method presented here is based upon the comparative phase shifts generated by two continuous ultrasonic waves with different but closely spaced frequencies. In the infant incubator, two low cost 40 kHz ultrasonic transducers are set face to face and used to transmit and receive ultrasound. Two frequencies are transmitted serially, each generating its own phase shift. Comparison of the phase shifts allows a highly accurate evaluation of the ultrasonic velocity when the distance between the transmitter and receiver is fixed. Ultrasonic velocity measurement system can provide a quick and precise monitoring of the temperature in an infant incubator. A single-chip microcomputer-based two-frequency continuous wave generator and phase detector was designed to record and compute the phase shift information and the resulting temperature, which is then sent to PC. The PC is used for calibrating the system and recording or controlling the temperature in an infant incubator. Experimentally, the accuracy of temperature measurement was found to be within ±0.02 °C when the distance between the transmitter and receiver is 1 m. The main advantages of this ultrasonic temperature measurement system are high resolution, low cost, and ease of implementation.
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Simon, Julianna C., Oleg A. Sapozhnikov, Vera A. Khokhlova, Lawrence A. Crum, and Michael R. Bailey. "Ultrasonic atomization of liquids in drop-chain acoustic fountains." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 766 (February 2, 2015): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.11.
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AbstractWhen focused ultrasound waves of moderate intensity in liquid encounter an air interface, a chain of drops emerges from the liquid surface to form what is known as a drop-chain fountain. Atomization, or the emission of micro-droplets, occurs when the acoustic intensity exceeds a liquid-dependent threshold. While the cavitation-wave hypothesis, which states that atomization arises from a combination of capillary-wave instabilities and cavitation bubble oscillations, is currently the most accepted theory of atomization, more data on the roles of cavitation, capillary waves, and even heat deposition or boiling would be valuable. In this paper, we experimentally test whether bubbles are a significant mechanism of atomization in drop-chain fountains. High-speed photography was used to observe the formation and atomization of drop-chain fountains composed of water and other liquids. For a range of ultrasonic frequencies and liquid sound speeds, it was found that the drop diameters approximately equalled the ultrasonic wavelengths. When water was exchanged for other liquids, it was observed that the atomization threshold increased with shear viscosity. Upon heating water, it was found that the time to commence atomization decreased with increasing temperature. Finally, water was atomized in an overpressure chamber where it was found that atomization was significantly diminished when the static pressure was increased. These results indicate that bubbles, generated by either acoustic cavitation or boiling, contribute significantly to atomization in the drop-chain fountain.
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Salambue, Roni. "PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGUKUR TINGGI BADAN DIGITAL DENGAN METODE SONAR." Rabit : Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi Univrab 1, no. 1 (January 10, 2016): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/rabit.v1i1.14.
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Sonar is an abbreviation of (sound of ranging), which means the technique of spreading the sound for navigation and communicating or detecting other ships. Sonar can be applied to measure the distance of an object by reflecting ultrasonic waves to the object and then captured through the reciver. The ultrasonic wave is reflected by the SR04 sensor and uses Arduino Uno as a microcontroller where its distance is calculated. LCD is used to display measurement results so that it is easier to take height measurements. Arduino is a device that can be programmed and connected directly with an ultrasonic sensor used for measurements. The ultrasonic sensor is placed on a pole as high as 200 cm, and the distance of 200 cm is used as a benchmark measurement. Measurement using manual and digital can work well, but using digital level measurement speed is better than measuring using a manual.
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Rhim, Hong Chul, Dae You Kim, Chang Shik Cho, and Do Hyun Kim. "Effect of Steel Plates on Estimation of the Compressive Strength of Concrete via Ultrasonic Testing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040887.
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The presence of embedded steel affects the estimates obtained for the compressive strength of concrete during ultrasonic testing, as it increases the ultrasonic wave velocity. Thus, if the presence of steel in concrete is inevitable, then a correction factor is required for an accurate estimation of the concrete strength. While previous studies focused on the effect of steel reinforcing bars on the speed of ultrasonic waves in concrete, this work expands on the significance of embedded steel from steel bars to include steel plates. The wave velocity was measured for varying dimensions of embedded steel plates from 15 mm to 150 mm using 54-kHz ultrasonic testing equipment. Through experiments, the effect of steel plates on the ultrasonic testing of concrete was quantified to derive proper correction factors. It was found that the thickness, depth, and height of the steel plates significantly affected the test results. These findings can be applied to ultrasonic testing to estimate the compressive strength of concrete consisting of a significant volume of steel, such as in steel-reinforced concrete structures.
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Kewalramani, Jitendra, Zhenting Zou, Richard Marsh, Bruce Bukiet, and Jay Meegoda. "Nonlinear Behavior of High-Intensity Ultrasound Propagation in an Ideal Fluid." Acoustics 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics2010011.
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In this paper, nonlinearity associated with intense ultrasound is studied by using the one-dimensional motion of nonlinear shock wave in an ideal fluid. In nonlinear acoustics, the wave speed of different segments of a waveform is different, which causes distortion in the waveform and can result in the formation of a shock (discontinuity). Acoustic pressure of high-intensity waves causes particles in the ideal fluid to vibrate forward and backward, and this disturbance is of relatively large magnitude due to high-intensities, which leads to nonlinearity in the waveform. In this research, this vibration of fluid due to the intense ultrasonic wave is modeled as a fluid pushed by one complete cycle of piston. In a piston cycle, as it moves forward, it causes fluid particles to compress, which may lead to the formation of a shock (discontinuity). Then as the piston retracts, a forward-moving rarefaction, a smooth fan zone of continuously changing pressure, density, and velocity is generated. When the piston stops at the end of the cycle, another shock is sent forward into the medium. The variation in wave speed over the entire waveform is calculated by solving a Riemann problem. This study examined the interaction of shocks with a rarefaction. The flow field resulting from these interactions shows that the shock waves are attenuated to a Mach wave, and the pressure distribution within the flow field shows the initial wave is dissipated. The developed theory is applied to waves generated by 20 KHz, 500 KHz, and 2 MHz transducers with 50, 150, 500, and 1500 W power levels to explore the effect of frequency and power on the generation and decay of shock waves. This work enhances the understanding of the interactions of high-intensity ultrasonic waves with fluids.
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Hwang, Young-In, Hyosung Lee, Yong-Il Kim, and Ki-Bok Kim. "Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using LCR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (April 14, 2022): 075007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac5b9e.
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Abstract Non-destructive stress measurement using ultrasonic techniques is based on calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient obtained from the relationship between material stress and sound wave velocity. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are the most suitable for ultrasonic stress measurement testing. This is because these waves exhibit a relatively large change in flight time in relation to a change in stress. In general, to calculate the acoustoelastic coefficient, tensile tests are performed with specimens extracted from the test objects to be inspected, and the difference in the speed of ultrasonic waves is measured in relation to the stress applied. However, train rails are usually subjected to compressive loads and no research has been conducted to confirm whether the results obtained using this method match the coefficients obtained from test objects in full cross-section. Therefore, results from compression tests on full cross-section specimens are needed as reference data to determine the reliability of the results obtained using extracted specimens. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare the result from applying compressive loads to full cross-section specimens to the experimental result obtained from specimens extracted from each rail section. For this purpose, ultrasonic probes capable of generating LCR waves were designed and manufactured to apply the technique to measure the applied stress. Based on the results obtained using this probe, the acoustoelastic coefficient values obtained from each specimen were compared. Then, the feasibility of calculating the internal stresses in railway rails using the acoustoelastic constants obtained from the extracted specimens was determined, and the reliability of the method was verified. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the acoustoelastic coefficients calculated using the data from extracted specimens and those using full cross-section specimens.
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Yalanskyi, Anatolii. "Features of ultrasonic control of mechanical properties of core rocks of geological exploration wells." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900115.
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The article discusses the features of ultrasonic operative control of the mechanical properties of rocks of geological exploration wells. The control develops in three directions: ultrasonic logging of exploration wells, the determination of the strength and elastic properties of rocks, taking into account their geological homogeneity; comprehensive monitoring of physical and mechanical properties of cores of deep and ultra-deep wells directly on the wells or core storage facilities. To control samples with untreated ends, it was proposed to use methods and means to ensure the point contact of the sensor with the surface, which allows to accurately determine the distance traveled by the waves through the sample, and taking into account the directional patterns of ultrasonic vibrations to determine the type and speed of the wave. According to the velocities of the longitudinal, shear or surface waves and the density of rocks determine the dynamic elastic parameters. The discrepancy between the actual structure of deep rock massif and seismic data is considered. With depth, the metamorphism of rocks increases. At the considered depths, the crust of rocks has a layered structure, which is due to the alternation of igneous and sedimentary rocks differing in the degree of metamorphism.
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Shevchuk, T. M., M. A. Bordyuk, V. V. Krivtsov, V. V. Kukla, and V. A. Mashchenko. "Viscoelastic Properties of Filled Polyurethane Auxetics." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.2.328-335.
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The paper presents experimental values of lateral and extension transmission ultrasonic waves speed and their absorbance coefficient obtained with the help of discrete immersed method in metal filled polymer auxetic samples with polyurethane matrix. Poisson’s ratio, real and imaginary parts of complex dynamic elastic modulus (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus) and mechanical losses tangent of angle for extension, lateral and bulk deformation have been calculated regarding paper’s results. Viscoelastic properties of polyurethane auxetic have been examined regarding different theoretical approaches. To support negative values of Poisson’s ratio, a filled polymer model with critical filler amount and auxetic deformation models have been used. Models structural characteristics for filled polyurethane auxetics have been defined. Systems modeling with solid bulky inclusions, that are able to absorb and to disseminate ultrasonic waves, enables to consider suchlike systems as complex density materials. It is shown that in certain ratio of wave parameters and environment structural and mechanical properties, resonance effects take place, regarding filler’s particles vibration as inclusions in general.
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Önen, Onursal. "Dispersion and Sensitivity Analysis of Quasi-Scholte Wave Liquid Sensing by Analytical Methods." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9876076.
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Ultrasonic-guided wave sensing relies on perturbation of wave propagation by changing physical properties of the target media. Solid waveguides, through which guided waves can be transduced between the transducer and the target media, are frequently employed for liquid sensing and several other applications. In this manuscript, liquid sensing sensitivity of dispersive quasi-Scholte waves, which are guided interface waves that travel at the solid-liquid boundary, is investigated. Dispersion analysis of quasi-Scholte waves is done and sensitivities of quasi-Scholte waves to changes in fluid density and speed of sound in a dipstick configuration are analyzed. An experimentally verified analytical model based on a global matrix approach is employed in a nondimensional manner to generate representative dispersion and sensitivity surfaces. Optimum configurations with respect to the material properties of the liquid and of the waveguide are illustrated, which would enable optimal quasi-Scholte liquid sensing.
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Kobayashi, Hiroshi, Toshiya Kimura, and Masami Negishi. "A Study of a Vehicle Ground Speed Sensor Using the Doppler Effect of Ultrasonic Waves." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, S1 (January 1, 1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.29s1.209.
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Vaibhav, R., N. Amutha Prabha, V. Indragandhi, M. Bharathidasan, S. Vasantharaj, and J. Sam Alaric. "Autonomous Braking System Using Linear Actuator." Journal of Sensors 2022 (November 22, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7707600.
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The most frequent cause of vehicle accidents (car, bike, truck, etc.) is the unexpected existence of barriers while driving. An automated braking system will assist and minimize such collisions and save the driver and other people’s lives and have a substantial influence on driver safety and comfort. An autonomous braking system is a complicated mechatronic system that incorporates a front-mounted ultrasonic wave emitter capable of creating and transmitting ultrasonic waves. In addition, a front-mounted ultrasonic receiver is attached to gather ultrasonic wave signals that are reflected. The distance between the impediment and the vehicle is determined by the reflected wave. Then, a microprocessor is utilized to control the vehicle’s speed depending on the detected pulse information, which pushes the brake pedal and applies the vehicle’s brakes extremely hard for safety. For work-energy at surprise condition for velocity 20 km/hr, the braking distance is 17.69 m, and for velocity 50 km/hr, the braking distance is 73.14.
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Robhani, Hidayahtullah Abdi, and Abdul Ro'uf. "Perancangan Flowmeter Ultrasonik untuk Mengukur Debit Air Pada Pipa." IJEIS (Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems) 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.31774.
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Measurement of water discharge using ultrasonic wave properties ensures the stability of measured water profile because of its non-intrusive nature. In this study, a water discharge measuring device has been developed by utilizing ultrasonic wave properties to determine its speed. The device is designed using two pairs of ultrasonic transmitters and receivers at upstream and downstream positions toward the direction of the water flow. 40 kHz ultrasonic waves are generated with AD9850 DDS sinusoidal pulse generating module. The sensor data processor uses an Arduino Due microcontroller module by calculating the measured ultrasonic wave travel time difference. Measurements were made on a 57 mm diameter pipe with flow rates varied using 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% tap openings. The measurement resulte shows the lowest water debit calculation value of 4.42×10-4 m3/s at 25% faucet opening and highest discharge of 2.15×10-3 m3/s at 100% faucet opening with the values of coefficient of correlation and coefficient of determination on 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% faucet openings respectively 0.9715, 0.9669, 0.9604 and 0.9647 and 94.37%, 93.49%, 92 , 24%, and 93.07%.
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Kline, R. A., C. P. Hsiao, and M. A. Fidaali. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesively Bonded Joints." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 108, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225870.
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In this experiment, the method of phase spectral analysis was used to monitor ultrasonic moduli changes in a two part epoxy adhesive bonded between steel adherends during cure as well as during cyclic loading. Ultrasonic signals were generated using a piezoelectric transducer operated in the pulse-echo mode. These signals were digitized using a high-speed transient digitizer (100 MHz sampling rate) and stored for post-test analysis in the memory of a minicomputer. Based on this information, ultrasonic attenuation and phase velocity measurements (as a function of frequency) were obtained for both longitudinal and shear waves throughout the cure cycle. This technique was also used to monitor the cure of adhesives with different mix ratios in order to evaluate the utility of this approach for quality control purposes. The potential use of the method to study fatigue damage development was also considered.
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RENTERIA, LUCIANO ALONSO, and JUAN M. PEREZ ORIA. "A MODIFIED FINITE DIFFERENCES METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC PROPAGATION IN NONHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA." Journal of Computational Acoustics 18, no. 01 (March 2010): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x10004048.
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The propagation of ultrasonic waves is generally studied in homogeneous media, although in certain industrial applications the conditions of propagation differ from the ideal conditions and the predicted results are not valid. This work is focused on the resolution of the Helmholtz equation for the study of the ultrasonic propagation in nonhomogeneous media. In this way, the solution of the Helmholtz equation has been obtained by means of Finite Differences, using a nonconventional scheme that substantially improves the results obtained with other techniques such as standard Finite Differences or Finite Elements. Moreover, it decreases the computational cost in the calculation of the coefficients about 85%. The effects on the ultrasonic echoes in propagation environments with high gradients of propagation's speed have been analyzed by simulation using the method presented, and the results obtained have been experimentally validated through a set of measurements.
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Aranguren, Gerardo, Javier Bilbao, Josu Etxaniz, José Miguel Gil-García, and Carolina Rebollar. "Methodology for Detecting Progressive Damage in Structures Using Ultrasound-Guided Waves." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041692.
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Damage detection in structural health monitoring of metallic or composite structures depends on several factors, including the sensor technology and the type of defect that is under the spotlight. Commercial devices generally used to obtain these data neither allow for their installation on board nor permit their scalability when several structures or sensors need to be monitored. This paper introduces self-developed equipment designed to create ultrasonic guided waves and a methodology for the detection of progressive damage, such as corrosion damage in aircraft structures, i.e., algorithms for monitoring such damage. To create slowly changing conditions, aluminum- and carbon-reinforced polymer plates were placed together with seawater to speed up the corrosion process. The setup was completed by an array of 10 piezoelectric transducers driven and sensed by a structural health monitoring ultrasonic system, which generated 100 waveforms per test. The hardware was able to pre-process the raw acquisition to minimize the transmitted data. The experiment was conducted over eight weeks. Three different processing stages were followed to extract information on the degree of corrosion: hardware algorithm, pattern matching, and pattern recognition. The proposed methodology allows for the detection of trends in the progressive degradation of structures.
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Dong, Yue, Yong Qian, Hai Feng Ye, and Xiu Chen Jiang. "FEM Simulation of PD Acoustic Signal Propagation in Transformers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2278.
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In order to study propagation process of partial discharge ultrasonic signal in power transformer, the finite element method is used for simulation modeling and calculation. Ultrasonic waves can be activated by partial discharges (PD) in power transformers. The ultrasonic method is used for evaluating the insulation condition of power transformers by analyzing the partial discharge signals information which is detected by AE sensors. Compared with other diagnostic methods the AE method causes relatively low disturbance, and measuring apparatus is simple and easy to use. This technique is noninvasive and immune to electromagnetic noise. Simulate partial discharge sources of different positions respectively. Achieved results indicate that the space and time distributions of the acoustic pressure depend on the induction position. Furthermore, a greater pressure gradient is observed in domains with higher speed of sound while the signal amplitude decays when it moves away from the PD source.
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Li, Wei, Douglas R. Schmitt, and Xiwei Chen. "Accounting for pressure-dependent ultrasonic beam skew in transversely isotropic rocks: combining modelling and measurement of anisotropic wave speeds." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz580.
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SUMMARY The intrinsic anisotropy of rock influences the paths of propagating seismic waves and indicates mineralogical texture and strains; and as such it is important that laboratory measurements of such properties be fully understood. Usually, when studying anisotropy, ultrasonic wave speeds are measured in a variety of strategic directions and, subsequently transformed to the dynamic elastic moduli using symmetry-appropriate formula. For transversely isotropic rocks the moduli are ideally found by measuring wave speeds in directions vertical, parallel and oblique to the foliation or bedding using finite-width ultrasonic transducers. An important, but ignored, complication is that at oblique angles the ultrasonic beam unavoidably deviates, or skews, away from the transmitter's normal axis making proper wave speed determinations difficult. The pressure dependence of the wave speeds further confounds finding a solution as skew angles, too, vary with confining pressure. We develop a new technique that incorporates dual ultrasonic receivers to account for and mitigate the effects of the pressure-dependent beam skew problem. Anisotropy measurements to 200 MPa hydrostatic confining pressure combined with recent beam modeling algorithms illustrate the errors obtained in the determined wave speeds that are subsequently magnified in calculating the full set of elastic stiffnesses. In materials with P-wave anisotropies near 30 per cent the error introduced by ignoring beam skew exceeds the transit time picking errors by more than a factor of three, these propagate to much larger errors in the stiffnesses particularly for C13 and the dynamic elastic moduli referred to C13. Meanwhile, shortening the sample or enlarging the transmitter size is not suggested to counter the beam skew issue because it reduces the beam skew effect but increases the diffraction effect.
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Cunha, Carlos, Marina Tenório, Daniel F. Lima, Arthur Rebouças, Luís C. Neves, and Jorge M. Branco. "Mechanical Characterization of Iroko Wood Using Small Specimens." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030116.
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Despite their favorable physical and mechanical properties for structural use, tropical woods, such as Iroko (Milicia excelsa), present knowledge gaps to be filled mainly about their mechanical characterization, which currently limit their use or result in under- or overdimensioned structural elements. Visual classification, one of the most used methods for characterizing wood, is inaccurate in the case of Iroko due to the wide variety of geographical locations in which this species can be found. In addition, mechanical characterization using test pieces with structural dimensions leads to high and impractical costs. In this context, this study aims to verify the mechanical properties of Iroko (imported from the Republic of the Congo) from small size specimens, a process that is currently standardized only for softwoods, and to verify the correlation of different properties through bending properties and ultrasound tests. Prior to the bending tests, the speed of propagation of ultrasonic waves was measured using the direct method. The results obtained show a good correlation between density and bending properties and the velocity of propagation of ultrasonic waves.
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Smith, Caeden, and Andrea P. Arguelles. "Noninvasive tracking of solidification using ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016094.
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Noninvasive tracking of solidification is typically done by monitoring the sample’s surface temperature. This approach is error-prone and not always appropriate for complex geometries and often does not provide complete information on the sample’s transitioning phases. This feasibility study investigates using ultrasonic waves to noninvasively track solidification in wax. Ultrasonic sensors are used in through-transmission mode to monitor the response over the solidification period. The difference in speed of sound between the wax’s liquid and solid phase allows for the solid fraction of the sample to be calculated over the solidification period and the time of complete solidification to be identified. Changes in attenuation during solidification are consistent across experiments. These changes are likely to provide additional information about the cast once they are fully understood. Temperature probes are used to verify the results obtained from the ultrasonic data. The ultimate goal of the project is to use a metal sample and connect information from the ultrasonic signal to the material properties and grain structure of the cast using noninvasive ultrasound technology.
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Yu, Tai Ho, and Ching Chung Yin. "A Self-Sensing Wedge-Wave Ultrasonic Motor Using Modal Sensors." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.52.
Full textAbstract:
This paper experimentally and computationally examines the modal sensors integrated with a recently developed rotary ultrasonic motor (USM) driven by continuous wedge waves of the fundamental modes with the integer circumferential modal number. The traveling wave is formed from constructive interference of two equal-intensity standing waves induced by two comb transducers using dual sinusoidal excitations in 90 degree phase difference. The transducers and modal sensors are segmented in strips around the circumference of piezoelectric tube in the circular wedge-like motor stator. The latter are used to monitor the dynamic response of the stator during operation. The response of USM acquired by the proposed modal sensors has distinct vital characteristics in different frequency bands. The high-pass signals are used not only to note the variation in phase difference between excitations but to detect the resonant frequency, which is altered by payload, wear situation, etc. The low-pass signal reveals the revolution speed and dynamic reaction of the motor stator exerted by frictions and contact forces because of the rotor. The time-frequency response of stator is further characterized during the period in which the revolving direction of rotor is switched over.
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Kostyukhin, A. S., E. A. Pavlukhin, and V. V. Malyy. "Development and experimental testing of the technique of ultrasonic control of brazed joints of heat exchangers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2127, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2127/1/012054.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract High reliability requirements are imposed on the quality of the soldered joints. Typical defects in the soldered joints of heat exchangers are non-soldered. The minimum size of the non-penetration area that must be detected is about 1 square millimeter. The existing assessment of the quality of soldering is reduced to destructive tests. These tests include hydraulic and pneumatic tests. There are control technologies that use non-destructive methods. For example, the applicability of the ultrasonic echo method based on thermo-optical (laser) excitation of ultrasonic waves has been proven. However, continuous inspection of the liquid-propellant engine chamber using the traditional echo method is not rational, since the inspection speed is limited by the size of detected defects (1 square millimeter) and amounts to a few millimeters per minute. In order to increase the scanning speed without losing the ability to reliably detect defects such as “non-soldered”, it is proposed to use phased array antennas (PA) as a means of implementing the ultrasonic echo method. The paper considers the issues related to the interpretation of the information obtained when scanning the soldered joint, as well as issues related to modeling the acoustic field in the model of the soldered joint of the heat exchanger.