Academic literature on the topic 'UN. Economic and Social Council'
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Journal articles on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Lebedeva, Marina, and Marina Ustinova. "The Humanitarian and Social Agenda of the UN Security Council." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-06.
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By the end of XX–the beginning of XXI century the importance of humanitarian and social issues in the world has sharply increased. Humanitarian and social means began to be intensively included in military and economic actions and play a significant independent role. As a result, there was an increase in the importance of “soft security” aspects, and an expansion of this field. This has affected the UN Security Council, which began to pay more attention to humanitarian and social issues, which was demonstrated with the statistical method. The range of humanitarian issues discussed by the Security Council and the list of actors sponsoring resolutions on humanitarian issues has expanded. In the late 1990s–early 2000s the Council begins to consider large amount of humanitarian issues: security issues of individuals in armed conflicts (civilians, children, women, UN and humanitarian personnel); civilian aspects of conflict management and peacebuilding; and separate issues of “soft security” (humanitarian assistance and such “soft threats” to security as HIV/AIDS epidemics, food crises and climate change). In addition, the Council also addresses human rights violations. The promotion of humanitarian issues in the Council on separate occasions was facilitated by high-ranking officials who put a premium on humanitarian issues; various UN bodies and organizations, mainly with humanitarian mandates; some non-permanent members of the Security Council who wanted to leave their mark in the Council’s history; various NGOs. In turn, some countries opposed the adoption of measures that they consider to be within the internal competence of their states. At the same time, the expansion of humanitarian and social problems in the world poses a dilemma for the Security Council: whether to include the entire range of these issues on the agenda, or it is beyond the scope of the Council’s mandate. There is no definite answer here. On the one hand, the world is moving along the path of strengthening humanitarian problems and its ever-greater involvement in security issues. On the other hand, an expanded interpretation of security can impede the work of the Council.
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Strydom, Hennie. "The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law." Constitutional Review 5, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/consrev522.
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This contribution commences with a brief overview of the origin of economic, social and cultural rights and their eventual codification in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The main part then focuses, firstly, on the nature and scope of state obligations for the realization of Covenant rights and the enforcement mechanisms created under the Covenant and its Optional Protocol, and secondly, on the role of the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Security Council. In the conclusion, three contemporary developments are highlighted which could open up new areas in which economic, social and cultural rights could find further application.
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Richardson, Lucy. "Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (and Beyond) in the UN Human Rights Council." Human Rights Law Review 15, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 409–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngv016.
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Alston, Philip, and Bruno Simma. "First Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 3 (July 1987): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202031.
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The first session of the new United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was held in Geneva in March 1987. The Committee was established to assist the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in fulfilling its responsibilities for monitoring states parties’ compliance with their obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Covenant is assuming increasing importance in view of the renewed emphasis by many UN member states on economic, social and cultural rights and because, with a total of 90 ratifications as of March 27, 1987, it now covers well over half of the total UN membership.
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Матвеева, Татьяна, and Tatyana Matveeva. "NGO’ CONSULTATIVE STATUS AS EFFECTIVE MECHANISM OF UN DEMOCRATIZATION." Advances in Law Studies 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19083.
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The author of the article discusses the UN system of integration of civil society in UN activities, NGO consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), analyses different examples of fruitful cooperation of UN and in creating of instruments of international law, explains the necessity of enforcement of this common activities.
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Zakharova, L. I. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF REGULATING SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE UN." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.068-082.
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The article outlines main directions of international legal regulation of physical culture and sport in the United Nations system at the present stage. The author analyzes the powers of the UN General Assembly and its subsidiary body — the Human Rights Council, the UN Security Council, and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat. The author demonstrates how an unfavourable outcome of a football match can become a catalyst for aggravating an interstate dispute and its subsequent transfer to the International Court of Justice. The article describes the interaction between the Olympic movement and two of the UN specialized agencies — the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the World Health Organization.
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Jensen, Jill. "The fight over representation and rights: Defending gendered rights through the UN Economic and Social Council, 1948–1950." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018113520016.
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Mwanasali, Musifiky. "The African Union, the United Nations, and the Responsibility to Protect: Towards an African Intervention Doctrine." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 388–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519552.
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AbstractThis essay considers the R2P principle as expressed by the African Union's (AU) Constitutive Act of 2000, the United Nations (UN) World Summit's outcome document of 2005, and recent civilian protection mandates issued for peacekeeping operations by the UN Security Council. Examining how these three international mechanisms have sought to establish and operationalise the norm, the author argues that the AU should make greater efforts to bring R2P implementation into line with the UN Charter in order to secure the legitimacy of regional interventions in Africa. Reflecting on the experience of the AU Mission in Sudan between 2004 and 2007, the importance of clear mandates and sufficient capacity to the success of R2P interventions is emphasised. The use of force by peacekeepers—its feasibility and potential extent—is analysed and placed within the context of peacebuilding in the R2P continuum. The essay also argues for better coordination between the UN Security Council and the world body's Economic and Social Council, as well as with the AU's Peace and Security Council, to ensure a reliable supply of adequate peacebuilding resources to Africa and proper consideration of security and reconstruction matters.
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Fauque, Danielle, and Brigitte Van Tiggelen. "Rebuilding IUPAC after WWII." Chemistry International 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0308.
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Abstract The League of Nations’ failure to ensure global peace by solving conflicts through diplomatic and peaceful means prompted Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to discuss the creation of a more efficient international organization as soon as the Second World War erupted. These preliminary efforts led to the signing of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) in San Francisco in 1945. In January 1946, the first general UN assembly took place, along with the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. The latter created several international bodies, among them UNESCO. At first, UNESCO seemed to be the continuation of the International Institute for the Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) coupled with the International Commission for the Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), but was actually based on new rules [1].
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Saul, Ben. "The Dangers of the United Nations' “New Security Agenda”: “Human Security” in the Asia-Pacific Region." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000788.
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AbstractAmidst the understandable enthusiasm for enlarging the traditional state-centred view of security and embracing a “human security” agenda, little scholarly attention has been paid to the implications of this shift for international law. This article first charts the scope and genesis of “human security,” including within the United Nations and in the Asia-Pacific region, and traces the views of key Asian governments on the concept. It then analyses the relationship between human security and human rights and highlights the likely adverse impacts on human rights law. The remainder of the article considers how the human security agenda may destabilize the constitutional distribution of powers among UN organs under the UN Charter, especially by transferring power away from the more participatory General Assembly and towards the less representative and less accountable Security Council. In line with the position of some Asian States, this article reasserts that UN organs other than the Security Council, along with other major international institutions, are the appropriate bodies within which to pursue and address human security issues. In particular, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council require revitalization to avoid the trap of securitizing issues that are better framed as developmental and social concerns.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Sami, Dandachi Salam. "La fabrication des stratégies dans un contexte pluraliste : le cas du Conseil économique et social du Liban." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL2001.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre la façon dont se fabrique la stratégie dans un contexte pluraliste. Dans ce cadre, nous nous appuyons sur la littérature du pluralisme identitaire (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) et sur l'approche pratique de la stratégie (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). Ce travail de recherche est né d'un manque dans la littérature qui examine la relation entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies. Nous avons ainsi opté pour un design de recherche interprétativiste et pour une étude de cas unique: le Conseil Economique et Social du Liban. Cette institution constitutionnelle abrite deux identités organisationnelles: l'identité d'un lieu de négociation et l'identité d'un lieu d'expertise. Etant donné la nouveauté du terrain et du contexte traité, nous adoptons la méthodologie de la théorie enracinée préconisée par Glaser et Strauss. Nous montrons que le pluralisme influence la fabrication des stratégies de trois façons: 1) par la "référentialisation" qui consiste à "opérationnaliser" les systèmes des valeurs à travers "une stratégie d'initiation" et "de renforcement", 2) par la "régulation" identitaire qui consiste à gérer les identités organisationnelles pour des fins stratégiques à travers "une stratégie de légitimation" et 3) la "négociation" identitaire suite à une crise institutionnelle et qui aboutit à "une stratégie de survie". Nous avons également conclu que cette influence évolue avec l'évolution du contexte institutionnel de l'organisation: nous avons identifié un couplage faible entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies dans la phase de naissance de l'organisation mais qui croit avec la croissance de l'organisation, surtout dans les périodes de "perturbation". Ces périodes entrainent une rupture dans la pratique des praticiens: si cette rupture n'est pas assez significative, la gestion des IO devient une pratique stratégique, si la rupture est significative mettant en cause la survie de l'organisation, les IO deviennent des lentilles perceptuelles à travers lesquelles les praticiens perçoivent les capacités fondamentales de l'organisation ce qui influence ainsi sur leur choix et leur pratique stratégiqueThe objective of this thesis is to understand strategizing in pluralistic contexts. Our research is based on the literature of pluralistic organizations (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997, Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) and the strategy-as-practice approach (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). This research addresses the gap in the literature discussing the relationship between the multiplicity of organizational identities and strategizing. Thus, our thesis operates an interpretativist research design and conducts a one case study: the Economic and Social Council of Lebanon. This institutional constitution has two organizational identities: the identity of a negotiation place and the identity of an expertise one. Due to the novelty of the research field and the context studied, we have chosen to apply the grounded theory methodology advocated by Glaser and Strauss. We show that the pluralism influence strategizing in three ways: 1) by the "referentialization" which means the operationalization of the system of values through an "initiation" and "reinforcement strategy", 2) by the identity "regulation" which consists of managing organizational identities for strategic purposes through a "legitimation strategy" and 3) by the identity "negociation" following an institutional crisis and which leads to a "survival strategy". We have also concluded the evolution of this influence with the evolution of the institutional context of the organization: it is weak at the initiation phase (birth) but increases with the growth of the organization and especially in periods of "perturbation". These periods lead to a breakdown in the praxis of practitioners: if the breakdown is weak, the management of organizational identities become a strategic practice, if the breakdown is significant, the organizational identities become lenses trough which practitioners craft their particular definitions of the organizational core capabilities which influence their strategic choice and praxis
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Milli, Ece. "Assessing The Human Rights Regime Of The Council Of Europe In Terms Of Economic And Social Rights." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615020/index.pdf.
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This thesis seeks to answer the question whether economic and social rights have the same status with civil and political rights under the human rights regime of the Council of Europe. To this end, the thesis examines the assumptions with regard to the nature of economic and social rights, on the one hand, and civil and political rights, on the other. Second, it seeks to find out whether the nature of economic and social rights is different from that of civil and political rights. Third, it examines how the protection of and approach to the two sets of rights developed in the Council of Europe. Finally, it assesses the contemporary protection of economic and social rights in the Council of Europe in comparison to protection of civil and political rights.
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Schmidt, Julia Ruth. "European Union as an emerging international military actor and its legal relationship with UN Security Council resolutions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7973.
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The thesis results from a research project, combining elements of European law and public international law. The project focuses on the different forms of the use of force by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Security and Defence Policy as an integral part of the EU’s common foreign and security policy. It examines the conditions under which the European Union can engage in military crisis management missions from the perspective of European Union law as well as from the perspective of public international law. The main emphasis of the thesis is put on the former, analysing the EU’s ambitions to become an international security actor from an inside-out perspective. When addressing the vertical dimension of the EU and the use of force in more detail, the thesis analyses the extent to which the Member States are constrained in the conduct of their national foreign and security policy through decisions by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. With regards to the EU’s legal relationship with the United Nations, the thesis examines whether and if so to what extent the European Union, although not a member of the United Nations, is bound by UN Security Council resolutions in respect of the use of force. Based on the assumption that the EU is bound by UN Security Council resolutions imposing economic sanctions, the thesis uses a comparative method in order to show that the EU as an international organisation is bound by decisions of the UN Security Council in the sense that the EU is obliged to respect the wording and limits of a UN Security Council mandate to use force once it decides to contribute with an EU mission. If the EU decides not to accept a UN Security Council mandate, the thesis argues that the EU is under the obligation not to undermine the success of a UN authorised military intervention, in the spirit of a loyalty obligation. Apart from analyzing the interaction of the EU and the international legal framework, the thesis also uses a speculative approach in order to examine the implications of silence in the context of the use of force.
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Hadano, Takamitsu. "Power transition, peaceful change and the UN Security Council : exploring the role of social structure in international political change." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12756/.
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The present study is an inquiry into power transition and how it relates to international social structure comprised of state practice, norms, international law and international organisations. It examines how the behaviour of rising powers and international political change in the context of power transition are governed and guided by international social structure through exploring the interface between three themes in International Relations scholarship: power transition, the interwar debate on peaceful change and reform of the UN Security Council. Via integration of elements of English School theory and hitherto neglected, but nevertheless valuable insights from the interwar debate on peaceful change, the study sets out the socio-structural conception of power transition—or, to be more accurate, of international political change in the context of power transition—as an institutionally governed process, presents a distinctive way of theorising power transition that radically departs from the materialistic, mechanistic and state-centric conception of power transition prevalent in the existing literature on power transition, and develops a framework for analysing actual cases of power transition from the socio-structural perspective, taking Security Council reform as a case study. The study emphasises the diversity of institutions governing change in international society, highlighting the role of international law and international organisations designed for the maintenance of international peace and security, such as the League of Nations and the UN, in managing international political change in the context of power transition, and showing the role that the Security Council as an agent of international political change plays in entrenching the institution of peaceful change in contemporary international society via exercise of its powers under Chapter VI and potentially Chapter VII of the UN Charter. From this standpoint, the study questions and reframes the existing debate on Security Council reform, specifying key issues to be addressed in future debate thereon.
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Luo, Hang. "Influence in combinatorial and collective decision-making : by the example of UN security council voting." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066186/document.
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L'objet de cette thèse (bi-disciplinaire, en informatique et sciences politiques) est l'étude de phénomènes d'influence dans des situations de prise de décision collective, impliquant plusieurs sujets interdépendants, ce qui amène à considérer des domaines dits combinatoires. L'importance de ces phénomènes d'influence est observée depuis de nombreuses années dans différents domaines (dont les sciences politiques), mais leur modélisation reste peu développée jusqu'à présent. En se basant sur un modèle existant intégrant la prise en compte de l'influence à un langage de représentation des préférences ordinal, le premier travail de cette thèse a été d'identifier des schémas d'influences pouvant survenir, entre sujets et/ou agents différents. Une deuxième contribution de cette thèse est la prise en compte de domaines partiels (permettant de représenter contraintes exogènes et abstentions, par exemple), une nécessité dans les situations envisagées. De même, différents modèles visant à capturer l'influence simultanée de plusieurs agents sont présentés et discutés. Dans un deuxième temps, l'exemple des votes au conseil de sécurité del'ONU est utilisé: l'occurence de ces schémas est envisagée à l'aide d'une analyse qualitative de différentes séquences de votes (sciences politiques), et de la recherche d'indices de schémas similaires dans les données de vote accessibles. Enfin, le modèle est mobilisé dans le cadre d'une simulation multi-agents (réalisée en Netlogo), et visant à tester différentes réformes envisagées du conseil de sécuritéInfluence study in combinatorial and collective decision-making, is an interdisciplinary research area combining computer science and social science, especially artificial intelligence and collective decision-making. Influence has long been studied, for instance in political science, but in the context of combinatorial and collective decision-making, this calls for a study of how influences works among multi-agents and multi-issues, how influences and decision-making are interleaved, and how the structures of influence among agents and issues produce an effect. In the thesis, we mainly performed three aspects of work:Firstly, build complex models of influence based on preference representation languages and social influence models, proposed a series of new patterns of influence to better describe the complex influences in real-world situation, and discussed a series of theoretical problems of influencing and influenced structure, influence from more than one origins, and influence with abstentions and constraints. We then test the models of influence from an exemplary perspective for interdisciplinary study, from both social science and computer science paradigms, by both qualitative case studies approach and quantitative matching algorithms approach, to provide an evaluation for the models of influence.Finally, we use the models of influence to perform agent-based simulations, by the example UN Security Council voting. We design those experiments from both social and computer science perspectives, implement it in Netlogo, and discuss the interleaved effects between new cases of influence and different SC reform schemes
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Maindi, Grace Wakio. "The African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council : an evaluation of its mandate of facilitating civil society participation in the African Union." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1219.
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"The OAU was a state-centric system. It is only in the last years of its existence and in the transition from the OAU to the AU that discussions on modalities for facilitating civil society participation in its activiites commenced. The AU Act emphasises the need to build partnerships between governments and all sectors of civil society. Enhancing civil society participation is one of the AU's objectives and principles. To achieve this objective, the AU Act created the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) as an AU organ. ... Following this introductory chapter, the second chapter will analyse ECOSOCC's legal framework and structure in relation to its facilitation of civil society participation in the AU. ECOSOCC's legal framework's conceptualisation of civil society and the concerns it raises will be discussed. Linked to the conceptualisation of civil society is the role ECOSOCC will play within the AU institutional structure, therefore this will also be discussed. In addition, ECOSOCC's legal framework will be analysed to identify whether it is in line with associative or deliberative democarcy. An examination of how ECOSOCC can utilise its linkages with the other AU organs to channel civil society's views will also be carried out. The discussion of the ESC and UN ECOSOC and the lessons to be learnt from them will be done in the third chapter. The fourth chapter will set out the study's conclusions and recommendations." -- IntroductionThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Mohamed Habib at the Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Causillas, Carhuancho Kathiusca. "NINI ¿Un problema económico o social?" Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656379.
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En la mayoría de países de América Latina, en los últimos años, se ha incrementado la preocupación por la situación de los jóvenes que no estudian ni trabajan (Generación “NINI”). Por ello en esta investigación nos enfocaremos en la población juvenil peruana que forma parte de este grupo NINI y se analizarán los determinantes que influyen en la decisión de no estudiar, ni trabajar por parte de esta población. Con esto se pretende ahondar en los motivos de la inactividad juvenil, que se asocia en gran medida con los hogares de bajos ingresos, características personales y el nivel educativo. La relevancia de la investigación radica en el hecho de que conocer los factores determinantes de los NINI y de esta manera tratar de reducir su porcentaje mediante la educación y mayores oportunidades laborales, contribuirá a la acumulación de capital humano, y con ello, al crecimiento económico.
Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, para estudiar los determinantes de los jóvenes que no estudian, ni trabajan, dentro del rango de edades de 15 a 29 años; resultando que, la mayor parte de los NINI son mujeres, de lo cual se deduce la existencia de factores asociados al género, tales como la fertilidad, el rol dentro de la economía del hogar o razones educativas para formar parte de este grupo.In recent years, in most Latin American countries, a concern has been growing about the situation of young people who are neither in the education system nor integrated into the labour market (the "NEETS" generation). Therefore, in this research we focus on the Peruvian youth population that is part of this NEET group and we analyze the determinants that influence the decision of this population not to study or work. With this we intend to delve into the reasons for youth inactivity, which is largely associated with low-income households, personal characteristics and educational level. The National Household Survey was used to study the determinants of young people who neither study nor work, within the age range of 15 to 29 years; as a result, most of the NEET are women, from which the existence of factors associated with gender, fertility, the role within the household economy or educational reasons for being part of this group.
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Blythe, Graeme Max. "A history of the Central Council for Health Education, 1927-1968." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6e412ea-c4de-4029-bf3f-5ec41cc9dc17.
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This dissertation examines the organisational background to the modern British health education movement, largely by reference to the origins and forty years' history of the Central Council for Health Education (1927-1968), the first body attempting to impart leadership and national coherence to a diffuse and eclectic field of educational practice and health promotion which has found secure administrative foundations difficult to establish. The study begins with a review of nineteenth and early twentieth century influences contributing to the character and status of the movement in its pioneering years. The predominantly propagandist roots and voluntary sector affinities with which it emerged from half and century's precursory endeavours profoundly affected health education's opportunities to advance with other aspects of health care and education in the inter-war years. By then, health education had become a diffuse and unco-ordinated field of minor, local authority initiatives and separatist campaigning by specialist, national health charities, remaining largely outside the remit of health and education professions and neglected officially. How the challenge of countering developmental difficulties fell to a minor professional body rather than an officially promoted one, is a question critical to any interpretation of later developments, and the subject of further enquiry. Subsequent investigation focuses on the evolution of the central agency which resulted, the Central Council for Health Education, particularly its thirty years' quest for official recognition and stature, and the strategies and services devised in this cause. It is a story of persistent and widespread enterprise, significant in many of its ideas but constrained in their effective development by enduring failure to attract Government support and to progress beyond the limited subscription income and essentially propagandist aspirations of local public health services. Adjudged ineffective by the 'Cohen Enquiry' of 1960-64, Government intervation proved forty years late in seeking to redress the problems of inadequate central provision, when in 1968 an officially funded Health Education Council replaced its neglected predecessor. The investigation reveals the classical dilemma of a multi-disciplinary field failing to transcend the divisive character of its own interests, in search for developmental coherence, and failing, consequently, to command effective professional and political support.
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Lind, Amanda. "The Power of the Human Rights Council : A comparative case-study of Afghanistan and Russia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100660.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study the power and capacity of the UN Human Rights Council to promote and protect human rights through the recommendations by the Special Procedures and the Universal Periodic Review. The aim is then to analyse the recommendations and their effect by using the Concept of power by Robert Dahl (2007). The essay aims to answer the question if the Human Rights Council has power over the countries Russia and Afghanistan together with the questions about the effect of the recommendations. The method chosen for this thesis is qualitative one as it is a comparative case-study. As a theory is used as a lens to analyse the findings it is an abductive study. The conclusion of this study is that the recommendations have not succeeded to promote or protect human rights in Afghanistan or Russia and thus the Human rights Council has no power.
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Ernst, Jason Brian. "Migrants in the Gulf: A Critical Assessment of the Social, Cultural, and Economic Implications of Migrant Workers in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144342.
Full textBooks on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Ramcharan, B. G. Keeping faith with the United Nations. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.
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Economic and Social Research Council. Economic and Social Research Council. London: ESRC, 1985.
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Soto, Sergio Reuben. Crónica de un desajuste social. San José, C.R: Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de Acción Social, 1995.
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Arboleya, Raúl Calcáneo. Tabasco: Un pasado, un presente. Villahermosa, Tabasco: Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 1996.
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Gamón, Efraín Enríquez. Paraguay: Un país secuestrado. Asunción, Paraguay: [s.n.], 2005.
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García, Ricardo Rodas. Un proyecto hondureño de desarrollo social: Propuesta de un objetivo nacional y un proyecto de acción nacional. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: R.R. Rodas, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Goto-Shibata, Harumi. "East Asia in the Architecture of the Post-War World: From the League to the UN Economic and Social Council." In New Directions in East Asian History, 223–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4968-7_10.
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Canton, Helen. "Economic and Social Council—ECOSOC." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021, 117–18. 23rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-11.
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Jordaan, Eduard. "Economic rights and the right to development." In South Africa and the UN Human Rights Council, 151–72. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429465932-7.
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Kaufmann, Johan. "The Economic and Social Council and The New International Economic Order." In The United Nations in the World Political Economy, 54–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20196-9_4.
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Phillips, Fred. "Memoir on the History of the Austin Software Council." In Social Culture and High-Tech Economic Development, 18–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597242_3.
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Bandeira Morais, Margarida. "Socio-economic Impact Measurement and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71058-7_25-1.
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Bandeira Morais, Margarida. "Socio-economic Impact Measurement and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 924–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_25.
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Walling, Carrie Booth. "The UN Security Council and the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights." In The Social Practice of Human Rights, 143–65. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503770_8.
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Sakellaropoulos, Spyros. "The Social Impact of the Crisis." In Greece’s (un) Competitive Capitalism and the Economic Crisis, 107–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14319-0_5.
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Stewart, Frances, and Sam Daws. "An Economic and Social Security Council at the United Nations." In Development Economics and Policy, 389–417. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26769-9_21.
Full textConference papers on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives, and Ivan Zeko-Pivač. "TRIGGERING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE EU’S AND UN'S RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND BEYOND." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18300.
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The large-scale COVID-19 pandemic is a severe public health emergency which poses distressing social and economic challenges to the international community as a whole. In order to provide immediate and effective support to affected welfare and healthcare systems as well as to build their lasting, inclusive and sustainable recovery, both the European Union and the United Nations have introduced a number of urgent measures aiming to help and protect citizens and economies. This paper looks into the specificities of urgent procedures launched and carried out by the two most influential international organisations with a view to rapidly respond to the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis. More specifically, it focuses on the involved institutions and steps of urgent procedures as well as on their most remarkable outcomes. In the case of the European Union, the emphasis is put primarily on two Coronavirus Response Investment Initiatives (CRIIs), adopted during the Croatian Presidency of the Council in one of the fastest legal procedures in the history of the European Union, and the Recovery Assistance for Cohesion and the Territories of Europe (REACT-EU) as an extension of the CRIIs’ crisis repair measures. The overarching United Nations’ response is assessed through an analysis of its urgent policy agenda developed on the premise that the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a health and socio-economic emergency but also a global humanitarian, security and human rights crisis. This particularly includes procedures foreseen by the Global Humanitarian Response Plan (GHRP) and the Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP). In addition, the aim of the paper is to provide a critical overview of the subject by highlighting three pivotal elements. First, the paper sheds light on the financial aspects of the urgent fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, necessary for turning words into action. Notably, this refers to funds secured by the Multiannual Financial Frameworks 2014-2020 and 2021-2027, and the Next Generation EU recovery instrument, on the one hand, and the UN COVID-19 Response and Recovery Fund, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund and the Solidarity Response Fund, on the other hand. Second, it offers a comparative evaluation of the end results of the European and global emergency procedures in mitigating the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, it summarises the underlying elements of measures governing the aftermath of the ongoing crisis, i.e. those promoting a human-centred, green, sustainable, inclusive and digital approach to future life.
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Velzing, Evert-Jan, Annemiek Van der Meijden, Kitty Vreeswijk, and Ruben Vrijhoef. "Circularity in value chains for building materials." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10196.
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AbstractThe urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes. References CBS, PBL & Wageningen UR. (2017). Vrijkomen en verwerking van afval per doelgroep, 1990-2014 (indicator 0206, versie 13, 26 janauri2017). Retrieved from: https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0206-vrijkomen-en-verwerking-van-afval-per-doelgroep Cuchí, A.; Arcas, J.; Casals, M. & Fobella, G. (2014). Building a common home Building sector – A global vision report. Produced by the Global Vision Area within the World SB14 Barcelona Conference. De Jesus, A. & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001. EC. (2015). Closing the Loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. Brussels: European Commission. EC. (2019). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the Circualr Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Ghisellini, P; Cialini, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007. Kirchherr, J., Pisciceli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272. Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union – A problem-solving approach to fuel innovation-led growth. Retrieved from: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf Nederland circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie (2016). Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu & Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Stahel, W.R. (2016) The Circular Economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438. UN. (2018). 2018 Global Status Report – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. United Nations Environment Programme. UNCTAD. (2018). Circular Economy: The New Normal (Policy Brief No. 61). Retrieved from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d10_en.pdf
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Kazakova, O. M. "The UN sustainable development goals: a regional aspect in higher education." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Development of Cross-Border Regions: Economic, Social and Security Challenges (ICSDCBR 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsdcbr-19.2019.56.
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Asnariza, Asnariza, Cut Hamdiah, Sarboini Sarboini, and Musriadi Musriadi. "Accountability, Community Participation, And Transparency Of Public Policy Of Council Knowledge On Regional Budget And Financial Supervision (Case Study Of House Of Representatives Of Banda Aceh City)." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economic and Social Science, ICON-ESS, 17–18 October 2018, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-10-2018.2294170.
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Ananieva, Ana. "DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION - AIMS AND PRACTICE OF A EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.278.
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In 2010, in response to a UN recommendation and a European directive, the Council of Ministers adopted a Vision for deinstitutionalization in Bulgaria. The aim was to gradually close the mass social homes, to take the children out of them and to place them in foster families or children's centres (not more than 12), that means much closer to a family environment. The fam-ily came to the fore in the system of "triple protection" of children: from the family, from the state and from society. But the practice also outlined a new set of problems: for the preparation of foster parents, for the control over a large number of places for accommodation, for the psy-chological impact on the children raised by "transitory parents", etc.
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Felcis, Elgars, and Weronika Felcis. "Ready for change? Interlinkages of traditional and novel practices through permaculture." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.056.
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This paper is based on ongoing participatory action research in Latvia since 2016. The research was initially developed within the Marie Curie Innovative Training Network SUSPLACE and is further advanced by the Latvian Council of Science funded project ‘Ready for change? Sustainable management of common natural resources (RFC)’. By using this approach, the researchers aim to, firstly, synthesise natural, climate science and economic systems evidence of the immense transformations required towards regeneration and, secondly, engage in active knowledge brokerage and societal change advancement. Authors encourage to limit the application of the abused term ‘sustainable’ as it has rather meant to ‘sustain the unsustainable’ across the last decades and to follow the logic of ‘regeneration’ instead. The bridging of practices with the permaculture movement can be summarised in three broad groups of regenerative transformations to develop resilience against environmental breakdown – firstly, organic growing or gardening, secondly, ecological building, and thirdly, ecological lifestyle practices. These examples are arising both from particular collaborations with the selected permaculture homesteads as well as from the general environmental and social activism in Latvia. A common expression claims that ‘everything new is well forgotten old’. It resonates very well with the permaculture ethics and movement emphasising not forgetting yet critically assessing the long-developed skills and practices. This paper demonstrates that in addition to the challenging global aims, on the local level the success of permaculture depends on its ability to be deeply embedded in localities and revive cultural, local practices that people feel a connection to.
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Bridi, Robert Michael. "Transnational Higher Education and International Branch Campuses in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: The Case of the United Arab Emirates." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11063.
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The aim of the paper is to examine the emergence of transnational higher education (TNHE) and international branch campuses (IBCs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The findings demonstrate that the emergence of TNHE and IBCs has been the result of interrelated political, economic, social, and academic factors. First, the formation of the GCC was a key moment during which member states sought to stimulate scientific progress through the development of higher education as part of a strategy to meet labor demands and economic development. Second, the commodification of education and the drive to increasing profits in educational institutions combined with decreases in government funding to Western universities during the neo-liberal era of capitalism have been an impetus for Western universities to seek ‘new markets’ beyond their borders. Third, the liberating of regional trade policies in services, including education, combined with the internationalization of education has enabled the cross-border movement of students, educators, and institutions. Fourth, the UAE’s unique demographic group mix, which consists of a majority of international expatriates, combined with significant government funding in the education sector and international partnerships has resulted in the rapid expansion of TNHE and IBCs.
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Davydenko, Nadiia, Svitlana Boiko, Alina Вuriak, and Inna Demianenko. "Development of rural areas through fiscal decentralization." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.010.
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The ratification of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the adoption of the Concept of the Reform of Local Self-Government and the Territorial Organization of Power in Ukraine in April, 2014 laid the groundwork for the approval of fiscal decentralization and the creation of fiscal frameworks for the development of rural areas. One of the defining conditions of fiscal decentralization is the provision of the local government with financial resources in an amount sufficient to perform their tasks for development of rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of rural development of Ukraine in terms of fiscal decentralization, identify the main problems, and present an argument for the directions towards enhancing the positive impact of fiscal decentralization on the social and economic development of rural areas. The methodological basis of the article is general scientific and special methods of research, in particular: economic and statistical; analysis and synthesis; tabular and graphical. The conducted research has made it possible to establish that the implementation of fiscal decentralization has resulted in greater interest of village council in increasing revenues to local budgets by transferring the right to receive more tax revenues and non-tax revenues, finding contingency local budgets, improving the efficiency of tax administration and fees. The study gives grounds for proposing approaches to increase the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in the context of rural development, including expanding of the list of taxes and fees in budget revenues of united territorial community (e.g. corporate income tax, personal income tax, environmental tax); improving the mechanism for providing local budgets with inter-budget transfers from the State Budget of Ukraine; optimization of budget expenditures under the condition that a guaranteed and affordable level of public services is provided; increasing the accountability of local governments in order to prevent corruption; involvement of the population in active participation in development policy of rural areas.
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Capello, Maria Angela, Cristina Robinson-Marras, Kankana Dubay, Harikrishnan Tulsidas, and Charlotte Griffiths. "Progressing the UN SDGs: Focusing on Women and Diversity in Resource Management Brings Benefits to All." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205898-ms.
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Abstract Gender equality in the energy sector is still a challenge for the timely attainment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 on empowering women. To enable solutions roadmaps, the UN Expert Group on Resource Management launched "Women in Resource Management" in April 2019. This paper summarizes the initiative's progress to date and how it maneuvered through the pandemic, delivering several quick wins benefitting women in oil and gas, geothermal, and mining. The initiative focuses on the energy sector (Oil & Gas, Renewables, Mining). As per the UNECE - Gender 2020 annual report, "The Women in Resource Management aims to determine achievable, global outreach goals to explore how resource management can help attain SDG 5, recognizing the importance to provide women and girls with, inter alia, equal access to education and decent work, and that their representation in economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies". Work done till May 2021 includes:Review of a series of resource management projects to evaluate challenges and opportunities in enhancing performance from the perspective of gender.Selection of cases and country-specific study cases that exemplify how SDG 5 aims could be applied in resource management. The initiative deliverables and timeline for the future include:Dialogues on policy, aimed to boost gender participation in resource managementA network of women engaged in resource management projectsWebinars with global outreachIssue recommendations for the consideration and incrementing the participation of gender in resource management A comparison of critical elements considered diagnostic for women's empowerment such as female workforce percentages, participation of women in leadership and technical roles across several segments of resource management will be assessed per region with a global outlook. Other indicators valuable for the proposed assessment will be shared in this paper covering communication programmes and tools, empowerment and knowledge-sharing workshops, strategies and frameworks to increase active participation and awareness of women and men on the importance of gender equality for the sustainability of the energy sector. The initiative's roadmap was shared to collectively join efforts in an initiative that needs to compel the related organizations and stakeholders to generate step-changing actions to attain SDG 5 by 2030 and fully benefit from the impacts of diversity and inclusion in resource management, which benefit the sector. The participation of women in technical, organizational and leadership roles in resource management is imperative to ensure the sustainability of the energy sector in actionable paths. The roadmap and quick wins shared in this paper will inspire governmental, private, not-for-profit, multilateral, and other organizations dealing with the complex objective of incrementing the participation of women in resource management. The pursuit of gender equality strategies enables the success of SDG 5, especially if done with a collaborative effort that creates social and economic value at a global scale. Immediate objectives of the future activities of this initiative are to shape teams to address and advance research, communication of best practices and opportunities in mining (minerals and U/To resources), Oil and Gas, Renewables (including groundwater) and Public Sector and Talent Development.
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JAYATUNGE, D. A. S. R., A. P. K. D. MENDIS, and VIJITHA DISARATNA. "SUFFICIENCY OF THE POLICIES RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.15.
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Public policy on construction will reflect the economic, political, social, and cultural status of Sri Lanka. The construction industry in Sri Lanka has faced many issues in the recent past because of unsuccessful government policies. Therefore, an effective national policy for the construction industry has become necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the existing construction policies. The empirical data required were collected by interviewing ten experts, who were selected using snowball sampling. The collected data were manually analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that the National Policy on Construction (NPC), formulated by the National Advisory Council on Construction, which was set up under the Construction Industry Development Act No. 33 of 2014, is the only construction policy that has been formulated in Sri Lanka so far. NPC contains eighteen (18) policies applied for both the public and private sectors. Although according to the literature, policies in Sri Lanka change along with the change of governments, the study revealed that NPC, which has remained unchanged since its formulation in 2014, is still applicable in the country.
Reports on the topic "UN. Economic and Social Council"
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Brawshaw, Sarah, Brian Linneker, Charlotte Nussey, and Erin Sanders-McDonagh. New Knowledge on the Gendered Nature of Poverty and Wellbeing: A Synthesis of Evidence from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and UK Department for International Development (DFID) Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research. The Impact Initiative, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii215.
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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. A world apart: The disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1010.
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This brief is based on a paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Despite the program attention and funding that have been devoted to adolescents, early marriage and married adolescents have fallen largely outside of the field’s concern. Comprising the majority of sexually active adolescent girls in developing countries, this large and vulnerable subpopulation has received neither program and policy consideration in the adolescent sexual and reproductive health field, nor special attention from reproductive health and development programs for adult women. While adolescent girls, irrespective of marital status, are vulnerable in many settings and deserve program, policy, and resource support, the purpose of this brief is to describe the distinctive and often disadvantaged situations of married girls and to propose possible future policy and program options.
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Ruiz, Susana. ¿Quién paga la cuenta? Gravar la riqueza para enfrentar la crisis de la COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Oxfam, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6317.
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Las previsiones de retroceso económico y social en América Latina y el Caribe son alarmantes. La COVID-19 golpea con fuerza la región marcada que tendrá que afrontar una contracción del 9,4%, una de las más severas en todo el planeta. La desigualdad, la informalidad y la insuficiente dotación sanitaria lastran las posibilidades de hacer frente a la pandemia. Pero son los más vulnerables quienes asumen el costo, hasta 52 millones de personas que podrían caer en la pobreza y 40 millones podrían perder sus empleos, un retroceso de 15 años para la región. Pero la COVID-19 no afecta a todos por igual, una élite se mantiene inmune al contagio de la crisis económica. Desde el principio de los confinamientos, hay 8 nuevos milmillonarios en América Latina y el Caribe, personas con un patrimonio superior a los mil millones de dólares. Las personas más ricas han aumentado su fortuna en US$ 48 200 millones desde marzo 2020, lo que equivale a un tercio del total de los paquetes de estímulo de todos los países de la región. Para hacer frente a esta crisis tan profunda, Oxfam propone una serie de reformas que recaigan sobre quienes más tienen y menos han sufrido la pandemia. Entre otros un impuesto sobre el patrimonio neto de las personas más ricas con el que se podría recaudar al menos US$ 14 260 millones, 50 veces más de lo que ahora se estaría recaudando sobre esta élite de grandes fortunas. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasts for economic and social decline in Latin America and the Caribbean are alarming. The region will face a 9.4% contraction in its economy, among the most severe in the world. Coping with the pandemic is hindered by inequality, weak and insufficient social protection and limited public health capabilities. Up to 52 million people could fall into poverty and 40 million could lose their jobs – a 15-year setback for the region. Yet, an elite remains ‘immune’ to the contagion of the economic crisis. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there have been 8 new billionaires in LAC: 1 every 2 weeks since the lockdowns began. The richest people have increased their fortune by $48.2bn since March 2020, equivalent to a third of the total stimulus packages of all countries in the region. In this paper, Oxfam proposes a series of reforms targeting those who have being less affected by the pandemic. They include a net wealth tax that could potentially generate $14.3bn, 50 times more than billionaires in the region pay now in theory, under current tax systems.
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Sultana, Munawar. Culture of silence: A brief on reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1006.
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Previous research on the reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan has not addressed the diversity of adolescent experiences based on social status, residence, and gender. To understand the transition from adolescence to adulthood more fully, it is important to assess social, economic, and cultural aspects of that transition. This brief presents the experience of married and unmarried young people (males and females) from different social strata and residence regarding their own attitudes and expectations about reproductive health. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented here comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed.
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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.
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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.
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India: Enhancing girls' life skills requires long-term commitment. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh16.1003.
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While adolescents in India face a rapidly changing economic environment, the choices available to unmarried girls are very different from those available to boys. Girls are much less likely than boys to remain unmarried into their twenties, complete middle school, or generate income. Due to social norms, they have limited control over their life choices, and are less likely than boys to be allowed mobility within or beyond their immediate community. In 2001, the Population Council teamed with CARE India to test a pilot intervention to enhance skills and expand life choices for adolescent girls living in the slums of Allahabad. The 10-month intervention tested the effect of the skills intervention on the girls’ reproductive health knowledge, social contacts and mobility, self-esteem, and perception of gender roles. The impacts were assessed using survey responses from girls who were interviewed in both baseline and endline surveys. As noted in this brief, girls and their parents found the life skills training acceptable, but the intervention had little overall impact.