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Journal articles on the topic 'UN Commission on Human Rights'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Dennis, Michael J. "Human Rights in 2002: The Annual Sessions of the UN Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and Social Council." American Journal of International Law 97, no. 2 (April 2003): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3100113.

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The fifty-eighth session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights opened with the United States in an observer seat for the first time ever. The Commission ultimately adopted ninety-two resolutions and eighteen decisions, thirty-nine of which were adopted by roll-call vote. Subsequently, at its July 2002 session, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC, the parent body of the Commission) approved nearly all of the Commission's decisions by similar votes. The United States was also reelected to the Commission for its fiftyninth session during a separate ECOSOC meeting.The debate during the Commission's deliberations was more chaotic and fractious than in prior years, reflecting the membership of an increased number of repressive governments that sought to block international scrutiny of their human rights practices.

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2

Nowak, M. "Country-Oriented Human Rights Protection by the UN Commission on Human Rights and its Sub-Commission." Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 22 (December 1991): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0167676800002336.

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3

Whitlam, Gough. "Australia and the UN commission on human rights." Australian Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 1 (May 1991): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357719108445048.

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4

Crook, John R. "The Fifty-First Session Of The Un Commission On Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203760.

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The fifty-first session of the UN Human Rights Commission took place in Geneva from January 30 to March 10, 1995, under the genial chairmanship of Musa bin Hitam of Malaysia.’ The Commission showed that great powers are not exempt from critical consideration by the UN human rights machinery, addressing human rights situations involving three permanent members of the Security Council: China, Russia and die United States.The Commission closed the book on its years of activity concerning South Africa. Indigenous issues assumed a higher profile. The Commission took a cautious look at whether it had a role in the important “gray area” of internal armed conflict. In a controversial move, it created a new Special Rapporteur on human rights and toxic wastes.

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5

Haglund, Jillienne. "International institutional design and human rights: The case of the Inter-American Human Rights System." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 6 (October 17, 2019): 608–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894219881427.

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Most studies examining the effectiveness of international human rights law treat international human rights institutions as equally (un)influential on state behavior. I argue that institutional design explains variation in state response to international human rights law. Using the institutions in the Inter-American Human Rights System (Court and Commission), I argue that judgments from the highly legalized body (Court) are associated with human rights improvements, while decisions from the less legalized body (Commission) are associated with a greater likelihood of formal complaints. Using the Ill-Treatment and Torture data and original data on Commission decisions, I find support for these expectations.

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6

Dinokopila, Bonolo Ramadi, and Rhoda Igweta Murangiri. "The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights under the 2010 Constitutional Dispensation." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 2 (May 2018): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0228.

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This article examines the transformation of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) and discusses the implications of such transformation on the promotion and protection of human rights in Kenya. The article is an exposition of the powers of the Commission and their importance to the realisation of the Bill of Rights under the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. This is done from a normative and institutional perspective with particular emphasis on the extent to which the UN Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles, 1993) have been complied with. The article highlights the role of national human rights commissions in transformative and/or transitional justice in post-conflict Kenya. It also explores the possible complementary relationship(s) between the KNCHR and other Article 59 Commissions for the better enforcement of the bill of rights.

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7

Nowak, Manfred. "Proposals for Improving the UN Human Rights Programme." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100202.

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The second World Conference on Human Rights to be held in Vienna from 14 to 25 June 1993 has the chance of making use of the increased commitment to human rights, of many governments in both the North and the South for the goal of strengthening the UN human rights mechanisms by means of far-reaching reforms. In this article proposals are presented for improving the UN human rights program. The main features of the proposals are the transformation of the Trusteeship Council into a Human Rights Council with an overall mandate for the promotion, protection, prevention and enforcement of human rights; the establishment of a new Human Rights Commission, composed of independent experts, as the main UN body responsible for identifying future human rights violations and making recommendations to the Council for efficient preventive action. Situations of gross and systematic violations of human rights, identified as such by the Human Rights Council should in all cases be regarded as matters falling within the competence of the Security Council and requiring enforcement actions by that body. Other proposals concern a consolidated reporting procedure before an enlarged Human Rights Committee and the examination of individual and inter-State complaints by a UN Court of Human Rights. Furthermore, the creation of an International Criminal Court with a general jurisdiction for all crimes under international law and the establishment of a Special Commissioner for Human Rights is suggested. This Commissioner, in addition to carrying out human rights documentation, research, training and a development cooperation programme, should be entrusted with an independent mandate to initiate procedures for the prevention, protection and enforcement of human rights.

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8

Crook, John R. "The Fiftieth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 4 (October 1994): 806–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2204145.

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The fiftieth session of the UN Human Rights Commission took place in Geneva between January 31 and March 11, 1994, under the chairmanship of Peter P. van Wulfften Palthe of the Netherlands. During its annual six weeks of rhetoric and resolutions, the Commission adopted 109 resolutions and decisions, most by consensus. It adopted resolutions or took other actions addressing human rights violations in thirty countries.

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9

ALEKSEEV, V. YU. "THE ROLE OF THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION." RUSSIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, no. 3 (2020): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2020.03.16.

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10

Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, Nicole Janz, and Øyvind Isachsen Berntsen. "Human Rights Shaming and FDI: Effects of the UN Human Rights Commission and Council." World Development 104 (April 2018): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.014.

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11

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-Sixth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 95, no. 1 (January 2001): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2642062.

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The fifty-sixth session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 20 to April 28,2000, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Shambhu Ram Simkhada of Nepal. The delegations of fifty-three member states and ninety-one observer states werejoined by 1760 representatives of 224 nongovernmental organizations. The Commission ultimately adopted one hundred resolutions and decisions, three-fourths of them by consensus.

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12

Mekonnen, Daniel R. "The Case for Crimes against Humanity in Eritrea." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 221–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00702004.

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In June 2015, a commission of inquiry, mandated by the United Nations (un), published the most critical report of its kind on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. One year later, the commission said there are reasonable grounds to believe that crimes against humanity have been committed in Eritrea since 1991. The findings of the commission follow in the footsteps of other ground-breaking reports that were produced by the un Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, appointed in July 2012. Over the next four years, the Human Rights Council has also adopted a number of resolutions in which it strongly condemns the continued widespread and systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms committed by the Eritrean authorities. With a focus on the commission of inquiry, this article will assess an assortment of reports and official documents produced by the designated un human rights entities. Based on the assessment, assertions will be made that the conclusion made by the inquiry commission with respect to crimes against humanity in June 2016 should in fact have been made in its first report of June 2015, thus avoiding an unnecessary delay of one year.

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13

Ghanea, Nazila, and Ladan Rahmani. "The 58th session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." International Journal of Human Rights 7, no. 3 (October 2003): 116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642980310001726156.

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14

Kamminga, M. T. "The Thematic Procedures of the UN Commission on Human Rights." Netherlands International Law Review 34, no. 03 (December 1987): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00010342.

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15

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-Fifth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555243.

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The fifty-fifth session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 22 to April 30, 1999, and was chaired by Ambassador Anne Anderson of Ireland. The Commission reviewed the state of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the world, adopting eighty-two resolutions, fifty-eight by consensus, and thirteen decisions.More than thirty-two hundred participants represented fifty-three member and ninety-one observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and some fiftyfive specialized agencies and other organizations. Secretary-General Kofi Annan underscored the priority he attaches to human rights by stating that “the promodon and defense of human rights is at the heart of every aspect of our work and every article of our Charter. ”

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16

Navoth, Michal. "From a UN Commission on Human Rights to a Human Rights Council: A Structural Change or Human Rights Reform?" Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2006.11446246.

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17

O'Donnell, Daniel. "Trends in the application of international humanitarian law by United Nations human rights mechanisms." International Review of the Red Cross 38, no. 324 (September 1998): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400091282.

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UN human rights mechanisms continue to proliferate, producing numerous decisions and voluminous reports. This article reviews the ways in which such mechanisms apply international humanitarian law, including the law of Geneva and the law of The Hague. In doing so, it focuses mainly on the practice of the rapporteurs appointed by the UN Commission on Human Rights to investigate the human rights situations in specific countries and on that of the thematic rapporteurs and working groups which the Commission has entrusted with monitoring specific types of serious human rights violations wherever they occur, in particular the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions and the Representative of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, whose mandates most often lead them to examine abuses occurring in the context of armed conflicts. Reference is also made to two innovative mechanisms which functioned in El Salvador: the first UN-sponsored “truth commission” and the first human rights monitoring body established as part of a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring compliance with a UN-sponsored peace agreement. Certain observations made by treaty monitoring bodies are also mentioned.

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18

Naldi, Gino J. "Reparations in the Practice of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights." Leiden Journal of International Law 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156501000346.

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The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, which is mandated under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights with promoting and protecting human rights in Africa, has attracted considerable criticism for being an ineffectual body. One of the complaints is that the Charter based regime lacks an effective system of remedies. This paper examines whether this criticism is justified. An analysis of the jurisprudence of the African Commission proves that the Commission is patiently constructing a concept of reparations which has some similarities with that developed by the UN Human Rights Committee.

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19

Ghanea, Nazila. "I. From UN Commission on Human Rights to UN Human Rights Council: One step forwards or two steps sideways?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, no. 3 (July 2006): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei112.

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The policy decision to replace the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights (CHR) with a new UN Human Rights Council (HRC) was taken by governments at the September 2005 World Summit and adopted as a General Assembly (GA) resolution on 15 March 2006.1 This brought an end to the CHR's chequered 60-year history.2 The membership, structure and aims and procedures of the new HRC underwent months of intense discussion between States in the lead up to the adoption of this resolution. The purpose of this note is to explain the various proposals explored in the shaping of the HRC and the extent to which the resolution bringing it into being responded to weaknesses perceived in the CHR. Since almost every reference to the CHR came to be prefaced by the term ‘discredited’ since 2005, the question is to what extent the reasons for the loss of legitimacy in the CHR were actually addressed in the crafting of the new HRC.

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20

SCHRIJVER, NICO. "The UN Human Rights Council: A New ‘Society of the Committed’ or Just Old Wine in New Bottles?" Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 4 (December 2007): 809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156507004463.

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This article provides an assessment of the replacement of the UN Commission on Human Rights by the Human Rights Council, with a view to ascertaining whether the human rights architecture of the United Nations is now in better or worse shape. Institutionally, it is unique in that an international organ is dismantled and replaced by a new one for the sake of achieving greater effectiveness. What are the chances for success? For a proper assessment, the article first examines the status, functioning, and falling into disgrace of the UN Commission on Human Rights and, second, reviews the establishment of the new Human Rights Council as part of the UN reform process and identifies the new features of the Council compared with the previous Commission. Third, it discusses the work of the Council in its first year, in particular the extensive June 2007 decision on institution building of the UN Human Rights Council. The article concludes that the Council had a far from fresh and easy start, but that its establishment and functioning so far are not a radical departure from the acquis of the UN human rights regime. The first years of the Council are crucial for solid institution building and functioning credibly in an action-oriented way. The first members on the Council bear the heavy responsibility of seizing this historic opportunity.

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21

Adeola, Romola, Frans Viljoen, and Trésor Makunya Muhindo. "A Commentary on the African Commission's General Comment on the Right to Freedom of Movement and Residence under Article 12(1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights." Journal of African Law 65, S1 (March 17, 2021): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855321000061.

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AbstractIn 2019, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights adopted General Comment No 5 on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The Right to Freedom of Movement and Residence (Article 12(1)). In this general comment, the commission elaborated on the right to freedom of movement and residence within state borders. This issue, while explicit in international human rights law, is a challenge within various jurisdictions, including in Africa. This article provides a background to and commentary on General Comment No 5, leveraging on the insight of the authors, who participated in its drafting. Unlike the UN Human Rights Committee's earlier general comment, General Comment No 5 provides detailed guidance on the internal dimension of the right to free movement and residence. As “soft law”, its persuasive force depends on a number of factors, including its use at the domestic level, its visibility and its integration into regional human rights jurisprudence.

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22

Victor, MYKHAILOVSKYI. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISM FOR ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 117, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)03.

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Background. The problem of protecting human rights has existed throughoutthe existence of mankind. Modern globalization affects the effectiveness of international institutions in the field of human rights. After all, the rapid processes of development and adoption of international documents in the field of human rights require not only worldwide recognition, but also unquestioning implementation. In this regard, the study of the mechanism for exercising the powers of the UN Human Rights Council in the temporarily occupied territories of Crimea and Donbas is especially relevant. The aim of the article is to establish a mechanism for exercising the powers of the UN Human Rights Council to respect and ensure human rights in Ukraine, in particular in the temporarily occupied territories of Crimea and Donbas. Materials and methods. Both general and special legal methods of cognition were used during the research. The normative basis of the study were international treaties, international law and the work of domestic and foreign scientists. Results. International protection of human rights is one of the most important branches of public international law. The creation of the United Nations has opened a new page in the field of human rights institutions. In order to promote and ensure human rights in Ukraine, in particular in the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Donbas, the UN Human Rights Council implements a number of mechanisms: closely cooperateswith the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. periodic inspections. The UN Human Rights Council serves as a forum for discussing thematic issues on all human rights. Thus, within the high-level segment of the UN Human Rights Council, on February 23, 2021, for the third year in a row, the UN General Assembly debated on the agenda item «Situation in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine» initiated by our state. Within the framework of this event, support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine was expressed. Conclusion. Ukraine’s cooperation with the UN Human Rights Council is increasing pressure from the international community to respect the rights of indigenous peoples, national minorities, social human rights, democracy and the rule of law. During the Russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution «Cooperation with Ukraine and its assistance in the field of human rights», an agreement was concluded between the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Ukraine. Thus, despite the recommendatory nature of the powers of the UN Human Rights Council, this international institution significantly affects the level of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, and contributes to the further development of human rights in Ukraine. Keywords: human rights, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN HumanRights Council, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission.

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23

Coulter, Robert T. "The Draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: What is it? What Does it Mean?" Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 13, no. 2 (June 1995): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419501300203.

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The draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, now before the UN Commission on Human Rights, is a far-reaching and innovative document that has resulted from more than 10 years of debate, lobbying and drafting by indigenous representatives, human rights experts and members of the UN Sub-Commission's Working Group on Indigenous Populations. The level and nature of indigenous participation in this elaboration of human rights standards has been unprecedented. The draft Declaration sets forth basic human rights that flow from long-established principles of international law and widely accepted concepts of human rights. The detailed provisions of the draft Declaration would reach out to protect indigenous communities as well as indigenous individuals from the discrimination, the deprivations and the abuses that they so often endure. The author praises the draft for its thoroughness and adherence to principle. The article summarizes and analyses the provisions of the draft Declaration and calls for others to provide futher commentary and analysis.

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24

Kang, Yeo Rin. "The UN Commission of Inquiry on North Korean Human Rights Report and Zainichi’s Human Rights Campaign." HALLYM JOURNAL OF JAPANESE STUDIES 42 (May 31, 2023): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18238/hallym.42.6.

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25

LLOYD, MOYA. "(Women’s) human rights: paradoxes and possibilities." Review of International Studies 33, no. 1 (January 2007): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210507007322.

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Such is its pervasiveness that human rights discourse is used to legitimise humanitarian and military intervention in the affairs of other states, provide a rationale for ‘ethical’ foreign policy, justify the punishment of war crimes, and validate the formation of international coalitions mandated to eradicate terrorism wherever its is found. At grass-roots level, human rights talk is deployed to lobby governments and to press for socioeconomic and legal change, to combat the dehumanising treatment of specific populations, to ground educational initiatives and spawn local, national, international, and sometimes global networks oriented to its advancement, and to induce the patient and meticulous documentation of its violations. In terms of women, human rights activism has been instrumental in problematising violence against women, prompting the recognition by the UN Human Rights Commission in 1992 of rape during war as a form of torture, and as a war crime or crime against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (which came into force in 2001). It also led to the appointment in 1994 by the UN Human Rights Commission of Radhika Coomaraswamy as the first Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women and its Causes and Consequences. Activities centring on human rights produced the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and became operational as an international treaty on 3 September 1981 when it was ratified by its twentieth signatory.

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26

Miretski, Pini Pavel, and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann. "The UN 'Norms on the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights': A Requiem." Deakin Law Review 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2012vol17no1art68.

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On 11 June 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council endorsed the ‘Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights’ as a new set of guiding principles for global business designed to provide a global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity. This outcome was preceded by an earlier unsuccessful attempt by a Sub-Commission of the UN Commission on Human Rights to win approval for a set of binding corporate human rights norms, the so called ‘Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights’. This article identifies and discusses the reasons why the Norms eventually failed to win approval by the then UN Commission on Human Rights. This discussion assists an understanding of the difficulties in establishing binding ‘hard law’ obligations for transnational corporations with regard to human rights within the wider framework of international law. It elucidates the possible motives as well as the underlying rationale which led first to the adoption and then the rapid abandoning of the Norms. The discussion also sheds light on the future of the voluntarism of business human rights compliance, on the likelihood of finding alternative solutions, and finally on the rationale for, and effect of, the ‘Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights’.

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27

Davidse, Koen. "Many Happy Returns? The 50th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 12, no. 2 (June 1994): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419401200205.

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This year the Commission on Human Rights held its 50th session in Geneva. It was not a very special session, partly maybe due to the aftereffects of the World Conference on Human Rights. The established norms were not an issue this year. On supervision and monitoring, the system of working groups and experts reporting on countries and themes is well in place. It proved possible once again to adopt many resolutions on the basis of their reports. Important new mandates on the rights of women and impartiality of the judiciary were added. The Commission also remains a dominant focus point of attention for human rights problems. Problems remain, however, as far as supporting the human rights mechanisms is concerned, cooperation by some governments and follow-up on recommendations. Work from all sides is needed to foster the achievements of norms, supervision and monitoring, publicity and possible future achievements.

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28

Popkin, Margaret, and Naomi Roht-Arriaza. "Truth as Justice: Investigatory Commissions in Latin America." Law & Social Inquiry 20, no. 01 (1995): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00683.x.

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In recent years, Latin American countries have sought to come to terms with prior periods of widespread human rights violations, relying increasingly on investigatory commissions. Investigatory efforts have been undertaken by democratically elected governments that replaced military dictatorships, by UN-sponsored commissions as part of a UN-mediated peace process, and by national human rights commissioners. This article examines truth commissions in Chile and El Salvador, an investigatory effort in Honduras, and a proposed commission in Guatemala. It compares the achievements and limitations of these commissions within the political constraints and institutional reality of each country, focusing on four major goals: the effort to create an authoritative account of the past; vindication of victims; recommendations for legislative, structural, or other changes to avoid repetition of past abuses; and establishing accountability or the identity of perpetrators.

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29

Weissbrodt, David. "The Three “Theme” Special Rapporteurs of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 80, no. 3 (July 1986): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201794.

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In March 1982, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights initiated the appointment of a Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions. The Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions has done far more than merely study that grave human rights problem; he has received complaints about impending and past executions, issued appeals to governments about threatened executions and the need to investigate past killings, and reported publicly on much of his activity. The Commission on Human Rights not only has renewed the Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions in its subsequent annual sessions, but has followed this precedent by appointing in 1985 a similar Special Rapporteur on Torture and in 1986 a Special Rapporteur on Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief.

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30

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-Fourth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 1 (January 1999): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997970.

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31

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-third Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 1 (January 1998): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998071.

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The fifty-third session of the UN Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 10 to April 18, 1997, with Miroslav Somol of the Czech Republic serving as chairman. More than twenty-three hundred individuals were in attendance, representing fifty-three member and ninety-two observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations, and some forty specialized agencies, UN bodies and other organizations.

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32

Parker, Penny, and David Weissbrodt. "Major Developments at the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1991." Human Rights Quarterly 13, no. 4 (November 1991): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/762307.

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33

Brody, Reed, Penny Parker, and David Weissbrodt. "Major Developments in 1990 at the UN Commission on Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 12, no. 4 (November 1990): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/762501.

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34

III, Joe W. Pitts, and David Weissbrodt. "Major Developments at the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1992." Human Rights Quarterly 15, no. 1 (February 1993): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/762654.

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35

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-Seventh Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 1 (January 2002): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2686135.

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36

Dennis, Michael J. "The Fifty-second Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." American Journal of International Law 91, no. 1 (January 1997): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954158.

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37

Cerna, Christina M. "Djamel Ameziane v. U.S.A., Report No. 29/20, Case 12.865 Merits, (Inter-Am. Comm'n H.R.)." International Legal Materials 59, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 941–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.52.

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On April 22, 2020, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Commission) issued its first decision on one of the Guantanamo detainees, Djamel Ameziane, an Algerian Muslim who was held at Guantanamo for almost 12 years until he was deported to Algeria in 2013, in violation, inter alia, of the principle of non-refoulement. The case was brought on Mr. Ameziane's behalf by the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), and the decision is very comprehensive and carefully written, as is to be expected of a decision totaling 70 pages. Although the United States became a party to the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1992, it never accepted the first Optional Protocol, which gives individuals the right to bring complaints against the United States before the U.N. Human Rights Committee; consequently, the only international body to which an individual can bring a complaint against the United States for a violation of international human rights law is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a principal organ of the Organization of American States (OAS).

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Adjolohoun, Horace S. "African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights Resolution 234 on the Right to Nationality." International Legal Materials 53, no. 2 (April 2014): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.53.2.0413.

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The right to a nationality is well established in international human rights law. In 1954 and 1961, the United Nations adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, respectively. Inspired by Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the two Conventions provide for a right to nationality and prohibit deprivation or denial of nationality. In 2012, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) drafted four guidelines on statelessness that expand on provisions of the 1954 and 1961 UN Conventions. They contain guidance sections directed specifically at governments, civil society organizations, legal practitioners, decision-makers and the judiciary as well as UNHCR and other UN agency staff involved in addressing statelessness.

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Chilunjika, Alouis, Nicol Tinashe Tapfumaneyi, and Felistas Zimano. "Impediments to the Advancement of Human Rights by the ZHRC in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Law and Public Policy 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0301.163.

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Zimbabwe as a member of the United Nations (UN) ratified a number of human rights treaties and the establishment of the much awaited Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (ZHRC) which was long overdue was a generally welcome development in the human rights arena. The ZHRC is a National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) established by the Constitution of Zimbabwe (No.20) Act 2013. The Constitution mandates ZHRC to promote, protect and enforce human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined under the Bill of Rights. The operational legal framework of the ZHRC is provided for in the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission Act [Chapter 10:30]. In collecting data questionnaires, interviews and documentary review were used. Against this backdrop, the paper mainly seeks to explore and analyse the challenges faced by the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (ZHRC) in executing its mandate. Methodologically, the study relied extensively on available literature and reports. The study revealed that the ZHRC has been impeded by resource constraints, absence of legally binding laws, hostile political environment and lack of state compliance experiencing impediments which have affected its operation. The therefore study made some recommendations to help fortify and reinvigorate the ZHRC.

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Mason, Elisa. "UNHCR, Human Rights and Refugees Collection and Dissemination of Sources." International Journal of Legal Information 25, no. 1-3 (1997): 35–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500008118.

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In a statement to the 52nd session of the Commission on Human Rights, then UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali characterized Geneva as the “city of human rights.” Interestingly, the first organization he used to illustrate his point was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. While others may share this view of UNHCR as a “human rights organization,” UNHCR–at least on the policy level-has been slower to adopt this self-image. At the same time, it is easy to categorize UNHCR's Centre for Documentation and Research (CDR) as a “refugee and human rights” information centre because it sets out specifically to collect materials which fall within the human rights domain. To give you a better sense of the context in which CDR develops its collections, I would like to first review UNHCR's activities as they relate to refugees and human rights, then conduct a brief demonstration of a database which provides access to a significant repository of human rights documentation. Then you can decide for yourselves whether or not UNHCR indeed qualifies as a “human rights organization”!

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Brewin, Christopher. "The United States and human rights." Review of International Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050011438x.

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These excellent books mark the reception in American thinking of the doctrine that economic and social rights (Shue, Brown/Maclean, Hoffmann, Vogelgesang, Falk) are at least as important as the civil and political rights of Henkin's ‘International Bill of Rights’. The English contribution to this literature, the collection of documents edited by Brownlie, makes no distinction between sets of rights; and by reprinting work by Prebisch and Figueres, Brownlie promotes the thesis that development and human rights go together. However, it is worth noticing that all these authors ignore the efforts by the majority of countries in the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights to assert the related concept of rights to development, notably in GA Resolution 32/130 (1977).

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Karadjova, Mariana. "Property Restitution in Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Human Rights Law Responses." Review of Central and East European Law 29, no. 3 (2004): 325–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573035042132932.

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AbstractThis article presents an overview of how those East European countries that are members of the Council of Europe have approached the problems of restitution as a means of reparation for past injustices. In doing so, attention will be paid to: the entitled persons and the extent of restitution; the underlying motivations vis-à-vis the form of reparation (restitution in kind or compensation), and attitudes towards minority groups and foreigners as part of the restitution process. Emphasis will also be given to the role played by international instruments (the ECHR and its future Protocol 12, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, various UN resolutions, etc), as well as by judicial institutions (the European Court of Human Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee) in the evolution of the restitution process in Eastern Europe in general, and regarding such issues as equality between foreigners and nationals as well as minority and religious groups and the elaboration of an international standard of restitution as reparation for abuses of human rights in particular. The bodies of the ECHR have managed to avoid problems related to restitution and reparations for past injustices by arguing that the right of restitution is not guaranteed by art.1 of Protocol 1 to the the ECHR. But the entry into force of a new Protocol 12 to the Convention will likely result in changes being made in this thought process, at least as regards the position of foreigners. If measures denying restitution, owing to the claimant's nationality, were taken after ratifi cation of Protocol 12, the way should be opened in the future to foreigners (in addition to procedures before the UN Human Rights Committee) to more effectively defend their rights relative to such restorative measures: notably, the possibility of seizing the Strasbourg Court with claims relating to justifi cation for "unequal treatment". The right to remedy the injustices committed to the victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law has appeared with increasing frequency on the agenda of the UN Commission on Human Rights. Furthermore, in its recent case law, the UN Human Rights Committee has evidenced a concern over several questions relating to the respect of possessions; it has already opted for the proposition that any discrimination on the basis of nationality in restitution legislation can be deemed to be a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Lastly, after ratifi cation of Protocol 12, we can expect a link to be forged between the vision of the UN Commission on Human Rights and that of the European Court of Human Rights that may—in the future—lead to the elaboration of a common international mechanism regulating restitution as a means for the reparation of abuses of human rights.

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Hu, Howard. "Toxic Weapons, Epidemiology, and Human Rights." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017147.

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In June of 1991, a team of experts from the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) inspected an Iraqi facility at Samarra, known as the “Muthanna State Enterprise for Pesticide Production.” Its inspection revealed a chemical weapons factory (United Nations, 1991). Inspectors found mustard gas and organophosphorus nerve agents, types GB and GF, as well as tabun—agent GA (CBW News, 1991). They estimated that the facility had the capacity to produce 2.5 tons of sarin and 5 tons of mustard gas per day. According to media reports, “dozens” of companies were implicated in the construction and production processes of the facility, including companies originating from Austria, France, Germany, India, Switzerland, the United States, and seven other countries (CBW News, 1991; Independent, July 17, 1991).

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Jilani, Hina, and Khan Ayesha. "Hina Jilani on the value of the rights discourse in the context of political Islam." Feminist Dissent, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/fd.n3.2018.378.

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Hina Jilani is one of Pakistan’s most influential human rights activists and a leader of Women’s Action Forum, the group that began the modern women’s movement in the country. She co-founded the first women’s law firm and legal aid organisation, AGHS, and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. At the international level she has held numerous positions as well. She is a member of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights. In 2009, she was appointed to the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. She was also UN Special Representative on Human Rights Defenders (2000–2008); appointed to the UN International Fact-Finding Commission on Darfur (2006); and served as President of the World Organisation Against Torture (2016). Jilani received the Amnesty International Genetta Sagan Award for Women’s Rights (2000), and the Millennium Peace Prize for Women (2001). She is a member of The Elders, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights, founded by Nelson Mandela. Below are edited excerpts from an interview with Ayesha Khan held at Jilani’s home in Lahore on 23 October 2015.

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WICHERT, T. "Human Rights, Refugees and Displaced Persons: The 1997 UN Commission on Human Rights (Geneva, 10 March--18 April 1997)." International Journal of Refugee Law 9, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/9.3.500.

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Görgényi, Ilona. "Environmental human rights and the protection of the environment through criminal law in the light of recent developments." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 17, no. 32 (May 28, 2022): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2022.32.42.

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In the history of the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment and its recognition, 2021 marked a milestone. To admit a new generation of human rights, in the UN, the Human Rights Council dealt with the matter of human rights and the environment. Considering the resolution 48/13, it can make the progressive legal accepts stronger at international level. Within the Council of Europe framework, an additional protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights concerning the right to a healthy environment was drafted to admit a new generation of human rights, which is an integral part of Recommendation 2211 (2021). Furthermore also in 2021, the European Commission prepared a Proposal for a Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directive 2008/99/EC. The drafted Directive is a part of the EU new legislative initiatives.

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Davidse, Koen M. "The 48th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights and UN Monitoring of Violations of Civil and Political Rights." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 10, no. 3 (September 1992): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419201000303.

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Nifosi, Ingrid. "The UN Special Procedures in the field of human rights. Institutional history, practice and conceptual framework." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 131–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/aahdh-2-2005pp131-178.

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The Special Procedures established by the Human Rights Commission, which entail the appointment of international experts to deal with human rights questions in specific issues, has received little scholarly attention regarding conceptual and methodological definition. This study tries to fill the gap in the analysis of SPs by developing and putting forward a conceptual definition of the UN mechanisms in question. To this aim it will turn on three main questions: Are there some «constitutional elements» of SPs? What are the main features of SPs’ human rights activity? What is the significance of such activity in terms of Human Rights Protection and Monitoring?Published online: 11 December 2017

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Brody, Reed, and David Weissbrodt. "Major Developments at the 1989 Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 11, no. 4 (November 1989): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/762092.

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Seligman, Steven. "Politics and principle at the UN Human Rights Commission and Council (1992–2008)." Israel Affairs 17, no. 4 (October 2011): 520–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2011.603519.

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