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Journal articles on the topic 'ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SYNTHESIS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Dwivedi, Bandana. "A Review on Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds." International Journal of Science and Social Science Research 1, no. 4 (2024): 177–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13751449.

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Our goal in this work is to explore how using ultrasound waves can increase the effectiveness and speed of producing heterocyclic chemicals. We illustrate the advantages of ultrasound through a series of studies, highlighting enhanced yields, faster reaction times and higher reaction rates. Compared to conventional techniques, ultrasound assisted synthesis offers better selectively and efficiency.

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2

Vartolomei, Anamaria, Ioan Calinescu, Mircea Vinatoru, and Adina Ionuta Gavrila. "Intensification of the Enzymatic Esterification Process by Ultrasounds." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (2019): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6847.

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Ultrasound application is a method of enhancing the performance of biocatalysts. Enzymes performance is strongly influenced by the nature of the reaction medium. Ultrasounds have the potential to significantly influence the activity of the enzymatic processes, provided that the energy input is not too high to inactivate the enzyme. In the present paper a systematic study on ultrasound-assisted enzymatic esterification for aroma esters preparation is described. Thus, by ultrasound assisted enzymatic esterification i-amyl acetate was obtained. The method is efficient, mild, and environmentally b

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3

Prajapati, Pintu, Avani Sheth, Dhaval M. Patel, Advaita Patel, and Priti Mehta. "Sonochemistry: Non-Classical Way of Synthesis." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (2019): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3691.

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This review presents the detailed picture of current knowledge on ultrasound assisted chemical reactions and its green approach in chemical synthesis. This article illustrates the theoretical background and details about ultrasound, its mechanism (cavitation, the driving force) in chemical synthesis, types of reactions with different systems and its utility. All the reported applications have shown that Sonochemistry, ultrasound assisted chemical reaction is a green and economical viable approach for drug, impurity or chemical intermediate synthesis. Keywords: Cavitation, Sonocatalysis,

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4

Ahmed, Badie, and Jasim Abdullah. "Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis Of Pyrazolone Derivatives." JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 26, no. 5 (2013): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/edusj.2013.163055.

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5

Soderzhinova, M. M., D. V. Tarasova, and F. Kh Chibirova. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of titania hydrosols." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 59, no. 8 (2014): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023614080191.

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6

Skrabalak, Sara E. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of carbon materials." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11, no. 25 (2009): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b823408f.

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7

Tomke, Prerana D., Xiaoman Zhao, Pranali P. Chiplunkar, et al. "Lipase-ultrasound assisted synthesis of polyesters." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 38 (September 2017): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.051.

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8

Jarikote, Dilip V., Ciaran O’Reilly, and Paul V. Murphy. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of C-glycosides." Tetrahedron Letters 51, no. 51 (2010): 6776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.113.

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9

Mohammadi Ziarani, Ghodsi, Zohreh kheilkordi, and Parisa Gholamzadeh. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds." Molecular Diversity 24, no. 3 (2019): 771–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11030-019-09964-1.

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10

Stefani, Hélio A., Rodrigo Cella, Felipe A. Dörr, Claudio M. P. de Pereira, Fábio P. Gomes, and Gilson Zeni. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of functionalized arylacetylenes." Tetrahedron Letters 46, no. 12 (2005): 2001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.161.

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11

Ranjan, Amrita, Shuchi Singh, Ritesh S. Malani, and Vijayanand S. Moholkar. "Ultrasound-assisted bioalcohol synthesis: review and analysis." RSC Advances 6, no. 70 (2016): 65541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11580b.

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12

Safaei-Ghomi, Javad, and Ali Ghasemzadeh. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of dihydropyrimidine-2-thiones." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, no. 5 (2011): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc100212057s.

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Chalcone derivatives were prepared by the condensation of various substituted aryl aldehydes and acetophenone in alkaline ethanol, while pyrimidine-2-thione derivatives were prepared by the combination of chalcones and thiourea under conventional and ultrasonic conditions. Advantages of the ultrasound effect were observed and high yields of the products were obtained after 20-30 min sonication. Characterization and structural elucidation of the products was realized based on chemical, analytical and spectral analyses. The results clearly demonstrated a high efficiency of the ultrasonic systems

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13

Zhang, Peng, Jie He, Xinbin Ma, Jinlong Gong, and Zhihong Nie. "Ultrasound assisted interfacial synthesis of gold nanocones." Chem. Commun. 49, no. 10 (2013): 987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc37713f.

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14

Krishnamoorthy, Karthikeyan, Gui-Shik Kim, and Sang Jae Kim. "Graphene nanosheets: Ultrasound assisted synthesis and characterization." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20, no. 2 (2013): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.09.007.

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15

Guel, Marlene Lariza Andrade, Lourdes Díaz Jiménez, and Dora Alicia Cortés Hernández. "Ultrasound-assisted sol-gel synthesis of ZrO2." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 35 (March 2017): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.09.010.

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16

Azizian-Kalandaragh, Yashar, Ali Khodayari, and M. Behboudnia. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of ZnO semiconductor nanostructures." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 12, no. 4-5 (2009): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2009.09.006.

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17

Sáe Melo, M. L., M. J. S. M. Moreno, S. C. Pereira da Costa, J. A. R. Salvador, and A. S. Campos Neves. "SC21 ultrasound assisted reactions in steroid synthesis." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 1-2 (1994): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-0987(94)90103-1.

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18

Nandurkar, Nitin S., Dinkar S. Patil, and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage. "Ultrasound assisted synthesis of metal-1,3-diketonates." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 11, no. 7 (2008): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2008.03.014.

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19

Yu, Lei, Jian-Fang Gao, and Ling-Hua Cao. "Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Coumarin Thioglycopyranoside Derivatives." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 56, no. 6 (2009): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200900169.

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20

Matyszczak, Grzegorz, Krzysztof Krawczyk, Albert Yedzikhanau, et al. "Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of SnS2 Quantum Dots Using Acetone as Solvent." Materials 18, no. 1 (2024): 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010082.

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A sonochemical synthesis of SnS2 quantum dots using acetone as a solvent is investigated. Two different tin sources (SnCl2∙2H2O or SnCl4∙5H2O) as well as two different sulfur sources (thioacetamide or Na2S2O3) were applied. The sonication time was also varied between 60 and 120 min. Resulting products of syntheses were characterized with the following techniques: powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM and HR-TEM), Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies, the Tauc method, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Obtained SnS2 nanostructures were in the form of quantum dots in the case of synthe

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21

Si, Wei, Chao Ding, and Siqi Ding. "Synthesis and Characterization of YAG Nanoparticles by Ultrasound-Assisted and Ultrasound-Microwave-Assisted Alkoxide Hydrolysis Precipitation Methods." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/408910.

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Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) nanoparticles were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted and ultrasound-microwave-assisted alkoxide hydrolysis precipitation methods. The effect of reaction parameters including pH value, ultrasonic radiation time, and calcination temperature on the composition of the products was investigated. The YAG nanoparticles and their precursor were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results show that t

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22

Derdar, Hodhaifa, Geoffrey Robert Mitchell, Zakaria Cherifi, et al. "Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Polylimonene and Organomodified-clay Nanocomposites: A Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 3 (2020): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.3.9185.798-807.

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Polylimonene-clay nanocomposites (PLM-Mag 2, 3, 6 and 10% by weight of clay) were prepared by mixing Maghnite-CTA+ (Mag-CTA+) and polylimonene (PLM) in solution using ultrasonic irradiation. The catalyst preparation method were studied in order to determine and evaluate their structural, morphological and thermal properties. The Mag-CTA+ is an organophylic montmorillonite silicate clay prepared through a direct exchange process, using green natural clay of Maghnia (west of Algeria) called Maghnite. The Algerian clay was modified by ultrasonic-assisted method using cetyltrimethylammonuim bromid

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23

Kaur, Navjeet. "Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Six-Membered N-Heterocycles." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 15, no. 6 (2018): 520–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180221152535.

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24

Romanovsky, B. V., A. A. Maerle, A. A. Karakulina, and I. F. Moskovskaya. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of nanostructured transition metal oxides." Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin 72, no. 1 (2017): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027131417010114.

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25

Ambati, Rohini, and Parag R. Gogate. "Ultrasound assisted synthesis of iron doped TiO2 catalyst." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 40 (January 2018): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.002.

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26

Pattarawarapan, Mookda, Subin Jaita, Sirilak Wangngae, and Wong Phakhodee. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of substituted guanidines from thioureas." Tetrahedron Letters 57, no. 12 (2016): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.050.

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27

Kalva, Abhishek, Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar, and Vijayanand S. Moholkar. "Physical Mechanism of Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, no. 1 (2009): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800269g.

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28

Sreedhar, B., P. Surendra Reddy, B. Veda Prakash, and A. Ravindra. "Ultrasound-assisted rapid and efficient synthesis of propargylamines." Tetrahedron Letters 46, no. 41 (2005): 7019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.047.

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29

Azizi, Najmedin, Amin Rahimzadeh-Oskooee, Zahra Yadollahy, and Ali Gouran Ourimi. "Ultrasound-assisted rapid sustainable synthesis of substituted thiourea." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 145, no. 10 (2014): 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-014-1238-1.

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30

Sáe Melo, M. L., M. J. S. M. Moreno, S. C. Pereira da Costa, J. A. R. Salvador, and A. S. Campos Neves. "Ultrasound assisted oxidations and reductions in steroid synthesis." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1, no. 1 (1994): S37—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4177(94)90024-8.

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31

Shendage, Suresh S., and Jayashree M. Nagarkar. "Ultrasound assisted synthesis of enaminones using Nickel oxide." Current Chemistry Letters 2, no. 3 (2013): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2013.05.002.

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32

Vajargahy, Milad Pedarpour, Minoo Dabiri, David MaGee, and Ayoob Bazgir. "Ultrasound-assisted multi-component synthesis of indazolophthalazine derivatives." Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 12, no. 9 (2015): 1613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-015-0634-8.

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33

Jarikote, Dilip V., Ciaran O'Reilly, and Paul V. Murphy. "ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of C-Glycosides." ChemInform 42, no. 13 (2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201113199.

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34

Fan, Wugang, and Lian Gao. "Synthesis of silica hollow spheres assisted by ultrasound." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 297, no. 1 (2006): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.10.021.

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35

Bansode, Sneha R., and Virendra K. Rathod. "Ultrasound assisted lipase catalysed synthesis of isoamyl butyrate." Process Biochemistry 49, no. 8 (2014): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.04.018.

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36

Banerjee, Bubun. "Recent developments on ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis in aqueous medium." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 7-8 (2017): 755–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170217057b.

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In the recent past, a number of methods were reported on the application of ultrasound in organic reactions for the synthesis of diverse organic scaffolds. On the other hand, as far as green chemistry is concerned, water is the safest of all solvents. Thus, a ?strong collaboration? between ultrasonic irradiation and aqueous medium holds the key to the development of an environmentally sustainable protocol. The present review summarizes the latest developments in ultrasound-assisted and water-mediated organic synthesis reported to date.

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37

Bora, Manisha A., Vasant V. Chabukswar та Manu Vashishtha. "A Recoverable PANI/α-Fe2O3 Nanocatalyst for Ultrasound-Assisted Knovenagel Condensation". Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, № 4 (2023): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27585.

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In this research work, a new PANI/α-Fe2O3 (PANI = polyaniline) nanocatalyst was prepared and applied to ultrasound-assisted Knoevenagel condensation reaction using ultrasound waves at ambient temperature. The ultrasound-assisted synthesis is a quick, green and efficient C–C bond formation reaction method. Many parameters of the condensation reaction were optimized, such as irradiation time, types of solvent, screening of catalyst and its amount. The results showed that the yields from the ultrasound-assisted reactions were higher than from non-irradiated responses as well as other conventional

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38

Munsat, Mahbuba Chowdhury. "Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Nano Particles." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 3 (2023): 946–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7776611.

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Nanotechnology is used in sectors of science and technology such as energy, medicine and drugs, nanobiotechnology, nanodevices, optical engineering, cosmetics, bioengineering, nano fabrics, and in the defense sector because of its large surface-area-to-volume ratio. Nanomaterials are classified based upon their origin and structure. The classifications which depend upon the origin are natural nanomaterials, artificial nanomaterials, zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, twodimensional, and three dimensional. Structural classification nanomaterials are classified into four types: carbon-based, met

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39

Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli, Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak Azmi Seyhun Kipcak, and Duygu Sena Vardar and Nurcan Tugrul Duygu Sena Vardar and Nurcan Tugrul. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Zinc Borates: Effect of Boron Sources." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 6 (2020): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000703.

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Sonochemistry meaning ultrasound-assisted chemistry plays an important role in the synthesis of inorganic compounds. Among these inorganic compounds, zinc borates are used for the flame-retarding agent. In this study using zinc chloride (ZnCl2), boric acid (H3BO3), Na2B4O7and#183;10H2O, Na2B4O7and#183;5H2O and NaOH as raw materials, a zinc borate compound in the formulae of Zn3B6O12and#183;3.5H2O was obtained using an ultrasonic probe. Crystal structures of samples were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The symmetric and asymmetric stretching between boron and oxygen atoms were searche

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40

Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli, Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak Azmi Seyhun Kipcak, and Duygu Sena Vardar and Nurcan Tugrul Duygu Sena Vardar and Nurcan Tugrul. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Zinc Borates: Effect of Boron Sources." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 6 (2020): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000703/jcsp/42.06.2020.

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Sonochemistry meaning ultrasound-assisted chemistry plays an important role in the synthesis of inorganic compounds. Among these inorganic compounds, zinc borates are used for the flame-retarding agent. In this study using zinc chloride (ZnCl2), boric acid (H3BO3), Na2B4O7and#183;10H2O, Na2B4O7and#183;5H2O and NaOH as raw materials, a zinc borate compound in the formulae of Zn3B6O12and#183;3.5H2O was obtained using an ultrasonic probe. Crystal structures of samples were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The symmetric and asymmetric stretching between boron and oxygen atoms were searche

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41

Rajkumari, Kalyani, Bishwajit Changmai, Ananta Kumar Meher, et al. "A reusable magnetic nanocatalyst for bio-fuel additives: the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of solketal." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 8 (2021): 2362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se01900c.

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42

Hsiao, Ming-Chien, Wei-Ting Lin, Wei-Cheng Chiu, and Shuhn-Shyurng Hou. "Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method." Energies 14, no. 12 (2021): 3703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123703.

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In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification prob

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43

Ma, Wu Jun, Min Zheng, Zuo Shan Wang, and Zhong Li Chen. "Synthesizing and Characterizing of ZrO₂ Nanopowders via Ultrasound-Assisted Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.549.

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We have developed an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel approach for the synthesis of ultrafine nanocrystalline ZrO2 powders. The ultrasound-assisted sol-gel synthesis is expected to be able to process continuously, and may lead to energy savings because of rapid heating to the needed temperature and increased kinetics of crystallization. The variation of crystallite size has been investigated using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TG–DTA analyze and photoluminescence. This method is very simple and can lead to powders with desirable characteristics such as very

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44

More, Priyanka A., and Ganapati S. Shankarling. "Energy efficient Pfitzinger reaction: a novel strategy using a surfactant catalyst." New J. Chem. 41, no. 21 (2017): 12380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01937h.

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45

Frecentese, Francesco, Federica Sodano, Angela Corvino, et al. "The Application of Microwaves, Ultrasounds, and Their Combination in the Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Bicyclic Heterocycles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (2023): 10722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310722.

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The use of alternative energy sources, such as microwaves (MW) or ultrasounds (US), and their mutual cross-combination have been widely described in the literature in the development of new synthetic methodologies in organic and medicinal chemistry. In this review, our attention is focused on representative examples, reported in the literature in the year range 2013–2023 of selected N-containing bicyclic heterocycles, with the aim to highlight the advantages of microwave- and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis.

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46

Zhang, Zhe, Yi He Li, Hua Xiao, Chi Zhou Tu, and Chun Hua Wang. "Synthesis of Functional Ionic Liquids by Thermal Heating and Ultrasonic-Assisted Methods." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.326.

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1-(2-Methacryloyloxy)ethyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide, a kind of functional ionic liquid containing ester group, was synthesized by two synthesis methods, denoted as thermal heating method and ultrasonic-assisted method. The optimal synthesis condition of the thermal heating method is discussed. Comparison of the two methods shows that ultrasound significantly enhances the efficiency of the reaction. The ultrasonic-assisted method is quite promising in synthesis of ionic liquids with mild condition and high efficiency.

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47

Borah, Biplob, and L. Raju Chowhan. "Ultrasound-assisted transition-metal-free catalysis: a sustainable route towards the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles." RSC Advances 12, no. 22 (2022): 14022–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02063g.

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48

Kozicka, Dominika, Małgorzata Krześniak, Mirosława Grymel, et al. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of new bisphosphonate–betulin conjugates and preliminary evaluation of their cytotoxic activity." RSC Advances 15, no. 6 (2025): 4086–94. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra07782b.

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49

Yuan, Jin-Wei, Liang-Ru Yang, Wen-Peng Mai, et al. "Ultrasound-assisted regioselective synthesis of aminomethylated daidzein derivatives via Mannich reaction." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 70, no. 10 (2015): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2015-0068.

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AbstractAn effective and regioselective synthesis of aminomethylated daidzein derivatives using a Mannich reaction of daidzein, formaldehyde with a variety of amines under ultrasound irradiation is described. The structures of the products were characterized by HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR spectra. Parallel reactions showed that ultrasound irradiation accelerated the reaction rate and improved the yields.

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50

Chen, Bo, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, and Ruwei Zheng. "Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of N235-impregnated resins for vanadium (V) adsorption." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (2018): 171746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171746.

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N235-impregnated resins were prepared using XAD-16HP macroporous adsorption resins as support with and without ultrasonic irradiation to evaluate the effects of ultrasound impregnation (UI) on the preparation and adsorption characteristics of the resins. The results show that the impregnation ratio of the solvent-impregnated resins (SIRs) prepared by ultrasound impregnation method (SIRs-UI) increases obviously but their adsorption capacity for V(V) just slightly increases and the utilization rate of the extractant decreases with the augmentation of ultrasound power. This may be caused by the f

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