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Journal articles on the topic 'UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)'

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Published: 6 September 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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-BURSZTEJN, Jacques. "UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 07 (1999): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.1999.069.

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Winarti, Titin. "SISTEM KOMUNIKASI SELULER DENGAN UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM ( UMTS )." Jurnal Transformatika 4, no. 2 (2007): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/transformatika.v4i2.19.

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<span>Sistem celuler GSM memiliki beberapa kekurangan, yaitu tidak mampu untuk mengintegrasikan layanan video call dan video streaming karena kecepatan data masih rendah. Dengan alasan itu, maka ETSI menentukan migrasi dari GSM ke sistem generasi seluler ketiga yang disebut dengan UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System). Adapun spektrum frekuensi UMTS terestrial bekerja pada 1920-1980 MHz, 2110-2170 MHz untuk dipasangkan dari band dan 1900-1920 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz untuk tidak berpasangan dari band Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, teknologi telekomunikasi sistem seluler terus berkembang dan menggarap sekarang telah mencapai generasi ketiga yang dikenal dengan nama dari International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Adapun kerangka kerja untuk pengembangan teknologi seluler generasi ketiga (3G) di Eropa adalah Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS). UMTS menggunakan disebut oleh TD-CDMA multiple access adalah UTRA TDD (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access dari Time Division Duplex) dan W-CDMA untuk UTRA FDD DARI (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access dari Duplex Frekuensi Division Kata kunci : UMTS, multiple access, Sistem Seluler</span>

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Al-Adwany, Maan, Esra’a Najim, Ala’a Ali, and Amina Younis. "A Study on the Effect of UWB Interference on Downlink UMTS System." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 6, no. 2 (2010): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.6.2.4.

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In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) downlink system in vicinity of UWB system. The study is achieved via simulating a scenario of a building which is located within UMTS cell borders and utilizes from both UMTS and UWB appliances. The simulation results show that the UMTS system is considerably affected by the UWB interference. However, in order to battle this interference and achieve reasonable BER (Bit Error Rate) of 10-4, we found that it is very necessary to carefully raise the UMTS base station transmitted power against that of UWB interferer. So, the minimum requirements for UMTS system to overcome UWB interference are stated in this work.

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Grujovic, Darko, and Mirjana Simic. "Adaptive algorithm for mobile user positioning based on environment estimation." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 3 (2014): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1403465g.

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This paper analyzes the challenges to realize an infrastructure independent and a low-cost positioning method in cellular networks based on RSS (Received Signal Strength) parameter, auxiliary timing parameter and environment estimation. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated using field measurements collected from GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) network, but it is technology independent and can be applied in UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) and LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks, also.

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Kriaras, Ioannis N., André W. Jarvis, Vincent E. Phillips, and Derek J. Richards. "Third-generation mobile network architectures for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)." Bell Labs Technical Journal 2, no. 3 (2002): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bltj.2068.

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Ouyang, Ye, and M. Hosein Fallah. "An Analysis of Traffic and Throughput for UMTS Packet Core Networks." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 2, no. 2 (2010): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2010040101.

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Mobile packet services are penetrating mobile markets rapidly. The mobile industry relies heavily on data services to replace traditional voice services. Designing a reliable packet service network is critical to the mobile operators’ ability to maintain their core competence in a data service market. The current literature provides many practical tools and theoretical methods to design, plan and dimension Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio networks but overlooks the algorithms of network plan and dimensioning for the core networks. This paper introduces the algorithms to dimension the throughput for packet switched domain of a UMTS network. The analysis is based on the traffic and data throughput generated and absorbed in the interfaces of network entities in UMTS PS network. A case study is provided to verify the algorithms created for UMTS PS network. This paper provides UMTS PS network operators an optimum network size and network structure to deliver an optimum quality of service for users.

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Calvo Calvo, Ángel Amado. "Technological change, opening and internationalization of Spanish telecommunications. The transition to the third generation of mobile telephony." Harvard Deusto Business Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/hdbr.196.

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This article explores from a multidisciplinary and transnational historical approach the impact of technological change on the structure of the telephone sector, the fruit of advances in microelectronics and information technology. This problem has been studied in Spain basically by regulatory specialists, on the one hand, and technologists, on the other. We lack a more transversal analysis that puts into play the various elements that intervene. This article is intended to cover this gap, based on unpublished primary sources –primarily from Telefónica– as well as in other documents of diverse origin. Specifically, it focuses on the role played by Spain and the historic telephone company (Telefónica) in the transition to the third generation of mobile telephony (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, UMTS) and gives prominence to the national state, to the supranational bodies –EU and International Telecommunication Union(ITU) and companies.

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Dekorsy, A., M. Schacht, S. Brueck, and G. Fischer. "Applicability of new radio technologies for advanced UMTS networks." Advances in Radio Science 2 (May 27, 2005): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-2-155-2004.

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Abstract. An expanded effort is under the way to support the evolution of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Apart from delivering high data rates, future UMTS releases will also require to provide high network performance in terms of system capacity, low radiated power, and high coverage. Well promising performance-enhancing technologies are smart antennas as well as multiuser detection. Although these new radio technologies have recently been subject to intense research, main UMTS network integration aspects with their specific constraints have been neglected in many cases. Especially the interaction with UMTS radio resource control being required to meet Quality of Service (QoS) constraints has to be included to assess the applicability of these technologies for UMTS. In this paper, we study the interaction of beamforming concepts as well as multiuser detection with load and power control. We also work out UMTS specific constraints like signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) operating points, pilot power pollution or channel estimation, all strongly limiting network performance. Results are shown for capacity gains and power reduction for all beamforming concepts of interest as well as linear multiuser detection schemes. The results show that fix as well as user-specific beamforming significantly improves network performance gains in downlink. In uplink multiuser detection indicates fairly modest system capacity gains, while it reduces tremendously mobile station power.

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Kadhim, Qusay Jalil, Ali M. Alsahlany, and Ahmed Hassan Hadi. "Performance assessment of VoIP service over different handover mechanisms in UMTS networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4214-4220.

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Many researchers have discussed various topics in universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) networks: the process of switching from one cell to another for the subscriber and the impact of the quality of the connection during the transition process, quality of services (QoS), the quality of the uplink and downlink carrier line, the various types of code for the voice transmitted through the Internet, especially the research that discussed voice over internet protocol (VoIP) technology as voice travels from cell to cell in mobile networks, depending on the type of delivery. In this paper, a proposed scenario of a UMTS network was implemented to evaluate the multicellular VoIP movement; the proposed UMTS network was simulated using the OPNET 14.5 simulator. The calculation and analysis of the different parameters of the user while moving from one cell to another with different movement speeds considered, the best mean opinion score (MOS) value (3.19) registered for the scenario (soft handover) comparing with another type of handover (3.00).

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Eissa, M. M., Mahmoud M. Elmesalawy, and Marwa M. A. Hadhoud. "Wide Area Monitoring System based on the third generation Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) for event identification." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 69 (July 2015): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.077.

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Ouyang, Ye, and M. Hosein Fallah. "A Dimensioning Study for UMTS Core Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 6, no. 2 (2010): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2010040102.

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Current literature provides many practical tools and theoretical methods to design, plan, and dimension Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio networks but overlooks the algorithms of network planning and dimensioning for core networks of GSM, UMTS and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). This paper introduces an algorithm for traffic, bandwidth and throughput dimensioning of the network entities in the UMTS core network, based on the traffic and throughput generated or absorbed in the interfaces of the network entities. A case study is provided to verify the algorithms created for UMTS core network. This paper helps UMTS network operators dimension and build an optimum network to deliver the best quality of service for users. The algorithms developed in the paper have been successfully applied in dimensioning a nationwide UMTS network in North Africa and adopted in an optimization tool by a mobile operator in the United States in 2008-2009.

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Gunantara, Nyoman, Made Adi Surya Antara, and NMAE Dewi Wirastuti. "Implementation of RF Band-Pass Filter on UMTS Systems to Improve Quality of Service." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 7, no. 2 (2019): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v7n2.179.

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A large number of cellular operators in an area causes high interference effects. One indicator is the problem with received total wideband power (RTWP) found in a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). High RTWP is one of the causes of a decrease in the quality of service (QoS) in cellular communication networks. To solve this problem, an RF band-pass filter device can be implemented on a UMTS system, where RF band-pass filters have been designed and tested in previous studies. In this research, the RF band-pass filter was installed between the BTS node and bottom jumper. After implementing it, QoS measurements with the Huawei M2000 application and Drive Test were carried out. The QoS analysis included RTWP, Circuit-Switched access rate, Packet-Switched access rate, and Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) value. The results show that the RTWP value decreases, while the CS access rate, PS access rate, and RSCP value increase. These results indicate that QoS on the UMTS increases.

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Samukic, A. "UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system: development of standards for the third generation." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 47, no. 4 (1998): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.728480.

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Et al., Jafaar. "Geolocation Android Mobile Phones Using GSM/UMTS." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 1 (2019): 0254. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.1.(suppl.).0254.

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The proliferation of cellular network enabled users through various positioning tools to track locations, location information is being continuously captured from mobile phones, created a prototype that enables detected location based on using the two invariant models for Global Systems for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The smartphone application on an Android platform applies the location sensing run as a background process and the localization method is based on cell phones. The proposed application is associated with remote server and used to track a smartphone without permissions and internet. Mobile stored data location information in the database (SQLite), then transfer it into location API to obtain locations result implemented in Google Maps. Track a smartphone with fixed identifiers mostly SSN (SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Serial Number) and IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) derived from an identifying string unique to the user's device. The result located place is Moderate correct according to the (GSM) and (UMTS) cellular networks which is used for obtaining location information.

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Et al., Jafaar. "Geolocation Android Mobile Phones Using GSM/UMTS." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 1(Suppl.) (2019): 0254. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.1(suppl.).0254.

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Xia, Hui. "Research on Delay in Wireless Muti-Hop Heterogeneous Body Area Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 2715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.2715.

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Due to life threatening situations, timely sending of data is essential. In this study transmission delay of different paths, through which data is sent from sensor to health care center over heterogeneous multi-hop wireless channel is analyzed. Data of medical related diseases is sent through three different paths. In all three paths, data from sensors first reaches ZigBee, which is the common link in all three paths. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are connected with ZigBee. Each network (WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS) is setup according to environmental conditions, suitability of device and availability of structure for that device. Delay of data reaching each device is calculated and represented graphically. Main aim of this study is to calculate delay of each link in each path over multi-hop wireless channel.

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Vázquez Alejos, Ana, Iñigo Cuiñas, and Manuel García Sánchez. "Inside-outside lift power-level statistics at universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) frequency." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 32, no. 2 (2001): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10108.

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Eynard, C., M. Lenti, A. Lombardo, O. Marengo, and S. Palazzo. "A methodology for the performance evaluation of data query strategies in universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS)." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 13, no. 5 (1995): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.391745.

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JAIN, AABHA, and SANJIV TOKEKAR. "Application Specific Performance Evaluation of Vertical Handoff in UMTS-WLAN Network." Journal of Interconnection Networks 18, no. 04 (2018): 1850013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265918500135.

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The next generation of wireless system is expected to provide multimedia, multi class services any time anywhere with seamless mobility and Quality of Service (QoS). In such environment, vertical handoff management plays an important and challenging role. Some of the main functions of vertical handoff management are: to implement appropriate vertical handoff decision to minimize number of unnecessary handoff, to maintain minimum vertical handoff latency for seamless mobility and to provide guaranteed acceptable QoS required for user satisfaction. Thus, in this paper to avoid unnecessary handoff in integrated heterogeneous network we have proposed that the vertical handoff decision depends on coverage area of the network and the speed of the Mobile Node. Application specific cut-off speed for particular coverage range of network during which handoff is beneficial has been determined. Real time applications like HDTV, MPEG-4, and H.261 are considered in integrated heterogeneous network of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) and WLAN. Vertical handoff latency is analyzed for varied network traffic load, types of application and varied speed of Mobile Node. Effect of Mobile Node speed on packet loss is also analyzed. Finally, to satisfy user with acceptable end to end QoS, especially in the presence of heterogeneous integrated networks where every network has individual QoS, an end to end QoS mapping scheme between UMTS and WLAN integrated network has been proposed. The simulation is performed using Network Simulator NS-2 with NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) add on module.

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Khan, Asiya, Lingfen Sun, Emmanuel Ifeachor, Jose-Oscar Fajardo, Fidel Liberal, and Harilaos Koumaras. "Video Quality Prediction Models Based on Video Content Dynamics for H.264 Video over UMTS Networks." International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/608138.

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The aim of this paper is to present video quality prediction models for objective non-intrusive, prediction of H.264 encoded video for all content types combining parameters both in the physical and application layer over Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) networks. In order to characterize the Quality of Service (QoS) level, a learning model based on Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and a second model based on non-linear regression analysis is proposed to predict the video quality in terms of the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The objective of the paper is two-fold. First, to find the impact of QoS parameters on end-to-end video quality for H.264 encoded video. Second, to develop learning models based on ANFIS and non-linear regression analysis to predict video quality over UMTS networks by considering the impact of radio link loss models. The loss models considered are 2-state Markov models. Both the models are trained with a combination of physical and application layer parameters and validated with unseen dataset. Preliminary results show that good prediction accuracy was obtained from both the models. The work should help in the development of a reference-free video prediction model and QoS control methods for video over UMTS networks.

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Radonić, Vasa, Keith Palmer, Goran Stojanović, and Vesna Crnojević-Bengin. "Flexible Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna on a Hilbert Slot Patterned Ground." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/980916.

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This paper presents a novel design of fractal antenna on a flexible substrate that operates in UMTS band (universal mobile telecommunication system, 1.92–2.17 GHz). The antenna consists of a Sierpinski carpet fractal radiator, which reduces the overall size of the antenna, and it is realized on top of a Hilbert slot in the ground layer, to achieve required impedance matching. The antenna is compact with the overall dimensions equal to 70 mm × 31 mm × 0.075 mm. Influence that folding has on the initial planar topology is investigated in detail. The obtained results show that the proposed antenna is more tolerant to folding than the conventional patch and that it exhibits relatively stable radiation patterns even when folded in complex manners.

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Franke, Helmut, Joachim Streckert, Andreas Bitz, et al. "Effects of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Electromagnetic Fields on the Blood-Brain BarrierIn Vitro." Radiation Research 164, no. 3 (2005): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/rr3424.1.

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Hikmaturokhman, Alfin, Anggun Fitrian Isnawati, and Upit Herlina. "Perancangan Cakupan Area Long Term Evolution (LTE) Di Daerah Banyumas." JURNAL INFOTEL - Informatika Telekomunikasi Elektronika 4, no. 2 (2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v4i2.106.

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Along with the rapid technological developments in all fields of technology, it’s including telecommunications technology. Many facilities are offered, for example, is the development of telecommunications services for voice, data and video. This offer must be supported by great technology,which is ability transfer data with high speed transfer data rate. The technology that able to grant this needs is LTE technology. LTE technology was developed from Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and this technology has transfer data rate up to 100 Mbps for the downlink and 50 Mbps for the uplink direction. Because the distribution of technological progress in various areas including Banyumas, it would require an application of LTE technology in that area. These applications will not run without proper planning of an LTE network to cover all areas of Banyumas. In order to apply the optimal LTE network in Banyumas it is necessary to design LTE coverage area, they consist of link budget and number of eNode B that required to cover whole area Banyumas. By using QPSK modulation and coding rate ½ it has value traffic capacity about 3.344,096 kbps/km2. ENode B number that can cover whole area is as much as 59 eNode B. Impact of coding rate to MAPLvalue is when value of the coding rate is greater it’s produces a smaller value of MAPL and the number of eNode B is increase.

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Karim, Bakhtiar Ali, and Bzhar Rahaman Othman. "Study of Uplink Interference in UMTS Network: ASIACELL Company, Iraq." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.1.7.

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Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), is the third generation (3G) of mobile communication which is based on the wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access to provide bandwidth and spectral efficiency. Interference in 3G system is significantly lower compared to the preceded generations. However, it does not mean 3G is free from the issues associated with interferences, such as low signal quality and call drop. The interference level in UMTS can be measured by using the well-known parameter Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP). This parameter is affected by many factors such as number of the users connected to the system, combining second generation (2G) and 3G frequencies within the same geographical area, geographical causes (difference of Altitude), and hardware impairment. In this paper we intensively study how these factors affect the uplink interference level (i.e. RTWP value) in 3G system used by a particular telecommunications company, Asiacell company, Iraq. The obtained data shows that call drop is the most serious issue raised due to high value of RTWP in 3G system. We demonstrate that system enhancement, in terms of lower RTWP level, are obtained by adding second carrier to the sites, separating 2G band from 3G band using special filter, and optimizing the hardware components.

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Kuboye, Bamidele Moses. "Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Evaluation in the South-West Region of Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1160.

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The LTE broadband evolved from an earlier Third Generation Partnership Project system which is known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which evolved from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The network architecture of this system has been designed with the aim to support a packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of service. The main goal of the LTE is to provide a high data rate with low latency and a packet optimized radio access technology that supports deployment of bandwidth. Hence, this study is based on the evaluation of the LTE network in the south-west region of Nigeria. This study evaluates the LTE network strength in the South-West region of Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered among users in these areas randomly. Thereafter, data were analyzed and research questions were answered from the analyzed results. The results showed that 9Mobile and MTN has the best quality of service of LTE network in South-West, Nigeria, also that the LTE network has not really been active in Osun and Ekiti states.

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Sannino, Anna, Olga Zeni, Stefania Romeo, Maria Brigida Lioi, and Maria Rosaria Scarfì. "Treatment with 3-Aminobenzamide Negates the Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response in Two Cell Models." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (2019): 2768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152768.

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In previous investigations, we demonstrated that pre-exposure of different cell cultures to radiofrequency fields can reduce the damage induced by genotoxic agents, an effect resembling the so-called adaptive response. In this study, we pre-exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line to 1950 MHz, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) signal, for 20 h, and then treated cultures with Mitomycin-C. After confirming the induction of an adaptive response in terms of the reduction of micronuclei formation, we observed that such a response was negated by treatments with 3-aminobenzamide. Since 3-aminobenzamide is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme, which is involved in DNA repair, these results support the possible involvement of DNA repair mechanisms in radiofrequency-induced adaptive response.

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El Hajj, Walid, François Gallee, and Christian Person. "Modeling and design of a bi-access tri-band antenna combining different radiating structures based on modal analysis of resonant cavity." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 1 (2011): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711001024.

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A new design method for multi-access antennas is presented. This method is based on a modal analysis assuming the microstrip antennas as a resonant cavity. Using this cavity approach, the eigenmodes perturbation induced by the cavity deformation (adding slots or short circuits) is studied. As an application, a solution of multi-access antenna with two ports, with operating frequency bands centered approximately on digital cellular system (DCS) and universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)/Wi-Fi standards is developed. These two ports are isolated using the previous original design method. In addition to the design method, the innovation of the structure resides on its application in terms of flexibility, reconfigurability, and portability for the future development of a unique system that allows cross services where telephony joined multimedia and online services. The design method and the performances are validated through comparisons between simulations and measurements.

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Yu, Qin, Jin Lei Fan, and Yu Ming Mao. "Traffic Differentiation-Based Network Selection Scheme in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1804.

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The emergence of wireless packet-switched networks such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and wireless local area networks (WLANs) can provide voice, data, and video services for users. In this paper, we propose a network selection scheme in the wireless heterogeneous networks based on the traffic differentiation, conversational class, interactive class, streaming class, and background class. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed network scheme can decide the optimal network to handoff according to the traffic class.

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Preethi, J., and S. Palaniswami. "An Intelligent Particle Swarm Optimization for Fuzzy Based Heterogeneous Radio Access Technology (RAT) Selection." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 8, no. 4 (2012): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiit.2012100103.

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The future wireless networks are heterogeneous in nature where different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist in the same coverage area. The user terminal has to select the best access technology among Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), and Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) etc. at its current location. Thus, selecting the appropriate RAT and cell becomes a complex problem in heterogeneous network due to number of variables involved in the selection process. The main objective of this work in the heterogeneous networks is to maximize the percentage of satisfied users who are assigned to the networks. Henceforth, this paper presents an innovative mechanism for the selection of heterogeneous networks such as WWAN and WLAN. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using 1000 datasets. From the simulation results, it is found that the proposed algorithm gives highest probability for mobile user satisfaction than the existing methods.

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Mohani, Syed Sheraz ul Hasan, and Kamran Raza. "LTE and GPS based Deca Band Printed Antenna for Cellular Mobile Handset Communication Applications." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 2 (2019): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1902.06.

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This paper presents novel mobile phone antenna for radiations simultaneously in ten frequency bands for applications of LTE (Long-Term Evolution), GPS (Global Positioning System), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), PCS (Public and Commercial Services), DCS (Distributed Control System), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). The antenna demonstrates novel characteristics for resolving the challenge of simultaneous radiation capabilities for the GSM and GPS applications with frequencies of 850/900 and 1575 MHz respectively, along with resonances at frequency band of 700 MHz for LTE applications, 1800 and 1900 MHz for PCS and DCS applications, 2100 MHz for UMTS applications, 2400 and 2500 MHz for LTE applications and 3300 MHz for WiMAX applications with S11 = - 6 dB matching criteria (VSWR 3:1). The antenna architecture comprises top and bottom copper layers embedded with monopole radiating element, branch line, slots and various stub lines. The desired operating bands are achieved in a compact area with overall dimensions of 0.8x60x120 mm for the height, width and length respectively of the antenna providing suitable platform for mobile handset applications. Omni-directional radiation pattern characteristics are achieved throughout the range of frequencies by designing the proposed antenna in monopole configuration. Proposed antenna is fabricated and results for the surface currents, s-parameters and 3D (Three-Dimensional) gain plots are illustrated for the proof of concept.

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Satar, Baris, Gokhan Soysal, Xue Jiang, Murat Efe, and Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. "Robust Weighted l1,2 Norm Filtering in Passive Radar Systems." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113270.

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Conventional methods such as matched filtering, fractional lower order statistics cross ambiguity function, and recent methods such as compressed sensing and track-before-detect are used for target detection by passive radars. Target detection using these algorithms usually assumes that the background noise is Gaussian. However, non-Gaussian impulsive noise is inherent in real world radar problems. In this paper, a new optimization based algorithm that uses weighted     l 1    and     l 2    norms is proposed as an alternative to the existing algorithms whose performance degrades in the presence of impulsive noise. To determine the weights of these norms, the parameter that quantifies the impulsiveness level of the noise is estimated. In the proposed algorithm, the aim is to increase the target detection performance of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) based passive radars by facilitating higher resolution with better suppression of the sidelobes in both range and Doppler. The results obtained from both simulated data with    α   stable distribution, and real data recorded by a UMTS based passive radar platform are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm provides more robust and accurate detection performance for noise models with different impulsiveness levels compared to the conventional methods.

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Vecsei, Zsuzsanna, György Thuróczy, and István Hernádi. "The Effect of a Single 30-Min Long Term Evolution Mobile Phone-Like Exposure on Thermal Pain Threshold of Young Healthy Volunteers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (2018): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091849.

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Although the majority of mobile phone (MP) users do not attribute adverse effects on health or well-being to MP-emitted radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), the exponential increase in the number of RF devices necessitates continuing research aimed at the objective investigation of such concerns. Here we investigated the effects of acute exposure from Long Term Evolution (LTE) MP EMFs on thermal pain threshold in healthy young adults. We use a protocol that was validated in a previous study in a capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia model and was also successfully used to show that exposure from an RF source mimicking a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) MP led to mildly stronger desensitization to repeated noxious thermal stimulation relative to the sham condition. Using the same experimental design, we did not find any effects of LTE exposure on thermal pain threshold. The present results, contrary to previous evidence obtained with the UMTS modulation, are likely to originate from placebo/nocebo effects and are unrelated to the brief acute LTE EMF exposure itself. The fact that this is dissimilar to our previous results on UMTS exposure implies that RF modulations might differentially affect pain perception and points to the necessity of further research on the topic.

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Plets, D., W. Joseph, K. Vanhecke, et al. "Joint Minimization of Uplink and Downlink Whole-Body Exposure Dose in Indoor Wireless Networks." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/943415.

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The total whole-body exposure dose in indoor wireless networks is minimized. For the first time, indoor wireless networks are designed and simulated for a minimal exposure dose, where both uplink and downlink are considered. The impact of the minimization is numerically assessed for four scenarios: two WiFi configurations with different throughputs, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) configuration for phone call traffic, and a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) configuration with a high data rate. Also, the influence of the uplink usage on the total absorbed dose is characterized. Downlink dose reductions of at least 75% are observed when adding more base stations with a lower transmit power. Total dose reductions decrease with increasing uplink usage for WiFi due to the lack of uplink power control but are maintained for LTE and UMTS. Uplink doses become dominant over downlink doses for usages of only a few seconds for WiFi. For UMTS and LTE, an almost continuous uplink usage is required to have a significant effect on the total dose, thanks to the power control mechanism.

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Sadhukhan, Samir K., Chayanika Bose, Debashis Saha, and Asis Chattopadhyay. "Analytical Study of a Dual Pointer Based Strategy for Location Update Using Node B Sojourn Time in UMTS Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 14, no. 2 (2018): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2018070104.

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This article describes how Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a 3G cellular network standard that uses location update (LU) and location search (LS) for mobility management. LU requires update in two location registers (LRs) - home LR (HLR) and visiting LR (VLR) - where one HLR controls multiple VLRs. HLR updates (HLRUs) are costlier, and hence should be less frequent. To achieve it, VLRs maintain a forward pointer chain among themselves, instead of updating HLR. But a lengthy chain increases LS cost considerably. So, we propose to restrict the chain length to unity by introducing an additional backward pointer, and using the concept of root-VLR similar to the home agent concept of mobile IP. We derive a closed form solution to approximate the average HLRUs per call, and substantiate it by simulation in cases of both random and diurnal mobilities. Results reveal substantial reduction in HLRUs per call, even when call-to-mobility ratio is high. UMTS operators will find the analysis worth considering, while managing their 3G networks.

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Samundiswary, P., and Sivasindhu M. "Performance analysis of integrated WLAN-WiMAX-UMTS networks for multimedia applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18798.

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Next Generation Wireless networks (NGWN) are the integration of different types of available wireless networks. These integrated networks will provide seamless connectivity for multimedia user applications. Among various wireless networks, the networks such as Wireless Local Area network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) have their own unique characteristics and support for wide range of multimedia user applications. So, the integration of these networks and their performance analysis in respect of Quality of Service (QoS) is a major concern nowadays. Hence, this paper deals with the integration of WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS networks by considering QoS parameter. Further, the integration of these networks are analyzed with loose coupling and tight coupling architecture along with and without QoS. Furthermore, the performance analysis of the above mentioned integrated network for multimedia applications is also done. The simulation is performed through Opnet simulator.

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Karampatea, Apostolia, and Katherine Siakavara. "Analysis and Synthesis of Double Negative Dielectric Media Rectenna Systems for Ambient Microwave Energy Harvesting." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2472738.

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The concept of harvesting the ambient electromagnetic radiation energy, coming from public telecommunication wireless networks, has been recently subject of extensive research. Techniques proposed for this target use mainly antennas, as the grade gathering the radiation power. In this work, a method introducing the usage of specific dielectric structures with artificially negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability (double negative media or DNG) in combination with wire dipole antenna sensors is proposed as an RF harvesting system. Theoretical study of the synthesized DNG medium’s performance and the distribution of the electromagnetic field in its interior is made, with the intention of finding the areas of maximum electric field intensity at which the antenna sensors would be positioned for maximum power scavenging. The received numerical results show that the synthesized schemes are capable of enhancing the energy gathering ability. Compared to the same antenna sensors positioned in free space, they ensure higher input voltage to the rectifier and also an increase of the available power about 10 dB. Moreover, they exhibit this performance for every direction of arrival of the incoming waves. The hybrid schemes DNG dipole antenna were designed for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) frequency band, but the method is general and would be applied to any other frequency band and also with other antenna types.

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Et.al, Nur Zafirah Bt Muhammad Zubir. "Wideband MIMO antenna for SCADA Wireless Communication Backhaul Application." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 4538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1844.

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A wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with common elements suitable for SCADA wireless communication backhaul application which is operating frequency of 0.85-2.6GHz that can cover global system for mobile communication (GSM) 900MHz and 1.8GHz, The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 2GHz, Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2.6GHz is proposed. The proposed MIMO antenna system consists of four microstrip feedline with common radiating element and a frame shaped ground plane. A single port antenna also was designed and presented in this paper to show the process to design wideband MIMO antenna structure. The radiator of the MIMO antenna system is designed as the shape of modified rectangle with straight line at each corner to enhance the bandwidth frequency. To improve the isolation between ports, the ground plane is modified by inserting four L-slots in each corner to reduce mutual coupling. For an antenna efficiency of more than 60%, the simulated reflection coefficients are below -10dB for all ports at expected frequency. Simulated isolation is achieved greater than -10dB by using a modified ground plane. Also, a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.1 and polarization diversity gain of about 10dB with the orthogonal mode of linear polarization and omnidirectional pattern during the analysis of the radiation characteristic are achieved. Therefore, the proposed design can be used for SCADA wireless communication backhaul application.

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Ilcev, Stojce Dimov. "Introduction to inmarsat broadband global area network for mobile backbone networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 2 (2020): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.2136.

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In this paper is introduced the Inmarsat Global Area Network (GAN) as backbone to mobile networks. At the end of 2005 Inmarsat launched its BGAN service as the first high speed wireless data solutions with voice available on a global basis. The service is accessed through a portable, broadband satellite transceiver with antenna easy to carry as a laptop. The BGAN network consists constellation of Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) I-4 and I-5 satellites with an optimized ground network, which interconnects variety of terrestrial infrastructures at local BGAN users. This system employs bandwidth efficient modulation and coding techniques, capable of supporting variable bit-rate services and QoS depending on the needs of the application. The BGAN system is satellite component of 3G IMT-2000, specially the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) standards. It will provide a near-global coverage overlay for the terrestrial networks, giving users service availability beyond the reach of terrestrial IMT-2000 networks. A range of supported terminals, personal devices, portable and mobile units linked with onboard entertainment, communications systems to remote base stations for civilian and military applications and SCADA or M2M are discussed.

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Burciu, Ioan, Guillaume Villemaud, Jacques Verdier, and Matthieu Gautier. "Low power front-end architecture dedicated to the multistandard simultaneous reception." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 6 (2010): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000735.

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In this paper, we address the architecture of multistandard simultaneous reception receivers and we aim to reduce the complexity and the power consumption of the analog front-end. To this end, we propose an architecture using the double orthogonal translation technique in order to multiplex two signals received on different frequency bands. A study case concerning the simultaneous reception of 802.11 g and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) signals is developed in this article. Theoretical and simulation results show that this type of multiplexing does not significantly influence the evolution of the signal-to-noise ratio of the signals. In the same time a 30% reduction of the power consumption is expected as well as a significant reduction of the complexity.

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Chen, Jiajing, Xuefeng Yin, Li Tian, et al. "Measurement-Based LoS/NLoS Channel Modeling for Hot-Spot Urban Scenarios in UMTS Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/454976.

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A measurement campaign is introduced for modeling radio channels with either line-of-sight (LoS) or non-line-of-sight (NLoS) connection between user equipment (UE) and NodeB (NB) in an operating universal mobile telecommunications system. A space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is applied to estimate the delays and the complex attenuations of multipath components from the obtained channel impulse responses. Based on a novel LoS detection method of multipath parameter estimates, channels are classified into LoS and NLoS categories. Deterministic models which are named “channel maps” and fading statistical models have been constructed for LoS and NLoS, respectively. In addition, statistics of new parameters, such as the distance between the NB and the UE in LoS/NLoS scenarios, the life-distance of LoS channel, the LoS existence probability per location and per NB, the power variation at LoS to NLoS transition and vice versa, and the transition duration, are extracted. These models are applicable for designing and performance evaluation of transmission techniques or systems used by distinguishing the LoS and NLoS channels.

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Tiwari, Rakesh N., Prabhakar Singh, and Binod Kumar Kanaujia. "Bandwidth enhancement using modified L-probe fed slotted patch antenna for WLAN and UMTS applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 3 (2018): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871800154x.

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AbstractIn this paper, two different radiating structures fed with modified L-probe, are reported using a circuit theory concept. The proposed antennas are operating in wireless local area network (WLAN) and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) frequency bands. In the first design, an E-shaped patch is studied to increase the bandwidth. It is observed that the bandwidth is directly proportional to notch dimensions. In the second design, E-shaped patch is modified to reduce the antenna size up to 30% with high bandwidth. In the first design, measured bandwidth and gain achieved are 32.68% (1.92–2.67 GHz) and 8.43 dBi while in second design it is 34.19% (1.94–2.74 GHz) and 8.39 dBi, respectively. Radiation patterns for both the antennas are symmetrical and broadside in nature. The proposed antennas are fabricated and measured results compare well with the theoretical and simulated results.

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Agbinya, Johnson, Vivian Lee, Khalid Aboura, and Zenon Chaczko. "Mapping and Recognition of Radio Frequency Clutter in Various Environments in Australia." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 56, no. 2 (2010): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-010-0018-z.

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Mapping and Recognition of Radio Frequency Clutter in Various Environments in AustraliaRadio frequency spectrum mapping allows determining the radio frequency signatures prevalent within an environment. We address the primary frequency bands used for cellular, wireless Local Area Network (LAN), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications. The purpose of the experiment presented in this paper is to map the detected radio frequencies within an environment and display the collated data on a graphical user interface. A program identifies the presence of the aforementioned radio frequency signatures and recognizes signal levels which exceed the exposure standards enforced by the Australian Communication and Media Authority. The results assist in the understanding of the ramifications of long-term exposure to radio frequency radiation associated with the continued proliferation of wireless devices.

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Dong, Jian, Xiaping Yu, and Guoqiang Hu. "Design of a Compact Quad-Band Slot Antenna for Integrated Mobile Devices." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3717681.

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In order to incorporate different communication standards into a single device, a compact quad-band slot antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna is composed of a dielectric substrate, T-shaped microstrip patch with a circle slot and an inverted L-slot, and a comb-shaped ground on the back of the substrate. By adopting these structures, it can produce four different bands, while maintaining a small size and a simple structure. Furthermore, a prototype of the quad-band antenna is designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna can operate over the 1.79–2.63 GHz, 3.46–3.97 GHz, 4.92–5.85 GHz, and 7.87–8.40 GHz, which can cover entire PCS (Personal Communications Service, 1.85–1.99 GHz), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 1.92–2.17 GHz), WCDMA (wideband code-division multiple access, 2.1 GHz), Bluetooth (2.4–2.48 GHz), WiBro (Wireless Broad band access service, 2.3–3.39 GHz), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networks, 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz), WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz), and X-band SATcom applications (7.9~8.4 GHz). The proposed antenna is particularly attractive for mobile devices integrating multiple communication systems.

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Hulle, N. B., Prathiba B., Sarika R. Khope, K. Anuradha, Yogini Borole, and D. Kotambkar. "Optimized architecture for SNOW 3G." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 1 (2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp545-557.

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SNOW 3G is a synchronous, word-oriented stream cipher used by the 3GPP standards as a confidentiality and integrity algorithms. It is used as first set in long term evolution (LTE) and as a second set in universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks. The cipher uses 128-bit key and 128 bit IV to produce 32-bit ciphertext. The paper presents two techniques for performance enhancement. The first technique uses novel CLA architecture to minimize the propagation delay of the 2<sup>32</sup> modulo adders. The second technique uses novel architecture for S-box to minimize the chip area. The presented work uses VHDL language for coding. The same is implemented on the FPGA device Virtex xc5vfx100e manufactured by Xilinx. The presented architecture achieved a maximum frequency of 254.9 MHz and throughput of 7.2235 Gbps.

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Zeni, Olga, Anna Sannino, Stefania Romeo, et al. "Induction of an adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency fields: Influence of the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) signal and the specific absorption rate." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 747, no. 1 (2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.03.013.

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Ustun, Deniz, and Ali Akdagli. "Design of a dual-wideband monopole antenna by artificial bee colony algorithm for UMTS, WLAN, and WiMAX applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 5 (2016): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716001355.

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In this study, a dual-wideband monopole antenna has been designed and developed for the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), wireless local area network (WLAN), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. A novel approach integrating artificial bee colony (ABC) with the HyperLynx® 3D electromagnetic platform based on the method of moments has been employed to calculate the design parameters of the monopole antenna performance for the respective target frequencies and return loss. The proposed dual-wideband antenna operates in the dual-frequency ranges of 1.69–3.99 and 4.75–6.22 GHz applicable for the UMTS, WLAN, and WiMAX applications and it is fabricated on the flame resistant-4 substrate plate of 42 × 51 × 1.6 mm3. The performance of the presented monopole antenna is analyzed in terms of gain, radiation pattern, and s-parameter. The input reflection coefficient (S11) parameter and radiation pattern of the antenna are verified through the measurements. The measured values of the antenna parameters are found to match well within tolerable limits with the simulation results. The results illustrate that the presented dual-wideband monopole antenna obtained by using the ABC algorithm exhibits better performance in point of operating bands and s-parameter as compared with the multi-band antennas previously published in the literature.

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Auvinen, Anssi, Maria Feychting, Anders Ahlbom, et al. "Headache, tinnitus and hearing loss in the international Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Use and Health (COSMOS) in Sweden and Finland." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 5 (2019): 1567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz127.

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Abstract Background Mobile phone use and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from it have been associated with symptoms in some studies, but the studies have shortcomings and their findings are inconsistent. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the association between amount of mobile phone use at baseline and frequency of headache, tinnitus or hearing loss at 4-year follow-up. Methods The participants had mobile phone subscriptions with major mobile phone network operators in Sweden (n = 21 049) and Finland (n = 3120), gave consent for obtaining their mobile phone call data from operator records at baseline, and filled in both baseline and follow-up questionnaires on symptoms, potential confounders and further characteristics of their mobile phone use. Results The participants with the highest decile of recorded call-time (average call-time >276 min per week) at baseline showed a weak, suggestive increased frequency of weekly headaches at 4-year follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.34). There was no obvious gradient of weekly headache with increasing call-time (P trend 0.06). The association of headache with call-time was stronger for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network than older Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) technology, despite the latter involving higher exposure to RF-EMF. Tinnitus and hearing loss showed no association with call-time. Conclusions People using mobile phones most extensively for making or receiving calls at baseline reported weekly headaches slightly more frequently at follow-up than other users, but this finding largely disappeared after adjustment for confounders and was not related to call-time in GSM with higher RF-EMF exposure. Tinnitus and hearing loss were not associated with amount of call-time.

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Pauliukas, Arvydas, and Volodymyr Kuzhel. "THE IMPACT OF MOBILE NETWORK SETTINGS ON THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF VEHICLE REMOTE CONTROL UNITS." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 13, no. 1 (2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2021-13-1-94-101.

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The article is devoted to the study of the influence of mobile network settings on the energy consumption of electronic car control units. Signal quality and mobile network coverage are also important for both users and automotive devices that use real-time information from the network using cloud technologies to transmit, process and store data. For the quality of service measurements, Communications Regulatory Authority uses just HTTP data transmission (receipt) speed rate values in the operators’ UMTS (3G) networks (as CRA stated in annual report). But speed is not everything as many consumers in the industry are experiencing recently. In addition, improvements now also revolve about reducing the signaling load incurred when a radio bearer is established, modified or released. Another area for improvements is the signaling overhead on the air interface when little data is transferred as it consumes resources and causes battery drain from the mobile phone's point of view. The authors focused on the UMTS (the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) 3G network, which is among the most popular 3G mobile communication technologies. We explore the RRC state machine of large cellular networks which operate in Lithuania. Note that in UMTS network, the centralized core network (CN) is responsible for ensuring switching and routing for the end users traffic. All Network management functions and required databases are also implemented in core network. The core network domain is further divided into sub categories: serving network domain, home network domain and the transit network domain. It consists of two kinds of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (GSNs), in 3GPP named as Gateway GSN (GGSN) and Serving GSN (SGSN) (Figure 1). SGSN is the central node of the packet switched (PS) domain. It provides for routing functionality and interacts with databases (like Home Location Register (HLR)) and manages many Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). So the authors were researching the RRC machines of Lithuanian cellular operators’ networks. The purpose of those experiments was to identify which network could provide a best user internet browsing experience, best user equipment battery consumption feature and best radio network resource utilization scheme. We can state, that comparing all these partitions, Operator2 has the optimal configuration for user experience, UE device battery consumption and network resource utilization of RRC state machine point of view.

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Zebiri, Sayad, Elfergani, et al. "A Compact Semi-Circular and Arc-Shaped Slot Antenna for Heterogeneous RF Front-Ends." Electronics 8, no. 10 (2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101123.

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In this paper, a new miniaturized compact dual-band microstrip slot antenna is presented. To achieve the dual-band characteristics, two adjunct partial arc-shaped small slots are joined to two main circular slots embedded in the ground of the antenna structure. With a reduced size of 30 × 28.5 × 0.8 mm3, the proposed antenna presents a dual-band characteristic. The design is optimized using a High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) followed by experimental verifications. An impedance bandwidth, for S11≤10 dB, that covers the 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands is accomplished, which makes the proposed antenna basically suitable for hand-held devices and medical applications. More applications such as digital communication system (DCS) 1.71–1.88 GHz, personal communication services (PCS) 1.85–1.99 GHz, Universal and mobile telecommunications system UMTS 1.92–2.17 GHz, Bluetooth 2.4–2.5 GHz, and Wi-Fi 2.4–2.454 GHz, Industrial Scientific and Medical radio frequency (RF) band ISM-2.4 GHz, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN-2.4)are possible by simply changing one of the geometrical antenna dimensions. The antenna is characterized by stable radiation patterns as well.

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Abdulkawi, Wazie M., Waqar Ahmad Malik, Sajjad Ur Rehman, Abdul Aziz, Abdel Fattah A. Sheta, and Majeed A. Alkanhal. "Design of a Compact Dual-Band MIMO Antenna System with High-Diversity Gain Performance in Both Frequency Bands." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040383.

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A compact four-element dual-band multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed to achieve high isolation and low channel capacity loss. The MIMO antenna was designed and optimized to cover the dual-frequency bands; the first frequency band is a wide band, and it covers the frequency range of 1550–2650 MHz, while the other frequency band covers the 3350–3650 MHz range. The measured wide-band impedance bandwidths of 1.1 GHz and 300 MHz were achieved in the lower and upper frequency bands, respectively. The proposed structure consists of four novel antenna elements, along with a plus-sign-shaped ground structure on an FR4 substrate. The overall electrical size of the whole dual-band MIMO antenna system is 0.3λ(W) × 0.3λ(L) × 0.008λ(H) for the lower frequency band. It achieved greater than 10 and 19 dB isolation in the lower and upper frequency bands, respectively. The antenna system accomplished an envelope correlation coefficient of |ρ|≤0.08 in the lower frequency band, while it achieved |ρ|≤0.02 in the higher frequency band. The computed channel capacity loss remained less than almost 0.4 bits/s/Hz in both frequency bands. Therefore, it achieved good performance in both frequency bands, with the additional advantage of a compact size. The proposed MIMO antenna is suitable for compact handheld devices and smartphones used for GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 5G sub-6 GHz, PCS (Personal Communications Service), and WLAN (wireless local area network) applications.

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