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1
McQuigg, Ronagh J. A. "The cedaw Committee and Gender-Based Violence against Women." International Human Rights Law Review 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00602002.
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On 14 July 2017, the un Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (cedaw Committee) adopted its General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. The purpose of this General Recommendation was to update the Committee’s General Recommendation No. 19 on violence against women, which had been adopted 25 years previously. This article examines General Recommendation No. 35 and analyses the extent to which this General Recommendation may contribute to addressing the issue of gender-based violence against women. However, although General Recommendation No. 35 is undoubtedly a positive development in the response of international human rights law to this issue, it is argued that further measures are necessary, in the form of a un treaty on violence against women.
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Cook, Rebecca J. "Human Rights and Maternal Health: Exploring the Effectiveness of the Alyne Decision." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 1 (2013): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12008.
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Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira died of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) following the stillbirth of a 27-week-old fetus on November 16, 2002 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her death led in 2011 to the first decision of an international treaty body holding a government accountable for a preventable maternal death. The decision, Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira (deceased) v. Brazil, was given by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (the Committee), established to monitor compliance by member states with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (the Convention). The decision upheld a complaint, filed in 2007 against the state and government of Brazil, finding discrimination in the field of health care for Alyne’s avoidable maternal death, in breach of the Women’s Convention.
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Senders, Mignon. "Women and the Right to Adequate Housing." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 16, no. 2 (June 1998): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405199801600204.
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In August 1997, the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities adopted a resolution entitled ‘Women and the right to adequate housing and to land and property’. This resolution was the first of its kind, recognising the specific problems that women encounter when pursuing their right to adequate housing. This article deals with the legal foundations of the right to adequate housing in United Nations instruments. Since women face particular problems with regard to this right – direct violations such as discrimination but also problems as a result of poverty and their social position – these difficulties will be addressed. An overview is given of action that has been taken by various UN organs and bodies, especially the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. The adopted Sub-Commission resolution is dealt with in detail.
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Syroyid, Tetyana. "Women’s right to health – modern challenges: international legal aspect." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 4 (December 29, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-4-74-81.
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The article contains a detailed analysis of international legal acts regulating women's right to health; the focus is on problematic aspects that need to be addressed, including: violence, HIV / AIDS, protection during a pandemic of COVID-19. The article highlights the provisions of the following universal and regional acts of a general nature: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (2011), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003). The article also covers proceedings of international intergovernmental forums, strategic documents, reports of the UN Secretary-General focusing on the general protection of women's rights and, in particular, the right to health, including the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action (1993), the Beijing Declaration (1995), Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health (2010), Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health (2016-2030), Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (2020), Report of the Secretary-General UN "Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19" (2020) etc. The emphasis is placed on the importance of general and special recommendations developed by international treaty monitoring bodies - the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in the field of women's health, which oblige states to comply with, protect and enforce rights in this area. In order to improve the situation in the field of protection of women's rights, the appropriate conclusions and recommendations on the im-plementation of the provisions of these acts into national state legislation have been made.
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ATAK, IDIL, and LORIELLE GIFFIN. "Canada’s Treatment of Non-Citizens through the Lens of the United Nations Individual Complaints Mechanisms." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 56 (October 2019): 292–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2019.13.
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AbstractThe United Nations (UN) human rights treaty bodies play an important role in defining the scope and the nature of non-citizens’ rights. This article offers a critical overview of the UN human rights case law from 2008 to 2018 pertaining to non-citizens — notably undocumented migrants, refused asylum seekers, and permanent residents ordered deported — in Canada. It examines the jurisprudence of the three UN human rights treaty bodies recognized by Canada as having competence to receive and consider individual complaints — namely, the UN Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. The purpose of this examination is two-fold. First, it intends to foster a better understanding of the cases lodged by non-citizens before the UN human rights treaty bodies. The second aim is to explore the substantive issues that the UN committees’ jurisprudence on non-citizens reveals about Canada’s immigration decision-making and enforcement. It is argued that some groups of non-citizens in Canada are at risk of being deported to persecution or hardship in violation of the non-refoulement principle and Canada’s international human rights obligations. The article illuminates several loopholes identified by the UN treaty bodies in Canada’s immigration and refugee protection system that heighten the risk of refoulement.
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Brems, Eva. "Ethiopia Before The United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies." Afrika Focus 20, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2007): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0200102004.
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Ethiopia before the United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies Among the many human rights conventions adopted by the UN, seven are known – together with their additional protocols – as the core international human rights instruments: ‒ The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; ‒ The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; ‒ The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; ‒ The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women; ‒ The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; ‒ The Convention on the Rights of the Child; ‒ The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. The main international control mechanism under these conventions is what may be considered the standard mechanism in international human rights protection: state reporting before an international committee. An initial report is due usually one year after joining the treaty and afterwards, reports are due periodically (every four or five years). The international committees examine the reports submitted by the state parties. In the course of this examination they include information from other sources, such as the press, other United Nations materials or NGO information. They also hold a meeting with representatives of the state submitting the report. At the end of this process the committee issues 'concluding observations' or 'concluding comments'. This paper focuses on the experience of one state – Ethiopia – with the seven core human rights treaties. This should allow the reader to gain insights both into the human rights situation in Ethiopia and in the functioning of the United Nations human rights protection system.
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Koliesnik, Tetiana. "MODERN APPROACHES TO ENSURING GENDER BALANCE IN THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT TO WORK." Law Journal of Donbass 73, no. 4 (2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2020-73-4-53-59.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the challenges in complying with principles of gender balance in the exercise of the right to work in the framework of international gender standards adopted by Ukraine. Given current development stage of Ukrainian society along with issues of economic stabilization, it is equally important to ensure Ukraine's transition to sustainable social development, which in turn requires public policy making with due regard given to gender component, i.e., evaluation of public policy strategy in terms of gender equality. Shaping and improving public's understanding of the objectives of state policy in the field of gender equality contributes to achieving Global Sustainable Development Goals proclaimed by the UN and supported by Ukraine in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Sustainable Development Goals until 2030". National Action Plan for the Implementing Recommendations Set Out in the Final Observations of UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to the Eighth Periodic Report of Ukraine on the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women for 2021 was approved. According to Global Report of the World Economic Forum, in 2019 Ukraine ranked 59th (out of 153 countries) as to gender gap index. Education and health indicators are high, but political involvement and economic opportunities are declining. Manifestations of inequality, gender discrimination and violence are present in public life - these are gender stereotypes that are often played down in Ukrainian society, which is a negative trend. Along with having strong women's movement and women's organizations in Ukraine, it is necessary to recognize insufficient number of organizations focusing on protection of men's rights, which may be a consequence of de facto absence public discussions about discrimination against men. In view of the above, it should be noted that achieving gender balance is not only an international legal obligation, it is also necessary to achieve the goals of national development of our state. Implementation of basic principles of gender issues is a fundamental factor in protecting labor rights as well as the basis for building a safer society and strengthening the rule of law. Based on the results of the analysis, a number of respective measures aimed at ensuring gender balance in Ukraine were identified. The norms of the current legislation, the ILO Convention and EU anti-discrimination directives related to gender issues are analyzed. Indicators of gender inequality in Ukraine were studied in accordance with UN and the State Statistics Committee data.
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Gilleri, Giovanna. "‘How are you actually doing, ladies?’ Indicators of gender equality through the lens of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women." International Journal of Human Rights 24, no. 8 (January 22, 2020): 1218–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1717474.
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ÁLVAREZ ÁLVAREZ, BRENDA IBETTE. "L.C. VS. PERÚ: LA BATALLA DE UNA NIÑA POR ACCEDER A LA JUSTICIA REPRODUCTIVA." YachaQ Revista de Derecho, no. 9 (December 28, 2018): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51343/yq.vi9.721.
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En el presente artículo se aborda las restricciones y obstáculos en el goce del derecho a la interrupción legal del embarazo en casos de niñas víctimas de violencia sexual a partir de los estándares jurídicos del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos planteados en el caso L.C. vs. Perú del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Contra la Mujer (Cedaw). Asimismo, se plantea un análisis de los argumentos presentados por las representantes de la peticionaria, los descargos del Estado peruano y del razonamiento esgrimido por el Comité CEDAW en el caso.
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This article addresses the restrictions and obstacles in the enjoyment of the right to legal interruption of pregnancy in cases of girls victims of sexual violence based on the legal standards of international human rights law raised in the L.C. vs. Peru of the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (Cedaw). Likewise, an analysis of the arguments presented by the petitioner's representatives, the Peruvian State's defense and the reasoning put forth by the CEDAW Committee in the case is presented.
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Sithole, T. N., and Kgothatso B. Shai. "UN-BLURRING THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1927.
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Awareness of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989) is relatively high within academic and political circles in South Africa and elsewhere around the world. In South Africa, this can be ascribed mainly to the powerful women’s lobby movements represented in government and academic sectors. Women and children’s issues have been especially highlighted in South Africa over the last few years. In this process, the aforementioned two international human rights instruments have proved very useful. There is a gender desk in each national department. The Office on the Status of Women and the Office on Child Rights have been established within the Office of the President, indicating the importance attached to these institutions. These offices are responsible for co-ordinating governmental efforts towards the promotion and protection of women and children’s rights respectively, including the two relevant treaties. Furthermore, there is also a great awareness amongst non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in respect of CEDAW and CRC. This can be ascribed mainly to the fact that there is a very strong women’s NGO lobby and NGOs are actively committed to the promotion of children’s rights. Women are increasingly vocal and active within the politics of South Africa, but the weight of customary practices remains heavy. The foregoing is evident of the widening gap between policy theory and practice in the fraternity of vulnerable groups – children and women in particular.
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Strebkova, Julia. "GARRANTEENG THE SAFETY OF WOMEN AND GIRLS UNDER CONDITIONS OF ARMED CONFLICT." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 25 (2019): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.25.18.
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It has been shown that in recent years in Ukraine the pressure of religious organizations on the legislative and executive authorities has increased and information campaigns and projects of anti-gender and anti-Ukrainian trends have been implemented. The author analyzed how in the regions staying under Russian informational pressure the religious fundamentalism shows the potential of development develop into religious extremism. It has been demonstrated that in Ukraine the gender aspects of security are not well-developed and are heavily influenced by religion. It has been shown that the lack of high-quality gender analytics significantly complicates the forecasting of social processes. The article deals with the question how religious fundamentalism manipulates women's security issues in favor of religious interests. It is noted that the pressure of pro-religious anti-gender movements on the authorities in Ukraine can lead to negative consequences, and that the establishment of a state policy based on religious perceptions of the world can threaten the country's internal security. It was concluded that in times of conflict, religious extremism does not recognize the rule of human rights and proclaims the primacy of religious customs over women's human rights. It is proved that, considering direct conflict with Russia, the spread of religious fundamentalism in Ukraine and the spread of structural gender violence will be relevant and require the immediate development of gender and biopolitical aspects of security. It was concluded that for the progressive democratic development of Ukraine, as well as safe living conditions and the well-being of its citizens, the security services should turn to gender analytics. It has been proven that, in order to protect their interests, religious leaders can initiate a departure from state-guaranteed compliance with international agreements on gender equality in all spheres of life. In this regard, Ukraine's implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1325 on Women, Peace, Security and the similar resolutions as well as Recommendations of the UN Committee on the Status of Women for Countries that have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, other UN instruments is important for Ukraine. Also important are the country's European commitments in the field of gender equality. In particular, the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) needs to be ratified.
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Parisi, Laura. "Book Review: The Circle of Empowerment: Thirty-Five Years of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. By Hanna Beate Schöpp-Schilling and Cees Flinterman, eds. New York: The Feminist Press, 2007, 410 pp., $24.95 (paper)." Gender & Society 24, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243209355284.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Liliya Menkova. "Woman in the diplomatic service: history, problems and prospects." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-7.
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Problem setting. Today, one of the priorities of the European policy direction is the effective implementation of such a principle as gender equality. Ensuring and ensuring the equal participation of women and men in socially important decisions, equal opportunities for them to combine professional and family responsibilities, preventing gender-based violence, and ensuring that women have a real opportunity to participate in diplomacy, including embracing high-level positions are one of the most important goals that modern democracies must fully achieve. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The topic of gender equality in their works was considered by such scholars as: O. Zakharova, T. Martsenyuk, V. Kobylyatska, E. Makarenko, G. Rudenko, T. Zonova, S. Khabibullina and others, but the current state of women’s participation in the diplomatic life of Ukraine scientists have considered superficially. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to consider the historical development of the principle of gender equality of women in relation to their participation in the diplomatic life of states, as well as to determine the current state and problems of compliance with this principle in Ukraine and identify ways to solve them. Article’s main body. Ukraine has ratified the main international instruments on equal rights and opportunities for men and women, namely the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and acceded to the UN Millennium Declaration and committed itself to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Defining for itself the provision and implementation of gender equality as one of the priorities of public policy. At the national level, gender equality is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Labor Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men”, the State Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2016 and other legislation. The prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex was also included in the new law on civil service. However, the statistics and realities of our state say otherwise, as the number of women diplomats in high positions differs significantly from the number of men who hold them. The main reasons for this situation are traditional gender stereotypes, cultural customs, insufficient attention of foreign policy institutions to ensure gender equality and more. Of course, our state needs a modern revision and an effective legislative and practical solution to this issue. In this article, the authors review the historical development of the establishment and implementation of the principle of gender equality in different countries, namely the direct participation of women and their high positions in the performance of diplomatic functions in the diplomatic service; the opinions of scholars who express the positive impact of women’s participation in the diplomatic sphere, as well as the arguments of those who do not agree with this position; the current state of the quantitative indicator of women in positions in diplomatic missions of Ukraine, including in high positions, is studied; the modern directions of our state concerning the effective decision of a gender problem and full realization of this principle are analyzed; Obstacles that affect the implementation of a balanced gender policy in Ukraine are identified and some ways to solve them are suggested. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors came to the conclusion that the involvement of as many women as possible in the diplomatic service of Ukraine will ensure the effective implementation of gender equality and will indicate real reforms in the diplomatic sphere. Stereotypes about women’s weakness and vulnerability must be a thing of the past, as history has repeatedly shown strong women capable of changing their own country or even world trends. Therefore, for our country, the active encouragement of women to diplomatic work will only demonstrate the desire of a democratic state to seek new and innovative in this area. It is with the active participation of women in all world processes, including in diplomatic life, that we will be able to guarantee equality in society, peace and cohesion in different countries of the world.
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SOLEMAN, NOVIYANTI, and Rifki Elindawati. "PENINGKATKAN KESETARAAN GENDER DI UKRAINA (OLEH UN WOMEN)." AL-WARDAH 12, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46339/al-wardah.v12i1.135.
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Ukraine is one of the UN members which had ratified the convention of elimination discrimination against women during 1979. This is followed by the significant number of discrimination against women, because of political and economic instability. In addition, the situation has been getting worse due to crimea annexation and millitary crisis. Thus, UN Women as the part of UN agencies for advancing gender equality takes action to support in eradicating women discrimination in Ukraine. To asses those condition, this research aims to analyze efforts of UN Women towards the issue, based on theory of the role of international organization by Cliver Archer.
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McDougall, Gay. "Inter-State Communication Submitted by the State of Palestine against State of Israel (U.N. Comm'n on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination)." International Legal Materials 59, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 922–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.53.
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On December 12, 2019, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Committee) issued its decision on the question of jurisdiction in the inter-state communication submitted by the State of Palestine against Israel. It is among the three first inter-state communications ever before human rights treaty bodies and therefore sets numerous precedents on matters of procedure and in this case, on the question of jurisdiction and the unique nature of the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Convention)—the first of a series of treaties codifying and expanding the scope of human rights law.
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Schopp-Schilling, H. B. "Treaty Body Reform: the Case of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women." Human Rights Law Review 7, no. 1 (February 8, 2007): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngl034.
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Surlan, Tijana. "Committee on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women: Monitoring or quasi judicial functions." Nauka, bezbednost, policija, no. 2 (2014): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nbp1402057s.
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Ngwena, Charles G. "A Commentary onLC v Peru: The CEDAW Committee's First Decision on Abortion." Journal of African Law 57, no. 2 (August 12, 2013): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000107.
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AbstractInLC v Peru, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women held that Peru was in breach of its obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women when it denied a 13 year old girl emergency surgery as well as an abortion. This commentary discusses the human rights significance ofLC v Peru, especially in relation to the advancement of abortion jurisprudence in the African region. It is submitted thatLC v Perumakes an important contribution towards the development of abortion laws that are transparent and accountable to women, as well as responsive to equal protection under the law. The duty of states to operationalizeLC v Peruin their domestic law is an innovative juridical resource for reforming abortion laws. This is particularly so in those regions, including the African region, where the continued criminalization of abortion serves as a significant incentive for unsafe, illegal abortion.
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Merry, Sally Engle. "Gender Justice and CEDAW: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women." Hawwa 9, no. 1-2 (2011): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920811x575505.
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AbstractEthnographic analysis carried out over the years, indicates that the critical feature of the CEDAW process is its cultural and educational role: Its capacity to coalesce and express a particular cultural understanding of gender. Like more conventional legal processes, its significance lies in its capacity to shape cultural understandings and to articulate and expand a vision of rights. This is a form of global legality that depends deeply on its texts, not for enforcement but for the production of cultural meanings associated with modernity and the international. It is ultimately dependent on generating political pressure on states from the CEDAW committee, from sympathetic leaders within a country, and from international and national nongovernmental organizations.
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Tang, Kwong-Leung, and Jacqueline Tak-York Cheung. "Guaranteeing women's rights: The UN Women's Convention." International Social Work 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a010517.
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This article looks at the success and limitations of the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The authors argue that one must not rely wholly on international agreement to promote women's rights. The Convention has a weak enforcement mechanism, and there have been problems in the implementation process. Some recommendations which touch on its supervisory and enforcement mechanisms are made and implications for social work practice are discussed.
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Kazimov, Necva B. "Egypt’s Reservations to the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and Women’s Rights in Egypt." American Journal of Islam and Society 20, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2003): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v20i3-4.523.
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This paper addresses the role that the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) can play to improve women’s conditions and secure their rights in Egypt, in light of that country’s religious-based reservations to the UN convention and its recent constitutional amendment making the Shari`ah its principle source of legislation. Specifically, it addresses Egypt’s reservations to Article 16, which concerns the eradication of discrimination against women in cases of divorce, as this area has been the focus of recent legislative reform. The paper is limited to Egypt, because it is the leading Muslim state in providing women’s rights in the area of family law.
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Begum, Shahnaj. "Effects of livelihood transformation on older persons in the Nordic Arctic: a gender-based analysis." Polar Record 52, no. 2 (November 11, 2015): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000819.
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ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the transformation that has occurred in livelihoods in the Nordic Arctic, showing how it affects gender equality among the region's older people. The region's population includes the Sámi, an indigenous people, who have traditionally relied for their livelihood on activities such as reindeer herding, making handicrafts, farming, fishing, hunting, trapping and gathering. In recent years these have faced enormous challenges because of the rapid transformation of the region in the wake of climate change and globalisation. Overall, these and other processes have precipitated socio-economic, cultural, environmental and infrastructural changes that are transforming the local economies and severely impacting older people in particular. The main research question examined in this article is whether gender inequality has arisen among older people because of the ongoing transformation of livelihoods. To this end, the paper provides an empirical analysis based on experiences gathered from field studies conducted by the author in Finnish and Swedish Lapland. The research also presents the experiences of older persons in light of the standard set by General Recommendation 27 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, which oversees the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The Recommendation sets out the right of older women to equality and non-discrimination. The findings of the present research contribute to filling a gap in the literature on the topic.
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Cusack, Simone. "The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: A Commentary (review)." Human Rights Quarterly 35, no. 1 (2013): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2013.0007.
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Kanetake, Machiko. "María de los Ángeles González Carreño v. Ministry of Justice." American Journal of International Law 113, no. 3 (July 2019): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.31.
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The ruling of the Spanish Supreme Court in Judgment No. 1263/2018, recognizing, for the first time, the binding character of the Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee), augmented the normative authority of the Views of the human rights treaty monitoring body, not only at the domestic level, but also within the international legal sphere. In the Judgment, the Spanish highest court held that the government must comply with the Views of the CEDAW Committee as a matter of the state's constitutional mandate as well as its international obligations. The Court's interpretation in this case meets the expectation of human rights treaty monitoring bodies that states are obligated to respond to their Views concerning individual communications, despite some states parties’ claims to the contrary.
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Adams, Rachel, and Nóra Ní Loideáin. "Addressing indirect discrimination and gender stereotypes in AI virtual personal assistants: the role of international human rights law." Cambridge International Law Journal 8, no. 2 (December 2019): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2019.02.04.
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Virtual personal assistants (VPAs) are increasingly becoming a common aspect of everyday living. However, with female names, voices and characters, these devices appear to reproduce harmful gender stereotypes about the role of women in society and the type of work women perform. Designed to ‘assist’, VPAs – such as Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa – reproduce and reify the idea that women are subordinate to men, and exist to be ‘used’ by men. Despite their ubiquity, these aspects of their design have seen little critical attention in scholarship, and the potential legal responses to this issue have yet to be fully canvassed. Accordingly, this article sets out to critique the reproduction of negative gender stereotypes in VPAs and explores the provisions and findings within international women's rights law to assess both how this constitutes indirect discrimination and possible means for redress. In this regard, this article explores the obligation to protect women from discrimination at the hands of private actors under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the work of the Committee on Discrimination Against Women on gender stereotyping. With regard to corporate human rights responsibilities, the role of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights is examined, as well as domestic enforcement mechanisms for international human rights norms and standards, noting the limitations to date in enforcing human rights compliance by multinational private actors.
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Qosaj Mustafa, Ariana, and Bistra Netkova. "The Violence against Women and Domestic Violence and the right to liberty and security of person." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9668.
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International human rights instruments specifically dealing with protection of women from violence, include the UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Council of Europe Convention on protection from violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention), provide enhanced protection for women from all forms of mental and physical violence and maltreatment. These conventions pose international obligations to state parties to protect the rights of women that are victims of violence including the right to security of person. With respect to violence against women, the article analyses the scope of application of the right to liberty and security of person, by discussing also the possibility of the use of the right of security of persons to the action of other individuals with respect to violence against women, in particularly the state obligations related to domestic violence.
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Gardam, Judith. "Women, human rights and international humanitarian law." International Review of the Red Cross 38, no. 324 (September 1998): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400091221.
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The development in the last 50 years of the principles that comprise human rights law has had a major impact on international humanitarian law and indeed on international law generally. In more recent years, the movement for recognition of the equal rights of women has been exerting its own influence on human rights law and to some effect. In 1979, for example, the international community adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), to which 155 States are now party. Consideration is currently being given to the adoption of an Optional Protocol that will allow for individual and group complaints to be brought before the CEDAW Committee. Governmental and non-governmental organizations have increasingly focused on women's human rights. As a result, a wide range of studies, reports and recommendations on various aspects of the issue is available. The topic of women is thus firmly established on the international human rights agenda.
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Suhaibah, Suhaibah. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN KEKERASANDALAM RUMAH TANGGA (KDRT) DI WILAYAH HUKUM POLRES PIDIE." Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Sigli 1, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47647/jsh.v1i2.125.
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Domestic Violence or domestic violence (KDRT), in principle is one of the phenomenon of human rights violations so that this issue is covered as one form of discrimination, especially against women. Discrimination itself has been formulated in various legal instruments in Indonesia such as Law Number 7 of 1984 which is a form of ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women formulated by the United Nations (UN), and more recently is Law No. 23 Tahuo 2004 on Domestic Abolition (KDRT), but there is still no significant impact for women victims of discrimination. In fact, there are still very few who understand the content, let alone apply this law from law enforcers alone. Domestic violence can be triggered by many factors, including economic factors, low education, jealousy and can also result in the presence of one person old from both sides, who take part in a household. From education factor can be caused by lack of knowledge from both side how to balance and overcoming unsuitable traits between them, maybe in a household there is husband who have arrogant nature and tend to win by themselves because of lack of knowledge. Legal basis of handling violence in the household, among others, is article 294 paragraph (I) of the Penal Code (KUHP) that threatens a person who commits an obscene act with his or her immature son, stepchild or retrieve, his or her pets and so on with criminal penalty for seven years . Article 340 of the Criminal Code on premeditated murder, Articles 341 and 342 on the murder of women against their babies, Article 356 on family persecution and so on. In addition to the Criminal Code (Penal Code), there are also laws regulating the Elimination of Domestic Violence.
Keywords: Domestic Violence
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Tronvoll, Kjetil. "Human Rights Violations in Federal Ethiopia: When Ethnic Identity is a Political Stigma." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15, no. 1 (2008): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138548708x272528.
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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to probe the critique against Ethiopia regarding human rights violations along ethnic and racial lines recently raised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). The article compares the Ethiopian government's stated policy on human and group rights with reported human rights violations in Ethiopia per ethnic regional-state for the purpose of identifying possible "ethnic" patterns of violations. The findings of this article partly question, from a methodological perspective, the categorical classification of "human rights violations along ethnic and racial lines" as expressed by CERD. Violations may certainly be interpreted within an ethnic framework; however, one should also make allowances for a non-ethnic approach to human rights abuses and view the two perspectives as mutually complimentary.
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Chilton, Adam, and Igor Gorlach. "Recent Developments in Health Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00701.x.
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In the last several years, Brazil has gained international attention as an emerging BRIC economy, was awarded the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, and elected its first female president. This has led many to declare that Brazil is emerging as a potential world power for the 21st century. In addition to improving its international stature, in the last several decades Brazil has also significantly improved the availability and quality of health care within the country. Despite these gains, however, Brazil still suffers from poor maternal health. In fact, Brazil's Maternal Mortality Ratio is five to ten times higher than the rates in high-income countries. Last year, these conditions lead the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to issue a decision declaring that Brazil was violating its international obligations to provide pregnant women with adequate health care, and to call for a reduction in preventable maternal deaths. It is against this backdrop that Brazil enacted a new law last December, Provisional Measure 557 (MP 557), to require pregnant women to register with the state.
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Burman, Monica, and Eva-Maria Svensson. "Women’s Human Rights in the Governance of the Arctic – Gender Equality and Violence against Indigenous Women." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 9, no. 1 (December 8, 2018): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_009010004.
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Previous studies show a lack of deference and activities when it comes to women’s human rights and gender equality in the multi-level governance of the Arctic. According to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, women in the Arctic are vulnerable, in particular indigenous and rural women. Their rights are not upheld in the Arctic states for example when it comes to exposure to violence, equal participation in governing bodies, and economic self-support. The public governing bodies have almost no focus on gender equality at all, despite far-reaching international obligations and, for several of the states, national ambitious agendas for gender equality politics. International instruments with obligations to strive for gender equality, such as the CEDAW, the ILO Convention 169 and UNDRIP, are scarcely referred to and not sufficiently implemented by the public governance bodies.The aim of this article is to raise awareness of the obligations set up by human rights documents to promote women’s rights in the governance of the Arctic, in order to put pressure on the states to develop strategies for a future gender equal governance. We have a special focus on the general lack of awareness within public governance, and on men’s intimate partner violence against indigenous women.
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LLOYD, MOYA. "(Women’s) human rights: paradoxes and possibilities." Review of International Studies 33, no. 1 (January 2007): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210507007322.
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Such is its pervasiveness that human rights discourse is used to legitimise humanitarian and military intervention in the affairs of other states, provide a rationale for ‘ethical’ foreign policy, justify the punishment of war crimes, and validate the formation of international coalitions mandated to eradicate terrorism wherever its is found. At grass-roots level, human rights talk is deployed to lobby governments and to press for socioeconomic and legal change, to combat the dehumanising treatment of specific populations, to ground educational initiatives and spawn local, national, international, and sometimes global networks oriented to its advancement, and to induce the patient and meticulous documentation of its violations. In terms of women, human rights activism has been instrumental in problematising violence against women, prompting the recognition by the UN Human Rights Commission in 1992 of rape during war as a form of torture, and as a war crime or crime against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (which came into force in 2001). It also led to the appointment in 1994 by the UN Human Rights Commission of Radhika Coomaraswamy as the first Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women and its Causes and Consequences. Activities centring on human rights produced the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and became operational as an international treaty on 3 September 1981 when it was ratified by its twentieth signatory.
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Næsborg-Andersen, Ayo, and Bassah Khalaf. "The Right of Indigenous Peoples to Education in Their Own Language – Greenlanders in Denmark and in Greenland." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 9, no. 1 (December 8, 2018): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_009010005.
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Previous studies show a lack of deference and activities when it comes to women’s human rights and gender equality in the multi-level governance of the Arctic. According to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, women in the Arctic are vulnerable, in particular indigenous and rural women. Their rights are not upheld in the Arctic states for example when it comes to exposure to violence, equal participation in governing bodies, and economic self-support. The public governing bodies have almost no focus on gender equality at all, despite far-reaching international obligations and, for several of the states, national ambitious agendas for gender equality politics. International instruments with obligations to strive for gender equality, such as the CEDAW, the ILO Convention 169 and UNDRIP, are scarcely referred to and not sufficiently implemented by the public governance bodies.The aim of this article is to raise awareness of the obligations set up by human rights documents to promote women’s rights in the governance of the Arctic, in order to put pressure on the states to develop strategies for a future gender equal governance. We have a special focus on the general lack of awareness within public governance, and on men’s intimate partner violence against indigenous women.
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Cagiran Kendirli, Hulya, Tugba Gulen, and Tugba Kumbul. "The Women Employees within the Frame of Social Responsibility and an Analyse." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v4i1.98.
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Abstract: In many resources, corporate social responsibility is defined as an organization's ethic and responsible attitude towards all the partners in and outside of the instruction, it’s taking the decisions accordingly and apply them.In the researches that have been carried out recently, the concept of "partner" stands out. Institutions have relations with some certain partners such as consumers, advertisers and workers and so on as these groups include women as well. That is the reason why the studies should be carried out considering the women.This concept has a great role in increasing the number of the social responsibility projects of the institutions that put emphasize on women.Although Turkey signed CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) which is a legally binding contract and many contracts of ILO which aimed at protecting the equality of men and women, and made some certain laws to protect the equality, it was the 126th country of 130 countries according to the Index of Gender Mainstreaming report published by WEF (World Economic Forum) in 2013. In this regard, the need to replace women in the centre of social responsibility projects is inevitable.
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Lijnzaad, Liesbeth. "A. M. Freeman, C. Chinkin, B. Rudolf (eds.), The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, A Commentary." Netherlands International Law Review 62, no. 1 (April 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-015-0026-x.
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O’Rourke, Catherine. "Advocating Abortion Rights in Northern Ireland." Social & Legal Studies 25, no. 6 (December 2016): 716–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663916668249.
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It is frequently claimed that the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is more significant for the cultural, rather than legal, work that it does in reframing locally contested gender issues as the subject of international human rights. While this argument is well developed in respect of violence against women, CEDAW’s cultural traction is less clear in respect of women’s right to access safe and legal abortion. This article examines the request made jointly by Alliance for Choice, the Family Planning Association Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Women’s European Platform to the CEDAW Committee to request an inquiry under the CEDAW Optional Protocol into access to abortion in the jurisdiction. The study found that the CEDAW framework was useful in underpinning alliances between diverse pro-choice organizations but less effective in securing the support of ‘mainstream’ human rights organizations in the jurisdiction. The article argues that the local cultural possibilities of CEDAW must be understood as embedded within both the broader structural gendered limitations of international human rights law and persistent regressive gendered sub-themes within mainstream human rights advocacy.
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Redgwell, Catherine J. "Reservations to Treaties and Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 24(52)." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 2 (April 1997): 390–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060486.
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On 2 November 1994 the Human Rights Committee adopted General Comment No.24(52) relating to reservations made on ratification or accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is addressed to States party to the Covenant and indicates the manner in which reservations to Covenant guarantees will be treated. The fact that the Committee has issued a general comment on the topic of reservations is clear expression of the Committee's concerns regarding the number and scope of reservations which have been made. In its view these threaten to undermine the effective implementation of the Covenant as well as impair the performance of the Committee in respect of the subject matter to which the reservations apply. Though not as seriously afflicted by reservations as some other human rights treaties, most notably the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Covenant has nonetheless been the object of some sweeping reservations to which few objections have been made. There is the concern that the integrity of the Covenant may have been sacrificed in order to ensure widespread participation. “Indeed”, suggests Higgins, “one might almost say that there is a collusion to allow penetrating and disturbing reservations to go unchallenged.”
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Dancer, Helen. "An Equal Right to Inherit? Women’s Land Rights, Customary Law and Constitutional Reform in Tanzania." Social & Legal Studies 26, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663916677560.
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This article explores contemporary contestations surrounding women’s inheritance of land in Africa. Legal activism has gained momentum, both in agendas for law reform and in test case litigation, which reached the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in ES and SC v. United Republic of Tanzania. Comparing the approach of Tanzania to that of its neighbours, Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda, this article explores patterns of resistance and omission towards enshrining an equal right to inherit in land and succession laws. It identifies two main reasons: neoliberal drivers for land law reform of the 1990s and sociopolitical sensitivity surrounding inheritance of land. It argues that a progressive approach to constitutional and law reform on women’s land rights requires understanding of the realities of claims to family land based on kinship relations. It calls for a holistic approach to land, marriage and inheritance law reform underpinned with constitutional rights to equality and progressive interpretations of living customary law.
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FADHLEEN, MAHMUD NOOR, ISNIN NADRAWINA, MAHDI ASMAHANI, and EDWARD DAUNG ANGIE. "WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN WOMEN’S NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i1.553.
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Women’s NGOs in Sarawak plays a substantial role to provide a unique opportunity for leaders in gender equality and women’s empowerment to influence the United Nation’s agenda. This includes advocating the human rights of women and girls and supports the United Nations’ consensus documents such as the Beijing Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and other UN agreements such as the Declaration on Population and Development and the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights.This study revealed that the factors that motivate women’s participation in women’s NGOs are to contribute and serve the society, to gain knowledge and skills, to develop networking, to enhance career path and to develop self-esteem. Meanwhile factors that hinders women for being actively involved in women’s NGOs are lack of time due to their focus on family and house matters, men still think that women can’t do what men can do, lack of awareness on benefits in joining the women’s NGOs, limited access to knowledge on NGOs and women feel intimidate and not confident to be socialize in NGOs
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Englehart, Neil A., and Melissa K. Miller. "Women's Rights in International Law: Critical Actors, Structuration, and the Institutionalization of Norms." Politics & Gender 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x19000242.
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Widespread adoption of the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) represents a puzzle. It cannot be described as serving the interests of any state as understood in conventional theories of international relations because it commits countries to radical social change. Yet all but six UN member states have ratified it. We argue that the case can only be explained by reference to Waltz’ first image, the individual level. We invoke Giddens' notion of structuration to explain how a small group of like-minded women, many of them diplomats, were able to work within existing structures of international diplomacy to create institutions that embedded their ideals in international law. These women were critical actors, positioned simultaneously in activist organizations and government and diplomatic institutions, giving them leverage to institutionalize new norms. The case shows the importance of analysis at the individual level to explain normative change in the international system.
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Burke, Ciarán, and Alexandra Molitorisová. "Reservations/Declarations under the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (cedaw) in Light of Sex/Gender Constitutional Debates." International Human Rights Law Review 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 188–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00802002.
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The decisions of the governments of Slovakia, Bulgaria and Latvia not to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) caused a turmoil within the Council of Europe system. This article first examines the respective rationales provided to justify the states’ decisions not to ratify the Convention. Against the background of the Bulgarian Constitutional Court’s recent decision, legal advice provided to the governments of Slovakia and Latvia and various public announcements, the present article examines legal, cultural, linguistic and societal arguments put forward by the respective governments against ratification. It then revisits the interpretative declarations submitted by Poland, Lithuania, Croatia and Latvia against the Convention’s narrow reservation regime. The article then compares the situation ignited by the Istanbul Convention with the reservation regime under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (cedaw) and the so-called Sharia reservations. It highlights the interconnectedness of the two treaties as well as their differences, while shedding light on the treaties’ reservations/declarations regimes. In so doing, a discussion is offered of the advantages and disadvantages of wider and narrower reservation regimes in treaties pertaining to the rights of women. The article concludes by pointing to the implications for the validity and effectiveness of the interpretative declarations submitted by the EU countries in question if the Istanbul Convention and cedaw are not treaties in conflict, and if the declarations are manifestly unfounded. The article also places emphasis on the role of grevio and the cedaw Committee to combat potential withdrawal tendencies via high-quality monitoring and evaluation output.
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Brooks-Gordon, Belinda, Marjan Wijers, and Alison Jobe. "Justice and Civil Liberties on Sex Work in Contemporary International Human Rights Law." Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9010004.
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To fulfil obligations in international law State parties have to take the issue of human trafficking seriously. The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) provides General Recommendations (GR) to member states on the interpretation of the Women’s Convention. In 2018 the CEDAW Committee started to develop a GR on trafficking in women and girls in a process planned to conclude in 2020. The first stage towards this was through the publication of a Concept Note to serve as a basis for dialogue during the two-year international consultation period. The Concept Note is a vital link in a textual chain because it frames the policy problem and actively constructs its own ‘documentary reality’. This article provides a critical analysis of the CEDAW Concept Note on the grounds that such analysis provides an understanding of its discursive construction of trafficking, migrant labour and sex work, by an institution responsible for international jurisprudence on human rights. Analysis of the Concept Note explores the documentary constructions including narratives that merge adult women with girls, the symbolism of exploitation, the silencing of scientific research, the elision of sex worker voices, and sex work as work. The analysis leads us to conclude that the General Recommendation should define what counts as ‘exploitation’, and ‘forced labour’, and address the growing international recognition of best evidence on the wider impact of sex work laws, in order that legal framing and constructions of sex trafficking are not erroneously used to curtail rights of sex workers.
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La Barbera, MariaCaterina. "Igualdad entre mujeres y hombres = Equality Between Women and Men." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 16 (March 29, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2019.4702.
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Resumen: Este artículo trata de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres como principio fundamental del Estado de Derecho. Se ilustran aquí las tres dimensiones interconectadas de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres contenidas en la Convención para la eliminación de toda forma de discriminación hacia las mujeres (CEDAW). La CEDAW no se limita a considerar la dimensión formal de la igualdad o igualdad en derechos. Apunta a la necesidad de abordar la dimensión material de la igualdad, o igualdad de hecho, e indica las acciones positivas necesarias para ello. La concepción de la igualdad contenida en la CEDAW apela a su dimensión transformativa, es decir, apunta a la eliminación de los estereotipos y las estructuras sociales que perjudican a las mujeres y aspira a transformar la sociedad en su conjunto en términos igualitarios. Siguiendo recomendaciones recientes del Comité CEDAW, se señala finalmente la necesidad de considerar las discriminaciones que sufren las mujeres como el resultado de la intersección de las estructuras de género con otros ejes de desigualdad interconectadas.Palabras clave: Igualdad formal, Igualdad de hecho, CEDAW, Igualdad transformativa, Interseccionalidad, cambio social, justicia global.Abstract: This article addresses equality between women and men as a fundamental principle of the Rule of Law. The three interconnected dimensions of equality between women and men that are contained in the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) are here illustrated. CEDAW does not restrain its focus to the formal dimension of equality or equality before the law. It points to the need to address the substantive dimension of equality, or equality de facto, and indicates the positive measures needed to this end. The conception of equality contained in the CEDAW appeals to the transformative dimension of equality, that is to say, it aims to eliminate stereotypes and social structures that harm women and to transform society as a whole in egalitarian terms. Following recent recommendations of CEDAW Committee, the need to consider women’s discrimination as the result of the intersection of gender structures with other interconnected axes of inequality is finally pointed out.Keywords: Formal equality, Substantive equality, CEDAW, Transformative equality, Intersectionality, social change, global justice.
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Solomon, Alexandra. "Gender, women, and the future of tobacco control." Drugs and Alcohol Today 20, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-02-2020-0005.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide a gendered analysis of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) benchmarked upon the global commitments to women’s health and well-being in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. It reviews evidence of the global consequences of neglecting women’s tobacco use and health, as well as analyzes persistent issues related to sex and gender that compromise the efficacy of tobacco control and science. Actionable recommendations are made to the Conference of the Parties to the FCTC and other key stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws upon empirical studies, literature reviews and global health data at the varying intersections of gender, sex, tobacco and global health. Findings The global tobacco control framework and its implementation by state governments have been largely gender blind to date with dire health and economic consequences, including inequitable positive outcomes for men compared to women, and an increase in women’s smoking with associated morbidity and mortality. Gender equitable progress in combatting the tobacco epidemic will not be possible without resolving the gender bias, stigmatization, sexism and lack of intersectionality that plague tobacco control policy, research and interventions for cessation and harm reduction. Originality/value This paper provides an updated global overview of current trends in women’s tobacco use and comprehensively details the persistent structural barriers in tobacco control and science that limit their capacity to effectively analyze and address tobacco use and its impact on women.
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Sagade, Jaya, and Christine Forster. "Recognising the Human Rights of Female Sex Workers in India: Moving from Prohibition to Decriminalisation and a Pro-work Model." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 25, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738450.
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This article sets out a women’s human rights approach to the legal regulation of sex work developed through an analysis of feminist perspectives, international human rights standards—in particular, the approach of the Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW)—and the voices of female sex workers within India. It categorises sex work into four legal models, namely, prohibition which criminalises all aspects of the sex trade, partial decriminalisation which criminalises only those who force women into sex work and those who trade in under-age sex workers, social control legalisation which decriminalises but regulates the sex trade with the aim of containing through (often punitive) restrictions, and finally pro-work which approaches sex work as valid employment by extending the legal and human rights of other workers to sex workers. The article places India’s current regulatory framework into the prohibition model and argues that the legal response to sex work that most closely accords with a women’s human rights approach is partial decriminalisation coupled with a pro-work model. Although the introduction of this model in India poses considerable challenges, it has the greatest capacity to first, reduce the crime and corruption that surrounds the sex trade; second, to enhance, promote and protect public health and third, provide appropriate legal and human rights protection to sex workers as international obligations require.
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Blaker Strand, Vibeke. "Interpreting the ECHR in its normative environment: interaction between the ECHR, the UN convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and the UN convention on the rights of the child." International Journal of Human Rights 24, no. 7 (February 4, 2019): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1574423.
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Shvedova, N. "Gender Equality on the UN Agenda and the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Organization." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 2 (2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.2.61.3.
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he 2020 is rich in anniversaries: the world community celebrates the 75th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) and the 25th anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women, a mass meeting of more than five thousand participants in Beijing in 1995. A three-day special event is planned during the September Session of the UN General Assembly in New York (2020), dedicated to the celebration of “Beijing Plus 25”. At these meetings governments from around the world are expected to commit to speeding up and scaling up the promises made in the historic Beijing Platform for Action. And the last 2019 was marked by the fortieth anniversary of the most important document in the field of gender equality – the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW, which is rightfully widely known in the world as “The Bill on the Rights of Women” (1979). Anniversary dates increase motivation to comprehend the role and place of events and phenomena associated with them. Moreover, the UN theme and gender equality is a hot topic, which is due to two main circumstances. 47НАДЕАЖ АШВОИнст иД суА ВД ОНАДЕО ОДЕ суА СКсу ОДДнаАЖдОЖт иы суА ВДнаАЖдОИ иЖНОДнРОсниДInternational Trends. Volume 18. No. 2 (61). April–June / 2020On the one hand, the UN is a unique global organization that has a significant impact on international processes. On the other hand, the problem of gender equality is the basis of social stability, a condition for development and an instrument for creating the quality of life. Bridging the gender gap in all areas of life is vital to achieving sustainable development and fulfilling the promise of the 2030 Agenda. To achieve the sustainable development goals, it is necessary to ensure full and equal access for and participation in women and girls. Despite progress, women and girls are still systematically underrepresented as users and leaders in critical areas of human life. The fight against stereotypes and myths occupies a key place. There is a wide range of options available to address both the causes and symptoms underlying gender stereotypes and social norms. The emphasis on a sound strategy with a gender perspective is something that can contribute to achieving gender equality for the sustainable development of the civilized world, this is what the UN insists on.
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Krasnov, Yu K. "Gender inequality in the modern world. Based on the study of international organizations." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-21-28.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the results of two studies of international organizations “Women, business and law 2019: decade of reforms” conducted by experts of the World Bank with the involvement of external resources and the non-Governmental organization “World Economic Forum” in Davos, devoted to the study of the situation of gender inequality in the modern world.Materials and methods. The article provides theoretical and empirical analysis of the issues which concern ensuring equality of men and women in law, morality and social practice on the basis of analytical documents and research of international organizations, works of domestic and foreign scientists.The results of the study. The World Bank report shows that over the past decade, 274 reforms have been undertaken in 131 countries around the world to bring about changes in legislation that aim to increase gender equality.In the report of the World Economic Forum on this issue, experts took into account the situation of women in 149 countries.Women’s participation in politics remains the main issue according to the report.Discussion and conclusion. Research into the existing inequalities between men and women in public life highlights several facets of the problem.Firstly, the problem of creating gender within the framework of the socio-constructivist approach is actively discussed.Secondly, there is a production of gender differences in interactions in the public space.Thirdly, in scientific works much attention is paid to practical problems: gender division of labor, representation of women in the structures of power, the emerging structure of sexual and emotional relations, historical changes in structural patterns of behavior.The core of these studies is the search for ways to eliminate inequality in the status of men and women in public life on the basis of the basic UN human rights documents.The guidelines for this search are set by the UN Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), adopted on December 18, 1979 by the UN.
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Mrsevic, Zorica. "Gender equality and equal opportunity mechanisms in Italy." Temida 10, no. 3 (2007): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0703051m.
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As a country of Southern European mentality Italy may be taken as the nearest-to-the-Balkans model of the gender equality mechanisms and necessity of their existence. Italy also might be taken as a model of domain and methods of functioning of the gender equality mechanisms as well as their connections with the EU development funds. Besides the Italian Ministry for Rights and Equal opportunities and the National Committee, the attention was paid to the whole range of local mechanisms and legal regulations dealing with advancement of women?s employment and counteracting discrimination on the labor market. In the text are analyzed through the five chapters the Italian mechanisms/institutions for gender equality as located within the European institutional environment but also within the context of Italian recent history of struggle against gender based discrimination. It was stressed that the essence of the accumulated European institutional wisdom is in diversity of the gender equality bodies rather then in their uniformity. Although the Italian mechanisms for gender equality are part of the European institutional environment their aim is to meet the internal needs for advancement of gender equality. Besides, the mechanisms also meet the demands of the international standards comprised in the documents issued by the UN and the EU. In European countries these mechanisms are frequently established and function in the domains of the labor and employment regulations, but also are located within the human rights portfolios while somewhere are connected with the minority rights and equal opportunity implementation.
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Gevrek, Deniz, and Karen Middleton. "Globalization and women’s and girls’ health in 192 UN-member countries." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): 692–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2014-0139.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ratification of the United Nations’ (UN’s) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and women’s and girls’ health outcomes using a unique longitudinal data set of 192 UN-member countries that encompasses the years from 1980 to 2011. Design/methodology/approach – The authors focus on the impact of CEDAW ratification, number of reports submitted after ratification, years passed since ratification, and the dynamic impact of CEDAW ratification by utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel fixed effects methods. The study investigates the following women’s and girls’ health outcomes: total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, neonatal mortality rate, female life expectancy at birth (FLEB), and female to male life expectancy at birth. Findings – The OLS and panel country and year fixed effects models provide evidence that the impact of CEDAW ratification on women’s and girls’ health outcomes varies by global regions. While the authors find no significant gains in health outcomes in European and North-American countries, the countries in the Northern Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Africa, Caribbean and Central America, South America, Middle-East, Eastern Asia, and Oceania regions experienced the biggest gains from CEDAW ratification, exhibiting reductions in total fertility, adolescent fertility, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and neonatal mortality while also showing improvements in FLEB. The results provide evidence that both early commitment to CEDAW as measured by the total number of years of engagement after the UN’s 1980 ratification and the timely submission of mandatory CEDAW reports have positive impacts on women’ and girls’ health outcomes. Several sensitivity tests confirm the robustness of main findings. Originality/value – This study is the first comprehensive attempt to explore the multifaceted relationships between CEDAW ratification and female health outcomes. The study significantly expands on the methods of earlier research and presents novel methods and findings on the relationship between CEDAW ratification and women’s health outcomes. The findings suggest that the impact of CEDAW ratification significantly depends on the country’s region. Furthermore, stronger engagement with CEDAW (as indicated by the total number of years following country ratification) and the submission of the required CEDAW reports (as outlined in the Convention’s guidelines) have positive impacts on women’s and girls’ health outcomes.